Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Contribution to household expenses'

Bien des couples, aujourd’hui, passent du concubinage au pacs, puis du pacs au mariage, qui sont les trois conjugalités que propose le droit contemporain. À chacune correspond un statut patrimonial spécifique (prévoyant une répartition des biens et des dettes, instituant des effets sociaux et fiscaux, etc.). Or ces statuts sont en pleine mutation : aujourd’hui, on ne compte plus les transformations légales et jurisprudentielles qui s’accomplissent. Quelles sont ces évolutions ? Jusqu’où doivent-elles se poursuivre ? Tel est l’objet de cette étude. Elle relativise l’idée qu’un droit commun du couple serait appelé à émerger : elle constate que, même si un phénomène de convergence est à l’œuvre, d’autres évolutions tendent à accroître certaines différences entre les conjugalités. Elle démontre alors que le droit positif se structure sur le modèle d’une gradation. Plus un couple choisit une conjugalité stable et engagée, plus son statut patrimonial devient exorbitant, communautaire et protecteur. Les amants sont ainsi incités à s’engager sur un chemin jalonné d’étapes prédéterminées (couple sentimental, emménagement, pacs, mariage) que l’on peut appeler iter copulae ; ce modèle est en phase non seulement avec le droit positif, mais aussi avec la réalité sociologique moderne.Ainsi, l’étude synthétise les évolutions en cours. Elle suggère de les approfondir où elles sont inachevées, de les tempérer où elles sont excessives, de les consacrer où elles sont prétoriennes ; le propos est parsemé de propositions de réformes, toutes destinées à asseoir le droit positif sur des bases durables, car plus en phase avec les aspirations modernes
Many French couples today move from cohabitation to civil partnership, then from civil partnership to marriage, which are the three forms of conjugality offered by contemporary law. Each has its own specific property status (providing for the division of assets and debts, establishing social and tax effects, etc.). But these statuses are in a state of flux,with countless legal and case law changes being made. What are these changes ? How far should they continue ? That is the purpose of this study. It sets itself apart by putting into perspective the idea that a common law governing couples will emerge : it notes that, even if a phenomenon of convergence is at work, other developments are tending to increase certain differences between conjugal relationships. It then shows that positive law is structured on the model of a gradation. The more a couple chooses a stable and committed conjugal relationship, the more their property status becomes exorbitant, communal and protective. Lovers are thus encouraged to embark on a path marked out by predetermined stages (romantic relationship, moving in, civil partnership, marriage) that can be called iter copulae ; thismodel is in line not only with positive law, but also with modern sociological reality. The study summarises current developments. It suggests deepening them where they are incomplete, tempering them where they are excessive, and enshrining them where they are praetorian. The study is interspersed with proposals for reform, all designed to put positive law on a sustainable footing, since it is more in tune with modern aspirations

The contribution of own food production to the nutrition of households in two neighbouring, rural, semi-arid settlements was investigated. A survey of a 10% probability sample (n=131) of households in Sekuruwe and Ga-Molekane in the Mokgalakwena Local Municipality, Waterberg District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa, conducted in 2001, provided data on household composition, income (cash and kind), poverty status, expenditure and agriculture, including a detailed account of the types and quantities of food that were purchased during the month preceding the date of the interview. For each household the food obtained from the different types of agriculture they practised was quantified. Protein, iron and Vitamins A and C were selected as indicators to assess the contribution of purchased and own produced food to the food intake of households. Food composition tables were used to estimate the nutrient content of the different foods. To assess the contribution of irrigated home gardening to food intake of households, Drum & Drip micro-irrigation systems which enabled irrigated vegetable production on an area of 36 m2 were installed on the residential sites of 10 volunteer households in the study area. The results confirmed that income is the most important determinant of household food security in rural South Africa. However, food obtained from various types of dry-land agriculture contributed significantly to household nutrition and without farming the food security of households would be reduced, especially among the ultra-poor. Small-scale irrigated vegetable production was shown to have the potential to substantially raise the amount of the Vitamins A and C available to households but did not address the lack of protein in the diet of ultra-poor households and the lack of iron in the diet of all households.

The contribution of own food production to the nutrition of households in two neighbouring, rural, semi-arid settlements was investigated. A survey of a 10% probability sample (n=131) of households in Sekuruwe and Ga-Molekane in the Mokgalakwena Local Municipality, Waterberg District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa, conducted in 2001, provided data on household composition, income (cash and kind), poverty status, expenditure and agriculture, including a detailed account of the types and quantities of food that were purchased during the month preceding the date of the interview. For each household the food obtained from the different types of agriculture they practised was quantified. Protein, iron and Vitamins A and C were selected as indicators to assess the contribution of purchased and own produced food to the food intake of households. Food composition tables were used to estimate the nutrient content of the different foods. To assess the contribution of irrigated home gardening to food intake of households, Drum & Drip micro-irrigation systems which enabled irrigated vegetable production on an area of 36 m2 were installed on the residential sites of 10 volunteer households in the study area. The results confirmed that income is the most important determinant of household food security in rural South Africa. However, food obtained from various types of dry-land agriculture contributed significantly to household nutrition and without farming the food security of households would be reduced, especially among the ultra-poor. Small-scale irrigated vegetable production was shown to have the potential to substantially raise the amount of the Vitamins A and C available to households but did not address the lack of protein in the diet of ultra-poor households and the lack of iron in the diet of all households.

Cameroon needs healthy citizens to archive emergence by 2035. Malnutrition and undernourishment is the highest burden in the World in recent times and a silent crisis facing most rural communities in forest areas of Cameroon. Its abstruseness makes extremely fragile political, social and economic planning to foster development in such areas. Therefore, it is time we bring appropriate understanding and new strategies on unpacking the complexities of food and nutritional security and define practical solutions to food insecurity. Working in the context of increasing deforestation, this thesis brings evidence on the situation of household food insecurity (FIS) access experience in forest areas which is not reported in current discussions at the national level. It further investigates the knowledge and awareness of households on the availability, accessibility, utilisation, vulnerability and consumption of nutrient rich food items using the example of fruits from trees. Thus, the aim of this research was to investigate strategies for addressing household FIS through increased domestic supply and consumption of fruits from trees in the context of deforestation in Cameroon. Data were collected through four rounds of structured interviews completed between August 2013 and October 2014. Analysis was done using simple citations and ordering, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Likert scale, χ2-test of association and Cramer's V coefficient to test the strength of the association and means and ANOVA. The HFIAS approach used to determine household FIS. Only 1% of the population were food secure and the moderately deforested zone showed the worst trends in food insecurity. Therefore, the effect of deforestation was nuanced. Diverse fruit trees were registered. Households said they required fruits only 2.4 ± 1.5 times per week. Recently, the intake of 400 g of fruit per person per day for good health was announced as a priority of international recognition. However, households were not aware of the importance and frequency of fruit consumption with less than 50% of households eating fruits daily during the harvesting season. Fruit tree nurseries where scarce and seeds where obtained from local sources. Fruit tree diseases where rampant and up to 50% harvest lost was registered for some fruits species. This study has shown that food availability does not necessarily mean adequate food intake. Three opinions about fruit trees and the prevalence of food insecurity in Cameroon has been raised in this thesis. First, there is ineffectiveness in the eradication of FIS because even in agricultural conducive environments, hunger and food insecurity are still prevalent at high rates. Therefore, effective and efficient targeting of food insecured groups need to be promoted in all clusters of the population. Secondly, the national nutrition program is neglecting sensitisation on food consumption patterns and therefore people are not making use of nutrient rich foods even when this maybe found around their environments - taking the case of fruits from trees. Thus, very few people ate fruits and at irregular frequencies of consumption. Thus, there is need to design special campaign programs to promote the consumption of fruits from trees. Thirdly, the word-of-mouth or neighbour-to-neighbour dissemination approach on fruit trees planting has not been efficient across communities. As such nurseries where scarce and people obtained fruit trees plants from natural regeneration or found them on the field when establishing the field. Therefore, in this research, it is postulated that no matter the nature of efforts and level of intervention, what is certain is that addressing FIS requires effective targeting of the vulnerable population and the implementation of novel and practical approaches on promoting access to and consumption of fruits in the right frequencies. This research further revealed that poor eating habits was a problem and lack of knowledge about the frequency and intake of nutrient rich food was serious. For instance, people were not aware on the recommended frequency of fruit consumption and people ate infested fruit while reserving the healthy ones for sale. This is the trap of the food insecurity problem in some regions – knowledge about foods and ways of food utilisation. This is neither a problem of availability nor accessibility, but rather a problem of lack of knowledge and lack of sensitisation. From FAO reports on the state of food insecurity in the world and other studies of food intake in most developing nation, poor food consumption is a global problem in most poor regions and even in rich areas affected by obesity. Thus, there is a need to establish a high level policy framework maybe in the form of a convention or an intergovernmental panel at the level of the United Nations and/or the African Union on ‘reducing malnutrition in all its forms (rates, drivers and consequences on human health and the environment)’. This structure will promote setting priorities, strategies, monitoring on peoples eating habits, setting nutritional standards, and principles and indicators for observing under nutrition, over nutrition and associated problems within all population strata.

This thesis examines the factors that make the low-fee private school (LFPS) accessible to the poor. While the provision of education in developing countries has traditionally been regarded as the responsibility of the state, recent evidence on the growth of the LFPS in such contexts appears to challenge the government's role as the most viable option. The main argument of the thesis is that the poor have no real choice. The thesis also argues that fee-free public education only provides a partial solution to the financial barrier to access since there are factors other than direct costs that influence the way poor households respond to principles of supply and demand for education. The state's role in the provision of education is supported by the argument that it is a public good, and it must therefore remain the responsibility of the government to protect the poor and other vulnerable groups from denial of access. Nevertheless, private education provision is a growth enterprise in rural areas, one key reason for which is the perception that it provides a better quality of education than the state can offer. Given such expansion in an era of fee-free public education, some commentators have questioned whether those that send their children to an LFPS can really be described as poor, since school choice is clearly dependant on the ability to meet the costs. In order to understand how the cost and quality of education interact with school choice decisions, 536 households in three poor rural communities of Mfantseman District, Central Region, Ghana were surveyed. The data were used to examine the difference in cost between public and private provision, and to explore those factors associated with school choice and the related expenditure. In addition, to gain further insight into the implications of the survey's statistical outcomes, a number of participants with interests in both public and private schools were interviewed – including 38 household heads in the lowest income quintile, 6 head teachers, 14 teachers, 8 parents, 7 Parent Teacher Association (PTA) executives and 3 School Management Committee (SMC) executives with children in both school types. The findings reject the hypothesis that school choice in the communities under study was not affected by socio-economic factors, since the majority of households had no real option. In particular, the prohibitive cost of food at both types of school, but compulsoriness at LFPSs, had adverse consequences on the willingness of children to attend. However, a minority of poor households that did access LFPSs were able to do so due to school practices such as flexible fee schemes, teacher discipline and better interaction with parents, as well as through assistance obtained via social networks. In addition, the study also finds that private schools had a better track record in BECE examination than public schools in the communities under study. What is clear is that, this better BECE track record by LFPSs coupled with higher aspirations that some poor households have for their children fuelled interest in private schooling. The study concludes that the claim that the rural poor access LFPS in numbers has been exaggerated. This is because it is the relatively better-off households that enrol their children in private school, while a minority of the poor that access LFPSs are able to do so because of manipulative school practices and the nature of its interaction with parents. As a result, the study suggests that it would be in the interests of the poor if rural public schools were improved – including the provision of free school meals – given that greater state support to the private education sector would only benefit the relatively better off. Finally, fee-free public schooling facilitated by the capitation grant should ensure that schools are more accountable to the communities they serve – schools should be made to show how the grant was used to improve access and quality and together with the community set targets for improvement. Improving academic quality and teacher discipline would enable them to restore their image in rural communities and hence encourage demand for public education.

This study used cross-sectional survey data to estimate farmers` perceptions of, and commonly cultivated ILVs, factors that influence the participation of smallholder famers in the production of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables and its contribution to household food security]. With regard to farmers` perceptions of ILVs, descriptive results reveal that a majority of the people from the study area share positive perceptions with respect to ILVs. Regression estimates for determinants of participation indicate that the production of ILVs is primarily conditioned by shared perceptions and institutional factors rather than the socio-economic attributes of farmers. Public policies that address the institutional framework (extension, credit, market and social networks) in favour of ILVs are more likely to promote production. Also, more research on the documentation and benefits of ILVs, supported by investments targeting educational campaigns towards promoting positive attitudes and dispelling fears and myths surrounding ILVs, will further promote production. With reference to the contribution of ILVs to food security, descriptive results indicate that participation in the production of ILVs leads to a higher HDDS and a lower HFIAS. Regression estimates further revealed that participation positively contributes to a higher HDDS and a lower HFIAS, suggesting that households who participate in the production of ILVs are more likely to be food secure than non-participants. Therefore, participation in the production of ILVs has significant potential to address household food security.

This dissertation explores determinants and perceptions to participation in beekeeping by households’ as well as its contribution to household income. This is in a context that smallholder farmers’ participation is reported to be very low, despite several claimed benefits of beekeeping. Moreover, despite receiving substantial endorsements as a resilient climate-smart rural livelihood, off-farm, forest, non-timber diversification strategy; the uptake of beekeeping by smallholder farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa still remains very low. Against this background, this study used cross-sectional survey data to gauge smallholder farmers’ perceptions and factors that influence their participation in beekeeping using a binary regression model; further, it measured the contribution of beekeeping to rural household income using a linear regression model. Descriptive statistics revealed that majority of the people from the study area have positive perceptions regarding beekeeping. Regression estimates further indicate that beekeeping is mostly conditioned by shared perceptions, institutional and socio-economic factors that are worth targeting to promote the uptake of beekeeping as a livelihood. Public policies that influence the institutional framework (extension, credit and market) in favour of beekeeping are more likely to promote participation in beekeeping activities. Also, more research on the documentation and benefits of beekeeping supported by investments targeting educational campaigns towards promoting positive attitudes and dispelling fears and myths surrounding beekeeping as an enterprise, will also promote the participation of smallholder farmers in beekeeping. Regression estimates for determinants of household income revealed a significant positive contribution of beekeeping to household income, education, gender and age. Promotion of beekeeping may therefore address household income that is worth targeting to address rural poverty. The study therefore concludes that to fully unlock the income potential of beekeeping for smallholder farmers, development agencies need to address several negative perceptions and institutional factors that affect beekeeping participation, while more research is required to quantify the claimed benefits of beekeeping, given their positive potential to promote farmers’ interests in beekeeping.

Wild foods are an integral component of the household food basket, yet their quantified contribution to food security relative to other sources in the context of HIV/AIDS, climate change and variability remains underexplored. This study was carried out in Willowvale and Lesseyton which are rural communities in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Willowvale is a relatively remote, medium-rainfall coastal community, while Lesseyton is a peri-urban low rainfall inland community. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data from 78 HIV/AIDS afflicted households with 329 individuals and 87 non-afflicted households with 365 individuals in the two study sites. Households were visited quarterly over 12 months to assess food acquisition methods, dietary intake and quality, and levels of food security, and to determine strategies employed by households to cope with droughts. The wild foods investigated were wild meat, wild birds, wild fish, wild mushrooms, wild leafy vegetables and wild fruits. Diets were moderately well-balanced and limited in variety, with cereal items contributing 52 % to total calorie intake. Mid-upper arm circumference measurements showed that all respondents were adequately nourished. The bulk of the food consumed by households was purchased, with supplementation from own production, wild vegetables and wild fruits. In Willowvale, wild vegetables comprised 46 % of overall vegetable consumption for afflicted households and 32 % for non-afflicted households, while own fruit production comprised 100 % of fruit consumption. In Lesseyton, wild vegetables comprised only 6 % and 4 % of vegetable consumption for afflicted and non-afflicted households, while wild fruit comprised 63 % and 41 % for afflicted and non-afflicted households. More than 80 % of respondents from both afflicted and non-afflicted households had sufficient daily kilocalories, although the majority of afflicted households felt they were food insecure and sometimes collected wild foods as one of their multiple coping strategies. Hunting and gathering of wild foods was associated with site, household affliction status, gender, age and season. More than 80 % of respondents ate wild vegetables and said they were more drought tolerant than conventional vegetables, making them the most consumed wild food and approximately 16 % of respondents ate wild birds, making them the least consumed wild food. Approximately 14 % of respondents from afflicted households in Willowvale sold wild fish, whilst 34 % of respondents from afflicted households and 7 % from non-afflicted households sold wild fruits in Lesseyton. Strategies adopted by households to cope with droughts were different between the two study sites, and households in Willowvale used a wider range of strategies. Given the devastating effects of HIV/AIDS coupled with the drawbacks of climate change and variability on food security, wild foods represent a free and easy way for vulnerable households to obtain food.

Розглядаються доступні варіанти енергоресурсів для опалювання домогосподарств в кліматичних умовах північного сходу України. Виконане економічне обґрунтування та сформульовані рекомендації щодо оптимального вибору енергоресурсів для опалення, що забезпечують мінімізацію витрат домогосподарств з урахуванням переходу на двозонний тариф на електроенергію, цін і тарифів на енергоресурси та опалювальну техніку, встановлення і функціонування дахової сонячної електростанції із застосуванням «зеленого» тарифу.
Рассматриваются доступные варианты энергоресурсов для отопления домохозяйств в климатических условиях северо-востока Украины. Выполнено экономическое обоснование и сформулированы рекомендации по оптимальному выбору энергоресурсов для отопления, обеспечивающие минимизацию расходов домохозяйств с учетом перехода на двузонный тариф на электроэнергию, цен и тарифов на энергоресурсы и отопительную технику, установления и функционирования крышной солнечной электростанции с применением «зеленого» тарифа.
The available energy options for heating households in the climatic conditions of the northeast of Ukraine are considered. The economic justification has been fulfilled and recommendations for the optimal choice of energy resources for heating, which provide minimization of household expenses taking into account the transition to a two-zone electricity tariff, prices and tariffs for energy resources and heating technology, installation and functioning of a roof solar power plant using the feed-in tariff, are formulated.

Food insecurity and malnutrition are issues that affect approximately one in seven people worldwide and climate change threatens to increase those risks in the future. Many of the policies that address future food systems emphasize resilience - a combination of flexibility in the face of disturbance and the capacity to adapt to change. In Sub-Saharan Africa many households employ livelihood systems that are highly sensitive to change and cannot adapt well to changing environmental conditions, leaving them vulnerable and reliant on coping strategies. Wild edible plants (WEPs) are a particularly common and effective strategy for coping with food insecurity. This research, conducted in rural Eastern Province, Kenya, suggests that certain demographic characteristics and access conditions are correlated with greater use of WEPs. Food insecure households, and those families lacking off-farm income or with lower levels of assets were found to consume WEPs with greater frequency. Access to WEPs was also a major factor, with smaller farm sizes and increased distance to harvest areas correlated significantly to lower levels of WEP use. After reviewing the existing laws pertaining to State forests, privatization trends of communal land and an increasingly formalized management regime for private land tenure, I find that access to WEPs is declining. Development practitioners', governments' and donor organizations' focus on commercialization and commodity value has led extension agents and land owners to ignore the subsistence value of WEPs, especially for poorer populations. The household characteristics identified in this study are specific enough that they can be used to determine the demographic groups that rely heavily on WEPs, and the access conditions that are likely to increase the ability of those vulnerable groups to employ WEPs as a coping strategy to increase system resilience. Protecting and promoting sustainable use of WEPs could increase the current contribution of these valuable resources to household food security, especially if policies can be tailored for the groups that depend on them the most.
L'insécurité alimentaire et la malnutrition affectent environ une personne sur sept à travers le monde et le changement climatique menace d'accroître ces risques à l'avenir. La plupart des politiques qui concernent les systèmes alimentaires futures mettent en relief la résilience - une combinaison de flexibilité face à la perturbation et la capacité de s'adapter au changement. En Afrique sub-saharienne de nombreux ménages utilisent des stratégies de moyens de subsistance qui sont très sensibles aux changements et ne peuvent bien s'adapter aux conditions environnementales, ce qui les rendent vulnérables et dépendants des stratégies de survie. L'utilisation des plantes sauvages comestibles (WEPs) représente une stratégie particulièrement commune et efficace. Cette recherche réalisée dans la Province de l'Est du Kenya suggère que certaines caractéristiques démographiques et conditions d'accès sont en corrélation avec une augmentation de la consommation de WEPs. Les lois forestières dans les zones de conservation, la privatisation des terres communales, et la formalisation des régimes de gestion contribuent à la réduction d'accès aux ressources WEP, tout en mettant l'accent sur la commercialisation et la valeur de ces produits pour l'export, ce qui a provoqué les agents de vulgarisation et les propriétaires fonciers à ignorer la valeur substantielle des WEPs, en particulier pour les populations les plus pauvres. La protection et la promotion de l'utilisation durable des WEPs pourraient augmenter la contribution actuelle de ces ressources importantes à la sécurité alimentaire des ménages, et d'autant plus si les politiques peuvent être adaptées pour les groupes qui dépendent le plus sur les WEPs.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is rich in biodiversity among which are semi-domesticated vegetable species which are known as wild or indigenous vegetables. These wild indigenous vegetables have been reported to be good in nutritional qualities such as macro and micronutrients. However, there is still a high prevalence of malnutrition; especially micronutrient deficiencies among low or marginal income bracket of the population. The use of indigenous vegetables has been proposed as part of the solutions to the problems of micronutrient malnutrition among these populations. Indigenous vegetables are an important source of food in the maize based subsistence farming sector of rural South Africa. Their main role is as relish as they are used as an accompaniment for staple cereal based diets. They are also generally reported to be rich in micronutrients. Although they may be consumed in small quantities, they influence the intake of cereal staples, manage hunger and play a central role in household food security for the poorer rural groups. Mixing several indigenous vegetables species in one meal contributes to dietary diversity in terms of more vegetable types as well as in terms of choice of relish. For some very poor families indigenous vegetables are substitutes for some food crops. The seasonal occurrence of these vegetables leaves many families without a food source during the off-season. Indigenous vegetables increase agro-biodiversity at the household level. This agro-biodiversity helps in buffering against the accumulation and multiplication of pests and diseases and provides important cover for the soil. Further research on agronomic, social and economic dimensions is required to understand the roles of IV in subsistence farming systems in South Africa. The survey study revealed that indigenous vegetables were important in the diets of most rural people in the study area. They were consumed as relish although they were not being cultivated. Their method of acquisition was gathering from homesteads and the wild. These vegetables were also believed to be medicinal. The local naming of wild vegetables varied among villages in the same district such that a vegetable in one village was assigned to a different species of vegetable in another village. They were reportedly abundant during summer and there was a decrease in availability off-season leaving vulnerable people who rely on them with a food shortage. The utilisation of wild vegetables among South Africans is reported to be declining due to over reliance on introduced temperate species. Efforts to domesticate and cultivate wild vegetables could be hampered by several factors including seed dormancy and premature flowering. In this present study dormancy was observed in C. olitorius. The response of wild genotypes of C. olitorius with different seed sizes to various dry heat and hot water treatments was evaluated. Steeping seeds in boiling water (95oC) for ten seconds and soaking seeds in a hot water bath at 80oC for ten minutes resulted in the highest response to germination in this species. The study also recorded significant interactions between heat treatment and seed sizes. We concluded that C. olitorius seeds of different sizes require diverse durations of exposure to heat treatment methods to break dormancy caused by an impermeable seed coat. Cleome gynandra is another species that is consumed as a vegetable in various parts of the world including Africa. The plant is also used as a medicinal herb for the treatment of various human diseases. Among the wild vegetables, C. gynandra has been reported to flower prematurely, a phenomenon known as bolting and common in many vegetable crops. Premature flowering (bolting) can be as a response to temperature extremes and photoperiod and affects many other leafy vegetables such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa), spinach (Spinacea oleracea) and mustard rape (Brassica juncea). Bolting leads to production losses in leaf vegetable crops as they flower before they have produced an economic yield. The removal of flowers and nitrogen application resulted in significant increases in the fresh and dry weight of cleome leaves. Removal of flowers resulted in a 46% increase in fresh weight of leaves. The observed positive response of leaf yield to removal of flowers offers a possible way to deal with the problem of bolting. The continuous removal of the flowers leads to increased utilisable leaf yield. The application of incremental amounts of nitrogen top dressing results in increased leaf yield in C. gynandra. The response of selected indigenous vegetables (Corchorus olitorius and Amaranthus cruentus) to micronutrients added to the soil was compared with the response of a reference crop; Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla). For all the levels of micronutrients applied, Swiss chard accumulated Cu, Zn and Mn in the leaves at significantly (p<0.01) higher concentrations than the wild vegetables. Variations between the vegetables in the micronutrients were greater for Zn (72–363 ppm) and Mn (97.9–285.9 ppm) for Cu (8.8–14 ppm). C. olitorius had the least capacity to concentrate Mn and Zn in the leaf, which suggested that this vegetable is a less attractive candidate for agronomic bio-fortification of these elements. However, C. olitorius accumulated Fe at a significantly higher concentration (327 ppm) in the leaves than did Amaranthus (222 ppm) or Swiss chard (295 ppm). Sulphur as a macronutrient varied little in the plant species tested. The mean S concentration in the leaves ranged from 0.26% in C. olitorius to 0.34% in Amaranthus cruentus and Swiss chard. We concluded that the different vegetables have different abilities to take up Cu and Zn in the order Swiss chard > Amaranthus > Corchorus, and that they responded to micronutrients added to the soil but only up to certain limits of supplementation. The results from this current study seem to contradict the belief that wild vegetables have the inherent ability to concentrate mineral micronutrients in their tissue. Factors such as environment, anti-nutrients, dietary diversity, plant parts, plant age, and varieties result in differences in reported nutritional composition of indigenous vegetables. Post-harvest handling, storage, cooking and preservation also alter the composition. The need to optimise protocols for each vegetable type and for different laboratories makes analysis expensive. Equipment and methods of analysis are varied and may not be comparable, making it difficult to generalise on the composition of these vegetables. The Agricultural Research Council of South Africa and other stake holders are conducting studies on some aspects of these vegetables. There are still many information gaps regarding many aspects of these vegetables which require research attention. These include; the selection and improvement of genotypes, seed biology and germination studies, agronomic (population, fertiliser, crop mixtures) studies and phyto-chemical evaluation of these important species in order to encourage the overall use of these important indigenous resources. Finally, there is need to promote their increased utilisation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid- Afrika is ryk aan biodiversiteit waaronder half-mak groente spesies, wat as wilde of inheemse groente bekend is, voorkom. Hierdie wilde inheemse groente is aangedui om goed in voedingswaarde te wees met voldoende makro-en mikrovoedingstowwe. Daar is egter nogsteeds 'n hoë voorkoms van wanvoeding, veral tekorte aan mikronutriënte onder die lae of marginale inkomstegroep van die bevolking. Die gebruik van inheemse groente word voorgestel as deel van die oplossing van die probleem van wanvoeding onder hierdie bevolkings. Inheemse groente is 'n belangrike bron van voedsel in die mielie gebaseerde bestaansboerdery sektor van landelike Suid-Afrika. Hul vernaamste rol is as smoor waar dit gebruik word tesame met stapelvoedsel in ʼn graan-gebaseerde dieet. Hierdie groentes was oor die algemeen ook aangedui om ryk te wees in mikrovoedingstowwe. Hoewel hulle verteer kan word in klein hoeveelhede, beïnvloed hulle die inname van graan stapelvoedsel, en speel 'n sentrale rol in huishoudelike voedselsekuriteit vir die armer landelike groepe. Vermenging van verskeie inheemse groente spesies in een maaltyd dra by tot die dieet diversiteit in terme van meer groentesoorte sowel as in terme van die keuse van smaak. Vir 'n paar baie arm gesinne is inheemse groentes die plaasvervanger vir gewone groente gewasse. Die seisoenale voorkoms van hierdie groente laat baie gesinne sonder 'n bron van voedsel gedurende die af-seisoen. Inheemse groente verhoog landbou-biodiversiteit op ʼn huishoudelike vlak . Hierdie landbou-biodiversiteit help buffer teen die opbou en vermeerdering van peste en siektes en bied belangrike dekking vir die grond. Verdere navorsing op akkerbou-, maatskaplike en ekonomiese aspekte is nodig om die rolle van inheemse groentes in bestaansboerdery in Suid-Afrika te verstaan. Die studie opname het getoon dat inheemse groente belangrik was in die dieet van die meeste mense van die platteland in die studie area. Hierdie groentes was gebruik as smoor hoewel hulle nie gekweek word nie. Hul metode van verkryging is deur dit te versamel van huise en die natuur. Die groentes word ook as medisinaal beskou. Die plaaslike benaming van wilde groente het gewissel tussen dorpe in dieselfde distrik, tot so 'n mate dat die benaming van groente tussen dorpe verskil. Hulle was na bewering volop in die somer, en daar was 'n afname in die beskikbaarheid af-seisoen, wat kwesbare mense, wat staatmaak op hul voorkoms, met 'n tekort aan kos laat. Die benutting van wilde groente onder Suid-Afrikaners daal as gevolg van die afhanklikheid in nuwe spsies. Pogings om te mak en wilde groente te kweek, kan belemmer word deur verskeie faktore, insluitend saaddormansie en voortydige blom. In hierdie studie was dormansie waargeneem in C. olitorius. Die reaksie van wilde genotipes van C. olitorius met verskillende saad groottes op verskeie droë hitte en warm water behandelings, was geëvalueer. Sade was geweek in kookwater ( 95oC ) vir tien sekondes en ander in 'n warm water bad by 80oC vir tien minute, en het gelei tot die hoogste reaksie op ontkieming in hierdie spesie. Die studie het ook belangrike interaksies tussen hitte behandeling en saad groottes getoon. Ons het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat C. olitorius sade van verskillende groottes diverse duur van blootstelling vereis en ook so m.b.t. die ondeurdringbare saadhuid. Cleome gynandra is nog 'n spesie wat as 'n groente in verskeie dele van die wêreld, insluitend Afrika verbruik word. Die plant word ook gebruik as 'n medisinale plant vir die behandeling van verskeie siektes van die mens. Onder die wilde groente, was C. gynandra aangedui om vroeg te blom, 'n verskynsel wat bekend staan as “bolting” en is algemeen in baie groente gewasse. Voortydige blom (vas) kan wees as 'n reaksie op die temperatuur uiterstes en fotoperiode en raak ook baie ander groen groente soos blaarslaai (Lactuca sativa) , spinasie (Spinacea oleracea) en mosterd (Brassica juncea ) . “Bolting” lei ook tot produksie verliese in blaar groentegewasse as hulle blom voordat hulle 'n ekonomiese opbrengs opgelewer het. Die verwydering van blomme en stikstof toediening het gelei tot 'n aansienlike toename in die vars en droë gewig van Cleome blare. Verwydering van blomme het gelei tot 'n toename van 46% in vars gewig van die blare. Die waargenome positiewe reaksie van die blaar opbrengs deur verwydering van blomme bied 'n moontlike manier om die “bolting” probleem te hanteer. Die voortdurende verwydering van die blomme lei tot verhoogde bruikbare blaar opbrengs. Die toepassing van toenemende stikstof topbemesting het verhoogde blaar opbrengs in C. gynandra tot gevolg. Die reaksie van geselekteerde inheemse groente (Corchorus olitorius en Amaranthus spp ) met mikrovoedingstowwe toegevoeg tot die grond, is in vergelyk met die reaksie van 'n verwysings gewas; spinasiebeet (Beta vulgaris var cicla . ). Vir al die vlakke van mikronutriente toegepas, was die spinasiebeet opgehoopte Cu , Zn en Mn in die blare, in beduidend (p <0.01 ) hoër konsentrasies as die wilde groente.

L'utilisation du substrat enzymatique, le ttc, dans le test d'activite deshydrogenasique, permet d'evaluer l'activite de la biomasse active dans des milieux varies telle une boue activee, un milieu liquide anaerobie tel des lisiers, ou un milieu heterogene comme des ordures menageres. Ce test permet de prevoir l'apparition d'un phenomene de gonflement des boues en presence de germes filamenteux. Il est utilisable egalement comme outil toxicologique, puisqu'il permet d'identifier le mode d'action du toxique sur le systeme enzymatique controle. Dans les milieux heterogenes naturels, comme dans une decharge d'ordures menageres, il permet d'avoir une indication sur le potentiel energetique d'un dechet ou sur l'age d'un dechet ou d'un produit organique en cours de stabilisation

Les produits d'ameublement domestique sont soumis à l'accélération de leur cycle de renouvellement. Ce phénomène n'est pas sans conséquences écologiques et sanitaires. Cette recherche analyse les pratiques de consommation de ces produits par les femmes, le genre le plus intéressé par l'aménagement et la décoration intérieure, dans le but d'étudier les facteurs qui sont à l'origine du désir de changement, notamment du sentiment de lassitude, les habitudes et les fréquences de renouvellement ainsi que leurs intentions en matière de préoccupation écologique. La mise en œuvre des méthodes de recherche et de traitement, issues pour l'essentiel des sciences humaines et sociales, met en lumière une catégorie de consommatrices qui résistent à la consommation des produits industrialisés et choisissent des pratiques de consommation citoyenne qui se basent essentiellement sur Je bricolage et le recyclage des produits usagés. Ces «créatifs culturels» sont à l'origine de l'émergence d'une culture éthique qui est en train de se confirmer et qui va sans doute modifier les valeurs de la société du futur. Les designers sont plus que jamais invités à se pencher de plus près sur ce nouveau profil de consommatrices dans l'idée de la production participative, du co-design
Home furnishings are subject to an acceleration of their renewal cycle. This phenomenon has ecological and sanitary consequences. This research analyzes the consumption practices of these products by women, the gender that is most interested in interior design and decoration. It studies the factors that drive the desire for change, such as the feeling of weariness, the habits and frequencies of renewal, and women's concerns towards ecological issues. The implementation of research and treatment methods, ail coming from social sciences, highlights a category of consumers who resist to the consumption of industrialized products and choose consumption practices that are mainly based on DIY and recycling. These "cultural creatives" individuals are at the origin of the emergence of an ethical culture that is growing and that will undoubtedly modify the values that will shape the society of the future. The designers are more than ever invited to look more closely at this new profile of consumers in the idea of participative production : the co-design

RESUME

La Trypanosomiase Humain Africaine (THA) demeure un problème de santé publique pour plusieurs pays en Afrique subsaharienne. Le contrôle de la THA est basé essentiellement sur la stratégie de dépistage actif suivi du traitement des personnes infectées. Le dépistage actif est réalisé par des unités mobiles spécialisées, bien que les services de santé fixes jouent un rôle important en détectant « passivement » des cas. Le dépistage reposait jadis sur la palpation ganglionnaire mais, depuis le développement du test d’agglutination sur carte (CATT), trois possibilités se sont offertes aux programmes de contrôle à savoir: i) continuer avec la palpation ganglionnaire ii) combiner la palpation ganglionnaire avec le CATT iii) recourir au CATT seul. Certains programmes comme celui de la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) ont opté pour la combinaison en parallèle de la palpation ganglionnaire avec le CATT. Toute personne ayant une hypertrophie ganglionnaire cervicale et/ou un CATT positif est considéré comme suspecte de la THA. Elle sera soumise aux tests parasitologiques de confirmation à cause de la toxicité des médicaments anti-THA. Les tests parasitologiques classiques sont l’examen du suc ganglionnaire (PG), l’examen du sang à l’état frais (SF), la goutte épaisse colorée (GE). La sensibilité de cette séquence a été estimée insuffisante par plusieurs auteurs et serait à la base d’une grande perte de l’efficacité de la stratégie dépistage-traitement. D’autres techniques de concentration ont été développées comme la mini-Anion Exchange Concentration Technique (mAECT), la Centrifugation en Tube Capillaire (CTC) et le Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC), mais ces techniques de concentration ne sont pas utilisées en routine.

En RDC, une interruption des activités de contrôle en 1990 a eu comme conséquence une réémergence importante de la maladie du sommeil. Depuis 1998 les activités de contrôle ont été refinancées de manière structurée.

Ce travail vise deux buts à savoir le plaidoyer pour la continuité des activités de contrôle et la rationalisation des stratégies de contrôle. Nous avons évalué l’évolution de la maladie du sommeil en rapport avec le financement, son impact sur les ménages ainsi que la communauté. L’exercice de rationalisation a porté sur les outils de dépistage et de confirmation. Nous avons d’abord évalué la validité des tests, leur faisabilité ainsi que les coûts et ensuite nous avons effectué une analyse décisionnelle formelle pour comparer les algorithmes de dépistage et pour les tests de confirmation.

Pendant la période de refinancement structurel de la lutte contre la THA en RDC (1998-2003), le budget alloué aux activités a été doublé lorsqu’on le compare à la période précédente (1993-1997). Le nombre des personnes examinées a aussi doublé mais par contre le nombre des nouveaux cas de THA est passé d’un pic de 26 000 cas en 1998 à 11 000 en 2003. Le coût par personne examinée a été de 1,5 US$ et celui d’un cas détecté et sauvé à 300 US$. Pendant cette période, les activités ont été financées par l’aide extérieure à plus de 95%. Cette subvention pourrait laisser supposer que l’impact de la THA au niveau des ménages et des communautés est réduit mais lorsque nous avons abordé cet aspect, il s’est avéré que le coût de la THA au niveau des ménages équivaut à un mois de leur revenu et que la THA fait perdre 2145 DALYs dans la communauté. L’intervention par la stratégie de dépistage-traitement a permis de sauver 1408 DALYs à un coût de 17 US$ par DALYs sauvé. Ce coût classe l’intervention comme « good value for money ».

Le recours au CATT seul s’est avéré comme la stratégie la plus efficiente pour le dépistage actif. Le gain marginal lorsque l’on ajoute la palpation ganglionnaire en parallèle est minime et n’est pas compensé par le coût élevé lié à un nombre important des suspects soumis aux tests parasitologiques. Les techniques de concentration ont une bonne sensibilité et leur faisabilité est acceptable. Leur ajout à l’arbre classique améliore la sensibilité de 29 % pour la CTC et de 42% pour la mAECT. Le coût de la CTC a été de 0,76 € et celui de la mAECT de 2,82 €. Le SF a été estimé très peu sensible. L’algorithme PG- GE-CTC-mAECT a été le plus efficient avec 277 € par vie sauvée et un ratio de coût-efficacité marginal de 125 € par unité de vie supplémentaire sauvée. L’algorithme PG-GE-CATT titration avec traitement des personnes avec une parasitologie négative mais un CATT positif à un seuil de 1/8 devient compétitif lorsque la prévalence de la THA est élevée.

Il est donc possible dans le contexte actuel de réduire la prévalence de la THA mais à condition que les activités ne soient pas interrompues. Le recours à un algorithme recourant au CATT dans le dépistage actif et à la séquence PG-GE-CTC-mAECT est le plus efficient et une efficacité de 80%. La faisabilité et l’efficacité peut être différent d’un endroit à l’autre à cause de la focalisation de la THA. Il est donc nécessaire de réévaluer cet algorithme dans un autre foyer de THA en étude pilote avant de décider d’un changement de politique. Le recours à cet algorithme implique un financement supplémentaire et une volonté politique.

SUMMARY

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) remains a major public health problem affecting several countries in sub-Saharan Africa. HAT control is essentially based on active case finding conducted by specialized mobile teams. In the past the population screening was based on neck gland palpation, but since the development of the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT) three control options are available to the control program: i) neck gland palpation ii) CATT iii) neck gland palpation and CATT done in parallel .Certain programs such as the one in DRC opted for the latter, combining CATT and neck gland palpation. All persons having hypertrophy of the neck gland and/or a positive CATT test are considered to be a HAT suspect. Confirmation tests are necessary because the screening algorithms are not 100 % specific and HAT drugs are very toxic. The classic parasitological confirmation tests are lymph node puncture (LNP), fresh blood examination (FBE) and thick blood film (TBF). The sensitivity of this combination is considered insufficient by several authors and causes important losses of efficacy of the screening-treatment strategy. More sensitive concentration methods were developed such as the mini Anion Exchange Concentration Techniques (mAECT), Capillary Tube Centrifugation (CTC) and the Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC), but they are not used on a routine basis. Main reasons put forward are low feasibility, high cost and long time of execution.

In the Democratic Republic of Congo, HAT control activities were suddenly interrupted in 1990 and this led to an important re-emergence or the epidemic. Since 1998 onwards, control activities were financed again in a structured way.

This works aims to be both a plea for the continuation of HAT control as well as a contribution to the rationalization of the control strategies. We analyzed the evolution of sleeping sickness in the light of its financing, and we studied its impact on the household and the community. We aimed at a rationalization of the use of the screening and confirmation tools. We first evaluated the validity of the tests, their feasibility and the cost and we did a formal decision analysis to compare screening and confirmation algorithms.

The budget allocated to control activities was doubled during the period when structural aid funding was again granted (1998-2003) compared with the period before (1993-1997). The number of persons examined per year doubled as well but the number of cases found peaked at 26 000 in 1998 and dropped to 11 000 in the period afterwards. The cost per person examined was 1.5 US$ and per case detected and saved was 300 US$. The activities were financed for 95 % by external donors during this period. This subvention could give the impression that the impact of HAT on the household and the household was limited but when we took a closer look at this aspect we found that the cost at household level amounted to one month of income and that HAT caused the loss of 2145 DALYs in the community. The intervention consisting of active case finding and treatment allowed to save 1408 DALY’s at a cost of 17 US$ per DALY, putting the intervention in the class of “good value for money”.

The use of CATT alone as screening test emerged as the most efficient strategy for active case finding. The marginal gain when neck gland palpation is added is minor and is not compensated by the high cost of doing the parasitological confirmation test on a high number of suspected cases. The concentration methods have a good sensitivity and acceptable feasibility. Adding them to the classical tree improves its sensitivity with 29 % for CTC and with 42 % for mAECT. The cost of CTC was 0.76 US$ and of mAECT was 2.82 US$. Sensitivity of fresh blood examination was poor. The algorithm LNP-TBF-CTC-mAECT was the most efficient costing 277 Euro per life saved and a marginal cost effectiveness ratio of 125 Euro per supplementary life saved. The algorithm LNP-TBF-CATT titration with treatment of persons with a negative parasitology but a CATT positive at a dilution of 1/8 and more becomes competitive when HAT prevalence is high.

We conclude that it is possible in the current RDC context to reduce HAT prevalence on condition that control activities are not interrupted. Using an algorithm that includes CATT in active case finding and the combination LNP-TBF-CTC-mAECT is the most efficient with an efficacy of 80 %. Feasibility and efficacy may differ from one place to another because HAT is very focalized, so it is necessary to test this novel algorithm in another HAT focus on a pilot basis, before deciding on a policy change. Implementation of this algorithm will require additional financial resources and political commitment.

Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The content and function of the contribution capacity principle has been a controversial issue for economists and jurists. Through the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of Peru, the author claims the capacity of contribution as an implied constitutional principle to award a self-governing function from other principles (legality, equality and non confiscatory) and recognize the outstanding methodological contribution to the Financialand Taxation law unit.
El contenido y función del principio de capacidad contributiva ha sido una cuestión controvertida por economistas y juristas. A través de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional de Perú, el autor reivindica la capacidad contributiva como principio constitucional implícito, para adjudicarle una función autónoma de otros principios constitucionales  (legalidad,  igualdad  y  no  confiscatoriedad) y destacar el aporte metodológico a la unidad del derecho financiero y tributario.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
106
This article contains six chapters. The subjects about this paper are alimony, living expenses of the household, and determination of maintenance. Chapter I focus on the motive and objective of study, research methods, the proposition of the scope, the issues concerned and the overview of this paper. In this chapter, the reason for research, the research boundaries, central values of the paper and the objective intends to be accomplished will be presented. With the analysis of the theories of substantive law, Chapter II, III and IV, focus on the alimony, living Expenses of the Household and determination of Maintenance. The procedural law issues are discussed in Chapter V. And Chapter VI is conclusion. According to legislative background and the law provisions of the alimony, living expenses of the household, and determination of maintenance, relevant disputes are discussed in Chapters II, III, and IV. In Chapter II, what elements does the court use to determine the amount of maintenance will be observed and analyzed from the theoretical and practical perspectives. In this chapter, the concept of parents and children will be addressed in order to differentiate this concept from financial support obligation. It also examines the right of the “minor children to claim financial support from the parents” and the sources of it. In practice, it is common to decide the maintenance of minor children by mutual agreement of divorce, it would be necessary to discuss whether the maintenance of minor children is a joint-obligation and the effect of the agreement to minor children. Chapter III will focus on these issues: Living expenses of the household and determination of maintenance, which will be applied first? What elements does the court use to determine the amount of living expenses of the household? In Chapter IV, the element of alimony will be analyzed and proposed recommendation. This chapter also observe that what elements does the court use to determine the amount of alimony. Alimony, living expenses of the household and determination of maintenance are defined as the non-contentious family cases by Family Proceeding Act. Chapter V will focus on Proceedings in alimony, living expenses of the household, and determination of maintenance. First of all, this chapter will introduce how the Family Proceedings Act is applied in alimony, living expenses of the household, and determination of maintenance. Furthermore, an analysis of what procedure does the court adopt in alimony, living expenses of the household, and determination of maintenance. Finally, this paper presents a conclusion of this study.

Namibia is a nation faced with immense challenges of poverty and unemployment which have led to worsening living conditions of its people. Although the country is rich in resources, the majority of its people are excluded from mainstream economic activities (Jauch & Kaapama, 2011:7). This paradoxical situation has led to the participation of people in cross-border trade as a livelihood strategy for meeting their household needs. However, cross-border trade, despite its contribution to poverty reduction has not been placed on the policy agenda of the country. The goal of the study was to explore and determine the contribution of cross-border trade in meeting household needs in Lüderitz, Namibia. The researcher employed a qualitative research approach. This exploratory, descriptive and applied study, utilised an instrumental case study design. The study population was cross-border traders in Lüderitz who were selected through availability sampling technique. The findings show that participation in cross-border trade accords participants an income which in turn contributes to household food security, access to education, and asset accumulation. Furthermore, the findings reveal a plethora of challenges encountered by cross-border traders in their trading activities. Findings indicate that despite the challenges, traders show resilience and continue with their trading activities, mainly due to the profit derived from cross-border trade and the social capital they form. The study concludes that cross-border trade is a viable livelihood strategy that enable households and families to access income, food, education and assets such as land and housing. However, the challenges faced by traders threaten profit returns and subsequently profitability and sustainability of cross-border trade as an economic activity for sustainable livelihoods. A key recommendation of the study is the development of a policy on cross-border trade in order to facilitate the growth of cross-border trade as a strategy for sustainable household livelihoods and poverty reduction. KEY WORDS Cross-border trade Sustainable livelihoods Household needs Poverty reduction Unemployment Resilience Social capital Lüderitz Namibia
Mini Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
tm2016
Social Work and Criminology
MSW
Unrestricted

More than 60% of the dairy products consumed in Swaziland are imported from South Africa. The Swaziland Dairy Board had established the dairy credit guarantee scheme with Swaziland Finance Development Cooperation to improve local dairy production and boost the livelihoods of smallholder dairy farmers. Unfortunately, the scheme was terminated without its effectiveness being evaluated. Therefore, the study set out to investigate the contribution of the dairy credit guarantee scheme to household food security. A total of 30 beneficiary households participated in the study. The data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 18.0). The households were compared in terms of the mean number of cows, milk production and volume of sales using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The dairy scheme was open to all qualifying smallholder dairy farmers, but most (86.7%) beneficiaries were male. The beneficiary households owned, on average, between one and eight cows between 2006 and 2009, and produced 188079 litres of milk on average per year. The highest income generated from milk sales was R74137.00 per year between 2006 and 2009. The lowest income from milk sales was R1020.00, from a household with the lowest number of dairy cows on average per year between 2006 and 2009. Beneficiaries reported that the increase in income enabled them to accumulate agricultural assets, increased food purchases and the diversification of livelihoods. Over 56.7% of the households were able to diversify their livelihoods by engaging in other income-generating projects such as poultry and pig production, horticulture, selling groceries and block (brick) making. With improved income especially milking households were able to increase food supply and this is indicated by their higher average Food Consumption Scores (75.58) than non-milking households (59.65). However, all the average Food Consumption Scores were above 42 which is a threshold level for acceptable nutrient intake, dietary diversity and this implies that the dairy production scheme led to improved dietary intake. In conclusion, the dairy credit scheme has the potential to improve local milk production and household food security. It is, therefore, recommended that the dairy scheme be revived, with better accessibility. The establishment of dairy development policy should be considered, in order to create a favourable environment for dairying and the promotion of cooperation among dairy development partners. This cooperation would help to avoid duplication of efforts among development partners and create a platform for interaction, sharing of information and exchange of ideas.
Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

MRDV
Institute for Rural Development
Subsistence agriculture is regarded as a primary strategy adopted by the rural households for increasing their access to food for their families. Food system options for rural households are mainly through own production and purchase from markets. In some cases people require more than what they produce hence they access food through donations and gifts. The main objective of this study was to determine the contribution of subsistence farming to household food system. The specific objectives were to characterize the rural household food system, analyse the contribution by subsistence farming to rural household food system and to suggest possible strategies that can be used to enhance rural household food system. This study was guided by mixed methods in which quantitative and qualitative approaches were used to collect and analyse data that was collected from the households around various aspects of the household food system. Systematic sampling was applied to select the research respondents. A questionnaire was used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. To achieve the overall aim and objectives of the study, data was entered into Microsoft Excel and transferred to Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) vision 24.0. Various tools of SPSS were used to interpreted and make sense of the data collected. Furthermore, descriptive statistics were computed to understand variables constituting the data. Furthermore, Chi square test was performed, with the latter applied to achieve objective two and to analyze the association between subsistence farming and variables related to household food system. Discourse analysis was used to sort, categorize, combine and then interpret results for the qualitative data collected. Subsistence farming in the study area is characterised by low level of production. The main sources of food for households are markets, subsistence production and transfers from other households or public programmes. The main findings indicate that subsistence farmers spent most of their money on market food rather than on own production. The Chi square test P-value results indicate that there is relationship significant (P<0.1) relationship between subsistence farming and quality of harvest and there is insignificant (p=0.123) relationship between subsistence farming income used for household food consumption. Therefore, subsistence farmers’ households should be provided with resources required for farming to increase productivity in the study area. Furthermore, the attributes and dynamics of subsistence agriculture need to be understood by all households in the subsistence farming sector to advance the sector as a possible solution to food system and food security in the study area.
NRF

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
東南亞研究所
98
In the development of economic globalization, Vietnamese women from Northern rural areas are often expected to work abroad in order to support their families as well as giving the child a better life. At homeland, women’s essential work is farming, their status in family is subordinate to husband. But, by working abroad and providing the main income in family, women migrant workers have the rights to decide how to use their earns. In that case, will this leads to a new authority and status of women in family structure? Base on the research result of Blood and Wolfe (1960), Rodman (1967) and Safilios-Rothschild (1976), we may discover the changing of family status of women migrant workers from Northern rural Vietnam. On the contrary, if the changing of status doesn’t happen after the migrant workers have obtained the independent economy, it may be only the gender relationship of the village had changed but the family.

English with Englsih, Northern Sotho and Tsonga summaries
Since the inception of the homestead food garden programme in Gauteng Province, more than 3 000 individuals in the City of Tshwane Region 7 have benefited from the programme. It is not known whether the gardens were actually established after beneficiaries had received the tools from government, or whether the gardens still exist and produce food. The aim of the study was to investigate the contribution of the homestead food garden programme to household food security in Region 7 in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. The study population consisted of beneficiaries of the homestead food garden programme from 2013 to 2016 in various wards in the region. The objectives of the study were to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of the beneficiaries; to assess the current status of the homestead food gardens and other support programmes in which the beneficiaries were engaged; to assess the contribution of the homestead food garden programme to household food security (availability, accessibility, utilisation and stability); to ascertain the factors influencing food availability in the households of beneficiaries; and to identify the constraints and benefits of homestead food production. The study used a quantitative research approach involving a survey design. A semistructured questionnaire was used for data collection through face-to-face interviews in the homes of participants. The random sampling technique was employed to acquire a proportionate sample of 258 participants. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. The analysis of quantitative data included frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation, standard error of mean, a binomial test and the Ordered Logistics Regression (OLR) model. Themes and codes were used to analyse data from open-ended questions (qualitative data) and convert them to frequencies and percentages. The results showed that 73% of women participated and96% participants were Black Africans. Youth participation was 19%. The participants who could read and write because they had received primary, secondary and tertiary education were 84%. The average family size of the respondents was five, ranging between 1 and 47 household members. 83% of the participants relied on social grants (child, old-age and disability grants) from government as their main source of income. 83.3% participants had backyard (homestead) gardens for their households and 26% of participants consumed vegetables from their homestead food gardens. The household expenditure of 74% of participants included the cost of vegetables, which they had to buy regularly. The food availability results showed that 51% and 50% of the participants cultivated their backyard gardens during summer and spring respectively. This implied that there were adequate vegetables in the households of most participants during those seasons. It was discovered that 60% of the participants experienced anxiety and uncertainty because they were worried over the previous four weeks that their households would not have enough vegetables. The coping strategy mostly adopted by 69% of participants was to purchase cheap vegetables when there was lack of vegetables from the gardens. 55% participants consumed vegetables frequently because they either had enough harvests from their backyard gardens or had money to buy vegetables. The factors that positively influenced vegetable availability were participants’ age; the number of support programmes available to them; the existence of backyard gardens; and access to water. Some of the major challenges that systematically hindered homestead food gardens were insects; pests and diseases; crop damage by livestock, birds and rats; a lack of water for irrigation; a lack of production inputs (seeds, chemicals, fertilisers and others); and insufficient space to plant or establish a garden. The study found that the major benefits of the homestead food gardens were the consumption of fresh, healthy vegetables from the backyard garden and saving money by not having to buy vegetables. Based on the results of the current study, it is suggested that youth participation should be bolstered to ensure the future of homestead food gardens as the majority of the participants were older than 35 years. It is also suggested that other support measures should be taken to ensure the continuity of the homestead food garden programme, such as training programmes and access to water, fencing and production inputs (seeds and fertilisers) for homestead food gardeners.
Go tloga mola go thongwago lenaneo la dirapana tša dijo la motsana ka Profenseng ya Gauteng, batho ba go feta ba 3 000 ka Seleteng sa 7 sa Tshwane ba holegile ka go fiwa dithulusi tša serapana, seabe sa tšweletšo le tlhahlo go thoma dirapana tša ka mafuri tša malapa a bona. Ga go tsebege ge eba dirapana dihlomilwe ka nnete morago ga gore baholegi ba amogele dithulusi go tšwa mmušong, goba ge eba dirapana di sa le gona le gore di tšweletša dijo. Dinepo tša dinyakišišo e be e le go nyakišiša seabe sa lenaneo la dirapana tša dijo la motsana go tšhireletšo ya dijo tša lapa Seleteng sa 7 ka Mmasepaleng wa Metropothene wa Toropo ya Tshwane. Bakgathema ba dinyakišišo ba bopilwe ke baholegi ba lenaneo la serapana sa dijo sa motsana go tloga ka 2013 go fihla ka 2016 ka diwateng tša go fapana tša selete. Maikemišetšo a dinyakišišo e be e le laetša dipharologantšho tša batho le leago tša baholegi; go sekaseka maemo a bjale a dirapana tša dijo tša motsana le mananeo a mangwe a thekgo ao baholegi ba bego ba le karolo ya ona; go sekaseka seabe sa lenaneo la serapana sa dijo sa motsana go tšhireletšo ya dijo (khwetšagalo, phihlelelo, tšhomišo le tielelo); go laetša mabaka a go huetša khwetšagalo ya dijo ka malapeng a baholegi; le go hlaola mathata le dikholego tša tšweletšo ya dijo tša motsana. Dinyakišišo di šomišitše mokgwa wa dinyakišišo tša khwalithethifi wa go akaretša popo ya lenaneopotšišo. Lenaneopotšišo le beakantšwego seripa le go šomišetšwa kgoboketšo ya datha ka dipoledišano tša go dirwa go lebelelanwe mahlong ka malapeng a bakgathatema. Thekniki ya tiro ya sampole ya go se kgethe e šomišeditšwe go hwetša sampole ya go lekanetšwa ya bakgathema ba 258. Datha di sekasekilwe ka go šomiša tlhalošo ya 4 ya Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Tshekatsheko ya datha ya khwalithethifi e akareditše dikelo, diphesente, palogare, phapano ya tekanetšo, phošo ya tekanetšo ya palogare, teko ya phapano le mmotlolo wa ponelopele ya diphetogo. Dikgwekgwe le Dikhoute di šomišitšwe go sekaseka datha go tšwa go dipotšišo tše di bulegilego (datha ya khwalithethifi) le go di fetolela go dikelo le diphesente. Dipoelo di laeditše gore phesente ya godimo (73%) ya basadi e kgathile tema. Bontši (96%) e bile baarabi e bile Maafrika a Bathobaso. Kgathotema ya baswa e be e le ka fase ga 19%. Bontši (84%) bja baholegi bo be bo kgona go bala le go ngwala gobane ba amogetše thuto ya poraemari, sekontari le ya godimo. Bogolo bja lapa bja palogare ya baarabi e be e le hlano, go tloga gare ga tee le 47 ya maloko a lapa. Karolo ye kgolo (83%) ya baarabi ba tshephile dithušo tša leago (dithušo tša bana, botšofadi le bogolofadi) go tšwa mmušong bjalo ka mothopo wa bona wo mogolo wa letseno gomme bontši (83.3%) bo be bo na le dirapana (motsana) tša ka mafuri tša malapa a bona. Go tloga go ponego ya tšhireletšo ya dijo, dipoelo di laeditše gore 26% ya baarabi ba ja merogo ya go tšwa ka dirapaneng tša dijo tša motsana wa bona. Ditshenyegalelo tša lapa tša bontši (74%) bja baarabi di akareditše tshenyegelo ya merogo, yeo ba bego ba swanela ke go e reka kgafetša. Dipoelo tša khwetšagalo ya dijo e laeditše gore 51% le 50% ya baarabi ba lemile dirapana tša ka mafuri a bona nakong ya selemo le seruthwane ka tatelano, seo se rago gore go bile le merogo ye e lekanego la malapeng a baarabi ba bantši dihleng tšeo. Ka go realo go utulotšwe gore, mabapi le phihlelelo ya dijo, bontši (60%) bja baarabi ba itemogetše tlalelo le pelaelo bjalo ka ge ba laeditše gore ba be ba hlobaela mo dibekeng tše nne tša go feta gore malapa a bona a ka se be le merogo ye e lekanego. Leano la go laola le le amogetšwego gagolo ke bontši (69%) bja baarabi go kgonthišiša tielelo ya dijo e be e le go reka merogo ka theko ya fase ge go sena merogo go tšwa ka dirapaneng. Mabapi le tielelo ya dijo, bontši (55%) bja bakgathatema ba be ba e ja merogo kgafetša gobane ba bunne tše di lekanego go tšwa dirapaneng tša ka mafuri a bona goba ba bile le tšhelete ya reka merogo. Mabaka ao a hueditšego khwetšagalo ya merogo gabotse e bile mengwaga ya baarabi; palo ya mananeo a thekgo ao ba ka a fihlelelago; go ba gona ga dirapana tša ka mafuri; le phihlelelo ya meetse. Tše dingwe tša ditlhohlo tše kgolo tšeo di tshwentšego ka botlalo dirapana tša dijo ka motsaneng e bile dikhunkhwane; disenyi le malwetši, tshenyo ya dibjalo ka leruo, dinonyana le magotlo; tlhokego ya meetse a go nošetša; tlhokego ya ditshepetšo tša tšweletšo (dipeu, dikhemikale, manyora le tše dingwe); le sekgoba se lekanego go bjala le go hloma serapana. Dinyakišišo di hweditše gore dikholego tše kgolo tša dirapana tša dijo tša motsana e be e le go ja merogo ye meswa, ye mebotse go tšwa ka serapaneng sa ka mafuri le go boloka tšhelete ka go se reke merogo. Go ya ka dipoelo tša dinyakišišo tša bjale, go šišintšwe gore kgathotema ya baswa e swanetše go thekgwa go kgonthišiša bokamoso bja dirapana tša dijo tša motsana ka ge bontši bja bakgathatema ba be ba le bogolo bja mengwaga ya ka godimo ga 35. Gape go šišintšwe gore dikelo tša thekgo tše dingwe di swanela go tšewa go kgonthišiša tšwelopele ya lenaneo la serapana sa dijo sa motsana, go swana le mananeo a tlhahlo le phihlelelo ya meetse, legora le production inputs (dipeu le manyora) ya boradirapana tša dijo tša motsana.
Ku sukela loko ku sunguriwe nongonoko wa swirhapa swa swakudya eka Xifundzhankulu xa Gauteng, vanhu vo tlula nhlayo ya 3 000 eTshwane eka Region 7 va vuyeriwile hi ku pfunetiwa hi mathulusi ya swirhapa, swipfuneto swo rima na vuleteri ku sungula swirhapa lomu majaratini ya miti ya vona. A swi tiveki loko swirhapa swi sunguriwe endzhaku ka loko vavuyeriwa va amukerile mathulusi eka mfumo, kumbe leswo xana swirhapa leswi swa ha ya emahlweni no rima swakudya. Xikongomelo xa ndzavisiso lowu wa tidyondzo a ku ri ku endla vulavisisi hi ndlela leyi nongonoko wa swirhapa swa swakudya wu pfunetaku hi yona eka ku sirheleleka hi swakudya eka Region 7 eka Masipala wa Dorobankulu ra City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. Vanhu lava a ku dyondziwa hi vona a va katsa vavuyeriwa va nongonoko wa swirhapa swa swakudya lomu makaya ku sukela hi lembe ra 2013 ku fikela hi 2016 eka tiwadi to hlayanyana ta region. Swikongomelo swa ndzavisiso lowu i ku vona muxaka wa vanhu lava nga vuyeriwa; ku kambela xiyimo xa sweswi xa swirhapa swa swakudya na minongonoko yin'wana ya nseketelo laha vavuyeriwa va nga na xiavo eka yona; ku kambela xiavo xa nongonoko wa swirhapa swa swakudya eka ku sirheleleka hi ku kuma swakudya eka mindyangu (ku kumeka, ku fikelela, ku tirhisa, na ku tshamiseka); ku kumisisa mintiyiso kumbe swilo leswi swi nga na nkucetelo eka ku kumeka ka swakudya lomu makaya ya lava vuyeriwaka; na ku vona leswi swi nga swihingakanyi eka mimbuyelo ya ku rima swakudya. Ndzavisiso wu tirhise fambiselo leri vuriwaka quantitative research ku nga ku hlayela leswi a swi katsa dizayini ya survey. Ku tirhisiwe endlelo ra nongonoko wa swivutiso leswi nga tsariwa ku nga semi-structured questionnare ku hlengeleta data hi ku endla ti-interview ta xikandza-na-xikandza emakaya ya lava a va teka xiavo. Ku tirhisiwe thekniki ya random sampling ku kuma mpimanyeto wa proporionate sample eka vanhu va 258 lava a va teka xiavo eka ndzavisiso. Data yi ve yi hlahluviwa hi ku tirhisa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. Nhlahluvo wa quantitative data a wu katsa vungani bya ku humelela ku nga frequences, tiphesente, mean, standard deviation, standard error of mean, binomial test na modlele wa Ordered Logistics Regresion (OLR). Eku hlahluveni ku tirhisiwe tithemes na tikhodi ku kambela data eka swivutiso leswi a swi ri na tinhlamulo to hambana-hambana ku nga open-ended questions (qualitative data) na ku swi hundzuluxa ku va swikombisa leswo swi endleke kangani (frequencies) na tiphesente ta ku endleka. Vuyelo byi kombise tiphesente ta le henhla eka vamanana hi (73%) lava a va ri na xiavo. Vunyingi bya vanhu lava a va hlamula swivutiso a ku ri Vanhu va Vantima va Ma-Afrika. Xiavo xa lavantshwa a xi ri ehansi ka 19%. Vunyingi bya vavuyeriwa (84%) a va kota ku hlaya no tsala hikuva a va kumile dyondzo ya prayimari, sekondari na ya le tikholichi na tiyunivhesiti. Mpimanyeto wa nhlayo ya vanhu va mindyangu a ku ri vanhu va ntlhanu, ku sukela eka wun'we ku fikela eka swirho swa 47 eka ndyangu. Ntsengo wa le henhla wo ringana (83%) wa vahlamula swivutiso i vanhu lava va hanyaka hi mpfuneto wa mali ya mfumo eka vanhu (ku nga xipfuneto xo wundla vana, mudende wa vadyuhari, na mpfuneto eka vo lamala) ku suka eka mfumo tani hi mali leyi nghenaka leyi va tshembeleke eka yona ngopfu kasi vunyingi bya vona (83.3%) va na swirhapa (lomu makaya) emitini ya vona. Mayelana na ku sirheleleka hi swakudya, vuyelo byi kombise leswo 26% wa vahlamuri va swivutiso va dya miroho yo huma eka swirhapa swa swakudya swa vona. Mpimanyeto wa mali lowu tirhisiwaka hi mindyangyu yo tala ku nga (74%) wa vahlamuri va swivutiso va katse ntsengo wa nxavo wa miroho, leyi va yi tirhisaka ku xava hi mikarhi na mikarhi. Vuyelo bya ku kumeka ka swakudya wu kombe leswo 51% wa vahlamuri va swivutiso va rima swakudya swa vona lomu swirhapeni swa le makaya ya vona hi nkarhi wa ximumu na hi nkarhi wa ximun'wana, leswi swu vulaka leswo a ku ri na miroho yo ringanela eka miti eka vahlamuri votala va swivutiso hi mikarhi ya tisizini leti. Ku ve ku kumeka leswaku mayelana na ku kumeka ka swakudya, vunyingi lebyi nga (60%) wa vahlamuri va swivutiso va karhateka na ku va va nga ri na ku tiyiseka hikuva va kombise leswo va xaniseka eka mavhiki ya mune lama nga hundza leswo mindyangu ya vona yi nga ka yi nga vi na miroho yo ringanela. Leswi vunyingi byi swi endleka ku ringeta ku hanya eka xiyimo lexi, vunyingi byi nga (69%) wa vahlamuri va swivutiso va vule leswo va xava miroho ya ntsengo wa nxavo wa le hansi loko ku nga ri na miroho eswirhapeni swa vona. Mayelana na ku tshamiseka hi swakudya, vunyingi bya vahlamuri va swivutiso (55%) va dya miroho hakanyingi hikuva va ri na ntshovelo wo ringanela eka swirhapa swa miroho ya vona kumbe hikuva va ri na mali yo xava miroho. Swilo leswi nga na nkucetelo lowunene hi ku kumeka ka miroho, ku ve malembe ya vukulu bya vahlamuri va swivutiso; nhlayo ya minongonoko ya nseketelo eka vona; vukona bya swirhapa swa miroho lomu makaya; na ku kumeka ka mati. Swin'wana swa mintlhontlho leyikulu leyi nga nkavanyeto eka swirhapha swa swakudya i switsotswana na vuvabyi ya swimila; ku onhiwa ka swibyariwa hi swifuwo; swinyenyane na makondlo; ku pfumaleka ka mati yo cheleta; ku pfumaleka ka swipfuneto swo rima (ku nga timbewu, tikhemikali, swinonisi na swin'wana swo tano); ku ka vanhu va nga ri na ndhawu yo ringanela ku byala kumbe ku endla swirhapa. Ndzavisiso wa dyondo wu kume leswo vunyingi bya vavuyeriwa eka swirhapa swa swakudya ku ve ku kota ku va na miroho ya furexe, miroho leyi nga na rihanyu eka swirhapa swa vona lomu makaya no hlayisa mali hikuva va nga xavi miroho. Hi ku landza vuyelo bya ndzavisiso wa dyondo wa sweswi, ku ringanyetiwa leswaku ku fanele ku khutaziwa ku va na xiavo ka vantshwa ku tiyisa vumundzuku bya swirhapa swa miroho, hikuva vunyingi bya lava va nga na xiavo a ku ri vanhu va malembe ya le henhla ka 35 hi vukulu. Ku pimanyetiwa na leswo ku fanele ku va na tindlela tin'wana to seketela ku tiyisa leswo nongonoko wa swirhapa swa swakudya wu ya emahlweni, ku endliwa ka swilo swo fana na minongonoko ya vuleteri, ku biyela swirhapa hi mifensi na swipfuneto swo byala (swo fana na timbewu na swinonisi eka swirhapa swa swakudya lomu makaya.
Agriculture and  Animal Health
M. Sc. (Agriculture)

The diploma paper treat of problems tax strokes upon consumer´s expenses of selected earnings groups of household. Opening section is dedicated to historical development of consumer taxes in segmentation whereon value added tax and particular consumer´s taxes, which are below analyse in theorist part together with determination of living and subsistence level and presentation of receipts and expenditures condition of citizen Czech Republic in selected interval including detailed analysis of consumer´s expenses of selected household representatives. The practical part includes comparing of taxes impact upon consumer´s expense quite three receipts group of household, within them is separately given the progressive of value added tax and particular consumer´s taxes, whose sum determine total charge of consumer´s expense each household from consumer´s taxes. The goal of diploma work is assessment the strokes of consumer´s taxes upon selected earnings groups of household leading to generalization of achieved results.

MRDV
Institute for Rural Development
In most poverty-stricken countries, edible indigenous plants (EIPs) have been an ever-present component of the household food and nutrition security equation since time immemorial. The place of these plants in the household food and nutrition debate and matrix is unclear. Yet, their existence lessens the impact of food and nutrition insecurity on household livelihoods. A study that was premised on the view that the types of EIPs within their local context is important although cultural domains limit the extent of their utilisation was conducted in Muchesu Ward of Binga District in north-western Zimbabwe. The study was born out of the realisation that there was inadequate scientifically generated information on how communities benefit from the EIPs. Of interest was how prevailing global environmental and economic changes influenced household food and nutrition security. Furthermore, it was evident that new approaches were needed to help build an understanding of where EIPs fitted within the food and nutrition security debate and matrix. The main objective of the current study was to characterise EIPs and examine their role in combating food and nutrition insecurity. Exploratory and phenomenological designs were used during characterising EIPs. Respondents were purposively sampled. Data were collected through participatory mapping, transect walks, focus group discussions, seasonal diagramming, key informant interviews and observation. Scoring, matrix ranking, and thematic content analysis were used to analyse the data. Inventories revealed that EIPs were available, accessible and utilised in various ways. Identified EIPs were classified according to the parts that were eaten namely: leafy vegetables, fruits, and tubers. Forty-seven leafy vegetables, 36 fruits and 26 tubers regarded as EIPs were identified. Seasonal availability of EIPs varied across the months of the year. Use of leafy vegetables peaked during the rainy season. Fruits were available in most months of the year although a considerable number of types was available and harvested during the rainy season. Tubers were also available in varied months of the year. Timing was crucial for harvesting tubers. The preparation of 20 EIPs and their uses were documented considering their medicinal properties and other uses. It was noted that some plants were edible and had medicinal value. Considering the observations made in the study, the following conclusions and recommendations were proposed: (1) Conservation and improved ways of harvesting EIPs so as to enhance their sustainability; (2) Produce seasonal calendars to help assess when a certain community is likely to be food insecure; and (3) Conduct further research focusing on the nutritional content of identified plants, which would enable better decision making with respect to household and community nutrition security.
NRF

The study focused primarily on the socio-economic benefit(s) of land reform beneficiaries with regard to food security. The study further investigated the socio-economic impact of selected land reform projects in the Limpopo Province which is also very critical for many parts of South Africa. Apart from the traditional output based evaluation of land reform projects, the study managed to identify key significant variables that could be the focus in reforming land reform projects in the future. The study also highlights variables that could contribute positively or negatively to the attainment of socio-economic deliverables of the objectives of land reform. The conclusive data for the study was obtained from 170 beneficiaries of the land reform programme. Beneficiaries have benefited from Land Redistribution and Agricultural Development (LRAD) and Settlement Land Acquisition Grant (SLAG) sub-programmes of land reform in the area of Elias Motsoaledi Local Municipality within the Greater Sekhukhune District Local Municipality. The Multinomial Logic Model (MLM) was regarded as the best model for data analysis and was used to analyse the degree of contribution of socio-economic factors to food security among beneficiaries of LRAD and SLAG. Three categories were selected to determine the level of beneficiaries satisfaction with food security, namely; 1) None; 2) Moderate and 3) High. Dependent variables selected were 1) Number of beneficiaries, 2) Gender, 3) Farm size/ha, 4) Enterprise, 5) Land reform sub programme, 6) Proximity to the project, 7) Decision, 8) Knowledge, 9) Skills, 10) Training, 11) participation in Development organisation, 12) Sustaining production, and 13) Sustaining financial obligation. The study indicated that the participation of beneficiaries in decision making could contribute positively to the attainment of food security. A positive relationship with food security was determined and confirmed the study hypothesis. Knowledge was also found to have a significant relationship with the attainment of household food security. Knowledge was again found linked to training of beneficiaries which in general was inadequate. The study further revealed that almost all beneficiaries were failing to maintain production and financial obligations. Contrary to the hypothesis, enterprise was not found to be significant to the attainment of beneficiaries’ household food security. v The study concluded that land reform is still relevant to food security in the area. It was also concluded that there is a need to develop a comprehensive agricultural development plan to advance the objective of the land reform programme.
Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology
M.Sc. (Agriculture)

Мета дипломної роботи полягає в статистичому дослідженні туристичної сфери, як особливого виду економічної діяльності та основних тенденцій розвитку міжнародного туризму.
Цель дипломной работы заключается в статистич исследовании туристической сферы, как особого вида экономической деятельности и основных тенденций развития международного туризма.
The purpose of the thesis is the statistical study of the tourism sector as a special type of economic activity and the main trends in the development of international tourism.