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Academic literature on the topic 'Contribution to household expenses'

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Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Contribution to household expenses"

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Homiah, PA, O. Sakyi-Dawson, AM Bonsu, and GS Marquis. "Microenterprise development coupled with nutrition education can help increase caregivers' incomes and household accessibility to animal source foods." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 12, no. 49 (March 1, 2012): 5725–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.49.enam4.

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Low income and lack of knowledge about child nutrition have been identified as key constraints to the use of Animal Source Foods (ASF) in the diets of young Ghanaian children. To improve ASF consumption among children in Ghana, the Enhancing Child Nutrition through Animal Source Food Management (ENAM) project introduced an intervention that combined women’s microenterprise development activities with nutrition education on the importance of ASF in children’s diets. The present study assessed the effects of the intervention on the participants’ enterprise performance, their contribution to key household and child-related expenditures as well as their households’ purchases of ASF. Additionally, household ASF consumption was assessed in monetary terms (measured in Ghana cedis (GH¢):1GH¢ = US$ 0.92).A structured questionnaire was used to interview 80 caregivers who participated in the ENAM project activities in four intervention communities and 80 non-participant caregivers in four control communities. Information solicited included household characteristics, profits from microenterprises and contributions to household food and non-food expenditures. Significantly more participant caregivers expanded (P=0.004) and diversified (P=0.004) their enterprises and, as a result, tended to have higher average enterprise profits (GH¢19.3 ± 2.2 vs. GH¢12.2 ± 1.9; P=0.08) and significantly higher savings (GH¢62.9 ± 2.2 vs. GH¢26.3 ± 1.9; P<0.05) than non-participant caregivers. In addition, the intervention was associated with significantly higher percentage of monetary contributions by caregivers towards children’s health expenses (P<0.05), school expenses (P<0.01) as well as expenses on clothing and footwear (P<0.01). Caregivers’ mean percentage contribution to household food expenses also tended to be higher (P<0.1) for participants (50.8 ± 3.5%) then for non-participants (41.8 ± 4.1%). Participant households also tended to spend more money (P<0.10) and consumed significantly more amounts (in monetary value) of ASF (P<0.01) than non-participant households. Being a participant in the ENAM project’s microenterprise development and nutrition education activities was associated with higher enterprise profits, savings deposits, contributions to household and children-related expenditures, and ASF consumption at the household level.
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Sudaryanto, Gemilang Khairinissa, Suyud Warno Utomo, and Tarsoen Waryono. "Growing households’ income through non-timber forest products." E3S Web of Conferences 142 (2020): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014202004.

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Population pressure to the forest is caused by the difficulty in fulfilling their needs. The condition then leads to unequal access to the resources and threatens the forest. A system of community forest management are necessary (Svendsen, 2009, Cheng, 2011, Tiwari, 2014). This study aims to evaluate the economic impact of coffee agroforestry and tourism businesses in Tugu Utara village, Cisarua, Bogor regency. This is quantitative research. The data colecting method used is suvey of saturated sampling method. The data are sells of cherry coffee, income from tourism activities and households’ expenses in 2018. The households income and expenses data were analyzed to find the contribution of households expenses. The results of the study showed that the expenses of households in 2018 was IDR 2,875,000 / family / month. The average of households’ income from the forest-based tourism activities is IDR 1,115,600 / household / month and the income from cherry coffee sales in 2018 is IDR 1,770,800 / family / month. The percentage of monthly income compared to households’ expenses is 100%. This study concludes that the needs of household can be fulfilled from the coffee agroforestry income added with income from the forest-based tourism activities.
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Hagan, LL, R. Aryeetey, EK Colecraft, GS Marquis, AC Nti, and AO Danquah. "Microfinance with education in rural Ghana: Men's perception of household level impact." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 12, no. 49 (March 1, 2012): 5776–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.49.enam7.

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Microcredit schemes have been shown to enhance women’s Income Generation Activities (IGA), household food security, and child nutrition. However, spouses or Male Household Heads (MHH) can influence how women’s loans are invested and how incomes ensuing from the investments are expended. This study describes how MHH perceived and experienced the participation of female caregivers from their household in the Enhancing Child Nutrition through Animal Source Food Management (ENAM) project. The ENAM project was designed as an integrated intervention providing microcredit, entrepreneurship and nutrition education to women in rural communities in Ghana. Eighty-five MHH of ENAM project caregivers in two regions of Ghana were interviewed about their awareness of the microcredit and education intervention, their involvement in the IGA that the caregivers’ loans were invested in, and their perceptions of the impact of the project on the caregivers’ IGA as well as household and child nutrition. The majority of MHH indicated that they had been consulted by the caregivers about the decision to participate in the ENAM project. The most common reasons given for consenting to the caregivers’ decision to participate in the program were expectations that the caregiver would receive business capital (30.6%), education on optimal child feeding (36.5%), and income to enable caregivers to contribute more to household expenses (31.8%). With respect to the project’s impact, MHH perceived that the caregivers’ project participation had a positive impact on their business practices, particularly with respect to improved customer relations. The MHH perceived that caregivers’ incomes increased because of their participation in ENAM as evidenced by regular income savings and increased contributions to household food and non-food expenditures. However, MHH reported decreases in their own contributions to almost all household expenditure categories in response to the perceived increase in caregivers’ incomes. The MHH also perceived improvements in home meal quality. In summary, MHH credited the ENAM project with improved caregiver’s incomes and increased share of household expenses. However, this outcome resulted in unanticipated declines in MHH contribution to household expenses. Further studies are needed to understand the impact of empowering women through social experiments on households.
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Lee, Changwoo. "Is Universal Health Insurance Superior in Terms of Healthcare Payment? Estimating Financial Burden of Healthcare in Korea: 2009 to 2019." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 59 (January 2022): 004695802211359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00469580221135957.

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This study estimates the financial burden of healthcare in Korea using the National Survey of Tax and Benefit panel data from 2009 to 2019. The sum of a household’s premium and out-of-pocket medical expenses defines the household financial burden of healthcare. We find that the household financial burden is regressive to income. We also find that the high burden household whose financial burden is over 10% of their household income accounts for about 30% of total household. This result suggests that equity in contribution to healthcare finance does not work well in Korea, which chose the universal health system that emphasizes the progressive contribution by income to medical finance.
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Fazaeli, Amir Abbas, Mohmmad Hadian, and Aziz Rezapour. "Assessing the Distribution of Household Financial Contribution to Health System: A Case Study of Iran." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 10 (February 25, 2016): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n10p233.

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<p><strong>Background</strong><strong>: </strong>Throughout the world, financing the healthcare system through households' financial contribution is a challenging issue in evaluating performance of healthcare systems. The purpose of this paper is illustrating the consequences of Iranian household to health system financial contribution in terms of burden and incomes approaches.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> The Data derived from an annual survey by Statistics Center of Iran (SCI) on expenditure-income of 36,551 households in 2012 was used to analyze countrywide distribution indicators of households' medical expenses<strong> </strong>by measuring indices of Income and burden approaches based on World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank recommended methodologies.</p><p><strong>Results</strong><strong>: </strong>The fairness in financial contribution index was 0.85 and 0.82, and the income redistributive effect index was 0.54 and 0.3 in urban and rural areas, respectively. The fairness in financial contribution index was found 0.84 and 0.83 and the income redistributive effect index was 0.48 and 0.25 for households with and without medical insurance, respectively.</p><p>The percentages of household with catastrophic health payments were 2.4% and 4% and the change in the number of household falling below the poverty line due to health system payments was 0.4% and 2% in urban and rural areas, respectively. The percentages of household with catastrophic health payments were 2.8% and 3% and the change in the number of household falling below the poverty line due to health system payments was 0.008 and 0.011 for households with and without medical insurance, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong><strong>: </strong>Distribution indicators of medical expenses were more favorable in urban areas compared to rural areas and Medical insurance has declined impoverishment risks and number of people suffered due to catastrophic health expenditure.<strong> </strong></p><p>In addition, the result showed that there are different approaches for analyzing the distribution of out of pocket payments which used to complement each other in respect of formulation and development policy making in health system.<strong></strong></p>
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Dandonougbo, Yevessé, Ablamba Johnson, and Kodjo Gnedeka. "Capital humain et sécurité alimentaire des ménages au Togo." Revue Internationale des Économistes de Langue Française 8, no. 2 (2023): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/rielf.2023.2.7.

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Human capital and food security of households in Togo. Purpose : The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of human capital on household food security in Togo. Design/methodology/approach : The multinomial logit model was employed using data from the 2015 QUIBB survey conducted among two thousand four hundred (2,400) households at Togo. Findings : The results show that 8.17% of households in Togo experience total food insecurity. Furthermore, 4.74% and 35.09% of them are respectively considered to be in transient food insecurity based on food consumption scores and food expenses. Additionally, the estimation of the multinomial logit model reveals that when the household head is educated or when the household has easy access to a healthcare center, it reduces the risk of food insecurity in the household. Therefore, any policy aimed at investing in human capital while prioritizing vulnerable groups in Togo would lead to an improvement in their food security status. Originality/value : This research highlights the contribution of human capital to food security, using a composite index to capture household food security in Togo.
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Mustika, Mustika, Neneng Hasanah, and Mohammad Iqbal Irfany. "Factors affecting household debt to moneylenders." Annals of Human Resource Management Research 3, no. 1 (September 7, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v3i1.1578.

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Purpose: Moneylenders, sometimes called 'loan sharks' due to their high interest rates, are informal financial institutions that offer loans not in line with Islamic law. This study analyzes the factors that influence the behavior of households regarding debt to moneylenders. Research Methodology: This research employs descriptive and logistic regression analyses using primary data collected from locals in Jagapura village, Cirebon. Result: The results indicate that basic household necessities determine their debt behavior. However, Islamic financial literacy and increasing income present effective solutions for moneylenders to overcome their debt. Limitation: This study is based on primary data from a specific village, Jagapura, in Cirebon, which may not be representative of all households in debt to moneylenders in other regions or settings. Contribution: The study suggests that Islamic financial institutions should assist unbankable communities needing funds for daily expenses by performing social functions such as offering interest-free loans (qardhul hasan) and providing Islamic social finance. The establishment of sharia compliant savings and loans could also be a solution to usury-related issues.
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Iddrisu, Abdul Malik, Michael Danquah, and Peter Quartey. "Paying for education among households in Ghana." International Journal of Development Issues 16, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-02-2017-0017.

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Purpose Using data from the sixth round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey, this paper aims to take a critical look at issues relating to the demand for education in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach In doing this, the paper develops a model for the determinants of household’s educational expenditure using the full sample of data and an income-quintile disaggregated model of the determinants of household’s educational expenditures. The study adopts robust empirical estimation techniques to estimate the model. Findings The paper finds that household resources importantly influence children’s educational expenditures with wealthier households spending proportionately more in educating their children than poorer households; large-sized households spend more in terms of educational expenses than small-sized households reflecting largely the quantity of education purchased, given that quality and contextual factors matters for educational investments. Strikingly, the findings show that female headship is a significant positive predictor of households’ demand for education. These findings provide valuable policy options relating to the goal of ensuring inclusive and quality education for all and promoting a lifelong learning by 2030. Originality/value While literature on the determinants of households’ educational expenditures abound, very few of this literature focuses on sub-Saharan Africa. Consequently, this study makes an important contribution to the literature by providing evidence on the determinants of households’ educational expenditure in the context of sub-Saharan Africa.
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Hailemichael, Aklilu, and Berhanu Gebremedhin. "Marketing, consumption and their determinants in village poultry production in four states of Ethiopia." Animal Production Science 60, no. 17 (2020): 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19085.

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Context It is widely recognised that village poultry play important roles nutritionally, economically and socio-culturally in developing countries such as Ethiopia where the sector makes up the largest portion of the national poultry meat and egg production. The importance of socioeconomic environment for improving the contribution of village poultry to household income and diets is receiving little attention in research and development. Aims The present study examined whether and to what extent household, flock, institutional and infrastructural factors enable or constrain village poultry marketing and consumption. Methods The results of the study are based on analysis of data drawn from a cross-sectional survey of 5004 households conducted in four regions of Ethiopia. On the basis of the type of dependent variable, probit and ordinary least squares regression models and marginal effects were used to determine whether and how much the aforementioned factors affect household involvement in marketing or consumption of village poultry. Key results Flock size per household highly significantly and positively affected poultry selling. Majority of the households (82%) sold their poultry primarily for covering planned household expenses. Male-headed households had a lower likelihood of selling poultry and an increased mean number of birds consumed, than did female-headed households. A lower probability of selling poultry was associated with an increasing household-asset ownership and an increasing distance to a market town. Participation in training increased poultry consumption per household. Conclusions Our empirical results showed that factors related to household characteristics, flock size, infrastructure and institutional services affected marketing and consumption of household poultry. Household attributes are important to identify and target the right groups for poultry research and development, and market infrastructure and institutional services have to be developed for improving opportunities of smallholders to better benefit from poultry marketing or consumption. Implications Finally, along with technical efforts to increase production, sustainability and nutritional and economic impacts could be improved if research and development interventions were to holistically take into account the socioeconomic and institutional context under which poultry-producing households operate.
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Davis, Adam W., Elizabeth C. McBride, and Konstadinos G. Goulias. "A Latent Class Pattern Recognition and Data Quality Assessment of Non-Commute Long-Distance Travel in California." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 42 (July 13, 2018): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118787362.

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This study analyzes 8-week long-distance travel records from the California Household Travel Survey for completeness and identifies general types of non-commute long-distance tours using Latent Class Analysis. Likely due to the difficulty of gathering data of this kind, there has been relatively limited study of non-commute long-distance travel, despite the substantial contribution to many households’ greenhouse gas emissions and travel expenses. The California Household Travel Survey includes a valuable long-distance 8-week travel dataset, but this study identifies several possible shortcomings in the dataset. Of particular importance is a severe underreporting of shorter trips, which may result from a mix of respondent forgetfulness and survey fatigue. Despite the issues with the data, latent class cluster analysis was able to identify five distinct, informative patterns of long-distance travel. This analysis shows that long-distance tours for vacation, business travel, medical, and shopping are substantially distinct in terms of their travel characteristics and correspond to different combinations of other activities in the tour, and they are done by different types of households. The method used here to identify the typology of long-distance travel can be easily expanded to include a variety of other explanatory variables of this type of behavior in more focused data collection settings.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contribution to household expenses"

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Brassard, David-Alexandre. "Child contribution to agricultural household income." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28990/28990.pdf.

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Monget, Quentin. "Les mutations du statut patrimonial des couples." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0003.

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Bien des couples, aujourd’hui, passent du concubinage au pacs, puis du pacs au mariage, qui sont les trois conjugalités que propose le droit contemporain. À chacune correspond un statut patrimonial spécifique (prévoyant une répartition des biens et des dettes, instituant des effets sociaux et fiscaux, etc.). Or ces statuts sont en pleine mutation : aujourd’hui, on ne compte plus les transformations légales et jurisprudentielles qui s’accomplissent. Quelles sont ces évolutions ? Jusqu’où doivent-elles se poursuivre ? Tel est l’objet de cette étude. Elle relativise l’idée qu’un droit commun du couple serait appelé à émerger : elle constate que, même si un phénomène de convergence est à l’œuvre, d’autres évolutions tendent à accroître certaines différences entre les conjugalités. Elle démontre alors que le droit positif se structure sur le modèle d’une gradation. Plus un couple choisit une conjugalité stable et engagée, plus son statut patrimonial devient exorbitant, communautaire et protecteur. Les amants sont ainsi incités à s’engager sur un chemin jalonné d’étapes prédéterminées (couple sentimental, emménagement, pacs, mariage) que l’on peut appeler iter copulae ; ce modèle est en phase non seulement avec le droit positif, mais aussi avec la réalité sociologique moderne.Ainsi, l’étude synthétise les évolutions en cours. Elle suggère de les approfondir où elles sont inachevées, de les tempérer où elles sont excessives, de les consacrer où elles sont prétoriennes ; le propos est parsemé de propositions de réformes, toutes destinées à asseoir le droit positif sur des bases durables, car plus en phase avec les aspirations modernes
Many French couples today move from cohabitation to civil partnership, then from civil partnership to marriage, which are the three forms of conjugality offered by contemporary law. Each has its own specific property status (providing for the division of assets and debts, establishing social and tax effects, etc.). But these statuses are in a state of flux,with countless legal and case law changes being made. What are these changes ? How far should they continue ? That is the purpose of this study. It sets itself apart by putting into perspective the idea that a common law governing couples will emerge : it notes that, even if a phenomenon of convergence is at work, other developments are tending to increase certain differences between conjugal relationships. It then shows that positive law is structured on the model of a gradation. The more a couple chooses a stable and committed conjugal relationship, the more their property status becomes exorbitant, communal and protective. Lovers are thus encouraged to embark on a path marked out by predetermined stages (romantic relationship, moving in, civil partnership, marriage) that can be called iter copulae ; thismodel is in line not only with positive law, but also with modern sociological reality. The study summarises current developments. It suggests deepening them where they are incomplete, tempering them where they are excessive, and enshrining them where they are praetorian. The study is interspersed with proposals for reform, all designed to put positive law on a sustainable footing, since it is more in tune with modern aspirations
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Van, Averbeke W., and TB Khosa. "The contribution of smallholder agriculture to the nutrition of rural households in a semi-arid environment in South Africa." Water SA, 2006. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001011.

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The contribution of own food production to the nutrition of households in two neighbouring, rural, semi-arid settlements was investigated. A survey of a 10% probability sample (n=131) of households in Sekuruwe and Ga-Molekane in the Mokgalakwena Local Municipality, Waterberg District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa, conducted in 2001, provided data on household composition, income (cash and kind), poverty status, expenditure and agriculture, including a detailed account of the types and quantities of food that were purchased during the month preceding the date of the interview. For each household the food obtained from the different types of agriculture they practised was quantified. Protein, iron and Vitamins A and C were selected as indicators to assess the contribution of purchased and own produced food to the food intake of households. Food composition tables were used to estimate the nutrient content of the different foods. To assess the contribution of irrigated home gardening to food intake of households, Drum & Drip micro-irrigation systems which enabled irrigated vegetable production on an area of 36 m2 were installed on the residential sites of 10 volunteer households in the study area. The results confirmed that income is the most important determinant of household food security in rural South Africa. However, food obtained from various types of dry-land agriculture contributed significantly to household nutrition and without farming the food security of households would be reduced, especially among the ultra-poor. Small-scale irrigated vegetable production was shown to have the potential to substantially raise the amount of the Vitamins A and C available to households but did not address the lack of protein in the diet of ultra-poor households and the lack of iron in the diet of all households.
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Van, Averbeke W., and TB Khosa. "The contribution of smallholder agriculture to the nutrition of rural households in a semi-arid environment in South Africa." Water SA, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000787.

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The contribution of own food production to the nutrition of households in two neighbouring, rural, semi-arid settlements was investigated. A survey of a 10% probability sample (n=131) of households in Sekuruwe and Ga-Molekane in the Mokgalakwena Local Municipality, Waterberg District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa, conducted in 2001, provided data on household composition, income (cash and kind), poverty status, expenditure and agriculture, including a detailed account of the types and quantities of food that were purchased during the month preceding the date of the interview. For each household the food obtained from the different types of agriculture they practised was quantified. Protein, iron and Vitamins A and C were selected as indicators to assess the contribution of purchased and own produced food to the food intake of households. Food composition tables were used to estimate the nutrient content of the different foods. To assess the contribution of irrigated home gardening to food intake of households, Drum & Drip micro-irrigation systems which enabled irrigated vegetable production on an area of 36 m2 were installed on the residential sites of 10 volunteer households in the study area. The results confirmed that income is the most important determinant of household food security in rural South Africa. However, food obtained from various types of dry-land agriculture contributed significantly to household nutrition and without farming the food security of households would be reduced, especially among the ultra-poor. Small-scale irrigated vegetable production was shown to have the potential to substantially raise the amount of the Vitamins A and C available to households but did not address the lack of protein in the diet of ultra-poor households and the lack of iron in the diet of all households.
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Owusu-Agyemang, Kwame. "The contribution of the Tsolo Red Meat Cluster to household income and general well-being." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09222008152651.

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Abdulai, Abdul Nafeo [Verfasser]. "The Contribution of Conservation Agriculture to Production Efficiency and Household Welfare in Zambia / Abdul Nafeo Abdulai." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1107010772/34.

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Tata, epse Ngome Precillia Ijang. "The Contribution of fruit from trees to improve household nutritional security in the context of deforestation in Cameroon." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/793.

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Cameroon needs healthy citizens to archive emergence by 2035. Malnutrition and undernourishment is the highest burden in the World in recent times and a silent crisis facing most rural communities in forest areas of Cameroon. Its abstruseness makes extremely fragile political, social and economic planning to foster development in such areas. Therefore, it is time we bring appropriate understanding and new strategies on unpacking the complexities of food and nutritional security and define practical solutions to food insecurity. Working in the context of increasing deforestation, this thesis brings evidence on the situation of household food insecurity (FIS) access experience in forest areas which is not reported in current discussions at the national level. It further investigates the knowledge and awareness of households on the availability, accessibility, utilisation, vulnerability and consumption of nutrient rich food items using the example of fruits from trees. Thus, the aim of this research was to investigate strategies for addressing household FIS through increased domestic supply and consumption of fruits from trees in the context of deforestation in Cameroon. Data were collected through four rounds of structured interviews completed between August 2013 and October 2014. Analysis was done using simple citations and ordering, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Likert scale, χ2-test of association and Cramer's V coefficient to test the strength of the association and means and ANOVA. The HFIAS approach used to determine household FIS. Only 1% of the population were food secure and the moderately deforested zone showed the worst trends in food insecurity. Therefore, the effect of deforestation was nuanced. Diverse fruit trees were registered. Households said they required fruits only 2.4 ± 1.5 times per week. Recently, the intake of 400 g of fruit per person per day for good health was announced as a priority of international recognition. However, households were not aware of the importance and frequency of fruit consumption with less than 50% of households eating fruits daily during the harvesting season. Fruit tree nurseries where scarce and seeds where obtained from local sources. Fruit tree diseases where rampant and up to 50% harvest lost was registered for some fruits species. This study has shown that food availability does not necessarily mean adequate food intake. Three opinions about fruit trees and the prevalence of food insecurity in Cameroon has been raised in this thesis. First, there is ineffectiveness in the eradication of FIS because even in agricultural conducive environments, hunger and food insecurity are still prevalent at high rates. Therefore, effective and efficient targeting of food insecured groups need to be promoted in all clusters of the population. Secondly, the national nutrition program is neglecting sensitisation on food consumption patterns and therefore people are not making use of nutrient rich foods even when this maybe found around their environments - taking the case of fruits from trees. Thus, very few people ate fruits and at irregular frequencies of consumption. Thus, there is need to design special campaign programs to promote the consumption of fruits from trees. Thirdly, the word-of-mouth or neighbour-to-neighbour dissemination approach on fruit trees planting has not been efficient across communities. As such nurseries where scarce and people obtained fruit trees plants from natural regeneration or found them on the field when establishing the field. Therefore, in this research, it is postulated that no matter the nature of efforts and level of intervention, what is certain is that addressing FIS requires effective targeting of the vulnerable population and the implementation of novel and practical approaches on promoting access to and consumption of fruits in the right frequencies. This research further revealed that poor eating habits was a problem and lack of knowledge about the frequency and intake of nutrient rich food was serious. For instance, people were not aware on the recommended frequency of fruit consumption and people ate infested fruit while reserving the healthy ones for sale. This is the trap of the food insecurity problem in some regions – knowledge about foods and ways of food utilisation. This is neither a problem of availability nor accessibility, but rather a problem of lack of knowledge and lack of sensitisation. From FAO reports on the state of food insecurity in the world and other studies of food intake in most developing nation, poor food consumption is a global problem in most poor regions and even in rich areas affected by obesity. Thus, there is a need to establish a high level policy framework maybe in the form of a convention or an intergovernmental panel at the level of the United Nations and/or the African Union on ‘reducing malnutrition in all its forms (rates, drivers and consequences on human health and the environment)’. This structure will promote setting priorities, strategies, monitoring on peoples eating habits, setting nutritional standards, and principles and indicators for observing under nutrition, over nutrition and associated problems within all population strata.
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Traoré, Sékou Amadou [Verfasser], and Zárate Anne [Akademischer Betreuer] Valle. "Contribution of cattle breeds to household livelihoods and food security in southern Mali / Sékou Amadou Traoré ; Betreuer: Anne Valle Zárate." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1145017606/34.

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Akaguri, Luke Adorbila. "Household choice of schools in rural Ghana : exploring the contribution and limits of low-fee private schools to Education for All." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7418/.

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This thesis examines the factors that make the low-fee private school (LFPS) accessible to the poor. While the provision of education in developing countries has traditionally been regarded as the responsibility of the state, recent evidence on the growth of the LFPS in such contexts appears to challenge the government's role as the most viable option. The main argument of the thesis is that the poor have no real choice. The thesis also argues that fee-free public education only provides a partial solution to the financial barrier to access since there are factors other than direct costs that influence the way poor households respond to principles of supply and demand for education. The state's role in the provision of education is supported by the argument that it is a public good, and it must therefore remain the responsibility of the government to protect the poor and other vulnerable groups from denial of access. Nevertheless, private education provision is a growth enterprise in rural areas, one key reason for which is the perception that it provides a better quality of education than the state can offer. Given such expansion in an era of fee-free public education, some commentators have questioned whether those that send their children to an LFPS can really be described as poor, since school choice is clearly dependant on the ability to meet the costs. In order to understand how the cost and quality of education interact with school choice decisions, 536 households in three poor rural communities of Mfantseman District, Central Region, Ghana were surveyed. The data were used to examine the difference in cost between public and private provision, and to explore those factors associated with school choice and the related expenditure. In addition, to gain further insight into the implications of the survey's statistical outcomes, a number of participants with interests in both public and private schools were interviewed – including 38 household heads in the lowest income quintile, 6 head teachers, 14 teachers, 8 parents, 7 Parent Teacher Association (PTA) executives and 3 School Management Committee (SMC) executives with children in both school types. The findings reject the hypothesis that school choice in the communities under study was not affected by socio-economic factors, since the majority of households had no real option. In particular, the prohibitive cost of food at both types of school, but compulsoriness at LFPSs, had adverse consequences on the willingness of children to attend. However, a minority of poor households that did access LFPSs were able to do so due to school practices such as flexible fee schemes, teacher discipline and better interaction with parents, as well as through assistance obtained via social networks. In addition, the study also finds that private schools had a better track record in BECE examination than public schools in the communities under study. What is clear is that, this better BECE track record by LFPSs coupled with higher aspirations that some poor households have for their children fuelled interest in private schooling. The study concludes that the claim that the rural poor access LFPS in numbers has been exaggerated. This is because it is the relatively better-off households that enrol their children in private school, while a minority of the poor that access LFPSs are able to do so because of manipulative school practices and the nature of its interaction with parents. As a result, the study suggests that it would be in the interests of the poor if rural public schools were improved – including the provision of free school meals – given that greater state support to the private education sector would only benefit the relatively better off. Finally, fee-free public schooling facilitated by the capitation grant should ensure that schools are more accountable to the communities they serve – schools should be made to show how the grant was used to improve access and quality and together with the community set targets for improvement. Improving academic quality and teacher discipline would enable them to restore their image in rural communities and hence encourage demand for public education.
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Anele, Mayekiso. "Production of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables (ILVs) and their contribution to household food security: evidence from Coffee Bay, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/712.

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This study used cross-sectional survey data to estimate farmers` perceptions of, and commonly cultivated ILVs, factors that influence the participation of smallholder famers in the production of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables and its contribution to household food security]. With regard to farmers` perceptions of ILVs, descriptive results reveal that a majority of the people from the study area share positive perceptions with respect to ILVs. Regression estimates for determinants of participation indicate that the production of ILVs is primarily conditioned by shared perceptions and institutional factors rather than the socio-economic attributes of farmers. Public policies that address the institutional framework (extension, credit, market and social networks) in favour of ILVs are more likely to promote production. Also, more research on the documentation and benefits of ILVs, supported by investments targeting educational campaigns towards promoting positive attitudes and dispelling fears and myths surrounding ILVs, will further promote production. With reference to the contribution of ILVs to food security, descriptive results indicate that participation in the production of ILVs leads to a higher HDDS and a lower HFIAS. Regression estimates further revealed that participation positively contributes to a higher HDDS and a lower HFIAS, suggesting that households who participate in the production of ILVs are more likely to be food secure than non-participants. Therefore, participation in the production of ILVs has significant potential to address household food security.
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Books on the topic "Contribution to household expenses"

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United States. Internal Revenue Service. Moving expenses. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1990.

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United States. Internal Revenue Service. Moving expenses. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1992.

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United States. Internal Revenue Service. Moving expenses: For use in preparing 1987 returns. 8th ed. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1987.

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Heissler, Karin. Know your place: Ethiopian children's contribution to the household economy. Oxford, UK: Young Lives, Department of International Development, University of Oxford, 2010.

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Sakthivel, S. Elderly workforce participation, wage differentials, and contribution to household income. Bangalore: Institute for Social and Economic Change, 2011.

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N, Pandey R. Women's contribution to the economy through their unpaid household work. New Delhi: National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, 2002.

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United States. Internal Revenue Service. Child and dependent care credit, and employment taxes for household employers. 8th ed. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1987.

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United States. Internal Revenue Service. Child and dependent care credit, and employment taxes for household employers. 8th ed. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1985.

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Douthitt, Robin. Canadian Family Tax Law and its implications for household time allocation. [Madison]: University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1986.

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Manaye, Simachew. The contribution of livestock to household income and food security in East Shewa zone. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Contribution to household expenses"

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Kuter, Mikhail, and Marina Gurskaya. "Accounts of Household Expenses in the Medieval Companies." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 286–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02351-5_33.

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Plaut, Pnina O., and Steven E. Plaut. "Household Inequality and the Contribution of Spousal Correlations." In Socioeconomic Inequality in Israel, 41–57. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137544810_3.

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Mujere, N. "Contribution of groundwater towards urban household water security." In Groundwater for Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth, 95–99. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003024101-5.

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Nizri, Michael. "The Contribution of Waqfs to the Preservation of the Power and Wealth of Households." In Ottoman High Politics and the Ulema Household, 188–211. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137326904_6.

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Ota, Tetsuji, Pichdara Lonn, and Nobuya Mizoue. "Contribution of Community-Based Ecotourism to Forest Conservation and Local Livelihoods." In Decision Science for Future Earth, 197–207. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8632-3_9.

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AbstractTropical forests significantly contribute to local livelihoods as well as global carbon storage and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, a strategy that harmonizes a better quality of life for local people with tropical forest conservation is required. In Community-based ecotourism (CBET), the local community participates in related economic activities. In this chapter, we summarize our current studies that quantified the contribution of CBET to the income and livelihoods of local people and forest conservation. We selected the Chambok CBET site in Cambodia for our case study. First, we quantified the effectiveness of CBET in forest conservation by analyzing forest cover change with published maps created from satellite images. Second, we evaluated the contribution of CBET to household income and livelihood changes through a household survey using a questionnaire. Analysis of the forest cover change maps revealed that deforestation had significantly decreased inside the CBET area as compared to outside it, although the reduction was not enough to stop net deforestation. The survey revealed that the total monthly income of CBET member households and non-CBET households was not significantly different. It also showed that the community members felt the livelihood change after the implementation of CBET. However, this change may have been caused by general socioeconomic changes in Cambodia. We conclude that CBET effectively contributed to forest conservation but in a limited capacity to household income.
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Simon, Katharina. "Marital Conversations: Using Privacy to Negotiate Marital Conflicts in Adam Eyre’s Diary, 1647–1649." In Tracing Private Conversations in Early Modern Europe, 237–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46630-4_9.

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AbstractEmbracing private conversations as tools for conflict resolution, this chapter dissects a particular case of marital dispute in “Using Privacy to Negotiate Marital Conflicts in Adam Eyre’s Diary, 1614–1661”. This chapter retraces the role of privacy in the marital conflict documented in Yorkshireman Adam Eyre’s diary, “A Dyurnall, or catalogue of all my accions and expenses”, which survives for the years 1647–1649. His diary allows us to investigate their conflict, but also their joint attempts to resolve it. In various conversations, they discussed current disputes. Simon argues that the privacy of their household provided a protective space for negotiation, which allowed neglecting, bending, or adapting contemporary gender roles or norms of marital conduct.
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Primaningrum, Riskie Amanda Wahyu, Irham Irham, and Sugiyarto Sugiyarto. "Contribution of Vegetable Urban Farming on Household Food Expenditure in Yogyakarta City." In Proceedings of the International Symposium Southeast Asia Vegetable 2021 (SEAVEG 2021), 322–29. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-028-2_34.

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Almagthani, Salsabila Nur, Kodrad Winarno, Irham Irham, and Anung Pranyoto. "Contribution of Vegetable Urban Farming to Household Income in the City of Yogyakarta." In Proceedings of the International Symposium Southeast Asia Vegetable 2021 (SEAVEG 2021), 573–81. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-028-2_59.

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Grant, Miriam. "Rent as Ransom: Lodging and Food Security in Gweru, Zimbabwe." In Transforming Urban Food Systems in Secondary Cities in Africa, 379–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93072-1_19.

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AbstractThe early 1990s were a crucial turning point in Zimbabwe. Not only was the Structural Adjustment Program (ESAP) initiated in 1990, but the country was also hit with a major drought in 1991/92. We know that the urban poor were (and continue to be) disproportionately impacted by wage cuts, lay-offs and changes to food prices, especially since data from the period indicate that the poor spent a third to twice as much of their expenditures on food and health care than the non-poor. This chapter explores the food security situation of 100 lodgers (private renters) in the medium-sized city of Gweru, located halfway between Harare and Bulawayo. Based on data from diverse types of lodging across all density areas, it discusses the linkages between strength of rural ties, modes of livelihood, household composition, and fixed expenses such as rent and food security.
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Lambrecht, Thijs, Joke Verfaillie, and Tom de Waele. "Lords, Peasantries and the remuneration of labour services in the Southern Low Countries, 13th-18th centuries." In Datini Studies in Economic History, 121–38. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0347-0.09.

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In the late medieval and early modern Southern Low Countries, servile work gradually disappeared in most lordships. This contribution researches how and why unfree labour persisted in a minority of seigneuries. The main argument for the survival of so-called corvée labour, is that subjects performing these works received some form of remuneration. From the thirteenth century onward, peasantries were also able to negotiate favourable working conditions. Lords could not claim works during harvest and had to respect reasonable notification intervals. During the performance of the corvée labour, peasantries were usually provided food (and drink) in proportionate quantities to the caloric consumption needs of their respective work and status. Compensation of expenses in coin was rather rare, but lords often offered favourable benefits such as fiscal exemptions or use rights to the performing population or even the whole community. Male breeding animals were provided, and access to the lords domain such as hunting and fishing rights, or pastures could also be heeded. In this manner, small farmers could enjoy additional income streams or cut expenses. The existence of an array of rights and benefits to subjects performing labour indicate favourable negotiation terms of the peasant population. The case studies presented showcase a more nuanced historical reality, where peasants successfully (re-)negotiated labour duties with their lords. This paper reconstructs the negotiation process between lords and subjects as recorded in village customs.
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Conference papers on the topic "Contribution to household expenses"

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Moraliyska, Monika. "MEASURING THE JUSTNESS OF THE EUROPEAN GREEN TRANSITION." In Innovative Solutions for Managing the Economy in an International Crisis Scenario. Oikos Institute – Research Center, Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61432/cpne0101030m.

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The ambitious goals of the green transition of the EU have set numerous challenges, including in the social sphere. The green transition is expected to affect the European households and businesses in various ways (job loss, energy and transport poverty, etc.) leading to a direct or indirect increase in their living costs and company expenses. Thus, research is needed on the policy measures that the EU is taking to tackle the negative social effects of the green transition and on the evaluation of their efficiency. The latest developments in the policy area concerning its social dimension are considered in this paper, as well as the approaches to the measurement of the justness of the green transition. The aim of this review scientific paper is to analyze main methodological approaches to green transition, and specifically to the justness of the green transition in the EU. The methodology of this study includes a desk research, based on analysis and synthesis, descriptive and comparative analysis and systematic approach. The key finding of the study is that despite the numerous policy papers, regulations and recommendations, there is no comprehensive methodology to measure the justness of the green transition in the EU and further research is needed regarding the precision of the indicators that need to be developed and for which statistical data will have to be collected. The author’s contribution is insight into this understudied topic, which will have a strong impact on social Europe in the short term.
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Yang, Yaodong, Jianye Hao, Yan Zheng, and Chao Yu. "Large-Scale Home Energy Management Using Entropy-Based Collective Multiagent Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/89.

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Smart grids are contributing to the demand-side management by integrating electronic equipment, distributed energy generation and storage and advanced meters and controllers. With the increasing adoption of electric vehicles and distributed energy generation and storage systems, residential energy management is drawing more and more attention, which is regarded as being critical to demand-supply balancing and peak load reduction. In this paper, we focus on a microgrid scenario in which modern homes interact together under a large-scale setting to better optimize their electricity cost. We first make households form a group with an economic stimulus. Then we formulate the energy expense optimization problem of the household community as a multi-agent coordination problem and present an Entropy-Based Collective Multiagent Deep Reinforcement Learning (EB-C-MADRL) framework to address it. Experiments with various real-world data demonstrate that EB-C-MADRL can reduce both the long-term group power consumption cost and daily peak demand effectively compared with existing approaches.
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Widayat, Prama, and Ryan Pahlawan. "Household Expenses after An Increased in Basic Tariff of Electricity in Pekanbaru." In First Padang International Conference On Economics Education, Economics, Business and Management, Accounting and Entrepreneurship (PICEEBA 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/piceeba-18.2018.33.

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Bella, Ilham Aguida, Nabil Bella, Aissa Asroun, and Sara Saddiki. "Contribution on the Use of Household Waste as Bio-Admixture." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.569.

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In the civil engineering field, the incorporation of chemical admixtures is now a practical technics' used for improving the properties of concrete, such as improved workability, decreasing the water demand, increasing strength, etc. However, chemical admixtures have some disadvantages such as environmental pollution during both their manufacture and their use, else, there are rare somewhere. Because of this background, bio-admixtures appear principally useful, due to their environmental effect and friendly properties, bio-admixtures are substances obtained from a biodegradable product also resulting from the methanisation. The objective of this research is the valorization of household waste used as a bio-admixture. Moreover studying its effect on cement path workability, start/end of the cement setting.
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Tiwari, Vidhulekha, Arnab Jana, and Santanu Bandyopadhyay. "Choice of Cooking and Lighting Energy Sources in Households: Empirical Evidence from Urban India." In ENERGISE 2023. Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62576/fvnj6197.

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Household energy consumption constitutes approximately 30% of India's total energy usage. Since the fuel choice for cooking and lighting includes unclean fuels like kerosene, coal, dung cakes and firewood, studying it becomes imperative. This study examines the fuel choice for cooking and lighting in urban Indian households through Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis. The analysis incorporates variables depicting household economy, such as land ownership, expenditure, employment type, housing ownership, meals served, and access to the public distribution system. It is assumed that households make choices based on their specific household characteristics to maximise fuel utility. This study utilises data from the Household Consumer Expenditure Survey (2011-12) conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) of India. Results show that employment type, amount of food cooked, fuel availability, and household expenditure capacity significantly influence fuel choices. Additionally, households using cleaner fuels experience lower expenses for cooking and lighting due to improved fuel efficiency.
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Aseinov, Dastan, Burulcha Sulaimanova, and Kamalbek Karymshakov. "Determinants of Capital Formation of Smallholder Farmers in Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02032.

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Capital formation is crucial to increase output volume and quality in agricultural production activity of households. This study examines factors affecting capital formation of smallholder farmers in Kyrgyzstan ranging from household characteristics to location of farmers. Along with other traditional potential constraints that may have impact on capital formation, we examine the role of social network activities. These expenditures on customs and traditions may have both negative and positive effects on the capital formation in agriculture. Our empirical analysis is based on the cross-sectional household survey data for 2013. According to our findings, the amount of physical assets of households in Kyrgyzstan mainly depends on the share of expenses on customs and traditions, the total income, gender differences and the ethnicity of the head of household.
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Serrano Lanzarote, Begoña, and Carmen Subiron Rodrigo. "How does household income affect access to housing?" In 3rd Valencia International Biennial of Research in Architecture, VIBRArch. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vibrarch2022.2022.15211.

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Accessing to housing, in addition to being a right, should be part of a market sufficiently accesible and diverse so as not to generate excessive expenses for households, which do not allow other necessities to be met or may jeopardisee the quality of life.This article considers the issue of access to housing by analysing the relationship between the average net income per household and the housing rental cost index, with the aim of quantifying the extent to which housing costs affect household income within the Comunitat Valenciana. It focuses especially on the rental system, regarded as the tenure regime prevailing for the most vulnerable households.A compilation of the available data is undertaken, and with this information, the percentage of the average household income of families that must go to rent payment is calculated, and to what extent this economic effort is excessive. Different income brackets are established to analyse which sectors of the population have trouble accessing a home.The results obtained suggest that a high percentage of households have to spend over 30% of income on paying rent, and it is in households with lower income in which this percentage soares, emphasising the situation of vulnerability.Due to a lack of available data, it was not possible to geographically locate the areas with a strained residential market, defined by the Draft Law on the Right to Housing, from which it can be deduced that adding data collection mechanisms to existing ones is necessary to achieve a detailed analysis, essential to implement more effective housing access policies in highly vulnerable areas.
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Hovany, Lajos. "The contribution of UFR in measuring water volume by water meter in a single household." In 2011 IEEE 3rd International Symposium on Exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources (EXPRES). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/expres.2011.5741795.

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Umbara, Rian F., Erni D. Sumaryatie, M. R. Kirom, and Reza F. Iskandar. "Horse dung waste utilization as a household energy resource and estimation of biogas production." In PADJADJARAN INTERNATIONAL PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2013 (PIPS-2013): Contribution of Physics on Environmental and Energy Conservations. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4820314.

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Mesra B, Mesra B, and Nina Andriany Nasution. "The Role of the Household and Its Contribution in Helping Family Economy at Hamparan Perak Subdistrict Deli Serdang Regency." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Social Sciences and Interdisciplinary Studies (ICSSIS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icssis-18.2019.21.

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Reports on the topic "Contribution to household expenses"

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Toossi, Saied. Cost of school meals and households' difficulty paying for expenses. Washington, DC: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2023.8122123.ers.

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School meals are typically served to children for free, at a reduced price, or at full price depending on their household income and size. In response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the U. S. Department of Agriculture issued a waiver allowing schools to provide meals for free to all students, regardless of household income, in the 2020-21 and 2021-22 school years. This waiver expired on June 30, 2022, leading some advocates and policymakers to express concern that the reintroduction of prices for school meals could make it difficult for some households to meet their other expenses. This study finds that overall, nearly one-third of households with children ages 5-17 that paid for school meals in December 2022 reported that doing so made it difficult for them to pay for other usual expenses. The share reporting the same among households with school-aged children and incomes below 225 percent of the Federal poverty level, and among non-White households with school-aged children, was higher than the overall share.
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Gasparini, Leonardo, Ricardo N. Bebczuk, Julian Amendolaggine, and Noelia Garbero. Understanding the Determinants of Household Saving: Micro Evidence for Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009266.

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This paper investigates the main patterns and drivers of the household saving rate in Latin America by assembling a broad dataset of official household surveys for 10 Latin American countries and 27 surveys covering selected years from the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. Almost half of households display negative saving, which raises suspicions of income underreporting and/or consumption overreporting. The estimations highlight the overriding positive role of income in shaping saving decisions. Government transfers, remittances, self-employment, capitalization pension systems, access to financial services, urban location, and health and education expenses seem to diminish saving, whereas labor formality and homeownership have the opposite effect. In terms of policy implications, the drivers identified are either beyond the realm of direct government intervention or might be modified only in the long run. Moreover, some of these policies entail serious policy trade-offs, as they may boost saving at the expense of other worthy policy goals.
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Oxby, Josh, and Timothy Capper. Demand side response: A tool for lowering household energy bills. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn715.

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Genoni, María Eugenia, Carmen Pagés, and Paula Auerbach. Social Security Coverage and the Labor Market in Developing Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010733.

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This paper analyzes the reasons behind the low rates of contribution to social security programs in developing countries. Using a large set of harmonized household surveys from Latin America we compare contribution patterns among wage employees, for whom participation is compulsory, with contribution patterns among self-employed workers, for whom participation is often voluntary. In all countries, contribution rates among salaried workers are similarly correlated with education, earnings, size of the employer, household characteristics and age. In addition, contribution patterns among salaried workers are highly correlated with contribution patterns among the self-employed. Our results indicate that on average more than 30 percent of the explained within-country variance in contributions patterns may be accounted for by individuals low willingness to participate in old-age pension programs. Nonetheless, we also find evidence suggesting that some workers are rationed out of social security against their will.
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Kikkawa, Aiko, Raymond Gaspar, Kijin Kim, Mahinthan J. Mariasingham, and Christian Marvin Zamora. Measuring the Contribution of International Remittances to Household Expenditures and Economic Output: A Micro–Macro Analysis for the Philippines. Asian Development Bank, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps240025-2.

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This study assesses the simultaneous contribution of international remittance income reported by recipient households to the overall economy of the Philippines by integrating micro data and macro simulation based on an input–output framework. It finds that remittance-driven household expenditures and investments contributed 3.5% of the country’s total output, 3.4% of the gross domestic product, and 3.7% of the total employment in 2018. Industries that received the bulk of remittances in the form of final consumption are manufacturing, agriculture, and wholesale and retail trade.
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Tarp, Finn, and Vincenzo Salvucci. Utilising first order dominance methodology to evaluate Multidimensional Poverty in Mozambique. Data and Evidence to End Extreme Poverty, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55158/deepwp12.

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The contribution of this paper is to develop and apply the First Order Dominance (FOD) method to all the existing household budget survey data for Mozambique, with the objective of assessing how multidimensional poverty has evolved over time as well as testing the robustness of the Household survey data.
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Martinez-Espiñeira, Roberto, and María Pérez Urdiales. Water Affordability Measures Under Multiple and Non-Exclusive Sources in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005529.

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Standard water affordability measures that only account for expenditure on piped water are unlikely to adequately capture the situation of all consumers in developing countries, who often experience water service quality issues and must rely on coping strategies. We construct and compare a series of water affordability ratios including coping costs, and we also adjust these ratios by normative judgements about the need for coping strategies. We use nationally representative household-level data from 18 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, providing, for the first time, a regional perspective on water affordability. We show that the share of income devoted to water expenses substantially increases when we consider coping costs, particularly affecting the bottom 20% of the income distribution. These findings should be of interest to policy makers aiming at promoting access to safe and affordable water as we also identify the characteristics associated with water affordability issues.
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Bouillon, César P. Returns to Education, Sector Premiums, and Male Wage Inequality in Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011340.

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This paper examines Mexico's increase in wage inequality using data from household surveys (Encuesta Nacional de Ingreso Gasto de los Hogares de México) produced by the Mexican Institute for Statistics, Geography and Informatics (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática). An econometric simulation technique based on Juhn, Murphy, and Pierce (1993) and developed for the household level by Bourguignon, Fournier, and Gurgand (1998) is used to measure the contribution of changes in skill premiums and sector returns to the increase in inequality in Mexican males' wages during the period of analysis. The household surveys used in this paper make it possible to decompose some of the changes in inequality in Mexico after trade reform in the mid-1980s. The regressions and simulation technique confirm that male Mexican wage earners experienced an important increase in skill premiums and a decrease in sector wage premiums after the trade reform. The increase in skill premiums was unequalizing, while the decrease in sector premiums was equalizing.
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9

Bajuk, Natasha, Robert Meins, and Gregory Watson. IDB estimates of 2008 remittance flows to Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006599.

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The IDB projects that remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean will grow by 1.5% in 2008, reaching 67.5 billion dollars. Despite a nominal increase, this will be the first year on record during which the real contribution of remittances to households will have decreased. Adjusted for inflation and exchange rate variations, the IDB estimates that remittances will have contributed 1.7 % less to the household incomes in Latin America and the Caribbean than in 2007.
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10

Ahluwalia, Manvir, Katie Shillington, and Jennifer Irwin. The Relationship Between Resilience and Mental Health of Undergraduate Students: A Scoping Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0075.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this scoping review was to examine what is known about the relationship between the resilience and mental health of undergraduate students enrolled in university or college programs globally. Background: For many undergraduate students, higher education acts as a personal investment in preparation for the workforce, while ultimately allowing students to develop cultural capital (Kromydas, 2017). The transition to university or college is also accompanied by important life changes such as moving to a new campus, meeting new people, and increasing self-efficacy to maintain independent responsibilities (i.e., meeting deadlines, completing household chores, and managing expenses; Henri et al., 2018). As a result, navigating these life changes can contribute to feelings of isolation, as many undergraduate students are disconnected from their friends and families (Diehl et al., 2018). Saleh and colleagues (2017) found that young adults in university or college experience higher levels of stress compared to their non-student counterparts. These stressors are attributed to a more challenging workload compared to that of high school, living with new roommates, and financial concerns (Karyotaki et al., 2020). In the face of these stressors, many undergraduate students are likely to experience mental health challenges either for the first time or in an exacerbated manner, potentially depleting their resilience (Abiola, 2017).
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