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Journal articles on the topic 'Contrastive topics'
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1
TITOV, ELENA. "Do contrastive topics exist?" Journal of Linguistics 49, no. 2 (December 11, 2012): 413–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226712000370.
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This paper investigates a phenomenon that has been referred to in the linguistic literature as contrastive topic. Traditionally, contrastive topic is analyzed as an independent information-structural notion that is linked to a particular interpretation and intonation. The paper, however, argues that the information-structural notion of contrastive topic is redundant and can be reduced to that of contrastive focus. The apparent dissimilarity between contrastive topics and contrastive foci is attributed to a difference in the structures that contain them rather than any particular difference between the associated information-structural notions themselves. The structures that host contrastive topics and contrastive foci are claimed to be distinct due to the nature of an additional focused element obligatorily present in the sentence. Contrastive topics and contrastive foci themselves, in contrast, are shown to be associated with identical interpretations, which results in their identical syntactic distribution, strongly suggesting that they in fact represent one and the same information-structural phenomenon in two different types of construction.
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Tonhauser, Judith. "Contrastive topics in Paraguayan Guaraní discourse." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 22 (September 3, 2012): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v22i0.2631.
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The empirical basis of current formal semantic/pragmatic analyses of utterances containing contrastive topics are languages in which the expression that denotes the contrastive topic is marked prosodically, morphologically or syntactically, such as English, German, Korean, Japanese or Hungarian (e.g. Jackendoff 1972; Szabolcsi 1981; Roberts 1998; Büring 1997, 2003; Lee 1999). Such analyses do not extend to Paraguayan Guaraní, a language in which neither prosody, nor word order, nor the contrastive topic clitic =katu identify the contrastive topic. This article develops a formal pragmatic analysis of contrastive topic utterances in Paraguayan Guaraní and explores cross-linguistic similarities and differences in contrastive topic utterances.
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Nicolae, Andreea C. "Additional questions on contrastive topics." Theoretical Linguistics 46, no. 1-2 (June 25, 2020): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tl-2020-0003.
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Hendriks, P. "Coherence Relations, Ellipsis and Contrastive Topics." Journal of Semantics 21, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/21.2.133.
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Gyuris, Beáta. "new approach to the scope of contrastive topics." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 133–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.35.2004.225.
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This paper proposes a new strategy for accounting for the narrow scope readings of quantificational contrastive topics in Hungarian, which is based on a consideration of the types of questions that declaratives with such contrastive topics can be uttered as partial or complete congruent answers to. The meaning of the declaratives with contrastive topics will be represented with the help of the structured meaning approach to matching questions proposed in Krifka 2002.
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Andersen, Torben. "Syntacticized topics in Kurmuk." Studies in Language 39, no. 3 (October 26, 2015): 508–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.3.01and.
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This article argues that Kurmuk, a little-described Western Nilotic language, is characterized by a syntacticized topic whose grammatical relation is variable. In this language, declarative clauses have as topic an obligatory preverbal NP which is either a subject, an object, or an adjunct. The grammatical relation of the topic is expressed by a voice-like inflection of the verb, called orientation here. While subject-orientation is morphologically unmarked, object-oriented and adjunct-oriented verbs are marked by a subject suffix or by a suffix indicating that the topic is not subject, and adjunct-orientation differs from object-orientation by a marked tone pattern. Topic choice largely reflects information structure by indicating topic continuity. The topic also plays a crucial role in relative clauses and in clauses with contrastive constituent focus, in that objects and adjuncts can only be relativized or contrastively focalized if they are coded as topics. Moreover, some types of adverbial clauses require adjunct-orientation.
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Arnaudova, Olga. "Saliency and contrast in colloquial Bulgarian: clitic left dislocation versus contrastive topicalization." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 15–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.35.2004.220.
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The claim advanced in this paper is that the presence of a left-dislocated element together with a resumptive clitic in Bulgarian is a special case of argument saturation with implications for the focus structure of the clause, while contrast involves discontinuous focus (contrastive topics/foci) with no clitics present in the derivation. Contrastive topic/focus constructions in Bulgarian can be united on the view that they involve (sets of) ordered pairs where the higher element is valuing a contrastive feature (cf. OCC in Chomsky 2001) while the element in the VP is a non-contrastive topic or focus. The contrastive feature participates in wh-structures but not in clitic-left-dislocated structures where pairing between arguments is 'accidental'.
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Bourzeg, Meymouna, and Ayman Yasin. "A Cartographic Analysis of Subject Status in Root SV(O) and VS(O) Orders in Algerian Arabic." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1301.24.
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This paper investigates word order derivation in root clauses in Algerian Arabic (AA) with a focus on preverbal and postverbal constituents. The data is collected from audio typed recordings of natural ongoing speeches of 40 Algerian informants. Four cartographic frameworks are applied: Rizzi’s (1997) Split-CP system, Frascarelli and Hinterhölzl’s (2007) topic typology, Kiss’s (1998) contrastive-information focus dichotomy and Belletti’s (2004, 2005) model of the low periphery. Empirical evidence shows that preverbal elements can have three readings: genuine subject reading, topic reading, or focus reading. Unlike Rizzi (1997) who assumes that topic is a unique category, and in line with Frascarelli and Hinterhölzl’s (2007), three kinds of topics are licensed in the AA left periphery: non-recursive aboutness topic, recursive familiar topics and non-recursive contrastive topic. AA left periphery hosts only contrastive focus, and informational focus occurs in lower positions. Empirical evidence also shows that AA manifest a low IP area containing low topic and low focus. Different arguments are used to support this view: the behavior of the copula ‘ka:na’, floating quantifier and the behavior of the exclusive particle ‘bark’.
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Gyuris, Beáta. "Quantificational contrastive topics with verum/falsum focus." Lingua 119, no. 4 (April 2009): 625–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.11.006.
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Giannoulopoulou, Giannoula. "Morphological contrasts between Modern Greek and Italian." Contrasting contrastive approaches 15, no. 1 (April 3, 2015): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.15.1.04gia.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss topics in contrastive morphology, combining the perspectives of morphological theory and contrastive linguistics. After an overview of the recent literature on contrastive morphology and the relevant ‘tertia comparationis’ in Section 2, Section 3 focuses on the main differences between compounding in Modern Greek and Italian (e.g. the position of the morphological head, the pattern stem+stem in Modern Greek vs. the pattern word+word in Italian). The diachronic dimension, the inflectional system and the role of syntax are put forward as explanatory factors for the differences between the two languages. Two recent types of compounds, [V+V] V in Modern Greek and [V+N] N in Italian, are therefore examined contrastively. The contrastive analysis of compounding is based on three types of equivalence: ‘system equivalence’, ‘rule equivalence’, and ‘morphological age equivalence’. The main conclusion is that a contrastive approach to morphology enables us to deepen our understanding of both the fundamental distinction and the fundamental interconnection between morphology and syntax.
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Igaab, Zainab Kadim, and Saja Mohammed Magrood Altai. "Concord in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 2 (December 23, 2017): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n2p288.
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The present study is a descriptive, analytic and contrastive one because it describes concord in English and Arabic to arrive at the similarities and differences between the two languages. This study aims at describing, analyzing and comparing concord in English and Arabic because the phenomenon of concord has attracted a great deal of attention in the recent years. It also aims at comparing and contrasting concord between the two languages by defining it, showing its syntactic and semantic aspects and illustrating its different types and rules. This study concludes that concord as a syntactic phenomenon exists in both languages. English deals with such a topic clearly and separately in grammar while in Arabic, it is not by being explained in sentences. Arab grammarians pay attention to the role of concord in the sentence and deal with it in different grammatical topics.
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Milway, Daniel. "The contrastive topic requirement on specificational subjects." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 65, no. 2 (May 19, 2020): 181–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2020.5.
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AbstractThis paper offers a discourse-pragmatic account of the constraint on indefinite DPs as subjects of specificational copular clauses (a doctor is Mary). Building on Mikkelsen's (2004) proposal that specificational subjects are topics, I argue that they must be contrastive topics which properly contain F-marked constituents. I show that this can account for the absolute ban on simple indefinite subjects, and allow for more complex indefinites to be subjects. Finally, I discuss the syntactic analysis that would be predicted given my pragmatic analysis, and the puzzles that arise from it.
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Keleş, Onur, and Kadir Gökgöz. "Expression of Aboutness Subject Topic Constructions in Turkish Sign Language (TİD) Narratives." Hrvatska revija za rehabilitacijska istraživanja 58, Special Issue (October 12, 2022): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/hrri.58.si.10.
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In the visual-spatial modality, signers indicate old, new, or contrastive information using certain syntactic, prosodic, and morphological strategies. Even though information structure has been described extensively for many sign languages, the flow of information in the narrative discourse remains unexplored in Turkish Sign Language (TİD). This study aims to describe aboutness subject topic constructions in TİD narratives. We examined data from six adult native signers of TİD and found that TİD signers mainly used nominals for reintroduced aboutness subject topics. The optional and rare non-manual markers observed on reintroduced topics mainly included squint, brow raise, and backward head tilt. Maintained aboutness subject topics, which have higher referential accessibility, were often omitted and tracked with zero anaphora. Finally, we found that constructed action is more frequently present on the predicates of clauses with a maintained aboutness subject topic than with a reintroduced aboutness subject topic. Overall, these results indicate that the use of constructed action and nominals in aboutness subject topics correlates with referential accessibility in TİD. While the former has been observed more in maintained contexts, the latter has been observed mainly in reintroduced contexts. In addition to the syntactic and prosodic cues that may distinguish old information from new or contrastive information in narratives, we suggest that pragmatic cues such as referential accessibility may help account for the manual and non-manual articulation strategies for information structure in TİD narratives.
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Hasselgård, Hilde. "Corpus-based contrastive studies." Languages in Contrast 20, no. 2 (October 6, 2020): 184–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.00015.has.
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Abstract This article outlines the beginnings of corpus-based contrastive studies with special reference to the development of parallel corpora that took place in Scandinavia in the early 1990s under the direction of Stig Johansson. It then discusses multilingual corpus types and methodological issues of their exploration, including the tertium comparationis for contrastive studies based on different types of corpora. Some glimpses are offered of recent developments and current trends in the field, including the widening scope of corpus-based contrastive analysis, concerning language pairs as well as the kinds of topics studied and the methods used. The paper ends by identifying and discussing some challenges for the field and indicating prospects and directions for its future.
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Catasso, Nicholas. "Looking at the periphery from the suburbs: An information-structurally based taxonomy of Hanging Topics in German." Linguistik Online 116, no. 4 (September 11, 2022): 11–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.116.8888.
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In this paper, it is proposed on the basis of data from German that some of the information-structural features encoded by the projections located in the clause-internal Split-CP domain in the Rizzian (1997) model are replicated in the so-called “outer left periphery”, i. e. in the area situated above ForceP. In doing this, I pursue a cartographic approach in which information structure is directly represented in the syntax by means of syntactic heads that project within the clausal left periphery. The main claim of the paper is that the outer left periphery (of German) includes dedicated projections for four classes of topics, namely so-called “Contrastive Hanging Topics”, “Aboutness Contrastive Topics”, “Familiar Hanging Topics” and “Frame-setting Hanging Topics”. The observations made in this paper pave the way for a comparison with other languages, as well as for the question of the universality of this clause-peripheral makeup.
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김아영. "Contrastive study on Topics and Subjects between Chinese and Korean." CHINESE LITERATURE 57, no. ll (November 2008): 437–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21192/scll.57..200811.019.
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Allan, Rutger J. "Clause Intertwining and Word Order in Ancient Greek." Journal of Greek Linguistics 12, no. 1 (2012): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156658412x649733.
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AbstractIn Ancient Greek complex sentences consisting of a main and complement clause, constituents which semantically and syntactically belong to the complement clause can be placed in a position preceding or interrupting the main clause. This phenomenon is referred to as clause or sentence intertwining. This paper examines the pragmatic factors involved in the preposing of contituents in sentences containing an in initival complement clause. It will be argued that the specific pragmatic function of the preposed constituents is Theme (left dislocation), new/contrastive topic or narrow focus. Preposing can be analyzed as a device to pragmatically highlight the involved constituents. The paper also addresses the position of new, contrastive and given topics and of adverbs and clauses with Setting function.
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Thomas, Guillaume. "Another additive particle." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 21 (September 3, 2011): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v21i0.2589.
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It is shown that "another" has an additive interpretation when it combines with Measure Phrases or Numeral Phrases. A number of discourse sensitive properties of additive "another" are studied, and it is argued that these are best accounted for by assuming that additive "another" is anaphoric to a Question Under Discussion, in a model of discourse inspired by Roberts 1996 and Buring 2003. The relation between the interpretation of additive "another" and Focus and Contrastive Topics is discussed. It is argued that additive "another" does not associate with Focus, but that an analysis in terms of association with Contrastive Topics is possible, although the details of this last point are left for further research.
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Assmann, Muriel. "Contrastive topics and foci in Brazilian Portuguese : ordering effects and interpretation." Linguistica Brunensia, no. 1 (2020): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/lb2020-1-4.
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Wu, Jiayi. "Contextual Conditions and Constraints in Chinese Dangling Topics." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 10, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 9–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.10.2.9-48.
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This present study verifies the aboutness condition proposed by Chao, 1968; Chafe, 1976; Li and Thompson, 1981; Xu and Langendoen, 1985 and many others as a relation that holds between sentence-initial NPs and comment clauses of alleged gapless topic-comment constructions in Mandarin Chinese. Four often-cited types of dangling topics in Chinese are re-visited and the arguments from both the semantic (Pan and Hu 2002; 2008; 2009) and syntactic (Shi 2000; Huang and Ting 2006) views are examined. A critical scrutiny from contextual perspective, in particular Nomi Erteschik-Shir’s (2007) notions of topic, reveals that there exist dangling topics in Chinese where the sentence-initial NPs at issue are either contrastive or old topics which need not be syntactically or semantically licensed. The contextual contrast set and commentative conditions are proposed as the licensing conditions with constraints dictating that proper selection and relevance must be observed. At the end the study raises a hypothesis regarding language typology. It is proposed that discourse configurational languages exhibit phenomena of dangling NP topics which are properly licensed by the aboutness relation under which either one of the contextual conditions is satisfied.
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Kornfilt, Jaklin. "Some questions and thoughts on foci and contrastive topics in Turkish questions." Theoretical Linguistics 46, no. 1-2 (June 25, 2020): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tl-2020-0002.
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Hoeks, Morwenna. "The role of focus marking in disjunctive questions: A QUD-based approach." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 30 (March 2, 2021): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v30i0.4852.
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Disjunctive questions are ambiguous: they can either be interpreted as polar questions (PolQs), as open disjunctive questions (OpenQs), or as closed alternative questions (ClosedQ). The goal of this paper is to show that the difference in interpretation between these questions can be derived via effects of focus marking directly. In doing so, the proposal brings out the striking parallel between the prosody of questions with foci/contrastive topics on the one hand and that of alternative questions on the other. Unlike previous approaches, this proposal does not rely on structural differences between AltQs and PolQs derived via ellipsis or syntactic movement. To show how this works out, an account of focus and contrastive topic marking in questions is put forward in which f-marking in questions determines what constitutes a possible answer by signaling what the speaker's QUD is like. By imposing a congruence condition between f-marked questions and their answers that requires answers to resolve the question itself as well as its signaled QUD, we predict the right answerhood conditions for disjunctive questions.
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Manfredi, Stefano, and Mauro Tosco. "The morphosyntax and prosody of topic and focus in Juba Arabic." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 29, no. 2 (September 30, 2014): 319–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.29.2.05man.
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The article discusses the information structure of Juba Arabic, an Arabic-based pidgincreole of South Sudan, showing how the expression of topic and focus is the result of a complex interaction of morphosyntactic and prosodic means. While the lexical elements used in the expression of topic and focus are Arabic-derived, no such influence can be found in the prosody. Both topic- and focus-marked utterances can be opposed to neutral ones. Topics are marked syntactically through left dislocation as well as prosodically. Morphosyntactic means include the use of the ‘almost-dedicated’ marker zátu for marking contrastive focus and the two dedicated particles yáwu and yawú, both derived from the multifunctional element ya. The articles further explores the grammaticalization path leading to the dedicated focus particles of Juba Arabic.
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Mchombo, Sam A., and Yukiko Morimoto. "Configuring topic in the left periphery: a case of Chicheŵa split NPs." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 35, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 347–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.35.2004.233.
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Chicheŵa, a Bantu language of East Central Africa, displays mixed properties of configurationality such as the existence of VP, on the one hand, and discontinuous constituents (DCs), on the other. In the present work we examine the discourse and syntactic properties of DCs, and show that DCs in Chicheŵa arise naturally from the discourse-configurational nature of the language. We argue that the fronted DCs in Chicheŵa are contrastive topics that appear in a leftdislocated external topic position, with the remnant part of the split NP in the right-dislocated topic position. Once the precise discourse functions of DCs are properly integrated into the syntactic analysis, all the facts and restrictions observed in Chicheŵa DCs can be explained in a straightforward fashion.
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Garassino, Davide. "A contrastive perspective on French and Italian wh-in situ questions." Discourse-pragmatic perspectives on interrogatives 29, no. 1 (February 15, 2022): 25–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.00037.gar.
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Abstract This paper offers a qualitative and quantitative analysis of French and Italian wh-in situ questions based on spontaneous spoken data. A pragmatic analysis relying on two parameters, propositional activation and pragmatic functions, reveals that the licensing conditions and the use of this structure largely differ in the two languages. While French wh-in situ do not require an activated proposition and can introduce a discourse-new topic, Italian wh-in situ mostly require an activated proposition and, at least in the analyzed corpus data, do not introduce discourse-new topics. An examination of the context also reveals that the different licensing conditions influence the interactional uses of these questions. All in all, both French and Italian wh-in situ require a pragmatic condition, which is their ‘anchoring’ to given, or at least inferable, information in the linguistic context (as is typical of Italian) or to predictable situations in the extralinguistic context (such as expected discourse moves in social interactions, as is the case for French).
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Oshima, David Y. "When (not) to use the Japanese particle wa: Groundhood, contrastive topics, and grammatical functions." Language 97, no. 4 (2021): e320-e340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2021.0073.
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Awad AlAfnan, Mohammad. "COVID 19-The Foreign Virus: Media Bias, Ideology and Dominance in Chinese and American Newspaper Articles." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.9n.1p.56.
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This study examined media bias, media ideologies and dominance in two newspaper articles on COVID 19 that were published by the American Washington Post newspaper and the Chinese People’s Daily newspaper. The study revealed that media bias is practiced through gatekeeping bias, coverage bias and statement bias. Ideology bias is practiced through the selection of topics to cover and the tone for reporting on these topics. Dominance is practiced through the foregrounding and backgrounding of information and ideas. This contrastive study also revealed that the topics that were foregrounded in American newspaper were backgrounded or filtered by the Chinese newspaper and the topics that were backgrounded by the American newspaper were foregrounded by the Chinese newspaper. This paper also revealed that foregrounding is not necessarily carried out explicitly; it can also be carried implicitly by foregrounding the opposite. This depends on readers’ interpretation and familiarity of events.
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Al-A'ssam, Dr Saja AbdulAmeer, and Zainab Hilal Sukker. "A Contrastive Stylistics Analysis of Covid – 19 News in The Guardian and The Sun British Newspapers." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES 12, no. 01 (2022): 462–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37648/ijrssh.v12i01.023.
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The language of newspapers helps people learn a wide range of topics. Its language serves primarily as a means of conveying information. Besides persuading and entertaining the people, that is what makes its style special. Its vocabularies and sentence structure have to be chosen efficiently to affect all readers. Hence, this study seeks to analyze texts from British newspapers to determine how journalists use language when reporting on some sensitive subjects, such as the writing on the current topic that has occupied the global press, Covid19. Therefore, this study sets to fulfil several aims; the most important of them are identifying the stylistic features at the syntactic and lexical levels used in The Guardian and The Sun newspaper news on the coronavirus pandemic. Besides, it aims at finding out the similarities and differences at the levels mentioned above between the Guardian and the Sun newspapers news on that specific subject.
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Kigel, T. "Contrastive Analysis of English, Russian, and Hebrew Red Idioms." Язык и текст 8, no. 2 (2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2021080210.
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The paper studied 130 colorative idioms with colorative red (RI) in three languages from electronic sources, with a focus on current vocabulary from the 20th and 21st centuries. RIs numerous meanings were investigated, then merged into trilingual associative chains, and finally into seven microsystems, using statistical, comparative, linguistic, and linguistic-cultural analysis methods within the framework of the linguocultural approach to RI: Blood color-activity-disease-medical care-shame-irritation - anger - aggression - crime - murder; Fire - attractiveness; Danger - prohibition – border- red-green; Revolution - anarchism-communism; Prestige- holiday; Sex; Red object's color. We also found trilingual extra-associative RIs, which have meanings not found in the associative chains. The study examined RI quantitatively, identifying trilingual equivalent and lacunar idioms, linked between RI and red in nature, noting the formation of new RI meanings and connotation changes in three languages through time. Polysemy, antinomy with different hues (green, black, white, and blue), international neologisms (computer technology, the stock market, the coronavirus pandemic), and the relevance of RI in modern languages and linguistic culture were the topics covered in this research.
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Ruiz, Luis Fernando Nieto. "Las locuciones adjetivales en cinco diccionarios de la lengua española." Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica, no. 24 (July 21, 2014): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/0121053x.2758.
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Este artículo es un avance de la tesis doctoral intitulada “Estudio contrastivo en cinco diccionarios de lengua española”. Este aporte investigativo es, ante todo, una reflexión en torno de los estudios léxicos que se han hecho hasta el momento en Colombia. A más de esto, se hace un recorrido teórico-epistemológico sobre tres temas importantes como la fraseología y su objeto de estudio: las unidades fraseológicas, las locuciones adjetivales; así como su manifestación en cinco diccionarios de la lengua española.Palabras clave: fraseología, colocación, locución, Unidad fraseológica, locución adjetival. AbstractThis article is a preview of the doctoral thesis “Contrastive study in five Spanish language dictionaries”. This investigative contribution is, above all, a reflection relating to lexical studies carried out in Colombia to date. Besides, it contains a theoretical and epistemological look at threeimportant topics regarding phraseology and its object of study, including collocations and adjectival phrases; and its presence in five Spanish language dictionaries.Key words: phraseology, collocation, locution, phraseological unit, adjectival phrase.
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Firdaus, Muhammad. "مكونات الجملة البسيطة وترتيب عناصرها في اللغتين العربية والأتشية (دراسة تقابلية)." Jurnal Adabiya 24, no. 1 (February 21, 2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/adabiya.v24i1.12370.
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Dirasah Taqabuliyah (Contrastive Analysis Study) is a study of two different languages that aims at identifying the similarities and differences existing in the two languages. This contrastive analysis study often helps Arabic teachers provide faster understanding to their students by using a comparison of language rules between the target language and the students' mother tongue. In this research, the researcher managed to compare the two languages (Arabic and Aceh) on the 1 sub-topics of the existing problems, namely Mukawwanat. Mukawwanat is the composition needed to form a simple sentence, furthermore, this study is a literature study in which data is obtained from various sources relevant to Arabic and Acehnese. Finally, this research resulted in several conclusions, among which is that Arabic and Acehnese languages have their respective features in the composition and elements of simple sentences that are distinct to one another.
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Zhu, Sha. "A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese Humor and English Humor in Intercultural Communication." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0912.17.
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Humor plays an important role in daily life and also quite useful in interpersonal communication. Nowadays, the cross-cultural communication between the English-speaking countries and China becomes more and more frequent while some humor is difficult to appreciate with diverse cultural backgrounds. Therefore, this paper aims at analyzing the Chinese and English humor from their similarities, like the use of ambiguity and figure of speech, as well as differences, especially in functions, topics and ways of expression. Related causes are further discussed the differences. Hopefully, the findings will help to reduce the obstacles in understanding humor in different culture and promote transcultural communication in a delightful manner.
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Akidi, Felista Chidi. "Ntulekorita 'Na' n'Igbo Izugbe na Oluasusu Nekede." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 20, no. 2 (April 8, 2020): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v20i2.10.
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‘Na’ is one of the important topics in standard Igbo. There are accepted rules of writing ‘na’ in standard Igbo which include ‘na’ as: preposition, auxiliary verb, conjunction and verbroot. The researcher’s observation that Nekede variety can do without ‘na’ in some of the rules and still have meaningful sentences motivated the study. The study adopted contrastive analysis of Lado (1957) as its theoretical framework for analysis. It was found that there are both similarities and differences between the use of ‘na’ in Nekede variety and standard Igbo. The contrastive theory of lado helps to conclude that the knowledge of both the difference of the uses of ‘na’ in Nekede variety and standard Igbo will felicitate teaching and learning of ‘na’ for Nekede variety and also other varieties of the Igbo language . The study will help other researchers to delve into the study of ‘na’ in other dialects.
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Allan, Rutger J. "Changing the Topic." Mnemosyne 67, no. 2 (March 31, 2014): 181–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12341050.
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AbstractIn Ancient Greek, topics can be expressed as intra-clausal constituents but they can also precede or follow the main clause as extra-clausal constituents. Together, these various topic expressions constitute a coherent system of complementary pragmatic functions. For a comprehensive account of topic organization, therefore, a limited focus on the clause proper is insufficient. In this paper, I will argue that it is possible to distinguish five different structural positions in which topic constituents may appear in Ancient Greek. These are: (i)Theme, (ii)clause-initial, (iii)postverbal in Setting, (iv)postverbal in main clauseand (v)Tail.Each of these positions in the sentence is associated with a specific pragmatic function: Resumed Topic, Contrastive/New Topic, Given Topic or clarification of Given Topic. In linguistic theory, topic and focus are often seen as independent aspects of information structure instead of complementary functions. It is, therefore, attractive to posit two separate sets of constructional templates: on the one hand, a topic set comprising the aforementioned topic constructions and, on the other hand, a focus set containing two (narrow and broad) focus-constructions. This results in a flexible system in which the word order of each sentence is determined by a combination of a focus construction plus one or more topic constructions.
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Kigel, T. "Contrastive Analysis of English, Russian and Hebrew Yellow Idioms." Язык и текст 9, no. 2 (2022): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2022090208.
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The problem studied in the article is relevant and important for the Russian and foreign scientific community since color Hebrew idioms have not yet been described against the background of numerous similar studies in other languages and the comparison of idioms with the lexeme yellow/желтый/ צהוב (further YIS) didn’t do still. The material of the work was about 140 yellow idioms: about 70 English, 40 Russian, and 30 Hebrew. They were collected from trilingual electronic lexical, phraseological dictionaries, and Internet searches and analyzed with qualitative and quantitative contextual-functional, semantic and cultural-linguistic analysis within the lingua culturological approach. The article proposes the following YIS classification based on microsystems consisting of meaning associative chains with logically and semantically related relations that cover physical and mental characteristics, and a large number of human activity areas and allows the inclusion of new YIS in the future: 1. Object optical color.1.1 Nature. Natural Phenomena, Physical Objects - Geography; Fauna; Body - skin color; Reference color. 1.2 Human activity. Reference Color; Food; Medicine - Medicines; Sports; Information - Traffic signals - Alerts; Terrorism; Employment; Vote; 1.3 Moral and ethical issues. Sensation; Bribe. Unique YIS, enriching the linguistic picture of the world, in English related, in particular, to such topics as Cowardice, Goal Achievement Strategy, and in Russian - Acquisitiveness, Inexperience. In the 21st century, YIS are of great importance in road signs and danger warnings in medicine, meteorology, and civil and defense fields. The results of the work can be effectively used in comparative, cultural, lexicographic, and lexicological work and contribute to SLA, human and automatic translation of idioms.
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Yildiz, Mustafa. "Contrastive analysis of Turkish and English in Turkish EFL learners’ spoken discourse." International Journal of English Studies 16, no. 1 (June 28, 2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes/2016/1/212631.
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<p>The present study aimed at finding whether L1 Turkish caused interference errors on Turkish EFL learners’ spoken English discourse. Whether English proficiency level had any effect on the number of errors learners made was further investigated. The participants were given the chance to choose one of the two alternative topics to speak about. The entire videotaped speaking session was further transcribed to analyze the spoken errors. The results indicated that prepositional, lexical, and grammatical errors were the most frequently encountered errors, in descending order. Also, independent samples t-test was applied to the data to determine whether English proficiency level had any effect on the number of errors made by two different English proficiency groups. It was found that there was no significant difference between two different English proficiency groups with regard to the number of errors they made.</p>
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Düring, Marten, Roman Kalyakin, Estelle Bunout, and Daniele Guido. "Impresso Inspect and Compare. Visual Comparison of Semantically Enriched Historical Newspaper Articles." Information 12, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12090348.
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The automated enrichment of mass-digitised document collections using techniques such as text mining is becoming increasingly popular. Enriched collections offer new opportunities for interface design to allow data-driven and visualisation-based search, exploration and interpretation. Most such interfaces integrate close and distant reading and represent semantic, spatial, social or temporal relations, but often lack contrastive views. Inspect and Compare (I&C) contributes to the current state of the art in interface design for historical newspapers with highly versatile side-by-side comparisons of query results and curated article sets based on metadata and semantic enrichments. I&C takes search queries and pre-curated article sets as inputs and allows comparisons based on the distributions of newspaper titles, publication dates and automatically generated enrichments, such as language, article types, topics and named entities. Contrastive views of such data reveal patterns, help humanities scholars to improve search strategies and to facilitate a critical assessment of the overall data quality. I&C is part of the impresso interface for the exploration of digitised and semantically enriched historical newspapers.
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Petrovskaya, Anastasia V. "Discourse features of scientific abstracts on agricultural topics in the English language." Library & Information Discourse 1, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/lid-2021-1-1-17-22.
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The article describes the discourse features of abstracts of scientific papers on agriculture: logicality, abstractness, performativity, terminology, specific sentence length, structural categories and components. It was found that the logicality was achieved due to contrastive, elaborative, inferential and temporal discourse markers in the abstracts of the scientific publications on agriculture in the English language. The abstractness was expressed by the predominance of indefinite or zero articles and the use of words describing processes and phenomena. The terminology of the abstracts of the scientific articles on agricultural topics was described in accordance with the following classification: 1) well-known terms; 2) special professional terms; 3) abbreviations. The performativity was manifested in the first person material presentation using general science clichés. The predominance of sentences the length of which ranges from 16 to 25 words was observed in the abstracts of the scientific articles on the agricultural topics. It was found that most of these abstracts were characterized by the following structural components: background (72%), aims (73%), research methods and materials (62%), results (80%), conclusions (58%).
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Bernsten, Jan. "CONTRASTIVE SOCIOLINGUISTICS.Marlis Hellinger and Ulrich Ammon (Eds.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996. Pp. vii + 504. DM 228 cloth." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 22, no. 1 (March 2000): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100261068.
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Hellinger and Ammon have compiled a volume of 21 papers that cover a broad range of sociolinguistic topics, with a primary focus on Western Europe. In their introduction, the editors consider approaches to sociolinguistics, grounding this volume in Hymes' original discussion of language as a social phenomenon. According to the editors, the authors of these papers “seek to relate findings to underlying social, cultural or political structures” (p. 4).
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Tudor, Noémi. "Constructing Ethnic Identity in Transylvania through Humour." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 12, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 144–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2020-0018.
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AbstractIn this paper, I put forward a comparative/contrastive analysis of ethnic identity on the basis of humorous texts about Romanians and Hungarians living in Romania within the framework of the Script-Based Semantic Theory of Humour (SSTH). The corpus contains fifty jokes taken from websites and social media, books and recordings in which the Romanians are at the centre and the Hungarians are the butt and vice versa. The overall purpose of the study is to illustrate the main topics and stereotypes used in ethnic jokes. In this research, I will show that Romanians and Hungarians joke about similar topics, the most common ones being the “ownership” of Transylvania, rejection of the other, and language distortion but also friendship among Hungarians and Romanians. I also conclude that stereotypes can be attributed to one ethnic group, but there are also shared stereotypes, and some of them can switch from one group to the other depending on the perspective.
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Gasde, Horst-Dieter. "Yes/no questions in Mandarin Chinese revisited." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 24 (January 1, 2001): 47–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.24.2001.127.
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This article discusses some syntactic peculiarities of Chinese yes/no questions. Starting from the observation that Standard Mandarin shares significant typological features with prototypical SOV languages, Chinese is treated as an underlyingly verb-final language. Based on this heuristic principle, A-not-AB, AB-not-A and AB-not questions are uniformly derived by means of one simple raising rule that operates within the sentence constituent V'. This novel idea is elaborated on in great detail in the first part of the article. In contrast to the prevailing trend, it is argued that the question operator contained in A-not-A and A-not sentences CANNOT be raised to "Comp". In consequence, A-not-A and A-not questions are "typed" in the head position of a sentence-internal functional phrase that we call Force2 Phrase (F2P) in the present paper. This position is not to be confused with Drubig's (1994) Polarity 1 Phrase (PollP), in the head position of which assertive negations and an abstract affirmative element are located. The existence of a head position F2° other than Poll° is supported by the fact that F2° can be occupied by certain overt question operators, such as assertive shi-bu-shi, which are compatible with negations. In contrast to the assertive question operator shi-bu-shi which is obligatorily associated with information focus, non-assertive shi-bu-shi serves as a compound focus and question operator whose focus feature is complex insofar as it is composed of two subfeatures: a contrastivity and an exhaustivity subfeature. Non-assertive shi-bu-shi is obligatorily associated with identificational focus in the sense of Kiss (1998). In accordance with some basic ideas of Chomsky's checking theory, the two subfeatures of the complex focus feature carried by the non-assertive shi-bu-shi operator check a correlating subfeature in the head position of a corresponding functional phrase (Contrastive Phrase and Focus Phrase, respectively). The question feature contained in the non-assertive shi-bu-shi operator is attracted by the head of Force1 Phrase (F1') at the level of LF. Due to the fact that F1° is sentence-final, the question feature of non-assertive shi-bu-shi must be Chomsky-adjoined to F1'. Unlike identificational focus phrases which are inherently contrastive, topics are non-contrastive in the default case. As separate speech acts, they are located in a c-commanding position outside the sentence structure. Semantically, there is a difference between Frame-Setting Topics and Aboutness Topics. As shown in the article, both A-not-A and A-not questions on the one hand and yes/no questions ending with ma on the other can be used in neutral and non-neutral contexts. The decisive advantage of mu questions, however, is that their question operator has scope over the whole sentence.
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Santos, Diana, and Signe Oksefjell. "Using a Parallel Corpus to Validate Independent Claims." Languages in Contrast 2, no. 1 (December 31, 1999): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.2.1.07san.
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This paper examines the results from two corpus-based contrastive studies. Both studies offer cross-linguistic claims about the language pair English-Portuguese. We attempt to replicate the studies and check the findings against a different corpus, viz. the English—Portuguese part of the English—Norwegian Parallel Corpus, to see whether the regularities observed in the original corpora can be confirmed. After a brief presentation of each study, we describe how we gathered equivalent data, present our findings in the new corpus, and discuss some possible reasons for discrepancies in relation to the earlier studies. The topics investigated are boundary-crossing movement descriptions (after Slobin 1997) and perception verbs (after Santos 1998).
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Crestani, Valentina. "Planen, fahren, travel...: Die Sprache der Reisenden in Foren über Zugreisen." Sociolinguistica 32, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soci-2018-0017.
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Abstract The present paper analyses language used in forums about journeys by train, in particular focusing on their thematic and linguistic-functional characteristics. The choice of this type of forum is due to the fact that travelers are more and more interested in travelling by train because of various factors such as economy, environmental protection and the desire for a comfortable means of transport. The paper focuses on the forum https://rail.cc/de/forum and it examines 100 German and 100 English postings, offering a contrastive analysis. The main questions of the investigation are as follows: 1) How are German and English postings structured according to their topics? 2) What kind of relationship exists between the language used and linguistic functions of the postings?
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Pokorn, Nike K. "Stridon’s Aims." STRIDON: Studies in Translation and Interpreting 1, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/stridon.1.1.5-7.
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The aim of Stridon – Journal of Studies in Translation and Interpreting is to advance research in translation- and interpreting-related phenomena, and to publish articles on the theoretical, descriptive and applied research within the field of Translation and Interpreting Studies. Besides established authors, we will also welcome articles by new voices in the field, focusing not only on translation and interpreting, but also on interdisciplinary translation- and interpreting-related sociological, literary, cultural, historical, educational and contrastive topics. Stridon’s particular aim is to present the research involving peripheral languages and languages of limited distribution, and the research focusing or originating from central or southeastern Europe. Since, traditionally, Translation and Interpreting Studies research has prioritised the focal over the marginal, this journal would like to give voice to the perspective of the Other in Translation Studies.
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Hinkel, Sascha, and Jörg Hörnschemeyer. "Die Kritische Online-Edition der Nuntiaturberichte Eugenio Pacellis (1917–1929)." Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 101, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 28–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/qufiab-2021-0004.
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Abstract Eugenio Pacelli, the later Pope Pius XII, was already considered a leading diplomat of the Holy See when he served as nuncio in Germany. Using the critical online edition of his nuncial reports, digital humanities methodologies will be used to explore which topics dominated his reports, the diplomatic style of his nunciature and whether Pacelli adapted the form and content of his reports to the various recipients. To this end, quantitative methods of textual analysis such as the frequency distribution of types in relation to tokens as well as recourse to key terms and multi-word units (N-grams) will be employed. Moreover, methods from the field of corpus linguistics, information retrieval (TF-IDF) and quantitative stylometry (contrastive analyses with Burrows’ Delta and Zeta) are applied to evaluate both stylistic and content-related issues.
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Milic, Mira. "Creating English-based sports terms in Serbian." Terminology 21, no. 1 (June 8, 2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.21.1.01mil.
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This paper deals with the following topics: (a) theoretical aspects of terminology with special emphasis on English-Serbian language contacts, (b) contrastive semantic and morphosyntactic analysis of the corpus containing English and Serbian terms of the five most popular ball games in the region, which were excerpted from official texts, (c) standardization of sports terms in Serbian including six principles listed in decreasing order of priority: bi-univocity, transparency, systematicity, productivity, concision, and frequency, and (d) lexicographic codification of sports terms. The current research is based on a previous study (Milić 2004) dealing with sports terminology, the main result of which was the proposal of a model of terminological standardization and publication of an English-Serbian dictionary of sports terms entitled Englesko-srpski rečnik sportskih termina (Milić 2006).
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Javadi-Safa, Azim. "A Brief Overview of Key Issues in Second Language Writing Teaching and Research." International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.6n.2p.15.
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This paper briefly reviews the literature on writing skill in second language. It commences with a discussion on the importance of writing and its special characteristics. Then, it gives a brief account of the reasons for the weakness of students’ writing skill as well as addressing some of the most important topics in L2 writing studies ranging from disciplinary to interdisciplinary to metadisciplinary field of inquiry. In addition, it presents a historical sketch of L2 writing studies, consisting of approaches to teaching writing including behavioristic and contrastive rhetoric as well as discussing approaches to the study of writing including product-oriented, process-oriented, and post-process ones. It also introduces different types of feedback in writing consisting of peer feedback, conferences as feedback, teachers’ comments as feedback, and self-monitoring. Finally, it deals with holistic vs. analytic dichotomy in administration of writing assessment.
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Becker, Annette. "Modality and ENGAGEMENT in British and German political interviews." Languages in Contrast 9, no. 1 (March 24, 2009): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.9.1.02bec.
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Speakers regulary use modality and other resources from the appraisal system of engagement to position themselves intersubjectively. In doing so, they modify the discursive space for the voices of others. This is particularly relevant in political media interviews, especially in questions with topics that are potentially face-threatening to the interviewees’ public face. This paper compares the use of modality and other engagement resources in British and German political interviews and discusses the differences in frequency and function. Data is taken from videotaped and transcribed political interviews conducted during British and German election night broadcasts. Their analysis is based on recent studies in contrastive pragmatics, appraisal theory and pragmatically oriented studies on media discourse, bearing in mind that cross-cultural comparison of data taken from a particular genre has to take into account a broad range of contextual factors including genre-specific constraints.
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Mauranen, Anna. "What Sort of Theme is there?" Languages in Contrast 2, no. 1 (December 31, 1999): 57–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.2.1.05mau.
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Non-referential there has been widely discussed as part of existential sentences, and as an organiser of information in the sentence. Much less attention has been paid to its roles in discourse. As an item without a direct equivalent in many languages, it offers an interesting issue for contrastive analysis: how are its various roles handled in translation? This paper explores uses of thematic there on the basis of a parallel corpus with two-way translations between English and Finnish, focusing on two questions: how translators deal with the information structure of there constructions, and what discourse functions thematic non-referential there is used for. Overall, translators tended to maintain the original information structure, particularly its main focus, without translating word by word, and showing sensitivity to the text level. Pre-topical orienting themes played an adaptive role in focus maintenance. In discourse, there constructions play an important role in organising information: they prospect and introduce new items, new points, topics, and conclusions. In contrast, Finnish appears to use more orienting themes, new topical themes and verb-initial clauses signalling a change of tack in discourse. The findings throw into sharp relief sentences without topic or theme, and question the universality of both phenomena.
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Рамирес Родригес, Пабло. "Phraseological translation of specialized speech: contrastive analysis of sports press in Russian and Spanish." Филология: научные исследования, no. 3 (March 2022): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2022.3.35626.
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This article discusses one of the most relevant topics from the point of view of translation: collocations in the sports press. The reason why this field was chosen is due to the great interest of linguists to include new words in dictionaries due to the influence of other areas of the language and the spread of sports in society. The result of the observed processes is that even native speakers of the Russian language find it difficult to read and understand sports news, and for foreigners interested in sports, these features of the sports press may present insurmountable difficulties, since the actual sports vocabulary is present in textbooks and dictionaries is limited. The analyzed corpus does not have the representative power inherent in large national and parallel corpora, however, this study has revealed several interesting phenomena and outlined ways to further study sports discourse: further study of collocations and productive models based on the material of large Russian and Spanish language corpora, Yandex search engines, blogs and other lexicographic online tools is of undoubted interest. In the process of assimilation of collocations, difficulties arise, since stable phrases are always difficult and impossible to predict. During the study, we saw that usually the components of combinations in one language do not coincide with other languages, since there is an influence on the language of the culture in which their own use of metaphors manifests itself. The compilation of multilingual educational dictionaries and the identification of productive collocation models can significantly expand the field of mastering the Russian language by foreigners and develop skills in predicting the meanings of unfamiliar words and collocations when getting acquainted with different types of discourse.