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Journal articles on the topic 'Contrastive rhetoric'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Mackie, Ardiss, and Chris Bullock. "Discourse Matrix: A Practical Tool for ESL Writing Teachers." TESL Canada Journal 8, no. 1 (October 26, 1990): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v8i1.579.

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The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how a technique involving contrastive rhetoric can help writing teachers and their students uncover and improve the overall rhetorical patterns in student writing. Contrastive rhetoric is a theory developed by Kaplan (1966), who argued that rhetorical patterns, like logic, vary from culture to culture. The discourse matrix outlined by Coe (1988), allows contrastive rhetoric a practical application in the ESL classroom. The matrix enables both teacher and student to pinpoint areas in writing where the rhetorical pattern may not follow a typical English pattern. As well, the matrix can be used for revision. The article demonstrates the use of the matrix through examples taken from both English and ESL writers.

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2

Atkinson, Dwight. "Contrasting rhetorics/contrasting cultures: why contrastive rhetoric needs a better conceptualization of culture." Journal of English for Academic Purposes 3, no. 4 (October 2004): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2004.07.002.

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3

Bengtson, Erik, and Mats Rosengren. "A Philosophical-Anthropological Case for Cassirer in Rhetoric." Rhetorica 35, no. 3 (2017): 346–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2017.35.3.346.

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In this article we argue that Ernst Cassirer's philosophy of symbolic forms is an indispensible philosophical-anthropological companion to rhetoric. We propose that appropriating Cassirer's understanding of symbolic forms enables rhetoric to go beyond the dominant perspective of language oriented theory and fully commit to a widened understanding of rhetoric as the study of how social meaning is created, performed and transformed. To clearly bring out the thrust of our enlarged rhetorical-philosophical-anthropological approach we have structured our argument partly as a contrastive critique of Thomas A. Discenna's recent (Rhetorica 32/3; 2014) attempt to include Cassirer in the rhetorical tradition through a reading of the 1929 debate in Davos between Cassirer and Martin Heidegger; partly through a presentation of the aspects of Cassirer's thought that we find most important for developing a rhetorical-philosophical-anthropology of social meaning.

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4

Kubota, Ryuko, and Al Lehner. "Toward critical contrastive rhetoric." Journal of Second Language Writing 13, no. 1 (March 2004): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2004.04.003.

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5

You, Xiaoye. "A comparative-rhetoric view of contrastive rhetoric." Journal of Second Language Writing 25 (September 2014): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2014.06.007.

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6

Scollon, Ron. "Contrastive Rhetoric, Contrastive Poetics, or Perhaps Something Else?" TESOL Quarterly 31, no. 2 (1997): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3588051.

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7

Liebman, Joanne. "Contrastive Rhetoric: Students as Ethnographers." Journal of Basic Writing 7, no. 2 (1988): 6–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37514/jbw-j.1988.7.2.02.

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8

Connor, Ulla. "New Directions in Contrastive Rhetoric." TESOL Quarterly 36, no. 4 (2002): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3588238.

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9

Kachru, Yamuna. "Contrastive rhetoric in World Englishes." English Today 11, no. 1 (January 1995): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026607840000804x.

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10

Yajun, Jiang, and Chenggang Zhou. "World Englishes and contrastive rhetoric." English Today 22, no. 2 (April 2006): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078406002033.

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WE ARGUE here that a ‘paradigm gap’ has prevented recent research into world Englishes (WEs) and contrastive rhetoric (CR) from being mutually useful, and suggest particular areas in which insights from CR may benefit in particular the study of WEs. English in its standard ‘native’ form(s) is fast becoming the world’s lingua franca of science, commerce, the mass media, and entertainment. As a result, its non-native uses and users have become significant in at least the following eleven fields: applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, critical linguistics, contrastive rhetoric, second language acquisition, traditional English studies, lexicography, mass communication studies, cultural studies, pragmatics, and text linguistics (cf. Bolton, 2003a). We hope that the present study will contribute to the debate.

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11

Bar‐Lev, Zev. "Discourse theory and “contrastive rhetoric”∗." Discourse Processes 9, no. 2 (April 1986): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01638538609544641.

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12

Ying, H. G. "The origin of contrastive rhetoric revisited." International Journal of Applied Linguistics 10, no. 2 (December 2000): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2000.tb00151.x.

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13

Kirkpatrick, Andy. "Using contrastive rhetoric to teach writing." Teaching Languages, Teaching Culture 14 (January 1, 1997): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aralss.14.05kir.

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14

Mohamad, Hairul Azhar. "Analysis of Rhetorical Appeals to Logos, Ethos and Pathos in ENL and ESL Research Abstracts." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): e001314. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i3.1314.

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Based on Connor’s (1996) Contrastive Theory of Rhetoric, this study investigated the degree of the rhetorical appeals and their rhetorical devices in the English as a Native Language (ENL) and English as a Second Language (ESL) research abstract (RAs) from indexed journals. A mapping and selection table of rhetorical devices was introduced based on Aristotelian three elements in rhetoric to produce an effective discourse: i) three rhetorical appeals, ii) topoi, and iii) arrangement of text (Aristotle & Kennedy, 1991). The rhetorical model is also integrated with LIWC2015 psycholinguistic dimensions (Pennebaker, et al., 2015) and Compositionality Model (Bulté & Housen, 2018). The first Aristotelian element refers to three rhetorical appeals to logos, ethos, and pathos which were measured by three LIWC2015 summary variables of analytical thinking, clout and emotional tone respectively. Three rhetorical devices were identified at lexical-phrasal, sentential, and textual level for each rhetorical appeal which fulfilled the other two Aristotelian elements. In total, three summary domains with nine rhetorical devices were analysed in 480 RAs with LIWC2015 software and Readable.com online application. It was found that there are significant correlations among three rhetorical devices identified for each rhetorical appeal to logos, ethos, and pathos. Contrastive analysis revealed that ESL RAs were more rhetorically appealing to logos and pathos than ENL RAs. However, both groups of RAs did not show any significant difference in terms of their appeal to ethos. Finally, research implications and future research directions are also discussed.

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15

Liebman, JoAnne D. "Toward a new contrastive rhetoric: Differences between Arabic and Japanese rhetorical instruction." Journal of Second Language Writing 1, no. 2 (May 1992): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1060-3743(92)90013-f.

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16

Matalene, Carolyn. "Contrastive Rhetoric: An American Writing Teacher in China." College English 47, no. 8 (December 1985): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/376613.

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17

Cahill, David. "The Myth of the “Turn” in Contrastive Rhetoric." Written Communication 20, no. 2 (April 2003): 170–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741088303020002003.

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18

Noor, Ronny. "Contrastive rhetoric in expository prose: Approaches and achievements." Journal of Pragmatics 33, no. 2 (February 2001): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-2166(99)00136-8.

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19

Nir, Bracha, and Ruth A. Berman. "Complex syntax as a window on contrastive rhetoric." Journal of Pragmatics 42, no. 3 (March 2010): 744–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.07.006.

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20

Kachru, Yamuna. "Cultural Meaning and Contrastive Rhetoric in English Education." World Englishes 16, no. 3 (November 1997): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-971x.00068.

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21

Requinala, Kharl Vincent C., Jessa Folloso, Robertt Ross Almazan, and Mark Philip Paderan. "CONTRASTING GENDER BIAS LANGUAGES IN PHILIPPINES AND U.S ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES: A CORPUS-BASED STUDY." Journal of English Education and Linguistics 3, no. 1 (June 25, 2022): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.56874/jeel.v3i1.816.

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This study aimed to explore the most prevalent gender-biased languages and to identify what type of rhetorical devices were used frequently in the Philippines and U.S Online News Articles and to highlight the similarities and differences of rhetoric taken from ten online news websites. The corpus is made up of 20 articles per news outlet which are GMA News, Manila Bulletin, Manila Times, Rappler, and Philippine Daily Inquirer from the Philippines. Politico, LA Times, The Guardian, USA Today, and CBN News from US. All news was contrastively analyzed based on Robert Kaplan’s Theory of Contrastive Rhetoric using AntConc software. The findings revealed that there are rhetorical devices found in these articles to filter the used labels for males and females that invoke stereotyping. Results also revealed that both countries are similar in terms of using positive and nice words subtly on describing women. However, a vast contradiction is also depicted due to the fact that news writers utilize words that negatively connote and has a sharp definition that is associated with women. Thus, the study concludes that there should be widespread information and practice about the usage of Gender Fair Language in various professions most especially in Media and Journalism.

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22

Chakorn, Ora-Ong. "Persuasive and politeness strategies in cross-cultural letters of request in the Thai business context." Asian Business Discourse(s) Part II 16, no. 1 (May 11, 2006): 103–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.16.1.06cha.

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This article sheds light on the rhetoric of cross-cultural letters of request in the Thai business context. The focus is on the contrastive analysis of 80 authentic letters of request written in English by Thai speakers and native English speakers. The corpus consists of 38 Thai (TH) letters, and 42 Non-Thai (NT) letters. The cross-cultural variation is investigated both quantitatively and qualitatively from the perspectives of contrastive text linguistics and pragmatic. The quantitative analysis explores the lengths of the TH and NT letters in relation to the distribution and position of requests. Contrastive text linguistics was used in this study to examine the rhetorical structures (e.g. structural representation) in letters of request and their linguistic realisations (e.g. linguistic features). From a pragmatic perspective, the analytical focus was on persuasive strategies (i.e. rhetorical appeals — logos, ethos, pathos), and politeness strategies, some of which are culture-bound. The overall investigation manifests the diversity in language use which distinguishes Thai-style business requests from western-style ones. What Hinds (1990) calls a quasi-inductive style of writing or delayed introduction of purpose is a unique hedging strategy found exclusively in the TH letters. The NT requests tend to be more direct, often involving a ‘baldly on record’ strategy. In contrast in a similarly formal context, the TH request letters typically use more negative politeness in that they include more indirect, deferential and self-effacing strategies. According to the Aristotelian concept of persuasive rhetoric, the TH letters generally use a combination of logos, ethos and pathos whereas the NT letters tend to predominantly use a strong logos. These three rhetorical appeals can be regarded as persuasive strategies; the findings reveal some culture-specific differences in the persuasive strategies used in TH and NT letters of request.

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23

Khartite, Brahim, Bendaoud Nadif, and Ismail Benfilali. "Investigating the Persuasive Writing Performance of Moroccan Advanced EFL Students: Is it a problem of “Language” or ‘Reasoning” Acquisition Device?" International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.5.6.

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This study investigates the extent to which the results of rhetorical comparisons of persuasive essays by US English native speakers and others by Moroccan advanced EFL students will provide empirical evidence for Kaplan‘s (1966) contrastive rhetoric hypothesis. This is especially regarding the fact that EFL students-writing problems are a byproduct of the negative transfer of rhetorical strategies from their first language (L1). This hypothesis is tested by comparing 20 EFL and Arabic L1 persuasive essays by the same EFL students to essays in English as L1 by native speakers to identify the extent to which the language of composing and one’s cultural background affects the writing quality of their essays. The study hypothesizes that if Kaplan’s contrastive rhetoric claims were accurate, then Moroccan advanced EFL writers would produce essays that tend to be rhetorically less accurate when judged by standard English rhetorical criteria. Moreno’s (2005) approach to match comparable corpora of persuasive essays from two different cultural and linguistic backgrounds was adopted. As for the study participants, 40 advanced student-writers from two discrepant language and cultural backgrounds were recruited to take part in the study. While the results of a stepwise multiple regression analysis provides further evidence corroborating the validity of the rhetorical measures used in the study, group mean scores comparisons and a Multiple Discriminant analysis of the data indicates that those writers from various cultural backgrounds seem to face far more similar than different rhetorical problems and their writing inadequacies are equally distributed regardless of which language the study participants used to write their essays.

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24

Zalad, Gordana. "Political discourse analysis on Kosovo and Metohia in the newsmagazines Nin and Time: Micro-genre textual analysis." CM: Communication and Media 16, no. 50 (2021): 309–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/cm16-32857.

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This paper is a contrastive genre study of political discourse in newsmagazines in two different political, social, cultural and language contexts. The research object of the study is rhetorical and language analysis in the newsmagazines (Time and Nin) with a "common platform" of subject matter on Kosovo, taking into account its importance and the number of texts devoted to Kosovo in both magazines. The theoretical framework consists of: new contrastive rhetoric; new rhetoric genre studies; critical discourse analysis and systemic functional linguistics. The research has been conducted on a corpus collection of 50 articles in English and Serbian languages, during the period of 2000-2013, published in two newsmagazines at different level of circulation. The main assumption in the genre theory that genre is a social action has been applied in this study in the sense that the articles of newsmagazines represent social activity in the institutional context in two different settings. The micro-genre analysis has shown significant difference in the two sets of articles: the most dominant micro-genre in the English corpus is argumentative media exposition, while explanatory media exposition is in the Serbian corpus. Deep rhetorical analysis of the data has shown significant differences in the structure of the texts. The authors of Serbian articles have shown greater individuality and diversity in the formation of their commentaries.

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25

Lafford, Barbara A., and Ulla Connor. "Contrastive Rhetoric: Cross-Cultural Aspects of Second-Language Writing." Modern Language Journal 81, no. 2 (1997): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/328793.

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26

Bolgün, M. Ali, and Asham Mangla. "A Contrastive Rhetoric Analysis of English and Hindi Editorials." Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics 21, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 15–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25256/paal.21.2.2.

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27

Precht, Kirsten, and Ulla Connor. "Contrastive Rhetoric: Cross-Cultural Aspects of Second-Language Writing." TESOL Quarterly 31, no. 2 (1997): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3588059.

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28

Connor, Ulla. "Contrastive Rhetoric: Cross-Cultural Aspects of Second-Language Writing." College Composition and Communication 49, no. 2 (May 1998): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/358941.

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29

Raimes, Ann, and Alan C. Purves. "Writing across Languages and Cultures: Issues in Contrastive Rhetoric." College Composition and Communication 40, no. 4 (December 1989): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/358253.

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30

Colina, Sonia. "Contrastive Rhetoric and Text-Typological Conventions in Translation Teaching." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 332–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.9.2.07col.

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Abstract This paper illustrates the relevance of contrastive rhetoric research to Translation Studies and shows how it can be applied to translation pedagogy. After a brief descriptive analysis of the recipe genre in English and Spanish, student translations are examined. It is shown that the work of novice translators is one case in which source-language textual features are transferred into the target text. The effects of explicit instruction on textual-features and text-typological conventions are examined by comparing student translations: a significant improvement in the work of students exposed to explicit instruction is indicative of the benefit of pedagogical intervention. The evidence presented also indicates that translation competence is in fact separate from bilingualism.

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31

Valero-Garcés, Carmen. "Contrastive ESP rhetoric: Metatext in Spanish-English economics texts." English for Specific Purposes 15, no. 4 (January 1996): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-4906(96)00013-0.

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32

Petrić, Bojana. "Contrastive rhetoric in the writing classroom: a case study." English for Specific Purposes 24, no. 2 (January 2005): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2004.09.001.

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33

M. El-daly, Hosney. "(EGL) and Contrastive Rhetoric: Reflections from L2 Writing Research." International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature 1, no. 6 (November 2012): 154–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/ijalel.v.1n.6p.154.

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34

Galán-Mañas, Anabel. "Contrastive rhetoric in teaching how to translate legal texts." Perspectives 21, no. 3 (September 2013): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0907676x.2011.641982.

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35

Mauranen, Anna. "Contrastive ESP rhetoric: Metatext in Finnish-English economics texts." English for Specific Purposes 12, no. 1 (January 1993): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-4906(93)90024-i.

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36

Susilo, Susilo. "VIEWING CONTRASTIVE RHETORIC FROM A POST MODERN PERSPECTIVE: FINDING AN IMPLICATION TO THE SECOND LANGUAGE WRITING PEDAGOGY." Celt: A Journal of Culture, English Language Teaching & Literature 7, no. 2 (August 10, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24167/celt.v7i2.159.

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The hybrid nature of culture that comes up as a result of postmodern world brings about considerable interaction, borrowing, and fusion between cultures and communicative genres. In such situation, there is erosion of national boundaries, greater multilingualism, and fluidity in identity; hence a" absolute construct of particular culture is getting blurred. Consequently, the term "native identity" has come to a "blurring spot" in the sense that it will be simply awkward to hold firmly one's native identity when multilingualism has become norm. This hybridand plural character of identity has gone to be considerable as the basis of contrastive texts analysis. The newest way of looking at the contrastive rhetoric is that differences in pragmatic or rhetorical expectations should not be considered as unproficiency or interference for the bi/multilingual writer, rather rhetorical choices opted by the bi/multilingual writer should be considered as critical/alternate discourse. This article is aimed to look at the pedagogy of shuttling between languages done by multilingual writers as the new orientation in the teaching and learning second language writing.

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37

Biber, Douglas. "CONTRASTIVE RHETORIC REVISITED AND REDEFINED. Clayann Gilliam Panetta (Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2001. Pp. xx + 134. $39.95 cloth, $17.95 paper." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 25, no. 3 (August 4, 2003): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263103260198.

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Contrastive rhetoric—an analytical framework for the study of second language writing—has had incredible staying power. Since Kaplan's (1966) original paper, this framework has been used in dozens of studies that compare the rhetorical organizations of written texts produced by writers from different cultures and native languages (L1s). Additionally, the framework has been elaborated and refined considerably to account for the extensive range of linguistic variability found among written texts from different text types; more recent treatments include Grabe and Kaplan (1996, chap. 7) and Connor (1996).

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38

Baker, Will. "Contrastive Rhetoric: Reaching to Intercultural Rhetoric- Edited by Ulla Connor, Ed Nagelhout, and William Rozycki." International Journal of Applied Linguistics 18, no. 3 (November 2008): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2008.00203.x.

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39

Kachru, Yamuna. "Kachru revisits contrasts." English Today 12, no. 1 (January 1996): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026607840000883x.

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YAMUNA KACHRU published the article “Contrastive rhetoric in world Englishes” in ET41 (Jan 95), prompting a letter from Reinhard Hartmann that appeared in ET42 (Apr 95). The following is Kachru's reply to Hartmann.

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40

lee, Jae won. "A Contrastive Study of Rhetoric and Text Linguistics in Korea." Language and Linguistics 71 (May 30, 2016): 163–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20865/20167108.

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41

Chung, Hyun Song, Yoon Kyu Kim, and Sang Ki Lee. "A Contrastive Study of Rhetoric and Text Linguistics in Korea." Language and Linguistics 71 (May 30, 2016): 237–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20865/20167111.

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42

Attiya, Ghada El Sayed Belal. "A Contrastive Rhetoric Study of Persuasion in TED Talks Narratives." مجلة البحث العلمی فی الآداب 23, no. 3 (April 1, 2022): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jssa.2022.116196.1356.

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43

Ying, H. G. "On the origins of contrastive rhetoric: a reply to Matsuda." International Journal of Applied Linguistics 11, no. 2 (December 2001): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1473-4192.00018.

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44

Fagan, Edward R., and Peggy Cheong. "Contrastive Rhetoric: Pedagogical Implications for the ESL Teacher in Singapore." RELC Journal 18, no. 1 (June 1987): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003368828701800102.

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45

Matsuda, Paul Kei. "Contrastive rhetoric in context: A dynamic model of L2 writing." Journal of Second Language Writing 6, no. 1 (January 1997): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1060-3743(97)90005-9.

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46

Barton, Ellen, Barbara Dickson, and Valerie Kinloch. "Discourse research in applied linguistics: Contrastive rhetoric and genre analysis." WORD 50, no. 3 (December 1999): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1999.11432494.

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47

Jwa, Soomin. "Korean EFL students’ argumentative writing in L1 and L2: A comparative move analysis study." English Teaching: Practice & Critique 19, no. 2 (April 13, 2020): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/etpc-01-2019-0010.

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Purpose This comparative study aims to investigate the rhetorical organization of Korean and English argumentative texts. In previous studies, the rhetorical organization of such texts has been categorized as either direct or indirect depending on the placement of the thesis statement (Chien, 2011). The present study attempts to document more specific rhetorical patterns using Swales (1990) concept of moves and steps. Design/methodology/approach Ten Korean EFL students with similar L1 and L2 literacy backgrounds were selected, and, adopting a within-subject design, the students wrote two argumentative essays, one in Korean and one in English, in response to two different topics. The students’ essays were analyzed at both the macro and micro levels. The focus of the macro-level analysis was on the placement of the thesis statement and of topic sentences in each of the body paragraphs. Once the macro-level analysis was done, the essays were analyzed at the micro level using Swales (1990) move analysis. Findings The findings suggest that both texts were organized in a similar way at the macro level, constituting a typical paper structure (i.e. introduction, body and conclusion). However, a difference appears at the micro level: the students used a variety of steps to create a move when writing in Korean, whereas little variation was found in the English texts. An analysis of the data suggests the possibility that the standardized moves and steps in the English texts may be due not to culture-specific rhetoric, but to a lack of practice with rhetorical thinking in English. Originality/value In previous studies, the rhetorical organization of texts has been categorized as either direct or indirect depending on the placement of the thesis statement. The present study uses the framework of move analysis to describe more specific organizational patterns of Korean and English writing to determine the extent to which Korean and English writing is similar in the genre of argumentative writing. Another significance of the study lies in the choice of Korean writing as a reference point for comparison with English writing. It has been widely noted that there is a dearth of research of Korean students’ writing in contrastive rhetoric. To the best of the author’s knowledge, most of the contrastive rhetoric studies were conducted with Chinese or Japanese student writers.

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48

Abdel-Hafiz Hussein, Ahmed Sokarno. "Rhetorical Devices in Political Speeches: Nigel Farage’s Speeches at the European Parliament." Technium Social Sciences Journal 7 (May 7, 2020): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v7i1.190.

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Nigel Farage’s speeches and rhetoric have been instrumental and effective in the British voters’ decision to withdraw from the European Union. This paper aims to study rhetorical devices in the speeches of Nigel Farage at the European Parliament: list constructions, contrastive pairs etc. Having identified and classified the rhetorical devices, I proceed to perform a frequency analysis with the purpose of determining the number of times each device occurs. Thus the research questions are: (a) what rhetorical devices permeate the speeches? and (b) what is their frequency of occurrence? In order to achieve these objectives, I have studied twenty speeches Farage delivered at the European Parliament during the period from 2010 to 2017. I examine rhetorical devices that were previously treated as nonessential in Farage’s speeches (cf. Hädicke 2012) and I present arguments against the claim that the three-part list is the most common strategy in political speeches.

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49

Almuhailib, Badar. "Analyzing Cross-Cultural Writing Differences using Contrastive Rhetoric: A Critical Review." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.10n.2p.102.

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This paper presents a critical review of the cross-cultural writing styles in the light of contrastive rhetoric approach established by Kaplan in 1966. Although Kaplan compared different writing styles depending on the culture each language was attached to, his comparison was criticized by some scholars the prominent one of which is Conor 1996. Advantages and disadvantages of the approach being utilized to find the cultural influences in L2 writing was discussed detail. Further, the implementation of such approach was shed light on, apart from how policy makers would benefit from the approach in teaching the L2 writing skill.

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Thomas, Gordon K. "A Comment on "Contrastive Rhetoric: An American Writing Teacher in China"." College English 48, no. 8 (December 1986): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/376737.

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