Academic literature on the topic 'Contraste Mental'
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Journal articles on the topic "Contraste Mental"
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Sallet, Paulo Clemente. "Contraste oculto: violência, psicopatologia e cultura." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 31, no. 4 (December 2009): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462009000400024.
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Lobato, Lucia Maria Pinheiro. "Linguagem e cognição: a referencialidade como um construto mental." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 23, spe (2007): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-44502007000300003.
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Este artigo se insere no debate entre as visões internalista e externalista a respeito da referência, buscando argumentar empiricamente a favor da visão internalista, traduzida em termos da relação Referir. Por meio da análise dos dados extraídos do português do Brasil, em contraste com dados do português europeu, procura-se demonstrar que existem certos traços formais que, em dadas circunstâncias, denotam entidade. A proposta é que a faculdade de linguagem lida com o conceito de entidade, produzido por efeito de traços formais, e que esse conceito é interpretado como pertencendo a um dado mundo também pelo efeito de traços formais.
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Quintanilla, Pablo. "Las lógicas de lo mental." Análisis Filosófico 42, no. 2 (November 11, 2022): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36446/af.2022.549.
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El psicoanálisis surgió, hacia fines del siglo XIX, como una teoría científica que pretende explicar el aparato psíquico y como una forma de psicoterapia que es una aplicación de ella. Desde entonces, su metapsicología y sus técnicas de intervención han cambiado mucho, sobre todo como consecuencia del contraste permanente con la evidencia clínica. En muchos casos, sin embargo, su epistemología y su filosofía de la mente siguen siendo deudoras de los presupuestos teóricos con los que nació. Eso es doblemente negativo. Por una parte, porque esa epistemología decimonónica suele estar comprometida con formas de fisicalismo y reductivismo que son por lo menos discutibles y que tienen consecuencias respecto de su concepción de lo mental. De otro lado, porque no facilita su integración con la filosofía de la mente actual. En este texto me propongo reseñar y comentar algunas tesis del libro de Carlos Caorsi, con el objetivo de mostrar la necesidad de mayor diálogo entre psicoanálisis y filosofía de la mente, concentrándome sobre todo en la ontología de lo mental que pudo haber presupuesto Freud y en la tesis de Caorsi sobre los sistemas lógicos que subyacerían a los sistemas psíquicos de la primera tópica freudiana.
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Espinet, Alfredo. "Principios básicos de la formación e asociaciones en la memoria." Escritos de Psicología - Psychological Writings 1, no. 2 (October 1, 1998): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.vi2.13434.
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Se propone la realización de una experiencia que permita comprobar la intervención de los principios de contigüidad, semejanza y contraste en la formación de asociaciones entre las palabras que forman nuestro léxico mental. Se proporciona un breve soporte teórico que ayude a relacionar los resultados de la experiencia con la Psicología del Aprendizaje, la Memoria o el Lenguaje.
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GARCIA, Mª Jesus. "Metabolismo del azúcar y enfermedad mental: Estudio en una unidad de pacientes hospitalizados." Clínica, no. 28 (July 23, 2023): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24197/cl.28.2023.14-22.
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Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica con estudio posterior en una muetra de 4 pacientes ingresados a lo largo de un año en la unidad de hospitalización breve del hospital clinico de Valladolid. Objetivo principal: Mejorar las dietas de los pacientes durante y despues de la hospitalización. Material: Estudio mediante determinacion de cifras de glucosa y hemoglobina glicada. Cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos, de diagnóstico, tratamiento y alimentación previa. Resultados: Analizados mediante prueba t (contraste de medias) y análisis porcentual. Discusion: Resulta significativa la cifra de glucedmia en el caso de uso de antipsicóticos atípicos Se precisaria ampliar muestra con estudios posteriores.
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Maldonado, Carlos E. "Complejidad y salud: pensar de manera radical." Hojas de El Bosque 4, no. 8 (May 14, 2020): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18270/heb.v4i8.2994.
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Este texto discute un problema novedoso sobre el que la bibliografía es escasa: las relaciones entre complejidad –ciencias de la complejidad– y salud. El tema de base es la vida, y la salud constituye una expresión importante de ella. La tesis que se presenta es que para la enfermedad se necesita de mucha y muy buena ciencia, información, educación y tecnología; para la salud se necesita, además, de una pizca de sabiduría. Pensar la enfermedad implica una estructura mental determinista; en efecto, es indispensable determinarla de todas las formas posibles. La salud, en contraste, requiere una estructura mental del todo distinta: la indeterminación.
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Pereira Eberle, Lucas. "Aumento de proeminência e maximização de contraste via epêntese de glide no português brasileiro." Letras de Hoje 58, no. 1 (December 13, 2023): e44765. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1984-7726.2023.1.44765.
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Este estudo investiga os efeitos da proeminência posicional e da meta funcional de maximização de contrastes nos fenômenos de inserção e apagamento de glides orais em sequências vocálicas do português brasileiro, como, por exemplo, a epêntese como resolução de hiatos, “frear – fre[j]ar”/ “voa” – “vo[w]a”, e a redução de ditongos para uma vogal simples, “cadeira – cade[ ]ra”/ “roupa” – “ro[ ]pa”. Foram realizados um teste de julgamento de aceitabilidade, em que os participantes deveriam avaliar as diferentes pronúncias de palavras reais e inventadas como “natural” ou “não natural”, e um teste estatístico de regressão logística com efeitos mistos. A partir disso, atestou-se que a epêntese em hiatos foi preferida em posições de V1 acentuada ou inicial e que o apagamento de glides em ditongos foi menos preferido em monossílabos e em todas as posições de alta proeminência psicolinguística e/ou fonética. Além disso, também foi constatado que a não inserção ou perda do glide resultaria em uma carência de sonoridade demandada por essas posições. Em relação ao contraste, ditongos com maiores dispersões na dimensão de F2 são mais resistentes ao apagamento, enquanto os ditongos menos contrastivos são mais reduzidos por serem também menos perceptivos. Embora seja bastante defendido que a epêntese ocorra no ataque da V2 em função da restrição ONSET (todas as sílabas devem ter ataque), argumenta-se que o glide se adjunge à V1 como resultado da demanda de alta sonoridade em posição de V1 acentuada, que não é satisfeita pela vogal média-alta [e o]; além de que o glide possui traços semelhantes ao da vogal precedente (V1). Por fim, conclui-se que a proeminência posicional e o grau de contraste influenciam nos fenômenos de inserção e apagamento de glides no português brasileiro.
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Leal Rubio, José. "Salud mental comunitaria y cotidianidad en la infancia y la adolescencia." Apuntes de Psicología, no. 26 (September 23, 1988): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55414/t6smva96.
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En los últimos años, se ha ido introduciendo paulatinamente, en el ámbito de la salud mental infantil, la proposición de que ésta no constituye un acontecimiento que ocurra, ni exclusiva ni prioritariamente, en el espacio privado de la vida de los niños. Asimismo, este reciente enfoque, al que nos refieríamos en el presente artículo, se enmarca dentro de una nueva orientación en el ámbito general de la salud que prioriza los aspectos preventivos a los curativos; los comunitarios a los individuales. Es por ello por lo que centra su foco de interés en el cuidado de lo cotidiano en contraste con la asistencia a lo excepcional. Desde esta perspectiva, el apoyo y optimización de los contextos socio-institucionales en los que se desenvuelve la historia diaria de la infancia y la adolescencia, se convierte en un objetivo esencial de cualquier acción que se encamine hacia la consecución de la salud y el bienestar de este amplio grupo humano.
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Christofoletti, Gustavo, Evandro Rocha Cândido, Larissa Olmedo, Suzi Rosa Barbosa Miziara, and Fernanda Beinotti. "Efeito de uma intervenção cognitivo-motora sobre os sintomas depressivos de pacientes com doença de Parkinson." Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria 61, no. 2 (2012): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0047-20852012000200004.
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OBJETIVO: Verificar a eficácia de uma intervenção cognitivo-motora sobre os sintomas depressivos de pacientes com DP idiopática. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal, composto por 26 pacientes, divididos entre os grupos experimental e controle. Os sujeitos foram avaliados pela Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, sendo o grupo experimental submetido a uma sequência de exercícios fisioterápicos de estimulação cognitivo-motora durante seis meses. Para a análise dos dados, foram aplicados os testes de Análise de Variâncias para medidas repetidas, a estatística por contraste e o teste t de Student para amostras independentes, sob um nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Os resultados apontaram homogeneidade dos grupos no momento inicial, e o grupo submetido ao tratamento fisioterápico obteve uma tendência de significância na interação "momento de intervenção" versus "grupo", evidenciado pelo erro alfa de 6%, com contraste linear de dados. CONCLUSÃO: O protocolo proposto apresentou boa aceitação pelos pacientes com DP. Apesar de não termos alcançado um intervalo de confiança de 95%, a tendência de significância obtida vislumbra um potencial do referido protocolo, mas com a necessidade de maiores estudos comprobatórios.
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Da Silva, Wendel Johnson, Arthur Martins Pereira, Janilce Guiomar Pinto, Caroline Fontineles Brito, Karynne Macêdo Soares, Karina Gil Tomaz Rolo, and Rodrigo Daniel Zanoni. "ANÁLISE DA INTERFACE ENTRE ESPIRITUALIDADE E SAÚDE MENTAL NO CONTEXTO PROFISSIONAL-USUÁRIO." Brazilian Journal of Implantology and Health Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 21, 2024): 1608–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36557/2674-8169.2024v6n1p1608-1621.
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O presente artigo versa sobre a correlação entre espiritualidade e a saúde mental no processo saúde doença. Objetiva-se traçar as relações entre saúde mental e espiritualidade para poder, por conseguinte, compreender seu contraste e fomentar a pesquisa sobre as implicações desta interconexão que deságuam no cotidiano de diversos usuários do âmbito público ou privado. Para tanto, o estudo foi desenvolvido por meio de uma revisão narrativa, de abordagem qualitativa, com dados secundários, recorrendo-se à literatura científica correspondente nos últimos cinco anos. Desse modo, a partir do exposto pode-se coligir a importância do papel desempenhado pela espiritualidade sobretudo no âmbito psicoterapêutico, tanto em relação a doenças terminais, quanto ao contexto de sofrimento psíquico, uma vez que as principais pesquisas apontam para a melhoria dos estados de adoecimento e indicam uma melhora significativa no quadro psicológico. Além disso, convém salientar as percepções diversas, na literatura, no que se refere ao dilema religião/espiritualidade, que são diametralmente díspares, outrossim, no processo saúde-doença.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contraste Mental"
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Aznar, Casanova José Antonio. "El "continuum de eficacia en la recuperación": un marco integrador para el estudio de los comportamientos mnémicos. Modelo predictivo de la eficacia y contraste experimental en pruebas de reconocimiento verbal visual." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2552.
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Este trabajo centra la atención en el reconocimiento verbal visual. Tiene como objetivo, mostrar las relaciones funcionales existentes entre las condiciones experimentales de reconocimiento, que provocan diversos comportamientos mnémicos, y determinados aspectos de la respuesta: velocidad, exactitud y eficacia.La corriente del Procesamiento de información (en su enfoque neoconexionista, fundamentado en la metáfora del ordenador) ha utilizado habitualmente las pruebas de recuerdo libre, con claves de recuperación y reconocimiento, como un medio que permitía inferir una explicación del mecanismo del sistema de memoria humano. Dicho en términos cognitivistas, responder al problema de ¿qué estructuras, procesos y representaciones subyacen a la memoria? y ¿cómo éstas interactúan entre si?
En esta investigación, básicamente, pretendemos dar puesta a otras cuestiones complementarias: ¿qué factores de las pruebas mnémicas determinan las modificaciones de los procesos que subyacen a la memoria? y ¿a qué agrupamientos de procesos (estrategias) dan lugar. Es decir, se intenta buscar una explicación, en términos de procesamiento de información, sobre cómo interactúa la estructura formal de las pruebas de memoria con la estructura física y lógica de la memoria para dar lugar a comportamientos dirigidos por estrategias.
Partimos de un análisis de los comportamientos anémicos (recuerdo libre y con claves, reconstrucción y reconocimiento). Como consecuencia de éste, se ponen de manifiesta diferencias en las demandas de la tarea que inducen a distintas estrategias. Además, las condiciones de prueba de la memoria parecen ordenarse en un "continuum de recuperación", definida por la función inversa entre las variables "comprensión" y "extensión" categorial. De confirmarse dicho continuo, nos proporcionaría un marco integrador de los comportamientos mnémicos, que pueden generarse al manipular las condiciones de prueba.
Con objeto de verificar estas cuestiones, confeccionamos ocho pruebas de reconocimiento, que nos permitieran establecer comparaciones válidas en condiciones uniformes. Así, decidimos utilizar un paradigma experimental de búsqueda visual con elección múltiple forzada.
Estas situaciones de prueba (tratamientos) surgen de la combinación de tres factores dicotómicos: formato del ítem consigna, de los ítems de prueba (CG= configuración global o LC= lista de características) y nivel de procesamiento (grafémico o semántico).
De la combinación de los dos formatos (consigna y prueba) establecer dos tipos de tarea: analógica o de formatos isomórficos y categorial o de formatos heteromórficos. Y en estos tipos de tarea, cuatro direcciones de recuperación de información: CG->CG, LC->LC, CG->LC y LC->CG.
Para profundizar en los procesos que son postulados para estas condiciones de reconocimiento, seleccionamos una serie de variables que nos permiten manipular la complejidad de la tarea: nivel de integración-disociación, tamaño de la matriz de reconocimiento, tipa de ensayo (positivo, negativo), localización del ítem crítico, similitud, longitud de los ítems y familiaridad de las palabras.
También se pretende elaborar un modela predictivo de la eficacia alcanzada par los sujetos en estas tareas y contrastar otros modelos estructurales generados para cada Prueba.
El diseño de recogida de datos se ajusta a un factorial mixto, donde las variables de agrupamiento son el sexo y el orden de aplicación (contrabalanceo) indicador del entrenamiento en la tarea. Intervinieron 32 sujetos voluntarios, de 13-14 años y en igual proporción de sexo.
Los resultados se agrupan en dos bloques: análisis de variables (interpruebas e intrapruebas) y análisis del modelo (macromodelo y micromodelos). Éstos ponen de manifiesto el ajuste de las condiciones estudiadas al modelo, respecto a la variable "eficacia en los procesos de recuperación". Dicha variable, definida mediante el coste temporal (latencias) de cada acierto (exactitud) en una determinada prueba, posibilita una ordenación de los tratamientos. La pendiente de la recta nos indica la velocidad del procesamiento. Además, detectamos dos estrategias que los sujetos utilizan en estas tareas: globalista-contextual y analítico-semántica.
Estos datos apoyan la existencia de un sólo mecanismo de memoria y las diferencias interpruebas deben atribuirse, con mayor propiedad, al uso de tales estrategias deliberadas que a una dicotomía funcional entre los sistemas de memoria episódico y semántico.
Además de la importancia de variables situacionales y estimulares, también se evidenció la relevancia de las expectativas y entrenamiento en la tarea.
The objective of this work is to show the functional relations among same experimental conditions of recognition, that originate several mnemonics behaviour and certain aspects of the response (speed, exactness and efficacy).
The analysis of this behaviour manifests the following:
1) The factors that may generate them
2) Its arrangement in a continuum of efficacy in recuperation
3) The use of deliberate strategies
4) The adequacy of processes and representations to request of the task and nature of the stimulus.
In order to verify this hypothesis we carried out eight trials of recognition, formally equivalent and interrelated, that they have been applied to 32 students of 8th. E.G.B (age=13-14 years).
The results confirm the relevant facts, verify the "continuum", suggest two strategies (globalist-contextual and analytical-semantic) and inform of processes and representations.
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Kaczmarek, Nicolas. "Différentes voies pour favoriser le changement comportemental." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILH035.
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Plusieurs modèles soulignent l'importance de la motivation et de la volition pour favoriser le changement comportemental. Cette thèse a pour originalité de combiner certaines stratégies motivationnelles et/ou volitionnelles afin d'identifier les mécanismes générés et les potentiels modérateurs, et in fine, cerner comment maximiser leur efficacité. Cinq stratégies sont considérées : le contraste mental, le soutien à l'autodétermination de la motivation, le cadrage hiérarchique de buts (stratégies motivationnelles), l'entraînement à l'approche-évitement, et l'intention d'implémenter (stratégies volitionnelles). Le programme de recherche se décline en trois axes. L'axe 1 examine l'hypothèse selon laquelle une tâche difficile et stressante (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test - Computerized) est mieux réussie, et génère plus d'autodétermination (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) lorsque le but est cadré de manière hiérarchique (focalisation sur l'engagement) ou mixte hiérarchique-conditionnel (focalisation sur l'engagement et le résultat), que de manière conditionnelle (focalisation sur le résultat). Les résultats d'analyses fréquentistes des données de 167 étudiants (Mage = 23,3, SD = 3,7 ; 54,49% de femmes) ne confirment pas l'hypothèse. Le potentiel rôle du décalage entre cadrage de buts spontané et assigné, et d'autres facteurs motivationnels est discuté. L'axe 2 se focalise sur l'intérêt de combiner l'entraînement à l'approche-évitement et l'intention d'implémenter pour aider les patients souffrant de troubles de l'usage de l'alcool à changer une tendance automatique à approcher l'alcool. Des variantes de l'Approach-Avoidance Task sont réalisées dans trois conditions : les entraînements standard et avec intention d'implémenter impliquent d'éviter systématiquement l'alcool, seules les consignes différaient (« Je m'éloigne de l'alcool » vs. « Si je vois de l'alcool, alors je m'en éloigne ») ; la condition contrôle implique autant d'approcher que d'éviter l'alcool. L'hypothèse est que l'entraînement avec intention d'implémenter, et dans une moindre mesure l'entraînement standard (vs. condition contrôle), aident à changer : les tendances à l'approche-évitement (Approach-Avoidance Task) en post-test, et la consommation d'alcool (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test - Consumption), la dépendance (Short Alcohol Dependence Data questionnaire), et les retentissements biopsychosociaux (Short Inventory of Problems - Revised) en suivi à 2 mois. Nous avons validé et publié les questionnaires de dépendance et de retentissements en langue française. En août 2024, 75 patients souffrant de troubles de l'usage de l'alcool ont été recrutés (Mage = 47,5, SD = 11,6 ; 73,33% d'hommes) ; la collecte des données se poursuit actuellement. Les résultats préliminaires d'analyses bayésiennes fournissent des premiers éléments semblant souligner l'efficacité de l'entraînement mais l'absence de plus-value de l'intention d'implémenter. Des explications en termes de caractéristiques de l'intention d'implémenter utilisée et de dynamique de changement sont avancées. Le confirmatory report de cette étude est accepté à l'International Review of Social Psychology. L'axe 3 examine l'hypothèse d'une efficacité du contraste mental et de l'intention d'implémenter (vs. condition contrôle) pour favoriser l'activité physique (Godin Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire) lors d'un suivi à 1 mois, qui serait augmentée en les combinant ensemble. Nous supposions également que le contraste mental agirait surtout sur l'engagement tandis que l'intention d'implémenter agirait surtout sur l'automaticité comportementale (Self-Report Behavioral Automaticity Index). Six cents adultes insuffisamment actifs seront recrutés. Les résultats d'analyses bayésiennes fourniront probablement des éléments de preuve pour statuer sur l'efficacité des stratégies et leur fonctionnement. Le confirmatory report de cette étude est accepté à l'International Review of Social PsychologySeveral models emphasize the importance of motivation and volition for promoting behavior change. The original aim of this thesis is to combine some motivational and/or volitional strategies to identify the generated mechanisms and potential moderators, and ultimately to determine how to maximize their effectiveness. Five strategies are considered: mental contrasting, motivational self-determination support, hierarchical goal framing (motivational strategies), approach-avoidance training, and implementation intentions (volitional strategies). The research program is divided into three axes. Axis 1 examines the hypothesis that a difficult and stressful task (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test - Computerized) is better performed, and generates more self-determination (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) when the goal is framed hierarchically (focus on commitment) or mixed hierarchically-conditionally (focus on commitment and outcome), than conditionally (focus on outcome). The results of frequentist analyses of data from 167 students (Mage = 23.3, SD = 3.7; 54.49% female) do not support the hypothesis. The potential role of the mismatch between spontaneous and assigned goal framing, as well as other motivational factors, is discussed. Axis 2 focuses on the interest of combining approach-avoidance training and implementation intentions to help patients with alcohol use disorders changing an automatic tendency to approach alcohol. Variants of the Approach-Avoidance Task were performed in three conditions: standard training and training with implementation intentions involved systematic avoidance of alcohol, with only the instructions differing (“I move away from alcohol” vs. “If I see alcohol, then I move away from it”); the control condition involves approaching and avoiding alcohol equally. The hypothesis is that training with implementation intentions, and to a lesser extent standard training (vs. control condition), helps to change: approach-avoidance tendencies (Approach-Avoidance Task) at post-test, and alcohol consumption (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test - Consumption), dependence (Short Alcohol Dependence Data questionnaire), and biopsychosocial repercussions (Short Inventory of Problems - Revised) at 2-month follow-up. We have validated and published the dependence and repercussions questionnaires in French. In August 2024, 75 patients with alcohol use disorders were recruited (Mage = 47.5, SD = 11.6; 73.33% male); data collection is currently ongoing. Preliminary results from Bayesian analyses provide initial evidence suggesting that training is effective, but that the implementation intentions has no added value. Explanations in terms of the characteristics of the implementation intentions used and the dynamics of change are put forward. A confirmatory report focusing on this study has been accepted by the International Review of Social Psychology. Axis 3 examined the hypothesis of an effectiveness of mental contrast and implementation intentions (vs. control condition) in promoting physical activity (Godin Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire) at 1-month follow-up, and its enhancement by combining them together. It was also hypothesized that mental contrast would act primarily on engagement, while implementation intentions would act primarily on behavioral automaticity (Self-Report Behavioral Automaticity Index). Six hundred insufficiently active adults will be recruited. The results of Bayesian analyses are likely to provide evidence on the effectiveness of the strategies and how they work. A confirmatory report focusing on this study has been accepted by the International Review of Social Psychology
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Federico, Jeanne E. "Oral/written contrast of mental state references in older children." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001056.
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Gonggryp, Thibault. "L' hospitalisation sous contrainte du patient malade mental : la légitimité d'une institution attentatoire aux libertés." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX32039.
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La législation en santé mentale traverse une crise sans précédent et nombreux sont les praticiens, les élus et les auteurs à réclamer la réforme du régime juridique de l’hospitalisation psychiatrique sous contrainte, jugé obsolète, inadapté à la pratique moderne et trop dangereusement liberticide. Cet ouvrage, à l’orée d’une réforme décrite comme imminente, se divise en deux parties. La première est consacrée à la spécificité de la maladie mentale et à l’origine de la légitimité du régime de l’hospitalisation psychiatrique sous contrainte fondé sur une publicisation de la matière. Parce que l’aliénation mentale est une pathologie très particulière, que ses effets touchent l’ordre public, le droit a élaboré au fil du temps une législation complexe et équilibrée qui est toujours d’actualité. La seconde s’intéresse aux dispositifs de la loi de 1990 confrontés au règne des libertés individuelles et des droits du patient. De nombreuses options ont été envisagées pour établir un nouvel équilibre entre les droits du patient malade mental et ceux de la société de se protéger contre des pathologies parfois particulièrement violentes. Mais un consensus semble s’être établi autour de l’idée de soumettre au juge judiciaire, traditionnellement considéré comme le seul garant des libertés individuelles, soit la décision de placement, soit le plein contrôle de l’intégralité du contentieux en la matière. Or, cette « judiciarisation », loin de résoudre l’ensemble des insuffisances du système en vigueur, pose d’autres difficultés, bute devant le principe de la séparation des autorités administratives et judiciaires, et devant la réalité du dogme selon lequel le juge judiciaire serait le seul gardien crédible de la liberté, le juge administratif étant présumé arbitraire et partisan. L’étude approfondie de la législation et de la jurisprudence en santé mentale semble briser ce mythe. A l’image de la complexité de la matière, la réforme de cette branche du droit ne pourra être envisagée par des procédés simplistes ou des raccourcis fondés sur la seule certitude que le juge judiciaire résoudra toutes les difficultés d’un système à bout de souffleIn the field of mental health, the legislation is now experiencing an unprecedented crisis and there are many practitioners, elected members and authors who call for a reform of the legal system concerning psychiatric hospitalization under constraint which is nowadays considered as inadequate for modern practice and much too dangerously liberticidal. Preceding a reform presented as impending, this thesis splits in two. The first section is devoted to the specificity of mental illness and to the historical origin of psychiatric hospitalization under constraint. Because the mental alienation is a very peculiar pathology and because its effects concern public order, the law has elaborated a complex and balanced legislation through the years. And it is still topical. The second section focuses on the 1990’s legislations confronted to the rule of personal freedom and the patient’s rights. Several options have been considered to establish a new equilibrium between the rights of the mentally sick patient and the right of the society willing to protect itself against pathologies sometimes particularly violent. But it seems a consensus was reached: the idea is to submit to the judge, traditionally considered as the only guarantor of personal freedom, either the decision of admission or the total control of the entire contentious. Yet, this “judiciarization”, far from solving the want of the system in force, lays other difficulties. It stumbles over the principle of the separation between administrative and judiciary authorities, it comes up against the reality of the dogma according to which the judge is the sole credible protector of Liberty, the administrative judge being presumed to be arbitrary and partisan. A close investigation of the legislation and mental health precedents seems to shatter this myth. Similarly to the complexity of this subject, the reform of this wing cannot happen with simplistic processes or shortcuts based upon the sole certainty that the judge will solve every difficulties of a breathless system
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Hansen, Andrea L. "No-Suicide Contracts with Suicidal Youth: Utah Mental Health Professionals' Perceptions and Current Practice." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3464.
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Suicide is the third leading cause of death among youth and young adults ages 10--24. In 2001 the U.S. Surgeon General laid out a national strategic plan to more effectively address suicide prevention (United States Public Health Service, 2001). In 2008, Gene Cash, then president of The National Association of School Psychologists, made a "call to action" to prevent suicide. Although suicide prevention has been repeatedly identified as a priority in mental health care, the vast majority of interventions with suicidal youth are not evidence based due to a lack of research utilizing controlled studies (Daniel & Goldston, 2009). Unfortunately this leaves mental health professionals (MHPs) to routinely implement interventions that are not research based and not proven effective in deterring suicidal thoughts and actions. No-suicide contracts (NSCs), commonly used in clinical and medical settings, solicit a commitment from a suicidal individual, a promise not to complete suicide. The prevalence of school-based MHPs' use of NSCs with suicidal youth (SY) is unknown. Additionally, minimal feedback is available regarding MHPs' perceptions of and current practice regarding implementation of NSCs. Likewise, school policy directing MHPs' intervention when working with SY is neither well described nor understood. A brief survey was created to access these perceptions and practices. Of 326 MHPs attending a Utah Youth Suicide Prevention Conference, 243 completed a survey (74.5% participation rate). Half of participants intervening with SY reported using NSCs. Only 27 of the 243 participants indicated that their school's policy encouraged or required a NSC. Only 8 participants reported knowledge of a formal written school policy that specifically guided their intervention with SY. Reasoning underlying decisions to use or not to use NSCs were explored. Common explanations included attending to individual student needs, following perceived guidelines, building trust with SY and adapting contracts to fit student needs, and opening discussion about suicide. Several participants expressed a need for additional training with no-suicide contracting. A few participants called for either renaming NSCs or implementing a similar, but more positive, "commitment to treatment" strategy. Participants did not mention a need for additional research to explore the efficacy of NSCs. In fact, research was not mentioned. This reflects the gap between research and practice and the dependency on personal experience and going along with the status quo versus depending on research findings to dictate improvement and change in practice.
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ALLMANG, THOMAS NATHALIE. "Contrainte mentale et polyvalence : a propos d'une enquete faite aupres de 644 salaries." Besançon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BESA3093.
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Menan, Frédéric. "Influence de la corrosion saline sur la tolérance aux dommages d'un alliage d'aluminium aéronautique 2XXX." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Menan-Frederic/2008-Menan-Frederic-These.pdf.
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Ce projet porte sur la caractérisation de l’alliage d’aluminium aéronautique 2024 en propagation de fissure de fatigue dans une solution saline. Le premier objectif est la caractérisation des synergies entre le chargement cyclique, la métallurgie et la corrosion, et l’analyse de leur influence sur la fissuration en fatigue en immersion permanente en solution saline. Les interactions complexes entre le chargement mécanique, la métallurgie et la corrosion, contrôlées par le temps de mise en charge, sont discutées dans le cadre d’une compétition entre la passivation de la pointe de fissure et la fragilisation par l’hydrogène, assistée par la dissolution anodique. Le deuxième objectif est l’étude de la différence entre une exposition permanente et une exposition séquentielle à la solution saline lors de la fissuration en fatigue. Sous certaines conditions, une nette accélération de la fissuration est observée lors d’une immersion séquentielle par rapport à une immersion permanente, ce qui peut conduire à des durées de vie estimées supérieures aux durées de vie réelles des structures soumises à une exposition séquentielle à la corrosion saline. Pour les deux premiers objectifs, la contribution possible d’un dommage de type corrosion sous contrainte est évaluée, en terme de vitesses de propagation, en fonction du chargement mécanique et de l’environnement. Le dernier objectif traite de la possibilité d’appliquer les résultats obtenus ici pour le 2024 à d’autres alliages d’aluminiumThis project focuses on the characterization of the aluminum alloy 2024 in fatigue crack propagation in saline solution. The first aim is the characterization of the synergistic effects between the cyclic loading, the metallurgy of the alloy and the environmental attack, and their influence on the corrosion fatigue crack propagation. Those effects are shown to be controlled by rise time, and are discussed in terms of a competition between passivation of the crack tip and hydrogen embrittlement enhanced by anodic dissolution. The second aim is the analysis of the difference between a permanent immersion and an alternate immersion in saline solution during fatigue crack propagation. A net increase in the crack growth rates can be observed when the alloy is exposed to an alternate immersion, compared to a permanent immersion. For the two first aims, the possible contribution of stress corrosion cracking is quantified, as a function of the mechanical loading and the environment. The last aim of this study is the examination of the applicability of the results obtained on the 2024 alloy to other aeronautical aluminum alloys
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Fitzroy, Sarah. "Mental health professionals' experience of organisational change in the NHS." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17466.
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A study was conducted to investigate mental health professionals' experience of change in three NHS Trusts in England. The aim was to understand the professionals' experience of change, applying the psychological contract as a sense-making tool using an extended contract model (Guest, 1998; George, 2009). The concept of the psychological contract was first introduced within psychoanalysis (Menninger, 1958) to explain the relationship between client and therapist. The psychological contract has evolved over the years to be applied in occupational settings to explain social exchanges between employees and the organisation (George, 2009). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 mental health professionals from community NHS teams, with one participant from an inpatient ward. A hybrid thematic analysis using inductive and deductive coding was applied to capture both the theoretical framework of the psychological contract and the subjective experiences of the participants. Results revealed that the psychological contract could serve as both a cognitive and emotional sense-making tool of change for participants. Findings also revealed the influence of contextual political and social factors around change in the NHS. Novel findings included mediators in the change process such as participants feeling supported to negotiate psychological contracts and upholding personal and team values. The findings are discussed in terms of clinical implications for managing professionals' experience of change in the NHS.
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Edwards, Stephen J. "No-suicide contracts, no-suicide agreements and no-suicide assurances : an exploratory study of their nature, utilization and perceived effectiveness." University of Western Australia. Social Work and Social Policy Discipline Group, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0149.
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The research examined mental health practitioners' attitudes towards, satisfaction with and use of suicide prevention contracting (SPC) techniques. Survey respondents comprised consultant psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, occupational therapists, mental health nurses, psychologists, registered medical officers and social workers. A self-report questionnaire was mailed to 1347 potential respondents, together with three follow-up letters sent out at two-week intervals. There was a 31% response rate, producing 420 valid questionnaires. The results of the research re-confirm the historical trajectory of SPC, from its early beginnings as a relationship-based suicide-risk assessment technique to one that is used in contemporary practice by practitioners to meet a range of objectives. The research focused on three SPC techniques in operation in clinical practice: verbal no-suicide assurances, no-suicide agreements, and written no-suicide contracts. Analysis of the data suggests a number of important findings. The first of these is that practitioners perceive different utility among these three techniques. Secondly, the least experienced practitioners were significantly less likely to use no-suicide contracts, despite seeing more suicidality and having more formal training in the use of the technique. Thirdly, a practitioner's gender, and formal training were significant in the perception and application of SPC techniques. Finally, suicidal behaviours and completed suicide was a clinical outcome in some situations irrespective of the use and non-use of SPC. The findings of this research are used to provide an emerging conceptual framework and associated nomenclature that inform clinical decision-making in relation to SPC. In addition, a conceptual model is presented which demonstrates that the potential for injudicious use of SPC techniques is as much precipitated by individual factors as it is by broader environmental factors. Key words: no-suicide contracts, suicide prevention contracts, no-suicide agreements, no-suicide decisions, contingency contracting.
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Gautier, Jean-Louis. "Hospitalisation psychiatrique sous contrainte et droits fondamentaux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32034.
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Malgré les reproches qui lui ont souvent été adressés, les nombreuses tentatives de réforme qui ont émaillé son histoire, la vieille loi sur les aliénés n’a pas empêché une évolution remarquable des soins vers plus de liberté, notamment par le biais de la sectorisation. L’inadaptation de la loi monarchiste a justifié l’intervention du législateur en 1990, mais elle était toute relative car la loi n°90-527 n’a fait que reprendre, certes en les rénovant, les moyens de contraindre aux soins fondés sur les exigences de l’ordre public. Or, l’application de la loi nouvelle, destinée à l’amélioration des droits et de la protection des personnes hospitalisées en raison de troubles mentaux, a eu un résultat paradoxal : une extension et un renforcement de la contrainte psychiatrique, qui ont fait ressurgir les critiques du dualisme juridictionnel auquel est soumis le contentieux de l’hospitalisation psychiatrique. Le Tribunal des conflits n’a jamais cessé de réaffirmer le principe de séparation des autorités administratives et judiciaires, écartant l’idée d’une unification du contentieux de l’hospitalisation sans consentement au profit du juge judiciaire. Mais par une décision du 17 février 1997, le Haut tribunal a opéré une rationalisation des compétences contentieuses qui a permis au dispositif juridictionnel de révéler son efficacité : l’administration, aujourd’hui, est contrainte de veiller au respect des procédures d’hospitalisation, la certitude d’une sanction lui est acquise en cas de manquement (Première partie). Toutefois le haut niveau de garantie des droits de la personne hospitalisée sans consentement est menacé. Depuis 1997, une réforme de la loi est annoncée comme imminente. Les propositions avancées par de nombreux rapports et études, qu’elles soient d’inspiration sanitaire ou sécuritaire, suscitaient des inquiétudes. Les dispositions relatives à la déclaration d’irresponsabilité pénale pour cause de trouble mental dans la loi n°2008-174 ne pouvaient que les entretenir, préfigurant une aggravation de la situation des personnes contraintes à des soins psychiatriques. Le projet de loi déposé sur le bureau de la Présidence de l’Assemblée nationale le 5 mai 2010 en apporte la confirmation. Le texte en instance devant les institutions parlementaires révèle une finalité sanitaire, mais le droit individuel à la protection de la santé parviendrait à justifier une contrainte que les motifs d’ordre public ne pourraient fonder ; l’obligation de soins psychiatriques ne serait plus uniquement fondée sur les manifestations extérieures de la maladie du point de vue de la vie civile. En outre, si les exigences récemment dégagées par le Conseil constitutionnel à l’occasion d’une question prioritaire de constitutionnalité portant sur le maintien de la personne en hospitalisation contrainte constituent une amélioration, la présence accrue du juge judiciaire dans les procédures n’apporterait aucun supplément de garantie dès lors que les dispositions nouvelles opèreraient une profonde transformation de la fonction du juge des libertés en la matière, notamment en l’associant à la décision d’obligation de soins. Contre toute attente, l’objet sanitaire de la mesure, lorsqu’il devient une fin en soi et n’est plus subordonné à l’ordre public, se révèle liberticide (Deuxième partie)The old law on insane people has often been criticized but none of the numerous attempts of reform, that it has met throughout its history, has prevented the outstanding move of cares towards more liberty, notably through sectorization. The lack of adaptation of the monarchist law made the legislator act in 1990, but the action was very relative as 90-527 law only rephrased, with some updates, the means to constrain to a treatment abiding by public policy. But, the new law, intended for the improvement of liberty and the protection of hospitalized insane persons, had paradoxical results: an extension and a reinforcement of psychiatric constraint, which made reappear the criticisms of jurisdictional dualism, which psychiatric hospitalization is subjected to. The court relentlessly reaffirmed its attachment to the principle of separation of administrative and judiciary authorities, while it was rejecting the legal argument’s unification of the psychiatric hospitalization without agreement in favor of the judicial judge. The High Court, with an adjudication dated from February 17th, 1997, made a rationalization of disagreement’s skills which allowed the jurisdictional plan to reveal its efficiency : administration, nowadays, has to make sure the hospitalization is respectful of procedures, it would be compulsorily sanctioned in case of a breach of the rules (First part). Nevertheless, hospitalized persons without acceptance should worry about the high-level of guarantee of their rights. Since 1997, an imminent reform of this law has been expected. Numerous reports and studies have led to sanitarian or security order proposals, which sparked concern. The measures about the statement of penal irresponsibility due to mental disorder, and tackled in 2008-174 law, kept feeding these concerns making the situation of persons forced to psychiatric cares worse. The bill submitted to the President of the national assembly on May 5th, 2010, confirmed this evolution. The text pending the parliamentary institution has a sanitarian aim, but the individual right to health protection would justify a constraint that public order can not establish ; the necessity of psychiatric cares would not only be based on the external manifestation of the disease as an aspect of civilian life. Moreover, even if the constitutional Council’s requirements, defined during a major questioning of the constitutionality of the maintenance of constrained hospitalization, are an enhancement, the increased presence of a judicial judge during the procedure would not ensure better guarantee as long as the new disposals operate a deep transformation of judges' duties, notably if they are associated with the decision of constrained cares. Against all expectations, the sanitarian aspect of the measure, when it turns to be an end in itself and is not dependent on public order, is dwindling liberties (Second part)
Books on the topic "Contraste Mental"
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Claire, Maugey, ed. Droit et hospitalisation psychiatrique sous contrainte. Paris: Harmattan, 2009.
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Stark, Jasna. Droit et hospitalisation psychiatrique sous contrainte. Paris: Harmattan, 2009.
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American Psychological Association. Practice Directorate. and Coopers & Lybrand., eds. Contracting with organized delivery systems: Selecting, evaluating, and negotiating contracts. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1996.
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Frank, Richard G. Organizational failure and incentive contracts in the public sector: Evidence from an experiment in the financing of mental health care. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991.
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Sara, Rosenbaum. An evaluation of contracts between managed care organizations and community mental health and substance abuse treatment and prevention agencies. [Rockville, Md.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 1997.
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Kogel, C. H. de. Contraire beëindiging van de TBS-maatregel: Aantal, aard en verband met recidive. Den Haag: Boom Juridische Uitgevers, 2005.
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New York (State). Insurance Dept., ed. The Need for change in the mental illness exclusion in health insurance contracts: An Insurance Department review of issues relating to insurance benefits for mental illness. [Albany, N.Y: State of New York, Insurance Dept., 1989.
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Benefits, Virginia Special Advisory Commission on Mandated Health Insurance. Report of the Special Advisory Commission on Mandated Health Insurance Benefits [on] parity in the coverage of mental health treatment and coverage for outpatient treatment in individual policies and contracts to the Governor and the General Assembly of Virginia. Richmond: Commonwealth of Virginia, 1996.
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Silver, Karen, M.P.H, Wehr Elizabeth, Center for Health Policy Research (American Medical Association), George Washington University, and United States. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, eds. An evaluation of contracts between managed care organizations and community mental health and substance abuse treatment and prevention agencies. [Rockville, Md.?]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 1997.
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Silver, Karen, M.P.H., Wehr Elizabeth, and United States. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration., eds. An evaluation of contracts between state Medicaid agencies and managed care organizations for the prevention and treatment of mental illness and substance abuse disorders. [Rockville, Md.?]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Contraste Mental"
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Titchkosky, Tanya, and Katie Aubrecht. "The Anguish of Power: Remapping Mental Diversity with an Anticolonial Compass." In Breaching the Colonial Contract, 179–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9944-1_10.
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Petrila, John. "From Constitution to contracts: Mental disability law at the turn of the century." In The evolution of mental health law., 75–100. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10414-004.
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Hopkinson, Rebecca A., and Nathaniel G. Sharon. "Gender Dysphoria and Multiple Co-occurring Psychiatric Issues: Compare and Contrast." In Affirmative Mental Health Care for Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth, 189–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78307-9_13.
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Ali, Harún H. "Contracts, Different Types of QA Companies, and Wages." In The Pocket Mentor for Video Game Testing, 18–27. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003314806-2.
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Albuquerque, Ciro Férrer Herbster, and Teresa Patrícia Fernandes Ribeiro. "ARQUITETURA, NEUROCIÊNCIA E SAÚDE MENTAL: A INFLUÊNCIA DO DESIGN SALUTOGÊNICO NO AMBIENTE DE TRABALHO EM ESTÁDIOS DE FUTEBOL." In Acessibilidade e perspectiva de projeto: aspecto da construção urbana, 21–41. Editora Científica Digital, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37885/240616770.
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O Estádio Municipal de Braga, intitulado de Braga Sporting Stadium Club, transcende o seu papel de arena esportiva, compondo um símbolo de paixão, história e comunhão para a comunidade de Braga, Portugal. O presente estudo objetiva explorar a aplicação da neurociência aplicada à arquitetura na influência dos espaços físicos sobre as respostas emocionais e cerebrais dos indivíduos, com foco particular na saúde mental em ambientes de trabalho. Utilizando uma metodologia de revisão bibliográfica interdisciplinar seguida do estudo de caso do Braga Stadium, a pesquisa analisa como os elementos arquitetônicos dos ambientes de trabalho dos estádios de futebol influenciam o bem-estar e a eficiência dos trabalhadores. Evidências científicas revelam que a arquitetura influencia significativamente as emoções dos torcedores, promovendo um senso de pertencimento e envolvimento, enquanto, no contexto laboral, o design salutogênico adequado pode mitigar os índices de estresse crônico e alavancar a satisfação interpessoal dos trabalhadores. A análise qualitativa, que considera aspectos históricos, funcionais, estruturais e fotográficos do Braga Stadium, busca identificar o que torna um ambiente de trabalho saudável em contraste com um prejudicial aos ocupantes. Os resultados mostram que a neurociência aplicada à arquitetura pode melhorar substancialmente a saúde mental dos usuários do estádio, beneficiando funcionários e enriquecendo a experiência geral. A conclusão sugere que, embora o projeto tenha recebido o Prêmio Pritzker em 2011, as necessidades biopsicossociais dos trabalhadores podem não ter sido plenamente contempladas, apontando para a importância de futuras investigações no campo da arquitetura e bem-estar dos trabalhadores em estádios de futebol em prol da saúde dos ocupantes.
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TORRES, BARBARA VITÓRIA DOS SANTOS, LINDYNÊS AMORIM DE ALMEIDA, RILLARY CAROLINE DE MELO SILVA, JISLENE DOS SANTOS SILVA, RODRIGO BATISTA DE LIMA, GIOVANNA CARLA RODRIGUES BARBOSA, FLÁVIO GUILHERME PEREIRA, CATARINA COSTA DE OLIVEIRA, and MÁRIO CÉZAR ASPETT COTT. "DESAFIOS VIVENCIADOS EM UNIDADES DE TERAPIA INTENSIVA PELA DÍADE MÃE-FILHO." In Vida e Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente: aspectos multidisciplinares, 221–31. 2nd ed. Editora Humanize, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/5419718.2-19.
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Introdução: As Unidades de Terapia Intensivas (UTIs) são espaços onde são realizados constantes cuidados a fim de favorecer a sobrevivência dos pacientes que devido alguma situação de risco encontram-se hospitalizados. Os procedimentos que são realizados, geralmente são invasivos, e, portanto, estressantes para a família. A internação de um filho em uma UTI e sua consequente separação do âmbito familiar, afeta a família toda, mas em especial, a mãe, que passa a conviver com a dor, a tristeza, a ansiedade e outros sintomas negativos. Além disso, o ambiente também pode trazer consequências, principalmente, no âmbito emocional da criança. Objetivo: Identificar os problemas materno-infantis enfrentados no âmbito da unidade de terapia intensiva. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada a partir da estratégia de busca avançada em bases de dados pré-selecionadas, auxiliada pelo operador booleano “AND” associando aos descritores retirados da lista de Descritores em Ciência da Saúde (DeCS/MeSH): “UTI” AND “Criança” AND “Estresse”. Resultados e Discussão: Dez artigos foram selecionados para a composição da revisão. Dentre os achados principais destacam-se que as mães possuem predisposição a terem ansiedade, depressão e transtorno do estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) frente ao internamento do filho. Enquanto as crianças internadas em UTIs tinham mais probabilidade de desenvolverem TEPT do que aquelas internadas em enfermarias normais. Em contraste, os trabalhos voltados para os neonatos evidenciou a complexidade de inferir os efeitos da UTI neste segmento, onde os trabalhos detiveram maior subjetividade. Considerações Finais: Nesse ínterim, os problemas materno-infantis mais referenciados foram aqueles que concernem a saúde mental, sendo observado um maior adoecimento mental nas mães do que nas crianças, fazendo-se necessário um aporte psicológico para estas. Palavras-chave: Saúde Materno-Infantil; Saúde Mental; UTI.
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Toon, Adam. "Contrasts, Causes, and Consciousness." In Mind as Metaphor, 33—C2P78. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198879626.003.0003.
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Abstract This chapter develops and motivates mental fictionalism by comparing it to well-known alternative positions, such as behaviourism and instrumentalism. It also considers how fictionalism relates to Gilbert Ryle’s view of the mind and Daniel Dennett’s influential work on the intentional stance. The chapter tries to show that fictionalism has advantages over each of these positions. It also responds to two important objections that might be levelled against mental fictionalism. The first is that it overlooks the fact that mental states are causes (mental causation). The second is that it cannot explain the immediate, conscious awareness that we have of our own mental states (introspection).
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Davies, Paul S. "21. Capacity." In JC Smith's The Law of Contract. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198807810.003.0021.
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This chapter discusses the issue of capacity. The general rule is that contracts are valid but unenforceable on minors (persons under 18 years of age). However, they are enforceable against adults, and a minor can ratify a contract upon attaining the age of majority so that the contract is enforceable against both parties. At common law, mental incapacity is not by itself a reason to set aside a contract. But if the other party knows, or ought to know, of the mental incapacity, then the contract can be set aside. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 makes it clear that a person who lacks capacity must still pay a reasonable price for necessary goods and services.
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Davies, Paul S. "21. Capacity." In JC Smith's The Law of Contract, 311–19. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198853503.003.0021.
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This chapter discusses the issue of capacity. The general rule is that contracts are valid but unenforceable on minors (persons under 18 years of age). However, they are enforceable against adults, and a minor can ratify a contract upon attaining the age of majority so that the contract is enforceable against both parties. At common law, mental incapacity is not by itself a reason to set aside a contract. But if the other party knows, or ought to know, of the mental incapacity, then the contract can be set aside. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 makes it clear that a person who lacks capacity must still pay a reasonable price for necessary goods and services.
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Nanay, Bence. "Language." In Mental Imagery, 145—C19P29. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809500.003.0019.
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Abstract Mental imagery is often contrasted with language—and imagistic cognition is contrasted with linguistic cognition. But new empirical results show that language processing itself very much relies on, and is intertwined with, the manipulation of mental imagery. Some implications of this are traced both for specific psychological phenomena (like the Stroop effect) and for the methodology of understanding the human mind.
Conference papers on the topic "Contraste Mental"
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Kaufmann, Kurt, Michel Costes, Anthony Gardner, François Richez, and Arnaud Pape. "Numerical Investigation of Three-dimensional Dynamic Stall on an Oscillating Finite Wing." In Vertical Flight Society 70th Annual Forum & Technology Display, 1–12. The Vertical Flight Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0070-2014-9452.
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Three-dimensional numerical computations using ONERA's structured elsA code and the unstructured DLR-TAU code are compared with the OA209 finite wing experiments in static stall and dynamic stall conditions at a Mach number of 0.16 and a Reynolds number of 1 x 10⁶. The DLR-TAU computations were run with the Spalart-Allmaras and Menter SST turbulence models, and the elsA computations were carried out using the Spalart-Allmaras and the k-ω Kok + SST turbulence models. Although comparable grids were used the static simulations show large discrepancies in the stall region between the structured and unstructured approaches. Large differences for the three-dimensional dynamic stall case are obtained with the computations using the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model showing no flow separation in contrast to the experiment. The three-dimensional dynamic stall computations with the two-equation turbulence models are in good agreement with the unsteady pressure measurements and flow field visualizations of the experiment, but also show a shift in the stall angle compared to the experiment. The analysis of the flow field around the finite wing using the numerical simulations reveals the evolution of the Ω-shaped vortex, generated by the interaction of the blade tip vortex.
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Alkimim, Bruno Melo, and Alcione Oliveira dos Santos. "BURNOUT PARENTAL NO CONTEXTO DA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Saúde Pública On-line: Uma abordagem Multiprofissional. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/3268.
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Introdução: A pandemia da COVID-19 trouxe mudanças relevantes no cenário global, alterando o estilo de vida e o cotidiano dos cidadãos. Nessa perspectiva, medidas como o isolamento social, trabalho remoto e ensino à distância foram adotadas, o que afetou diretamente a saúde mental dos indivíduos. Em consequência disso, destaca-se a síndrome de burnout parental como um dos transtornos frequentes apresentado por alguns pais diante da atual conjuntura, caracterizado pelo cansaço extremo, cobranças pessoais e sentimentos de ineficiência, que comprometem a relação com os filhos. Objetivos: Analisar o burnout parental, de modo a destacar suas causas e impactos durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Material e métodos: Este estudo foi elaborado através do método de revisão integrativa, utilizando ferramentas online de busca de artigos científicos e/ou clínicos publicados entre os anos 2020 e 2021, indexados em fontes multinacionais. Resultados: Dados obtidos de um estudo global envolvendo 42 países, publicado na revista Affective Science, apontam que os desafios na conciliação de tarefas, a sobrecarga e o aumento das responsabilidades culminaram no esgotamento parental. Verificou-se também que países com culturas individualistas são mais propensos ao desenvolvimento de burnout de pais e mães. Já em uma pesquisa realizada pela Universidade do Porto, no período entre a primeira e segunda onda da COVID -19, comparou-se um grupo de pais e mães que viviam com um filho ou mais, observou-se que na segunda onda houve aumento da exaustão, do distanciamento emocional, do contraste e da despersonalização, os quais são características marcantes dessa psicopatologia. Outrossim, uma investigação executada pela Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão revelou que, das mães entrevistadas, 34% tiveram sentimentos negativos durante a pandemia, já 47% que não tinham sinais de depressão passaram a apresentá-los, corroborando o impacto negativo do isolamento social em indicadores de saúde mental materna. Conclusão: Nota-se, portanto, que essa mudança na dinâmica familiar presenciada tem levado a um o aumento da incidência de burnout parental, caracterizando um problema de saúde pública. Nesse contexto, mostra-se a importância da busca por ajuda profissional, aliada à uma rotina com introdução de atividades individuais e coletivas que aliviem o estresse, conforme a realidade de cada família.
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De Azevedo, Saulo Bueno, Gean Scherer da Silva, Gabriela Kohl Hammacher, and Natália Gonçalves Rengel. "MANEJO DE INFECÇÃO POR TOXOPLASMOSE NO SISTEMA NERVOSO CENTRAL DE PACIENTES HIV POSITIVO." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Parasitologia Humana On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/689.
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Introdução: A avaliação e manejo de pacientes HIV positivos com mudança de estado mental ou exame neurológico anormal é um desafio. É comum haver lesões em exames de imagem que dependendo do tamanho e localização são emergências médicas. O fator mais importante para determinar um diagnóstico dentre outros é a o grau de imunossupressão – contagens menores que 200 CD4/microL há grande chance de infecção oportunística ou tumores derivados da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (SIDA). Objetivo: Analisar como é o manejo de infecção por toxoplasmose no sistema nervoso central de pacientes HIV positivo. Material e métodos: Esse trabalho é uma revisão de literatura sobre o manejo da neuroinfecção por toxoplasmose em pacientes sidéticos. Pesquisou-se no SCIELO e PUBMED os descritores: “toxoplasmose, SIDA, manejo, tratamento, sistema nervoso central” suas combinações e variantes em inglês. Resultados: Há, segundo a literatura, formas diferentes de manejo a depender da contagem de células CD4. O ideal seria a correta investigação da condição que está levando o paciente a ter os sintomas conduzida pelos exames de imagem – tomografia computadorizada e ressonância nuclear magnética com dois tempos de contraste – feitos no início do cuidado médico, que devem evidenciar lesões nodulares com ou sem edema no parênquima cerebral. Após a identificação das lesões do parênquima cerebral, deveria ser feita punção liquórica para análise das características laboratoriais e PCR do líquor em busca do agente patológico gerador da moléstia, para posterior tratamento. Há, entretanto, outra metodologia terapêutica que visa o tratamento empírico para toxoplasmose logo após a identificação das lesões cerebrais devido à alta incidência de neuroinfecção no público sidético. Nessa modalidade, depois da visualização das lesões e início do tratamento, prossegue-se com a investigação diagnóstica. O tratamento é feito com sulfadiazina e pirimetamina por 10 a 14 dias. Conclusão: Tendo em vista o proposto, torna-se evidente que o fator mais importante para fazer diagnóstico e tratamento precoces – fundamentais para bons resultados – é saber a contagem de CD4, norteador de todo o esquema de manejo.
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Liu, Yihong. "A Corpus-Based Contrastive Study on the English Translation of “Wine Culture” in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms." In 2022 3rd International Conference on Mental Health, Education and Human Development (MHEHD 2022). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220704.101.
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Tennakoon, M., A. Samaraweera, T. Colangelo, S. Sharma, J. Tiller, J. Zeller, and S. D. Gallage. "Comparative study of work-related factors affecting mental well-being of male and female construction workers in Australia." In World Construction Symposium - 2023. Ceylon Institute of Builders - Sri Lanka, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2023.29.
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The construction industry is long perceived as physically demanding, and less consideration has been given to the mental well-being of the construction workers. The increasing number of mental health concerns urges the research to expand their focus from work health, safety and accident prevention to the “physio-social effects” on workers’ well-being. Hence, this research aims to explore the effect of work-related factors on the mental well-being of male and female construction workers. After a thorough literature review to set the background, a qualitative research approach was adopted as the methodology. Sixteen participants across two cases were interviewed, and the sample is an equal representation of male and female construction workers in Australia. Factors affecting mental well-being are recognised under five themes through the content analysis of the case study results, including the machoism characteristics of the industry culture; the high-risk and fast-paced work environment; financial stability and financial literacy; uneven workload and unconventionally long working hours; and the involvement of the employer’s management in reassuring the mental well-being. The key implication is that the same inherent machismo cultural characteristics of the Australian construction industry distinctly affect the mental well-being of male and female construction workers. The unpredictability of casual and contract-based appointments causes low job security and financial stability among male workers leading to financial stress. The current study emphasises that a one-stop approach to address the mental health issues of male and female construction workers is ineffective and proposes further in-depth research under the emerged themes of the research.
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Seo, Sangwon, and Vaibhav V. Unhelkar. "Semi-Supervised Imitation Learning of Team Policies from Suboptimal Demonstrations." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/346.
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We present Bayesian Team Imitation Learner (BTIL), an imitation learning algorithm to model the behavior of teams performing sequential tasks in Markovian domains. In contrast to existing multi-agent imitation learning techniques, BTIL explicitly models and infers the time-varying mental states of team members, thereby enabling learning of decentralized team policies from demonstrations of suboptimal teamwork. Further, to allow for sample- and label-efficient policy learning from small datasets, BTIL employs a Bayesian perspective and is capable of learning from semi-supervised demonstrations. We demonstrate and benchmark the performance of BTIL on synthetic multi-agent tasks as well as a novel dataset of human-agent teamwork. Our experiments show that BTIL can successfully learn team policies from demonstrations despite the influence of team members' (time-varying and potentially misaligned) mental states on their behavior.
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Pinto, João Pedro Miguez, Laís Cristina Pereira da Silva, Katarina Pereira do Lago, Orlando Rocha Seixas Neto, Luiz Augusto Ferreira Alvarez, Luciana Lins Palmeira Ferreira, and Bianca Gabriella de Oliveira. "Taxa de morbidade por transtornos mentais e comportamentais devido ao abuso de álcool no Brasil nos anos de 2010 a 2020." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.144.
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Introduction: Alcohol consumption in Brazil portrays a major economic, social, and health challenge. There is no single solution to this complex problem. However, over the years, the morbidity rate for mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol abuse has been reducing, in absolute values, throughout Brazil. Objective: To compare morbidity rates for mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol abuse in Brazil from 2010 to 2020, in view of the implementation of public policies aimed at reducing alcohol consumption in contrast to the pandemic resulting from the COVID-19 declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional observational study of aggregate data collected from the SUS Hospital Information System (SIH-SUS) by the SUS Department of Informatics (DATASUS), where the morbidity rate for mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol abuse in Brazil from 2010 to 2020 was observed. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed for further adjustment as to parametric or nonparametric group comparison tests. A linear regression in the 11 years surveyed was also performed to assess the reduction of the morbidity rate in the Brazilian territory in this period. Results: In the linear regression from 2010 to 2020, across Brazil, there was evidence of a reduction in the morbidity rate for mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol abuse, with the following Results: β=-2767.706; R2=0.964; p <0.001. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be seen that, according to the study, there was a decrease in the mortality rate for mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol abuse. It is hypothesized that the political implementations that defined guidelines and goals for attention to this disease possibly influenced the final result of the study.
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Viswanathan, Vimal K., and Julie S. Linsey. "Physical Models in Idea Generation: Hindrance or Help?" In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28327.
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Engineering idea generation is a critical part of new product development and physical models are one tool used in this phase of design. Unfortunately, few guidelines about the effective use of physical models to support idea generation exist. The advantages and disadvantages of physical models need to be clarified so that engineers know when and where to implement them effectively. Previous literature indicates there is potential for design fixation on physical prototypes. This limits the solutions considered. In contrast, other recommendations encourage the extensive use of physical models and the psychological literature indicates that physical representations have the potential to lead to more feasible design by supporting designers’ mental models of physical phenomena. This study evaluates these questions with a between-subjects experiment with four conditions, sketching only, building, building & testing, and constrained sketching. No evidence for design fixation is observed. The results show that physical models supplement designers’ mental models, thereby leading to higher quality ideas (fraction of functional ideas). This result shows a potential way of improving designer’s innovation by strategically implementing fast and cheap prototyping methods.
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De Deyne, Simon, Amy Perfors, and Daniel J. Navarro. "Predicting Human Similarity Judgments with Distributional Models: The Value of Word Associations." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/671.
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To represent the meaning of a word, most models use external language resources, such as text corpora, to derive the distributional properties of word usage. In this study, we propose that internal language models, that are more closely aligned to the mental representations of words, can be used to derive new theoretical questions regarding the structure of the mental lexicon. A comparison with internal models also puts into perspective a number of assumptions underlying recently proposed distributional text-based models could provide important insights into cognitive science, including linguistics and artificial intelligence. We focus on word-embedding models which have been proposed to learn aspects of word meaning in a manner similar to humans and contrast them with internal language models derived from a new extensive data set of word associations. An evaluation using relatedness judgments shows that internal language models consistently outperform current state-of-the art text-based external language models. This suggests alternative approaches to represent word meaning using properties that aren't encoded in text.
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"SUBSTANCE USE AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN THE PSYCHIATRIC CARE UNIT OF THE SOCIAL AFFAIRS SERVICE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA." In 23° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2021. SEPD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2021p030v.
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Introduction: University stage imply some changes and challenges that turn it into a crucial and tricky period for mental health and substance use. Material and methods: We present a study based on a sample of 49 people of the university community, 37 women and 12 men, evaluated in a seven months period. The assessment consisted in an interview carried out by a psychiatrist. A database was designed, providing the clinical information obtained from the interview and entry sheets during the first visit. Following descriptive and analytic studies were performed using the hypothesis contrast “Chi-Square” test. The reference statistical significance level was α = 0.05. Aims: To study the impact of substance use in the mental health of our sample in order to implement new prevention and treatment strategies. Results: 53,1% of the sample abuse substances: 30,8% men and 69,2% women (p 0,277). Alcohol is the most used substance in the sample (80,8%), followed by tobacco (57,7%) and cannabis (30,8%). Concerning psychopathology, insomnia (53,8%) is the most frequent symptom (p 0,260); thoughts of death were present in 46,2% of the substance users (p 0,419); while self-harm (p 0,365) and suicidal attempts (p 0,113) were described by the 19,2% of that group of the sample. Eating disorders and psychosis were observed in 23,1% (p 0,560) and 11,5% (p 0,743) respectively. Conclusions: Substance use is a very prevalent practice in our sample. We have observed some clinical symptoms are frequent in this part of the sample and we should pay special attention to their prevention and early treatment, as well as that of the substance use. This way we could minimize and tackle Mental Health problems in our sample.
Reports on the topic "Contraste Mental"
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Beattie, Graham, Jean-William Laliberté, Catherine Michaud-Leclerc, and Philip Oreopoulos. What Sets College Thrivers and Divers Apart? A Contrast in Study Habits, Attitudes, and Mental Health. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23588.
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Comunicación de las Ciencias, Centro. Teletrabajo y salud mental positiva: Un equilibrio necesario en contexto de pandemia. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/2050012728/9605202039.
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El teletrabajo puede describirse como una forma de organizar y ejecutar una determinada función o actividad profesional fuera de las instalaciones definidas por el empleador (habiendo de por medio un contrato de trabajo o prestación de servicios), utilizando las diferentes tecnologías de las información y la comunicación (en adelante TICs). En este sentido, se ha observado que el teletrabajo tendría implicancias positivas para los objetivos de una organización, tales como mayor productividad, menor rotación de personal, promoción de la autonomía y la ética profesional de los empleados, autoresponsabilidad, digitalización de los procesos administrativos, etc. No obstante, y en vista a la pandemia provocada por el COVID19, en el que nuestro país se encuentra viviendo una cuarentena progresiva y aislamiento social (suspensión de clases en sistema educativo, priorización del teletrabajo por sobre actividades presenciales, estado de excepción constitucional y toque de queda nacional), implementación de barreras sanitarias e incluso el cierre total de aquellas localidades y ciudades en las que se ha detectado un brote de contagios (Puerto Williams y Región del Ñuble por ejemplo), conviene preguntarse ¿de qué manera se podría armonizar la progresiva utilización del teletrabajo y la educación a distancia, en un contexto de pandemia mundial? ¿Cómo proteger la salud mental de las personas cuando enfrentan múltiples requerimientos virtuales?
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Robinson, Richard N. S., Matt Brenner, Tin Doan, Nik Steffens, Jason Lodge, and Shelagh Mooney. The Mental Health and Wellbeing of Chefs in Commercial Kitchens: An Australasian Study. Auckland University of Technology, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/10292/17072.
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Following earlier qualitative research on chefs’ mental health and wellbeing from some members of the project team, this Australasian study sought to complement that work but also to quantify aspects of chefs’ wellbeing in the mid and post COVID-19 context. Surveys were disseminated via various channels, including peak culinary associations, educator networks and social media. After data cleansing, 300 completed surveys were retained for analysis: 226 from Australian and 74 from New Zealand / Aotearoa. Highest participation rates were from culinarians with less than three years cooking experience and those with greater than 21 years in professional kitchens. There was a higher education level than expected from respondents, which may be a self-selection bias in terms of willingness to complete a technical survey. Generally, the Australian and New Zealand / Aotearoa economic, social and industrial contexts are similar. Given this and due to the higher number of Australian respondents, we have benchmarked some findings to the Australian general population. Highlights from the findings showed a high rate of presenteeism, that is ‘working when sick’, which is disconcerting in the mid and post-COVID-19 context. The sample generally reported characteristics associated with poor lifestyle and health habits. These included low consumption of breakfast, low rates of regular to moderate levels of exercise, a less than recommended number of hours slept on a work night, and negative perceptions of their sleep quality. Interestingly, this contrasted with generally high self-reported perceptions of respondents’ own overall health. Other lifestyle factors did not match respondent’s optimistic views about their health. Higher rates of tobacco smoking than in the Australian and New Zealand / Aotearoa general population were reported. The alcohol consumption rates of the chef respondents were generally in line with those reported for the general population of Australia, with a few exceptions. For instance, nearly 7% of the chefs noted drinking daily in comparison to the rate of 5% for the general population. Similarly, 18% of the chefs reported drinking 1-2 days a week which is slightly higher than the rate of 17% reported for the general population of Australia. Similarly, 15% of the chefs indicated consuming alcohol 3-4 days a week which is higher than the rate of 11% reported for the general population of Australia. Finally, the general population chose to abstain from alcohol at a much higher rate (23%) than the nearly 15% reported by the chef respondents. Contrarily, cannabis use for non-medical purposes amongst the chefs was considerably lower than the general population. Similarly low rates of consumption were reported for a range of other illicit drugs. The survey included numerous scientific measures for individual wellbeing, organisational factors and outcomes. Although overall individual wellbeing, according to several measures, for the sample was in the lower range of normal, a fifth of the sample showed poorer outcomes which brought the overall rating down. Resilience among chefs was also lower than average.
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Petitet, Marie, and Benjamin Ricaud. How Can Bilateral Contracts Support Electricity Trade? A Regional Electricity Model Perspective for the GCC Plus Egypt, Jordan, and Iraq. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2024-dp15.
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Cross-border electricity trading in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) can provide cost and environmental benefits. However, for historical reasons, electricity trading has not reached a mature stage in this region. Based on a bespoke economic dispatch model for the 2030 horizon, this paper investigates the cost and emission implications of electricity trade in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries plus Egypt, Jordan, and Iraq. The model adopts an hourly resolution demand profile and considers current and future network interconnections. We focus specifically on the trade between Saudi Arabia and Egypt, given that they have the largest power sectors in the region. The results indicate that implementing hourly market coupling can decrease a region’s annual generation cost by 1.6% while avoiding 34% of renewable curtailment and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 8 million metric tons.
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Smyth, Emer, and Helen Russell. Trends in Disability Prevalence among Young People: Insights from the Growing Up in Ireland Study. ESRI, October 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs192.
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Background to the study This report draws on analyses of the two cohorts of the Growing Up in Ireland (GUI) study to examine trends in the prevalence of disability among 13-year-olds over the decade 2011/2012 to 2021/2022. The report looks at changes over time in the size and composition of those with a long-lasting condition (LLC) or disability, at the presence of socio-emotional difficulties and/or depressive symptoms among these groups, and at a range of adolescent outcomes. The prevalence of long-lasting conditions and disability The prevalence of disability is highly dependent on the definitions and measures used. As a result, changes in the measures used in GUI between cohorts, and between survey waves within cohorts, make it challenging to provide comparable estimates of the level and nature of disability over time. Nonetheless, GUI data offer the most comprehensive information on the experience of disability among young people in Ireland. In this report, a distinction is drawn between young people with a long-lasting condition or illness who are not hampered by that condition (termed ‘non-hampered LLC’) and the group of young people who are hampered, at least to some extent, by that condition, for whom we use the term disability. Based on mother reports, the proportion of 13-year-olds with any LLC has increased from 24 per cent for Cohort ’98 to 36 per cent for Cohort ’08. The proportion of the total cohort who had received at least one diagnosis of a condition or disability grew from 16 per cent for Cohort ’98 to 31 per cent for Cohort ’08. The group with a disability (i.e. those who are hampered by a condition) increased from 6 per cent for Cohort ’98 to 23 per cent for Cohort ’08. This estimate is higher than figures from Census 2022, which used a different definition and where 14 per cent of 13-year-olds were reported to have a disability. The GUI data show a growth in the prevalence of disability and LLCs among all social groups over the period, though a shift in the gender composition is evident, with girls now as likely as boys to have an LLC or disability. Changes in the classification of types of conditions, and small numbers in several groups, make it difficult to identify which particular conditions are driving the overall increase. Among those with an LLC, there is an increase in both respiratory and behavioural difficulties, the largest groups, over time. The increase is particularly marked for behavioural difficulties, growing from 1 to 17 per cent between cohorts at age 13. Respiratory problems increased but to a much lower level – from 3 to 5 per cent. Focusing on those with a disability only (that is, those who are hampered by that condition), the proportion with an emotional/behavioural difficulty has increased from 1.1 per cent of the total cohort in Cohort ’98 to 13.5 per cent in Cohort ’08. Disability, health and wellbeing Mothers were asked about the general health of their children, distinguishing between those who were very healthy and those who had at least some health problems. In both cohorts, health problems are more prevalent among those with an LLC or disability. Health problems are particularly prevalent among those with a disability but it should be noted that around four in ten of those who are hampered by a disability are not reported to have health problems. Socio-emotional difficulties have increased over time among those with a disability, indicating no diminution of need among the group. In addition, depression scores are found to have increased over time for girls with a disability. In contrast, those who have an LLC but are not hampered by it have become more like the non-LLC/disability group over time in their mental health and wellbeing. This suggests that there may now be greater identification of LLCs that do not generally hamper the lives of young people. Disability and adolescent outcomes Clear differences in adolescent outcomes at age 13 by disability status are evident: young people with an LLC or disability have more conflictual relationships with their parents, smaller peer networks, greater difficulties interacting with peers, less involvement in organised sports and more negative attitudes to school compared to their peers. Across most of the outcomes explored, there remains a substantial gap between those with a disability and those without an LLC/disability in the younger cohort. However, for several of these outcomes, the difference between those with an LLC who are not hampered by it and those without an LLC/disability narrows over time. Growing numbers of people with an LLC or disability may reflect greater identification of conditions over time or greater need among the population. The findings on wellbeing and other outcomes suggest that both factors are at play. Those not hampered by their condition (non-hampered LLC) come to more closely resemble those without any condition over time in their outcomes, suggesting increased identification of certain conditions. At the same time, however, there is evidence of growing need among those described as having a disability, with increased socio-emotional difficulties and (among girls) depression levels. Implications for policy The study findings point to a significant growth over time in the proportion of 13-year-olds reported to have an LLC or disability. This has consequences for the supports required to enable full inclusion. The most commonly reported difficulties among those with a disability now relate to physical impairment and difficulties learning, remembering or concentrating, with these impairments having different implications in terms of the resources and supports required. There has been a good deal of policy development in relation to provision for children and young people with a disability, including a greater focus on assessment of need in the early years, a change in the funding allocation model to schools to address special educational needs (SEN), and the marked growth of special classrooms in mainstream schools. While there is now much greater recognition of the need for more inclusive practice, the findings point to a number of areas for further policy development, spanning the areas of education, health, family support and recreational facilities. These include but are not limited to: the targeting of parenting supports towards families of children and teenagers with a disability to help reduce levels of parent–child conflict; school-based efforts to promote social integration with peers and to facilitate improved school engagement; and inclusive practice in out-of-school sport.
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.
Full textAbstract:
Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor