Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Contraintes thermiques et optiques'
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Michel, Sébastien. "Vers une détermination optique directe des coefficients opto-mécaniques et thermo-optiques des couches minces optiques." Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00330005.
Full textBoussoufi, Félix. "Nanocristaux semi-conducteurs colloïdaux pour dispositifs opto-électroniques : synthèse et stabilité sous contraintes thermiques et optiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS231.
Full textColloidal semiconductor nanocrystals have become during the last thirty years a class of materials that can address new technological solutions for many applications, such as light emitting diodes, solar cells, infrared photodetectors, medical imaging systems, etc. Nevertheless, these nanocrystals suffer from poor stability against external stress (heat, light, humidity, oxygen), limiting their use in many applications. Today, it is therefore necessary to study the physicochemical phenomena at the origin of their degradation and to propose new solutions to improve their stability. The main objective of this thesis was to develop an ink of lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QDs) for a near-infrared photodetector, with stable optoelectronic properties under thermal stress (150 °C for 3 h). The manuscript first presents a study of nanocrystals films made of PbS QDs capped with halide ligands, NH4I and PbX2 (X = I, Br). The optical and photoconductive properties degrade rapidly under the effect of heat, mainly because of the formation of a Pb5S2I6 parasitic phase and of the coalescence of the nanocrystals. An ink of PbS QDs stabilized by CsPbI3 perovskite precursors was subsequently developed. This formulation provides more thermally stable nanocrystal films with better preserved optical, structural and photoconductive properties. These PbS-CsPbI3 QDs films were integrated into a near-infrared (940 nm) photodiode-type photodetector, demonstrating an external quantum efficiency of nearly 49% and a dark current of 10-5 A/cm2, after undergoing the thermal treatment of 150 °C for 3 h. Finally, a spray-drying polymer encapsulation method for CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals is presented. The composite beads, made of acrylate-based polymers, possess a photoluminescence quantum yield of 35% with a fluorescence peak at 518 nm and a half-value width of 22 nm. The encapsulation of the nanocrystals allows an improvement of their photostability, with a stable green emission after 200 h under continuous illumination in an LED/nanocrystal downconverter device
Leplan, Herve. "Les contraintes dans les couches minces optiques." Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0126.
Full textBauchy, Mathieu. "Contraintes topologiques et rigidité dans les verres." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066350.
Full textRigidity theory allows to predict the compositional behavior of many properties in glasses, while only considering their underlying network structure as simple mechanical trusses that can be flexible, isostatic or stressed-rigid. Initially developped for chalcogenide glasses at zero temperature and ambient pressure, this theory has been progressively extended. In this thesis, we present a general method to analyze topological constraints from molecular dynamics simulations, this in order to be able to study the rigidity of more complex systems or experiencing new thermodynamical conditions. Thus, we show that our algorithm allows to study the rigidity of chalcogenide glasses as well as oxide glasses, while offering a clear picture of the nature of the constraints at an atomic level. We also show that it makes it possible to follow their behavior with respect to composition, temperature and pressure. This method allows to track compositional rigidity transitions in systems and to highlight the existence of intermediate phases. We also report the existence of a pressure-induced intermediate phase and show that it is characterized by the same dynamical and structural signatures as usual intermediate phases driven by composition. Finally, we point out the strongly heterogeneous distribution of the constraints in the glassy network
LEFEUVRE, JEAN-MARC. "Reponse au choc thermique de plaques homogenes et composites : application aux composites ti-6al-4v/sic." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EPXX0031.
Full textEchaabi, Jamal Berveiller Marcel. "Contribution à l'analyse des contraintes dans les solides hétérogènes et inalastiques par le potentiel des contraintes." Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1986/Echaabi.Jamal.SMZ8625.pdf.
Full textCheng, Xianchao. "Contraintes thermiques dans les dépôts de couches minces pour les optiques rayons-X sous forte charge thermique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY028/document.
Full textMultilayer optics for X-rays typically consists of hundreds of periods of alternating sub-layers coated on a silicon substrate. The thickness of one period of sub-layers is a few nanometers. The silicon substrate is typically a block of 60 mm large, 60 mm wide and 60 to 300 mm long. The high aspect ratio (~107) between the size of the optics and the thickness of the multilayer can lead to a very large number of elements (~1016) for the numerical simulation (by FEA). Some special layer-functioned elements have been developed recently (in 2011) in ANSYS, which means the properties of each layer can be explicitly defined. In this work, the thermal-structural analysis model has been implemented for multilayer optics by use of these layer-functioned elements. The number of meshed elements is considerably reduced by a factor of more than 30 and the number of sub-layers feasible for the present computers is increased significantly. Based on the finite element model of multilayer optics, the non-uniform three-dimensional temperature distribution can be simulated with variable heat load parameters, cooling conditions, material properties and geometries of the substrate and the coating films. The thermal stress and deformation can be solved quantitatively.Single layer coated mirrors and multilayer monochromators cooled by water or liquid-nitrogen are studied with typical parameters of heat-load, cooling, and geometry. The effects of cooling-down of the optics and the X-ray beam heat-load are described. It is shown that the influences from the coating on temperature and deformation are negligible. The stress in the substrate is only slightly increased (<0.1%). However, large layer stresses are induced due to the different thermal expansion coefficients (CTE) between the layer and substrate materials, which are the critical issues for the survival of the optics. For the water cooling condition, the layer is under compressive stress of tens of MPa which is normally less than the strength of the layer material. For the liquid-nitrogen cooling condition, however, large tensile stress of several hundreds of MPa is formed in the layer as the optics is cooled more than 200 K down to the liquid-nitrogen temperature (80K). This tensile stress can exceed the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) for some kinds of layer materials. The thermal stress in multilayer optics depends on the difference in CTE between the layer material and the substrate material, but it is independent on the CTE difference between different sub-layers. In principle, to minimize the thermal stress, the coating material should have a CTE closer to that of the substrate, smaller Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Moreover, a higher strength of the layer material is beneficial for its ability to withstand the thermal stress.To acquire appropriate information about the behaviour of thin multilayer films under the influence of thermal loading, material properties such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and CTE, of thin multilayer films are determined indirectly by measuring the curvature change due to uniform temperature change. B4C, Pd and Cr single layers and [Pd/B4C] multilayers of thicknesses in the nanometer range are prepared and measured. The experimental results show that all of the studied materials exhibit lower CTE and/or Young's modulus than expected from bulk data in the literature. This is particularly true for the thin B4C films. Therefore, the real thermal stress and strain in the coating layers of a mirror or multilayer optics are significantly smaller than the calculated results with bulk material properties.results with bulk material properties
Gafsi, Rachid. "Capteurs de contraintes et de perturbations a fibres optiques." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0509.
Full textDouale, Philippe. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation thermomécanique du comportement de revêtements en chocs thermiques intenses et cycliques." ENSMP, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENMP0922.
Full textGlais, Estelle. "Nanostructures à propriétés optiques et thermiques pour l’élaboration de « Nanothermomètres »." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS496.
Full textThe study of the variation of luminescent properties with temperature is one of the promising way to measure temperature. Recent studies showed that luminescent nanomaterials allow a local and contactless temperature determination. This could be very useful in many applications like medicine, aeronautic, and marine or in the understanding of catalytic mechanism. ZnGa2O4:Cr3+ is a potential nanothermometer because of its high sensitivity on a large temperature range. Indeed, the luminescence lifetime is drastically dependent on temperature since the 4T2 and 2E emitted levels are in thermal equilibrium. In this study, we firstly optimized the luminescence properties of 10 nm in diameter nanoparticles with the aim of improving their capability as thermal nanosensor. In order to generate a local temperature increase, gold nanorods are then synthetized. Under an appropriate excitation, such gold nanoparticles may induce a heating due to their plasmonic properties. Once the calibration of the nanosensor is effective and the heat generation is highlighted by thermal camera pictures, both nanoheaters and nanothermometers were introduced in the same medium. The variation of the optical nanosensor response is promising. Thus this coupled system is considered as a potential candidate for hyperthermia treatments with a precise and controlled temperature
Gougeon, Nicolas. "Rupture et vieillissement des fibres optiques." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10152.
Full textNeifar, Mondher. "Comportement thermomécanique des enrobes bitumineux : expérimentation et modélisation." Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0122.
Full textThis study enters within the framework researches led to the Geomaterials Laboratory of the Civil Engineering Department and Building of National School of Public Works (E. N. T. P. E), on geomaterials, and more particularly on the coated bituminous. After a bibliographical study on the geomaterials rheology and mechanical properties of the coated bituminous, a modelisation of the bituminous mix behavior is presented. The one-dimension model developed allows to describe the reply of the material in the linear domain, the non-linear domain and to the plastic flow. It presents a discreet aspect and could have be developed by using continuous spectrums. An experimental study of the thermomechanical behavior of a bituminous mix is proposed. A laboratory test has been conceived. It allows to study thermal phenomena, as well as coupled thermal and mechanical effects. During this test, a cylindrical sample is submitted to different plateaus of temperature (thermal effect), for different constant axial stress (mechanical effects). Axial and radial strains are measured. Inside the domain of low temperature and low stress, a stabilisation of strain is obtained. Viscous stress appears in the medium and high range of temperature. Coefficients of radial and axial thermal dilation/contraction are determined. An anisotropic behavior of the material is observed. Finally, an application of the developed discreet model, for the thermal induced stress simulation, is presented. These stresses are related to thermomechanic coupling phenomena. They are originally of pavement cracking in low temperature
Pichon, Pascal. "Fatigue thermomécanique des élastomères polyuréthane : caractérisation expérimentale de l'évolution des microstructures et modélisation des échanges thermiques." Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0012/these.pdf.
Full textTwo segmented polyurethane formulations, PP and Adilithe VIII and their soft and rigid models segments, have been synthesized by low pressure casting. For PP materials, hard segments (HS) are partly dissolved in the soft matrix. Part of the HS forms amorphous nodules and the rest forms organized lamellas, which are structured in shape of spherulites. A radial gradient of morphology is present in the 39 mm-diameter PP cylindrical specimen, due to the exothermal reaction during processing. Adilithe VIII materials don’t show any gradient of morphology and a good phase separation. The microstructure and properties of the PP formulation were followed for several weeks after casting and curing. During this ageing period, the hydrolysis of free NCO functions, which produce urea linkages at the border of soft matrix with amorphous nodules and organized lamellae, is held responsible for the modulus increase. Tensile and compressive static testing shows that both formulations have very different behaviours. PP has a viscoelastic behaviour and reveals a clear Müllins effect. Adilithe VIII has, beyond a certain stress, a viscoelastoplastic behaviour. This behavior limits the range of use of this material, in both static as dynamic modes. The viscoelastic behaviour of polyurethane formulations leads to a dissipation of the supplied mechanical work during a dynamic mechanical test. Part of this dissipated work is converted into heat and leads to a self-heating of the sample during the test. The consequence of the thermomechanical fatigue test is a phase mixing. Beyond the Tg of the HS, some amorphous nodules dissolves in the soft matrix, which results in a decrease of the modulus. After determination of all types of heat transfers that take place in the system, we modelled with a good agreement, and without any adjustable parameter, experimental coolings of samples of different sizes. The contact between samples and steel grips was modelled by a thermal contact resistance. This enables to model the cooling of samples between the grips. The self-heating of the materials under dynamical loading is then modelled, via a finite element software, by defining a heat source related to the mechanical properties of the material (loss compliance). Thermal non-stabilization can also be simulated, with use of a single equation
Forster, Stéphane. "Fiabilité fonctionnelle et mécanismes de dégradation des TRIACs soumis aux chocs thermiques par di/dt à la fermeture." Metz, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2001/Forster.Stephane.SMZ0137.pdf.
Full textTRIACs are bi-directional current switches that are generally protected from perturbations, like dV/dt, by a Snubber circuit. This circuit creates, at the turn-on of the TRIACs, high current pulses (di/dt) responsible of the early degradation of the power devices. The author studies the thermoelectric and thermomecanical effects of the turn-on TRIACs under strong di/dt through transient ISE simulations and failure analysis. The degradation mechanism is characterized by the formation of hot spots in the structure (silicon undergoes a thermal shock) that induce mechanical tensile forces in the die. These cycles of mechanical stress develop the initial defects in fatigue micro-cracks in the silicon bulk or at the interface with the metallic contact. The statistical analysis of the thermal fatigue of the TRIACs shows that the device failures folow a Weibull distribution. An extrapolation law, obtained theoretically from the degradation mechanism, is validated by accelerated life tests. This law is used to estimate the lifetime of the TRIACs under nominal di/dt for a defined application
Forster, Stéphane Charles Jean-Pierre. "Fiabilité fonctionnelle et mécanismes de dégradation des TRIACs soumis aux chocs thermiques par di/dt à la fermeture." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2001/Forster.Stephane.SMZ0137.pdf.
Full textArnal, Etienne. "Modélisation et commande hiérarchisées du bâtiment pour l'amélioration des performances énergétiques, thermiques et optiques." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00873975.
Full textPerrier, Noël. "Expression et accumulation fonctionnelle de l'acétylcholinestérase dans le système nerveux central." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S030.
Full textAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) exists in various molecular forms, depending on alternative splicing and association with other proteins. In the brain, the major species consists of AChET tetramers anchored to the cell membrane of neurons by the PRiMA protein. We analyzed the mRNA expression of PRiMA in the mouse brain, which seems to represent a limiting factor for proper AChE accumulation. We also investigated the role of the C-terminal domain of AChET : its aromatic residues are implicated in folding, secretion and degradation of unassembled subunits. Stress and AChE inhibitors have been reported to induce the expression of the AChER variant, which produces a soluble monomer. We analysed AChE expression in the mouse brain after an immobilization stress and after heat shock in neuroblastoma cells, as well as after irreversible AChE inhibition. We observed a moderate increase of the expression of the AChER variant in some cases, but we did not detect the corresponding active enzyme in vivo
DOUKKALI, KHALID. "Comportement d'un composite epoxy-verre sous l'action de contraintes electriques, thermiques et mecaniques." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30052.
Full textPerret, Christian Witomski P. "Simulation numérique des échanges thermiques et des contraintes thermoélastiques dans un tirage Czochralski." S.l. : Université Grenoble 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00335809.
Full textPerret, Christian. "Simulation numérique des échanges thermiques et des contraintes thermoélastiques dans un tirage Czochralski." Grenoble 1, 1989. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00335809.
Full textTchounkeu, Magloire. "Etudes des propriétés optiques et physiques de GaN-Al2O3 : caractérisation et effets de contraintes." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20029.
Full textMoulard, Gilles. "Développement d'une technique de mesure in situ de contraintes dans les couches minces : application à la mesure des contraintes intrinsèque et thermique." Saint-Etienne, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997STET4015.
Full textGodefroy, Anne. "Croissance et étude d'hétérostructures contraintes pour amplificateurs optiques insensibles à la polarisation." Rennes 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN1A001.
Full textMohanna, Yasser. "Etude de l'état des contraintes internes des préformes et des fibres optiques." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0146.
Full textKétata, Mohamed. "Capteurs à fibres optiques pour la détection et la localisation des contraintes et déformations." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ECAP0094.
Full textPatois, Raphaël. "Méthodes optiques et acoustiques pour les microscopies thermiques et thermo-élastiques aux échelles micro et nanométriques." Besançon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BESA2024.
Full textThis thesis deals with various local detection methods allowing temperature measurement of the sample surface. After a theoretical study concerning the optimization of detection wavelength in infrared radiometry, the first specifications on a near-field radiometer are given. The selected method implements an AFM cantilever which ensures at the same time the topographic control, the dynamic measurement of thermo-elastic displacement and the local probing of the radiative near-field emitted from the sample surface. The tip-sample distance control of our home-build scanning thermal microscope uses the measurement of the resonance frequency of the cantilever. Thermo-elastic images obtained for samples heated by Joule effect show a vertical sensitivity of about a few pm. Hz-1/2, the lateral resolution being limited by the tip radius. Finally, we show that the sensitivity of infrared detection should be increased in order to extract near-field signal
Sqalli, Houssaini Abderrahim. "Champs thermiques et mécaniques induits par le mouvement des dislocations." Metz, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1996/Sqalli_Houssaini.Abderrahim.SMZ9605.pdf.
Full textIn the context of the modelling of materials behaviors, it is difficult to ignore the irreversible processes. These processes are inseparably connected with inelastic or anelastic deformations and therefore with intrinsic dissipation which leads to an overheating of the solid. In practice, these deformations are associated with the propagation of the lattice defects. A thermodynamical analysis of this phenomena shows that the heat source may be represented by the motion of defects causing an important thermal gradient. In this work, we treated the dissipative effects and the thermoelastic coupling mechanisms associated with the moving dislocations. This is done in a general framework but is used to study the thermomechanical effects of the steady-state quasi-static motion of a straight edge dislocations in an elastic medium. To analyse the thermomechanical effects associated with the moving dislocations, we used the irreversible thermodynamic process. We shown that the existence of a moving dislocation in a medium behaves likes a moving and dissipative straight heat source. This source generates a thermal variations which in turn generate thermal strains and stresses. The analysis of these fields shows that the thermomechanical coupling caused by the moving dislocation remains negligible. Nevertheless, the extension of this study to a situation of a large number of dislocations like a shear band allowed to obtain an important thermal effect. Morever, the thermodynamical study permitted to introduce a thermodynamical force associated with the moving dislocation. The calcul of this force from the different thermomechanical fields introduced by the presence and movement of the dislocation allowed to establish that whatever the speed of the dislocation and the radius of her core, this force is exactly the Peach and Koehler one and it's never due to the proper thermomechanical fields of the straight edge dislocation
Sof, Said. "Etude des profils de température dans les plaquettes de silicium multicristallin en cours d’élaboration et simulation d'un système de pilotage du faisceau électronique d'irradiation destiné a diminuer les contraintes d'origine thermique." Lyon, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAL0053.
Full textMulticrystalline silicon solar cells can be achieved with the Electron Powder Ribbon process (EPR) which use a magnetic deflection of an electron beam to make a fusion line. The hight temperature gradients are responsible of the thermal strains appearance. Their elimination requires a better knowledge of the temperature profiles. In that aim, we try to make a 3 dimensional model of the thermal exchanges. After localization and evaluation of the strains due to the temperature profiles, we fit the elaboration process parameters in order to make the profiles linear. Experimentally, we evaluate the residual stresses by computer aided infrared photo-elasticimetry (PIRAO). We propose a computer driving of the electron beam, to ensure the best energy deposit in agreement with the thermal conditions mentioned before
Sudreau, Francois. "Méthodes d'analyse et de simulation de la fatigue thermique de céramiques thermomécaniques." Lyon, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAL0058.
Full textUsually thermal fatigue tests are very long, especially in the case of ceramics, because of the duration of a single thermal cycle and the scattering of the results. The aim of this work is to find new anal sis al lowing a better understanding and better accuracy of the lifetime previsions. First, a statistical anal sis has been developed. With this analysis the result scattering is not a problem but is rather used to find the slow crack growth parameters of the ceramics. In another instance, the slow crack growth has been simulated in the case of a sample submitted to thermal cycles. This simulation has been done by integrating the slow crack growth data foundeby double torsion tests. The slow crack growth stages determined by double torsion tests were carefully taken into account for the simulations
Ballandras, Sylvain. "Sensibilité des oscillateurs à quartz à ondes de surface aux contraintes et gradients thermiques." Besançon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BESA2014.
Full textHugot, Françoise. "Modélisation des contraintes résiduelles thermiques et du comportement plastique des composites à matrice métallique." Lyon, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISAL0046.
Full textIn the future, the metal matrix composites, especially the long or discontinuous fibre reinforced composites will be probably used on a large scale for high technology applications ; however several questions remain open in the domain of mechanical properties : the thermal induced internal stress effect, the kind of loading between fibre and matrix, the damage evolution in the composite. In order to under - stand these phenomena, we have studied the following problems - a single fibre composite is modelized analytically in order to estimate the terminal residual stresses level and their evolution after a tensile test. - a fibre crack is simulated by finite element method and a Coulomb friction criterion is introduced at the interface between the matrix and the fibre. The gap study between the two ends of the broken fibre allow to estimate the interface quality. - a parallel and periodical fibre reinforced composite is studied with various mechanical properties depending on : fibre volume fraction, reinforcement geometry, particle size. Then a upper bound method is developed to predict the mechanical behaviour of a composite with random fibre distribution
Yacoubi, Noureddine. "Contribution à l'étude des propriétés thermiques et optiques des semiconducteurs par la méthode photothermique." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376018611.
Full textBoust, Bastien. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation des pertes thermiques pariétales lors de l'interaction flamme-paroi instantannaire." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2308.
Full textThroughout this work, unsteady flame–wall interaction is studied experimentally in both laminar and turbulent regimes, in order to improve current knowledge and provide reference data for modelling and simulation. First, an equation for thermal head-on flame quenching is derived from the energy balance in quenched zone. Based on heat conduction, this model is confirmed by simulating the combustion of gaseous mixture in a spherical vessel. Additionally, a model for wall heat losses is developed in collaboration with RENAULT, based on a new approach of heat conduction resulting from gas–wall collisions. This model is validated in both laminar and turbulent regimes, and improved in order to account for the influence of gas dynamics on wall heat losses in combustion chambers
Hakim, Ebrahim. "Analyse par éléments finis des coques minces axisymétriques sous chargements mécaniques et thermiques." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ESAE0004.
Full textAssaban, Albert. "Etude des contraintes et de l'adhésion entre des depots métalliques et des supports céramiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30054.
Full textFeltin, Eric. "Hétéro-épitaxie de Nitrure de Gallium sur substrat de silicium (111) et applications." Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE4075.
Full textThe work presented in this manuscript deals with the epitaxial growth of gallium nitride on silicon (111) substrate by Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy for the optoelectronic applications of III-nitride semiconductors. Cracking of the GaN layers is a consequence of th tensile biaxial stress arising from the epitaxy on silicon. Experimental and theoretical analysis of the thermal and intrinsic stresses give a nes possibilities for the growth of GaN on S1 (111) and a better understanding of the problem of cracks in GaN layers. AIN/GaN superlattices have been used for stress engineering in GaN layers deposited on silicon and to strongly increase the GaN thickness deposited on Si (111) without any crack. InGan on silicon for electronic and optoelectronic applications. Three-dimensional growth process and Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth (ELO) process have been developed in order to increase the optical and crystalline properties of GaN layers on silicon. For the first time, a decrease of the dislocations density of more than two orders of magnitude has been achieved in fully coalesced layers. The stresses present in ELO layers and cracked layers were explained by theoretical models for the reduction of stress from free surfaces. In agreement with these models, the stress present in GaN on silicon can be relieved and the formation of crack can be avoided by the decrease of the lateral dimensions of the layers
Reserbat-Plantey, Antoine. "Nanosystèmes graphitiques : cavités optiques ajustables et détection spectrale des contraintes dans un nanorésonateur mécanique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00767927.
Full textKHERBOUCHE, FARID. "Modifications chimiques et des contraintes mecaniques induites par l'irradiation uv des fibres optiques germanosilicates." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA112399.
Full textBrantut, Nicolas. "Couplages thermo-hydro-mécaniques et chimiques lors de la rupture et du glissement sismiques." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077245.
Full textDeformation tests on gypsum at 25 and 70°C show that strain is localized in shear bands, formed by a mixture of brittle and plastic processes. Shear banding is slow at room temperature whereas it is dynamic at 70CC. This acceleration of the deformation with increasing temperature could be explained by a thermal activation of plasticity. In heating tests up to I50°C, above the dehydration temperature of gypsum , the samples undergo a strong compaction, which is associated with a large acoustic activity. During the reaction, the Poisson's ratio of the rock decreases, due to microcracks accumulation and phase change. A theoretical analysis of thermo-hydro-mechanical and chemical couplings during nucleation and seismic slip demonstrates that the enclothennic character of dehydration reactions is responsible for a strong thermal buffering of the plane, even if the slip rate is high. This prediction is confirmed by experimental high-velocity friction tests on gypsum. In addition, the stability analysis of a theoretical fault model shows that dehydration reactions can clestabilize a normally (i. E. When no reaction occurs) stable fault, which can potentially lead to an earthquake. The work summarized in this thesis shows a great complexity of the mechanical behaviour of thermally unstable rocks; it emphasizes the importance of a good knowledge of fault rocks lithology and mineral composition, which is often overlooked by seismologists. This complexity is probably responsible for the great variety of earthquakes observed in nature (e. G. Slow or silent slips, low frequency events. Non-volcanic tremors. . . )
Andenet, Alemu. "Propriétés optiques du nitrure de gallium épitaxié sur la face A du saphir." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20086.
Full textLee, Hwa-Sun Guyomar Daniel Richard Claude. "Etude et réalisation de sources acoustiques de puissance en composite piézoélectrique 1.3 pour applications thérapeutiques." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2004. http://docinsa.insa-lyon/these/pont.php?id=lee.
Full textAhmed, Said Abdallah. "Contribution à l'étude des effets thermiques et des déformations dans les butées hydrodynamiques à géométrie fixe." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Ahmed-Said/2008-Ahmed-Said-These.pdf.
Full textThe influence of thermal effects and solid deformations on the performance of hydrodynamic fixed geometry thrust bearings is analyzed. Previous studies on fixed geometry hydrodynamic thrust bearings combining thermal effects and deformations are scarce. After the presentation of the theory of thermohydrodynamic (THD) lubrication, we describe the methods of deformation calculations. The thermoelastohydrodynamic (TEHD) study, which takes into account the local thermal effects and the solid deformations, is carried out on an eight pad fixed geometry hydrodynamic thrust bearing. The hydrodynamic pressure and temperature fields are obtained by the mean of the finite difference method and the pad and collar displacement fields are computed using the finite element method. We also take into account the runner deformations in order to solve the TEHD problem. The influence of the operating conditions (applied load and rotation speed) on the various characteristics of the thrust bearing is also analyzed. We showed that mechanical deformations of the runner were found very significant for an accurate prediction of the performance of the thrust bearing
Lee, Hwa-Sun. "Etude et réalisation de sources acoustiques de puissance en composite piézoélectrique 1. 3 pour applications thérapeutiques." Lyon, INSA, 2003. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2003ISAL0006/these.pdf.
Full text1-3 piezocomposites were investigated for power ultrasonic applications in the therapeutic medical domain. When the composites were cured at a high temperature, strong induced thermo-mechanical stresses were clearly observed and estimated. At low level, the fabricated composites showed a good reproducibility in terms of sensitivity and bandwidth. When the instantaneous power density is increased with low duty cycle, the best composite configuration shows a 90% efficiency up to 50W/cm². It is made with a Navy III PZT (P189) and an epoxy resin cured at 120°C. Under high average power, the thermal destruction of composites was analyzed. According to the proposed hypothesis, the PZT mechanical loss increase due to the relaxation of the thermo-mechanical stress would be a limiting point in the composite working stability. A transducer made with 50% of PZT P189 and a resin can be operated up to 40W/cm² of average power density at 500kHz without any thermal breakdown
Ahmed, Said Abdallah Fillon Michel. "Contribution à l'étude des effets thermiques et des déformations dans les butées hydrodynamiques à géométrie fixe." Poitiers : I-Médias, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ.poitiers.fr/index.php?id=505.
Full textThivierge, François. "Réhabilitation de chaussées en fonction des effets de gel et autres contraintes, analyse des comportements thermiques et mécaniques." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0023/MQ38200.pdf.
Full textJouha, Wadia. "Etude et modélisation des dégradations des composants de puissance grand gap soumis à des contraintes thermiques et électriques." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR083/document.
Full textThis work aims to investigate the robustness of three generations of power SiC MOSFETs (SiliconCarbide Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field E_ect Transistors). Several approaches are followed :electrical characterization, device modeling, ageing tests and physical simulation. An improvedcompact model based on an accurate parameters extraction method and one electrical characterization results is presented. The parameters extracted precisely from the model (thresholdvoltage, saturation region transconductance...) are used to accurately analyze the static behaviorof two generations of SiC MOSFETs. The robustness of these devices are investigated bytwo tests : HTRB (High Temperature Reverse Bias) stress and an ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)stress. Physical simulation is conducted to understand the impact of the temperature and thephysical parameters on the device electrical characterizations
Bénard, Christelle. "Etudes phénomènes de dégradation des transistos MOS de type porteurs chauds et Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX11028.pdf.
Full textThis thesis work focuses on the different degradation phenomena that can affect a MOSFET. Two degradation modes have been specifically investigated: the Hot Carrier degradation and the NBTI degradation. In the first part, we fully study the relaxation phenomena specific of the defects generated by NBTI. This allows us to further understand the instabilities responsible for the characterization difficulty of the NBTI reliability. We examine in a second part the different existing NBTI characterization methods. It is made clear that, today, the only reliable method is the very fast Vt measurement which avoids any relaxation effect. Thanks to these studies, we have further interpreted the NBTI degradations. We have described a physical model of the NBTI degradation valid for all the studied transistors (Tox=23Å until Tox=200Å). According to this model, a double phenomenon of defect generation is responsible of the parameter shifts: the Si-H bond break which generates an interface state and a hole trap in the near oxide and the trapping on pre-existing defects (higher in thin oxides Tox<32Å). In parallel, we have studied the HC degradation on various transistors. This study has highlighted current degradation phenomena, still not well understood, as the abnormal temperature behavior of the degradation of low voltage transistors, or as the existing of two hot spots and its consequences in specific LDD structures. In the last part, we present the relation between static and dynamic degradations, more representative of the transistor normal conditions of use. This part proves, for example, that the HC contribution is not negligible in the degradation of an inverter gate, despite the fact that the NBTI period is much longer than the HC one
Gueye, Moctar. "Analyse des écoulements autour d'un obstacle et des instabilités thermiques dans un fluide élastoviscoplastique : modélisation numérique par la MEFPIL et comparaison expérimentale." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI057.
Full textIn industrial processes in which yield stress fluids are involved, the sudden transition between solid and fluid states depending on the applied load is a major issue in manyapplications. Additionally, yield stress fluids exhibit other characteristics including their slippage and the existence of elastic deformation below the yield stress.This thesis aims to understand the structure of elasto-viscoplastic fluid flows and, in particular, the parameters affecting flow morphology and applied forces.This research analyses two situations: (1) fluid flows around a plate perpendicular to the flow and (2) Rayleigh Bénard’s instabilities based on numerical modelling with FEMLIP.Firstly, the objective is to identify the effects of plasticity and elasticity using the law of elasto-viscoplastic behaviour, which is an association of Herschel-Bulkley's andMaxwell's models. Moreover, the effects of plasticity and elasticity are compared with available experimental results obtained with a fluid model (Carbopol gel).In this comparison, more complex effects (Shear-thinning, wall slip, the initial state of stress) have been taken into account. The results show a decrease in drag coefficient of the plate when the Oldroyd number (ratio between plastic and viscous effects) becomes predominant. Drag force is also reduced when the Oldroyd number (ratio between plastic and viscous effects) is predominant. The drag coefficient tends towards an asymptotic value which indicates that beyond a certain Oldroyd number, this drag coefficient is not governed by velocity but depends only on yield stress. Drag force increases with elasticity. Besides, the elastic effects are responsible for the dissymmetry that is observed between upstream and downstream the obstacle. The analysis of stress fields allows us to conclude that total drag force is dominated by pressure. Both experimentally and numerically, the influence of an initial state of stress of the material is observed significantly in the area of plastic effect predominant compared to viscous effects. The results obtained with FEMLIP are in the same orders of magnitude that the ones provided by the experiments. In Rayleigh Bénard's case of convection, for a purely viscoplastic fluid thus no elastic effect, the Nusselt number and the velocity norm decrease with an increasing plastic effect therefore the Bingham number (Bn). Beyond a critical value of the Bingham number Bnc (Bnc=1.7), the heat transfer is purely conductive one (Nu = 1). Therefore, elasticity plays a destabilizing role and leads to an enhancement of the convection strength as well as heat transfer via the mean Nusselt number (Nu = 1).Consequently, the size of the yielded regions increases with elasticity. In addition, an increase in the field of the second invariant of the stress tensor in the center of the cavity is shown with increasing Wi. Furthermore, we notice that the first difference of the normal components is the main responsible for the shape of the unyielded regions. The highest values of normal stresses are obtained in the area of recirculation of the fluid (vortex), indicating significant elastic effects. Kinematic, temperature and stress field, shape and size of yielded and unyielded zones investigations allowed to better understand the local phenomena for the same ratio of yield stress effects to buoyancy effects, leading for the slippage case to a distinct convective transfer and for the adherent case to a conductive transfer. The convective onset criteria are in the same orders of magnitude both in sliding and adherent conditions in comparison with experiments
Guerin, Gwénaël. "Contraintes cinématiques et thermiques de l'évolution des "metamorphic core complexes" du SE Arizona (Santa Catalina-Rincon)." Rennes 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988REN10130.
Full textVasseur, Francois. "Réponses intégrées des plantes aux contraintes hydriques et thermiques : du gène au phénotype chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0039/document.
Full textThe mechanisms of plant adaptation and evolution are difficult to investigate since environmental constraints have interactive effects on plant phenotypes. Such study requires an integrated approach about the coordination, at different organizational levels, of the plant phenotypic responses to multiple environmental cues. Using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we assessed the genetic bases of the integrated responses to two major abiotic constraints that strongly interact in the field: water availability and high temperature. Using powerful tools for the analysis of the phenotype, a large range of traits was measured in many genotypes that differ in their plasticity. We focused on the traits related to plant growth and life history, leaf structure and morphology, and to the acquisition and conservation of resources, specifically water and carbon. After a description of the phenotypic responses and their genetic architecture, the ecological and evolutionary consequences of these responses were evaluated. Specifically, we examined the variations in the functional strategies that are highlighted by phenotypic and genetic covariations. Moreover, the processes responsible of the observed phenotypic responses to environmental constraints were investigated. Strong genetic variability associated to particular genomic regions was identified. Such loci have presumably important influence on the mechanisms of plant adaption to fluctuating environments. Some of these genomic regions have a strong effect on plant performance in stressing conditions, and therefore offer promising avenues for crop improvement facing current global climate change