Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Contraintes climatiques'
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Bouilloux, Alexandra. "Aimantation des sédiments : contraintes climatiques et biologiques." Institut de physique du globe (Paris), 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GLOB0902.
Full textLevavasseur, Guillaume. "Modélisation environnementale sous contraintes climatiques : approches statistiques pour le pergélisol et la végétation." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0056.
Full textThe environment depends on physical and biological processes that are still poorly understood and intimately related to a local scale. There is a need to model environmental variables in many impact studies. Environmental modelling requires “flexible” approaches taking into account local factors that are at least as important as climate factors. From the standpoint of statistics, this thesis aim was to estimate a “statistical link” between climate and environment. This relationship can associate local and large spatial scales to quickly assess the ability of several climate models to represent environmental variables. High resolution modelling of a spatially heterogeneous variable such as permafrost allowed a better interpretation and a better evaluation of the results. Such a statistical link can also reformulate some “environmental physics” taking climatic signal and various types of information (e. G. , continentality) into account. Statistics allow for example to model the complexity of an environmental variable such as vegetation, which is difficult to represent by dynamical approaches. Using a statistical model adapted to the study of vegetation led us to provide a new global database of the potential vegetation and to entail many prospects in paleoclimatology
Daoud, Mohamed. "Influence des conditions climatiques sur l'état des contraintes dans une structure hydraulique en béton." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 1997. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1675.
Full textMarrot, Pascal. "La sélection naturelle : contraintes méthodologiques et déterminants climatiques chez la mésange bleue (Cyanistes caeruleus)." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9898.
Full textFournier, Meriem. "Mécanique de l'arbre sur pied : maturation, poids propre, contraintes climatiques dans la tige standard." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10470.
Full textDaoud, Mohamed. "Influence des conditions climatiques sur l'état des contraintes dans une structure hydraulique en béton." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 1997.
Find full textDaoud, Mohamed. "Influence des conditions climatiques sur l'état des contraintes d'un béton de masse dans un barrage." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ35767.pdf.
Full textFort, Jérôme. "Réponses des oiseaux marins de l'Arctique aux contraintes environnementales hivernales dans le contexte des changements climatiques." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20268.
Full textHarsh environmental conditions encountered in North Atlantic during wintertime, characterized by frequent extreme weather events, are among the most challenging constraints for endothermic animals. Seabirds, which experience this environment for many months per year, play a central role in North Atlantic food webs, notably as top predators and indicators of marine ecosystems. In the current context of climate change, pronounced in North Atlantic waters, it is therefore a major objective to understand how seabirds respond and adapt to these environmental constraints shaping their survival and their population dynamics. We used a multidisciplinary approach (combining microelectronics, stable isotopic analyses, bioenergetics modelling and demography) focused on individual energy balance, to study the ecophysiological plasticity of the 3 main alcid species of the North Atlantic. We found that harsh winter conditions induce an energetic bottleneck for seabirds which might explain recurrent events of winter mass mortality, so called ‘seabird winter wrecks'. In response to increased energy expenditure, we showed that seabirds can adopt different strategies allowing higher energy intake. They can modulate their vertical (diving behaviour) and/or horizontal (migration) movements, as well as their trophic status, depending on the spatial and temporal availability of their prey. All together, these results constitute one of the first comprehensive studies of seabird winter ecology. These insights are essential to a better understanding of their population dynamics and constitute a firm foundation to future investigations of the impact of climate change on marine top predators
Rajaud, Amélie. "Reforester les tropiques semi-arides ? : Enjeux, contraintes et opportunités climatiques dans la perspective du changement global." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV066/document.
Full textIn the face of evergrowing global deforestation, numerous forest protection and restoration projects have been deployed at the international scale. The goal of this thesis is to provide adaptation planning in the vulnerable tropical semi-arid regions with scientific material about reforestation project constraints and opportunities at the global scale, inthe context of climate change. The literature review (chapter 1) confirms that reforestation projects aimed at warmingmitigation hold a better chance of success under tropical lattitudes. Indeed, both biochemical and biophysical effects of the vegetation on climate converge toward a global cooling effect. As reforestation in tropical semi-arid regions aims at satisfying various ecosystemic services, it holds beneficial promises at both the global and the local scale. However, due to scarce water resources, implementing a tree cover in semi-arid conditions could turn out unsustainable in the long run. A bioclimatological is applied, in chapter 2, to a multimodel ensemble of projections in order to draw the evolution of global tropical semi-arid territory under several climate change scenarios (RCP). The present tropical semi-arid territory is expected to remain mostly so in future conditions. However, up to 25% of the this territory on average will evolve towards arider conditions, and up to 11% towards wetter conditions. Nevertheless, the tropical semi-arid territory will increase by the end of the 21st century, by up to 13% on average (RCP 8.5). This increase results from a migration outside of the tropical belt, consistent with the Hadley circulation widening hypothesis under climate change. Chapter 3 proposes a methodology aimed at analysing the implications of this evolution for the climatic potential of tree cover sustainability. The global vegetation model (ORCHIDEE, developed at IPSL), used to simulate this potential, accounts mechanistically for all the climatic factors of the plant's growth. A typology of result profiles from the simulation experiments partitions the territory into subregions characterized by a specific relation between the tree development and the tree cover density: five types range from the least (Type 1) to the most (Type 4) favourable ones. A reference experiment is performed using observational climate data (from the Climatic Research Unit). Covering almost half of the territory, Type 1 is characterized by the impossibility to maintain a tree cover for the highest cover densities. The second type in order of surface occupation is Type 4 (28% of the territory). More favourable, it is characterized by high tree development for any tree cover density. The "tree cover potential" of each type is characterized by its optimum: the tree cover density that realises the best compromise between tree development and total productivity. In Chapter 4, the same methodology is applied to future climate projections for RCP 8.5. The ORCHIDEE model is thus forced with global climate model outputs, for the beginning and the end of the 21st century. By the end of the century, Type 1 represents no more than 25% of the tropical semi-arid territory on average, while Type 4 becomes the dominant one (49% of the territory). Because of the stability of the tree cover potential whithin each type, the evolution toward a more or less favourable type can be directly interpreted in terms of an increasing or a decreasing potential. The results show that the tree cover potential in the tropical semi-arid territory does not systematically suffer from the general decrease that could be expected from increasing aridity. A complementary experiment suggests that the main reason for this result lies is the atmospheric CO2 fertilization effect. Interpreting these results for reforestation strategy recommandations, suggests that, for the long term, areas of the tropical semi-arid territory where reforestation would be advised against are overall relatively small
Rajaud, Amélie. "Reforester les tropiques semi-arides ? : Enjeux, contraintes et opportunités climatiques dans la perspective du changement global." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV066.
Full textIn the face of evergrowing global deforestation, numerous forest protection and restoration projects have been deployed at the international scale. The goal of this thesis is to provide adaptation planning in the vulnerable tropical semi-arid regions with scientific material about reforestation project constraints and opportunities at the global scale, inthe context of climate change. The literature review (chapter 1) confirms that reforestation projects aimed at warmingmitigation hold a better chance of success under tropical lattitudes. Indeed, both biochemical and biophysical effects of the vegetation on climate converge toward a global cooling effect. As reforestation in tropical semi-arid regions aims at satisfying various ecosystemic services, it holds beneficial promises at both the global and the local scale. However, due to scarce water resources, implementing a tree cover in semi-arid conditions could turn out unsustainable in the long run. A bioclimatological is applied, in chapter 2, to a multimodel ensemble of projections in order to draw the evolution of global tropical semi-arid territory under several climate change scenarios (RCP). The present tropical semi-arid territory is expected to remain mostly so in future conditions. However, up to 25% of the this territory on average will evolve towards arider conditions, and up to 11% towards wetter conditions. Nevertheless, the tropical semi-arid territory will increase by the end of the 21st century, by up to 13% on average (RCP 8.5). This increase results from a migration outside of the tropical belt, consistent with the Hadley circulation widening hypothesis under climate change. Chapter 3 proposes a methodology aimed at analysing the implications of this evolution for the climatic potential of tree cover sustainability. The global vegetation model (ORCHIDEE, developed at IPSL), used to simulate this potential, accounts mechanistically for all the climatic factors of the plant's growth. A typology of result profiles from the simulation experiments partitions the territory into subregions characterized by a specific relation between the tree development and the tree cover density: five types range from the least (Type 1) to the most (Type 4) favourable ones. A reference experiment is performed using observational climate data (from the Climatic Research Unit). Covering almost half of the territory, Type 1 is characterized by the impossibility to maintain a tree cover for the highest cover densities. The second type in order of surface occupation is Type 4 (28% of the territory). More favourable, it is characterized by high tree development for any tree cover density. The "tree cover potential" of each type is characterized by its optimum: the tree cover density that realises the best compromise between tree development and total productivity. In Chapter 4, the same methodology is applied to future climate projections for RCP 8.5. The ORCHIDEE model is thus forced with global climate model outputs, for the beginning and the end of the 21st century. By the end of the century, Type 1 represents no more than 25% of the tropical semi-arid territory on average, while Type 4 becomes the dominant one (49% of the territory). Because of the stability of the tree cover potential whithin each type, the evolution toward a more or less favourable type can be directly interpreted in terms of an increasing or a decreasing potential. The results show that the tree cover potential in the tropical semi-arid territory does not systematically suffer from the general decrease that could be expected from increasing aridity. A complementary experiment suggests that the main reason for this result lies is the atmospheric CO2 fertilization effect. Interpreting these results for reforestation strategy recommandations, suggests that, for the long term, areas of the tropical semi-arid territory where reforestation would be advised against are overall relatively small
Alazard, Marina. "Étude des relations surface-souterrain du système aquifère d'El Haouareb (Tunisie centrale) sous contraintes climatiques et anthropiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20023.
Full textIn semi-arid environment, surface waters are unevenly distributed in time and space and particularly vulnerable. The total annual rainfall is generally low and the rain events are rare and intense, causing severe flooding and erosion. Therefore, the groundwater resource is widely exploited, often inducing overexploitation problems.To overcome the negative consequences of these hydrological regimes, large dam have been built to increase the water storage. These structures can paradoxically create a water deficiency in some areas by inducing evaporation losses and reducing aquifer recharge. In central Tunisia, the Merguellil catchment provides an example of hydrological processes profoundly changed by the construction of a large dam. The basin is of strategic importance for the region. It feeds the great agricultural plain of Kairouan which suffers f overexploitation for decades. Before the building of the El Haouareb dam, the Merguellil intermittent flows were the main source of recharge to the Kairouan plain aquifer. Dam El Haouareb built in 1989 now blocking surface runoff, recharge occurs further upstream through the cracked limestone base of the structure. This modification of the hydrological causes a significant loss of water by evaporation and concentrate recharge of the plain at the foot of the dam.The purpose of this thesis work is to identify the recharge mechanisms occurring at the threshold of El Haouareb. Infiltration from the lake was quantified calculating the water budget of the reservoir. The total water budget between 1989 and 2006 was made up by: infiltration 56%, evaporation 24%, abstraction 14% and dam releases 6%. Calculations had been conducted for smaller time scale to allow the quantification of the entries in the aquifer system.The identification of flows passing through the calcareous threshold was conducted by crossing hydrodynamic approaches (signal analysis) and geochemical (profiles and records of electrical conductivity and temperature, major ions, stable isotopes of the water molecule). The comparison of different methods helped to consolidate the results and to overcome the imperfections of some field data in a hydrological and hydrogeological complex context.A basic model and a simplified diagram of the El Haouareb aquifer have been established and allow anticipating the evolution of recharge in the Merguellil catchment under future climatic pressure
Capron, Emilie. "L'air piégé dans les glaces polaires : contraintes chronologiques et caractérisation de la variabilité climatique rapide." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00579600.
Full textOuedraogo, Amidou. "Conditions d'infection des acridiens par l'hyphomycete entomopathogene, metarhizium flavoviride et variabilite de la tolerance aux contraintes climatiques des isolats fongiques candidats a la lutte antiacridienne." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112114.
Full textDakhlia, Nabil. "Liberation/fixation du potassium dans les sols du nord de la france. Influence de l'enrichissement potassique et de contraintes climatiques simulees. Comparaison de reactifs chimique et biologique." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066083.
Full textHachaichi, Zohra. "Quantification de la recharge naturelle et artificielle d'un système aquifère soumis à des contraintes climatiques et anthropiques en zone semi-aride (bassin de Sbiba et Foussana) Tunisie centrale." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0053/document.
Full textThe study area lies in the northern part of central Tunisia and extends over about 650 km2. It is located betweenthe rainy Tellian region in the North and the Saharan region in the South. The Foussana Basin is a typical closedinland basin surrounded by high mountains where the precipitation varies over space and time as a result oftopography and seasonality.The main outcrop that marks the watershed of Foussana basin is the quaternary alluvium, which is surrounded byCretaceous reef of deposits covering folds Mountains bounding. The Foussana basin is composed of two aquifers,the PlioQuaternary and the Miocene aquifers. The PlioQuaternary aquifer consists of clayey sand, coarse sand andsandstone deposits. This aquifer is composed of two permeable levels PlioQuaternary Aquifer (PQ1) and PlioceneAquifer (PQ2), which are separated by interbedded sandy marl. The Miocene aquifer consists of sandstone andcoarse sands. This aquifer constitutes an important water source in the study area because of its relativelysignificant thickness and its water quality. It‘s separated to the PlioQuaternary aquifer by a clay layer. The differentaquifers communicate through faults.The groundwater flows occurs from the borders to the center of the basin,i.e. from the surrounding hills to the depression area. The main source of aquifer recharge is infiltration of rainfalland dam water.Groundwater samples with low TDS values, which typically correspond to outcrops of the Miocene aquifer andsome samples of the first PlioQuaternary aquifer PQ1, are typically of SO4-Ca-HCO3-Na water type. In contrast,groundwater samples with high TDS values, most of which were collected in the PlioQuaternary aquifer (PQ1 andPQ2) and groundwater of the Confined Miocene, are typically of SO4-Ca-Na-Mg water type. The main sources ofthe water mineralization in the Foussana basin are the water-rock interaction processes i.e. dissolution ofevaporates and cation-exchange process.The isotopic signatures permit to classify the studied groundwaters into different groups. The PlioQuaternaryaquifer groundwater was classified into two groups. These are the non-evaporated groundwater, which ischaracterized by depleted δ18O and δ2H contents highlighting the importance of modern recharge at higher altitude,and the mixing process with the deep aquifer of the Miocene. The evaporated groundwater that exhibits enrichedstable isotope contents, these enriched values could be related to the evaporation process, which occurs possiblyin the upper part of the unsaturated zone of the PlioQuaternary aquifer (depression area).The Miocene aquifersgroundwaters are classified into two groups. The first group is characterized by relatively depleted isotope contentscorresponding to outcropping Miocene in the border indicating the altitude effect. The second group isdistinguished by relatively depleted contents of stable isotopes corresponding to the confined Miocene reflectinga palaeoclimatic origin. Tritium data permit to identify recent groundwaters originating from a mixture ofcontemporaneous and post-nuclear recharge; and ancient groundwaters deriving from pre-nuclear recharge.Radiocarbon activities decrease from 80 pmc in the recharge area to less than 3 pmc in the confined aquiferproviding ages from present day to 30 000 years BP.In conclusion, a conceptual model has been produced to describe the functioning of the aquifers. The modelling isused as a tool to synthesise the data and the functioning hypothesis. It gives a visualization mean and can put inevidence the aspects, which should be deepened in next works
KEMTCHOU, JASMINE. "Contribution a l'etude de la qualite et de la fiabilite des amplificateurs optiques a fibre dopee erbum : modelisation du gain et du bruit en fonction des contraintes climatiques." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112106.
Full textCasper, Andrew F. "Contraintes écophysiologiques de la distribution d'une espèce : divergence parmi les populations sympatriques de Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) et de D. bugensis (Andrusov) dans l'estuaire et du fleuve Saint-Laurent." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24295/24295.pdf.
Full textSpatial differences in environmental conditions can lead to plastic physiological responses in many organisms. Yet stable but divergent environmental conditions over multiple generations can produce intrinsic local differences in an organism’s physiology. The goal of this research is to determine whether a contiguous population of adult zebra and quagga mussel (Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis) in a stable mosaic of environmental constraints has developed divergent traits and if so are they plastic or irreversible adjustments. Comparison among contrasting St. Lawrence River water-masses found population differentiation in condition (tissue glycogen content, RNA/DNA ratio of tissue as well as shell strength and mass. Though the soft tissue responses of zebra and quagga mussels were similar, the lighter shell of the quagga mussels appears to be an advantage where the two species co-occur. Field sampling and laboratory experiments show that the downstream distribution of zebra mussels is constrained by the tidal intrusion of salinity, but counter-intuitively that the animals at this limit were actually in better condition than those upriver. To explore whether the observed population differentiation represents plasticity or alternatively intrinsic local differentiation, reciprocal transplants of adult mussels from the fluvial estuary and the Great Lakes water masses were conducted. Results indicate that shell growth depends on source population, independent of the environment (river source mussels > estuary source mussels). In contrast, RNA/DNA ratio, a short-term measure of tissue condition and growth, was significantly higher for estuary mussels. In the riverine environment where they coexist, quagga mussels grew faster than zebra mussels, supporting observations that they are displacing zebra mussels throughout the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence system. Yet quagga mussels did not perform as well in the estuarine environment suggesting that their influence will be limited to the strictly freshwater unless they can adjust physiologically as zebra mussels did. Comparisons of shell growth between summer and winter transplants indicated that summer is more productive and that quagga mussels grow faster than zebra mussels. Yet the summer growth rates of the two species measured at the same site in consecutive years reversed, indicating both spatial and temporal components to growth and production.
Bonnefoy-Claudet, Clément. "Diversité et sensibilité à la température des matières organiques de sols forestiers du Morvan sous contrainte climatique : évolution de la respiration des sols et facteurs de contrôle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04882870.
Full textCurrent climate change and shifts in land use and management are likely to alter the dynamics of soil organic matter decomposition and associated carbon fluxes. Forest ecosystems account for 40 % of the organic carbon stock on continental surfaces and are therefore a priority for research. Locally, the Morvan, a mid-mountain region covered by 45% forest, appears to be more sensitive to climate change than the surrounding plains. In this context, this study focused on the dynamics of organic carbon in temperate forest soils in the face of climate change. This work was mainly carried out on the Mont Beuvray site, a forested massif located in the southern part of the Morvan Regional Natural Park. Soil samples representing the spatial diversity of the massif were taken for each tree species (beech, Douglas fir, silver fir, spruce). The molecular diversity of organic matter was characterised by pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS). The results suggest that organic matter in soils under silver fir is more readily degradable than that in soils under Douglas fir. The temperature sensitivity of soil respiration was assessed by measuring the Q10 parameter, with values ranging from 2.3 to 3.0. A higher value was observed for beech (2.8 ± 0.1) compared to conifers (2.6 ± 0.1). This suggests that with climate change, soils under deciduous species could emit more CO2 than soils under conifers. The observed variability in this Q10 parameter is mainly explained by the interaction between the molecular composition of organic matter and the activity of microorganisms (extracellular enzymatic activities). These results will help to better assess and anticipate changes in the dynamics of organic matter in mid-mountain forest soils
Jeantet, Alexis. "Durabilité du drainage agricole français sous contrainte de changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03935433.
Full textArtificially drained soils are soils showing temporary or permanent waterlogging issues generating a fast soil saturation during the wet season. This phenomenon limits natural soil drainage, i.e. the soil's ability to dry out, and often leads to flood events harmful to current crops. Agricultural drainage is a solution partially addressing the problem. This hydraulic technic stabilizes hydric conditions into the soil depth managing the soil water content and increasing its aeration to ensure better crop yields. In France, all artificially drained soils comprise more than 2.7 million ha of arable soils, i.e. close to 10% of all arable land. Consequently, the need for evaluating the evolution French drained soils is crucial, especially in an unstable future context affected by climate change where water resource management will become (has already become) a major environmental and societal issue. To our knowledge, such a study has not yet been carried out. The main purpose of the thesis was to assess as precisely as possible the future French drainage hydrology by 2100 on 22 drained plots reflecting the main pedoclimatic characteristics of the main drained areas of mainland France. A hydro-climatic modelling chain based on a multi-model ensemble approach was used to simulate a set of future hydrological projections from greenhouse gas emission scenarios to a group of 17 hydrological indicators describing the main characteristics of the drainage hydrology. The future climatic conditions were provided by 30 climate projections spread over: (1) three future climate scenarios based on Radiative Concentration Pathways (RCPs); (2) six General Circulation Models (GCMs); (3) nine Regional Climate Models (RCMs). First, the study focused on the analysis of the hydrological drainage model SIDRA-RU (“SImulation du DRAinage – Réserve Utile” in French), model developed to adapt to French pedoclimatic conditions. The SIDRA-RU model showed very good numerical and graphical performances of the La Jaillière site, which was deemed representative of the majority of French drained soils. Then, an analysis of the temporal robustness of the SIDRA-RU model on the 22 drained plots showed the model was temporally robust despite weaker performances on clayey soils. Consequently, the SIDRA-RU was deemed reliable to simulate future hydrological projections over mainland France. Second, we assessed the impact of using climate projections in the SIDRA-RU model on the simulation of the 17 hydrological indicators on the La Jaillière site. Results showed that using climate projections to force the SIDRA-RU model does not significantly bias the hydrological indicators. The uncertainty propagation analysis resulting from the hydro-climatic modelling chain revealed that the climate components, i.e. the GCMs and the RCMs, are the two main sources of uncertainty. Third, the 17 hydrological indicators were simulated on the 22 drained plots from the database to spatially assess the main effects of climate change on French drainage hydrology. Results showed that the expected changes become more important as time goes to 2100 and the future climate scenario is severe. Among the principal changes, there are: (1) intensification of the dry period exposing current crops to an increasing irrigation need; (2) intensification of flood events raising the question of the sustainability of the design of current drainage networks to protect current crops during the wet season. This regime change is common to all the 22 drained plots regardless of soil type or location. Agricultural water quality and agricultural practices in drained areas are also impacted, potentially prompting farmers and decision-makers to adapt their practices to farm productivity and protect the environment. Further analysis is required to detail these latter elements
Ben, Rais Lasram Frida. "Diversité ichtyologique en Méditerranée : patrons, modélisation et projections dans un contexte de réchauffement global." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20004.
Full textDue to its semi-enclosed shape, to its high species richness and high endemism levels and to its invasiveness, the Mediterranean Sea is one of the most particular and critical ecosystems of the world. The Mediterranean has been intensively studied since the Antiquity, yet foundations underlying fish diversity patterns have been overlooked. In this study, as a first step, we studied fish diversity patterns in the Mediterranean and their determinants. Towards this objective, we built the first comprehensive database on the spatial distributions of the 619 Mediterranean fish species. We then carried out spatial analyses in order to assess the relative contribution of historical and geometric contingencies as well as environmental influences in shaping fish biodiversity patterns. In a second step, we analyzed the correlates of dispersal success of exotic species and we assessed the spatial congruence with the endemic ichtyofauna within a global warming context. Finally, we modeled the present climatic envelopes of the most vulnerable Mediterranean fish species, i. E. The endemic species. We used those models to project expected spatial distributions of endemic species according to a global warming scenario in order to identify winner versus loser species as well as areas where a strong species turnover would occur. We showed that geometric constraints, primary production and temperature have an influence on species diversity patterns. It also appeared that the climate and the year of introduction into the Mediterranean are key determinants of the dispersal success of Lessepsian species. Within a global warming context, our results revealed an increasing spatial congruence between endemic and exotic fish faunas and for the latter, deep modifications in their assemblages expected in 2041-2060 and 2070-2099. In sum our results suggest that endemic species undergo a biotic pressure via exotic species and an abiotic pressure via global warming. The additional and potentially the synergetic effect of those pressures is likely to increase endemic species vulnerability
Qureshi, Aiman Mazhar. "Modélisation et aide à la décision multicritère du confort thermique en milieu urbain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AMIE0081.
Full textUrban areas are the prevalent places of residence for people and are vulnerable to exasperating weather conditions such as heat stress. Periods of heat waves are increasingly reoccurring in the current atmosphere, and they are known to pose a serious and major threat to the health of human beings all over the world. Urban heat islands and heat waves increase thermal risks in urban areas and the vulnerability of the urban population. The increase in the number of heat episodes in urban areas has become a significant concern due to its adverse effects on human health and economic activities. The objective of this work is to identify the sensitivity of thermal comfort and their action variables, the modeling of thermal stress using the most influential meteorological variables, the identification of risk factors and highlight the correlation of meteorological trends and influencing parameters, solutions for mitigating heat stress and mathematical support for decision-making. Several machine and deep learning techniques were used for the system dynamic modeling of the thermal comfort. Optimized results are obtained from the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) model which is used for the development of a web simulation tool allowing the inhabitants to evaluate their level of comfort according to the weather conditions. A heat vulnerability index map has been developed to indicate the vulnerability of occupants considering different aspects in a medium-sized city such as planning, green space, density, energy, quality air, water bodies and extreme heat events. The obtained results highlighted that poor air quality and heat events are interrelated, which draws the attention for decision-makers to intervene the additional measures in high-risk places. Field monitoring is carried out using sensors and a thermal camera to measure relevant variables and take action to minimize the effects of heat stress. In Last, multi-criteria decision-making methods were applied for the initial development of a decision support tool for the selection of urban heat resilience interventions that allows flexible, dynamic, and predictive use for designers and the users
Collet, Lila. "Capacité à satisfaire la demande en eau sous contraintes climatique et anthropique un bassin méditerranéen." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20129/document.
Full textAssessing water supply capacity is crucial to meet with managers' needs, especially in the Mediterranean, one of the most vulnerable regions considering available water resources and where water demand has been increasing. The Hérault River catchment (2,500 km2, France) is a typical example of these issues as runoff strongly decreased since 1960. In this context, dynamics of water resource and demand evolution were analyzed over the past period. Then an integrated framework was developed over the last 50 years, combining a hydrological and a dam management model, water demand estimation for the domestic and agricultural sectors through a historical water use database reconstitution. This framework assessed the frequency evolution of years when water demand could not be fully supplied at the portion scale. From 1961 to 2010, the unsatisfactory year frequency decreased in upstream portions due to farmland abandonment and renovation of irrigation networks. In the downstream portion where human pressures are the highest, the decrease in runoff and increase in water demand led to a fall of water supply capacity. Runs of the modelling framework at the 2050 horizon showed that the impacts of climate variability and water uses could be equivalent, but should affect different portions. Moreover, if mean annual temperature projections (+1.2°C) are confirmed, water demand mitigation scenarios would not be able to improve water supply capacity
Herlédan, Maïwenn. "Biodiversité des amibes à thèque et environnements de l'archipel de Kerguelen : caractérisation actuelle et évolution récente sous contrainte climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR002.
Full textThe objective of this PhD is to describe the current diversity of testate amoebae on the Kerguelen archipelago depending on climate and environmental context and to understand the recent evolution of the last 260 years by a paleoenvironmental approach combining microscopic observations, sedimentology and geochemistry. Located at the polar front in the sub-Antarctic zone, the Kerguelen archipelago is subject to extreme wind and precipitation conditions while being preserved from direct anthropic impacts. This makes it an ideal natural environment to study the impact of global climate change on the environment.Two scientific campaigns on the Kerguelen archipelago in 2019 and 2021 have allowed us to collect samples of current plants (mainly bryophytes and azorelles), underlying soils and soil cores. The samples studied were selected to reflect the geographical and geological diversity of the archipelago, in terms of rainfall (west-east contrast), sedimentary nature (organic soil, alluvial sediments, etc.. ) and petrographic context (basalts - phonolites). Optical observations of the testate amoebae communities growing in the plant samples (101 samples) have allowed us to build a new database of testate amoebae in the archipelago. Sedimentological and geochemical analyses (water content, elemental and isotopic analyses, mineralogy) were carried out in parallel on 485 soil samples in order to characterize the environmental parameters.This work has allowed to update and complete the 1981 database of 50 species with the description of 107 species of testate amoebae. Sedimentological analyses of soils revealed significant differences in terms of weathering between the western and eastern parts of the archipelago, reflecting contrasting rainfall patterns. This trend is also reflected in the testate amoebae assemblages whose diversity, variable according to the type of environment, is much greater in the west. The coupling of these different observations has made it possible to highlight the ecological affinities of certain species with specific environments, which depend mainly on the water content of the sediment, the type of environment and the vegetation, thus allowing the definition of indicator species. The use of this approach to reconstruct recent paleoenvironments from the different soil cores has allowed us to highlight local changes in the environment, which could be attributable to recent climate change. This study demonstrates the relevance of testate amoebae not only as an environmental indicator but also for tracing the recent evolution of paleoenvironmental conditions under climatic constraints
Bernardo, Telma. "Viabilité, analyse de sensibilité et mesures d'impact pour des systèmes dynamiques contraints : application à un modèle de changement climatique." Paris 9, 2008. https://bu.dauphine.psl.eu/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2008PA090053.
Full textThe Tolerable Windows Approach (TWA) is an analytical framework developed for studying climate change models and to facilitate the choice of climate guardrails (constraints). We intend to give our contribution to this approach by developing new measurement tools in the Viability Theory framework. For a given climate guardrail set K, we determine the set of all initial climate situations x viable in K. Viable climate situations x in K are those for which there exists at least one carbon emission policy preventing the future climate evolution starting from x, from transgressing K. The set of such viable climate situations x is called the Viability Kernel of K. The viability kernel concept is the cornerstone of the methodology presented in this study. We highlight the fact that this thesis is not devoted to climate forecasting. It only aims at designing, with the help of resources from Viability Theory and from Numerical Set-Valued Analysis, appropriate mathematical tools to help decision making. This is achieved by applying them to the climate model proposed by the experts in the climate impact studies so their pertinence can be evaluated. In particular these tools are developed to highlight decision makers to justify one appropriate and feasible choice of future climate guardrails
Bono, Claire-Marie. "Réforme de la fiscalité : impacts macro-sectoriels sous contrainte de réduction des émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00820573.
Full textMonsinjon, Jonathan. "Développement embryonnaire, détermination du sexe sensible à la température et phénologie des pontes sous contrainte du changement climatique : le cas de la tortue Caouanne (Caretta caretta)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS510/document.
Full textClimate affects, among other things, species’phenology, distribution range, behavior and physiology.Climate change thus impacts each of these factors. Global warming expected by 2100 might profoundly modify biodiversity from species to ecosystems. Ectotherms, and in particular oviparous reptiles with temperature dependent sex determination, are thought to be among the most vulnerable in the face of global warming because virtually all their life history traits depend on temperature.The origin and the persistence of temperature-dependent sex determination, which could lead to heavily biased population sex ratios, is still an enigma for ecologists. Among numerous issues related to this sex determining mechanism, understanding its adaptive significance, if there is one, is crucial. At another level, does this sex determining mechanism make species more vulnerable in the context of contemporary climate change ? Several evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed and population dynamic models are available to address these issues. However, predicting primary sex ratio, i.e., the sex ratio of hatchlings, in natural conditions currently remainsa challenge. This manuscript aims to bring new methodological tools to properly predict sex ratio of aclutch depending on temperature experienced by embryosthroughout incubation. Marine turtles, almost all being threatened, are migratory species that all exhibit this sex determining mechanism. For those species, nesting phenology is also sensitive to environmental temperature.This type of phenotypic plasticity is probably the most efficient strategy to keep up with rapid climate change.This manuscript provides some elements for understanding the adaptive potential of sea turtles in the face of global warming with the example of several)
Bost, Marion. "Altération par le gel des massifs rocheux : Etude expérimentale et modélisation des mécanismes de génération des contraintes dans les fissures." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00360420.
Full textLardy, Romain. "Calcul intensif pour l'évaluation de la vulnérabilité en utilisant une approche d'Ingénierie Dirigée par les Modèles : application à la vulnérabilité des prairies au changement climatique sous contraintes de plans d'expériences." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF22352/document.
Full textVulnerability is the degree to which human or environmental systems are likely toexperience harm due to a perturbation or a stress. In the last years, it has become a centralfocus of the global change (including climate change). Assessing the vulnerability of agroecosystemsto climate change is one of the priority areas of the French National Institute ofAgronomic Research (INRA). The climate change literature contains many explanations ofvulnerability, stemming from the notion of sensitivity to more complex ideas, yet takinginto account the exposure history of the system up to residual impacts of climate changeafter adaptation. In the framework of the activities of the INRA’s Grassland EcosystemResearch Unit (UREP) of Clermont-Ferrand, interest is on vulnerability of grassland andlivestock systems against the risk of reduced milk and forage production, and against theproblem of increased greenhouse gas emissions that comes with the production ofgrassland ecosystem services.Vulnerability assessment has similarities with sensitivity analysis and is based onsimulations of the target system, forced to respond to the changes of stress factors. Due tothe cascade of uncertainties in climate change impacts assessment, a large number ofsimulations are necessary. In this context, the need to reduce user waiting time calls for theconception of an appropriate experimental plan, as well as the use of high performancecomputing. Moreover, vulnerability assessment may consist of many steps, such asdesigning the experiment (choice of agro-ecological model, variables of interest, scenarios,reference thresholds, parameters distribution …), designing of the experimental plans,regressing response surfaces, computing metrics (e.g. vulnerability indices) and optimizingvulnerability (through designing and evaluating adaptation measures). To our knowledge,no specific tool has been built or validated, in order to facilitate the implementation ofmost of these tasks. Thus, the goal of this thesis was to propose a generic method toperform a comprehensive vulnerability analysis to climate change. The work in this thesishas begun with a review of the concept of vulnerability and the proposal of a genericapproach, based on a critical synthesis of the state of the art. Then, with a Model DrivenEngineering approach, we have developed a computer tool for vulnerability analysis. Thistool, implemented with the modelling framework Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) isgeneric, modular and allows the distribution and interpretation of simulation results.Finally, application examples of climate change vulnerability assessment were achievedwith the previously proposed solutions. This approach relied, in particular, on the use ofthe grassland ecosystem biogeochemical model PaSim ([Riedo et al., 1998], [Vuichard2007a], [Graux 2011])
Maeght, Jean-Luc. "L'influence de la variabilité climatique sur l’enracinement superficiel et profond d'arbres adultes en plantation : les cas de l’hévéa (hevea brasiliensis) et du teck (tectona grandis) sous contraintes hydriques en Asie du sud est." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20158/document.
Full textThe root system is essential but essentially invisible. Plants are anchored to the soil through their root system; their adaptation and survival abilities are highly dependent on their ability to learn to take advantage of the space that surrounds them. Certain trees are nevertheless some of the largest and oldest living species on the planet- evidence of their ability to adapt to changes in their environment. Within managed anthropogenic constraints, particular species are vulnerable. It is clear that a wide range of parameters are likely to influence the root system and its operation, which offers many entry points to improve our understanding of a root's capacity for expansion, its dynamics, its role within the plant itself and within the soil plant atmosphere continuum. Available data on the extent and dynamics of plant roots includes several thousand references. However, the vast majority of these observations were made within the first meter of the soil profile. Data acquisition for the fine and/or deep roots is currently limited by constraints of time and financial resources. To overcome this lack of information, while trying to assess root dynamics under different environmental conditions, many models have been developed. However, it is still difficult to describe the complexity of root development in the community and to integrate its "plasticity".To understand such a complex environment, we must work toward establishing a definition of objectives and the tools necessary to develop and implement them. The work developed in the first part of this thesis is the subject of two articles and focuses on a literature review about deep roots. The vital role of the root system for the plant is well highlighted, as is its impact as a link within the atmosphere. We discuss the role of deep roots in carbon storage, which is critical and often underestimated. The different techniques for accessing the root systems in situ are also considered, and we present our access technique for observing the roots down to depths of five meters. We have also developed tools for shooting through a flatbed scanner and image analysis ( IJ_Rizo ) now available online.In the second part of the thesis, we focus on the study of root systems of adult rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis L. RRIM 600) in the northeast of Thailand. Thailand has greatly expanded its acreage to extend its operations beyond its natural climate zone, into areas of high water stress. In this context, we studied the seasonality and dynamics of fine roots for three years and their contribution to the carbon cycle. We were able to highlight the continuity of root dynamics during independent periods of defoliation, yet link these to the seasonality of rainfall. We were also able to characterize the low differentiation of root dynamics at 0 to 4.5 m of depth in this context.The third part of the thesis concerns the study of teak particular to the region of Luang Prabang, Laos. By applying the rain exclusion technique for 2 years on a plantation of twenty-year-old trees, we observed the influence of precipitation patterns. During the period of water stress, an almost total cessation of root growth, at the surface and significant depths, has been highlighted. We conclude that in the case of species with a high dependence on water resources there is a direct impact on the physiological state and stagnated trunk growth. Some individuals have demonstrated an ability to adapt by changing their foliation/defoliation cycle, accompanied by a resumption of trunk growth during the second year of imposed drought. We also demonstrated the importance of rooting as a means of carbon storage, which in this context represents more than 45% of total carbon- roughly double the amount published in other literature .The data obtained for the species studied in this paper can be used for modelling scenarios simulating climate change and changing land use
Bost, Marion. "Altération par le gel des massifs rocheux : étude expérimentale et modélisation des mécanismes de génération des contraintes dans les fissures." Phd thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://pastel.paristech.org/4575/01/th%C3%A8sepdf2.pdf.
Full textStone and rock falls bring about problems related to land management in mountainous areas. Yet, the temporal assessment of the risk of rupture in blocks requires a kinetic description of weathering phenomenon. In the case of limestone cliffs in mountainous areas, it can be estimated that the dominant weathering process lies in cracks propagation due to freezingthawing cycles. This freezing-thawing mechanism within a rock matrix was reproduced in laboratory experiments with notched specimens. Experimental results allowed us to establish a model for the stresses due to frost. This stress model, along a crack inner wall, exhibits a maximum, which spreads more and more deeply along with spending time, until a limit, which is intrinsic to the material. Actually, the generated stress results as a balance between the confining pressure induced by the ice front spreading deeply in the crack and the water leakage in the porosity network in the vicinity of the crack. It is thus strongly dependent on the crack geometry and on the porous network features of the rock. An analytical assessment of the stress intensity factor at the crack bottom, by using the model established for the stress, was carried out. It matches the possibility to initiate a rupture according to linear failure mechanics laws. Microscopic observations of the crack evolution throughout the freezingthawing cycles show a progressive and heterogeneous rupture of the limestone. The crack propagation was simulated numerically. This simulation gave encouraging results, as it brought up to light key-elements which could be used to establish a predictive model for the failure of a rock mass subject to freezing-thawing cycles
Pougy, Roberto. "Unconventional oil and natural gas supplies and the mitigation of climate change." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0075.
Full textThis thesis in energy and environmental economics extends the geological Hotelling-type extraction-exploration model from Okullo, Reynes and Hofkes (2015) in order to account for the bell-shaped reserve additions that were empirically observed by Laherrère (2003). The proposed model explains them as the result of geological “sweet spots”: premium areas within geological formations where the concentration of hydrocarbons is highest. The proposed theoretical formulation was programmed into the mathematical model LOGIMA – “Long-term Oil and Gas Images” – and calibrated on data covering the seven main unconventional oil and gas plays in the United States. Results indicate the need to learn the location of sweet spots through trial and error drillings leads to schedules of exploratory effort that allow the optimal “de-risking” of exploratory activities. As a result, the optimal response of producers to price shocks becomes contingent on the prevailing level of cumulative discoveries.We apply LOGIMA to investigate the impact, caused by the recent advent of large-scale supplies of unconventional oil and gas, in the United States, on the ongoing efforts to mitigate climate change. We do so by soft coupling long-term scenarios from LOGIMA with the integrated assessment model, IMACLIM-R, a recursive, computable general equilibrium model of integrated global energy, economy and environment systems. We analyze how different price targets, potentially pursued by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), would affect supplies of unconventional oil and gas from the United States. We control this interplay under three climate policy frameworks: business as usual (BAU), nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and 2°C scenario (2DS). The results of the exercise show that, despite having a significant potential to affect global energy markets, unconventional oil and gas supplies would have a limited potential to affect global cumulative greenhouse gas emissions to 2040, as the different effects triggered in different sectors approximately balanced each other out
Mester, Victor. "Conception Optimale Systémique des Composants des Chaînes de Traction Electrique." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00160666.
Full textLa thèse présente une méthodologie rationnelle pour la conception optimale systémique appliquée à la conception des chaînes de traction électrique. La méthodologie est générale et se base sur l'optimisation sous contraintes. Elle intègre l'utilisation de différents niveaux de granularité au sein du modèle de conception. Une interface a été développée afin d'appliquer aisément cette méthodologie à des cas pratiques variés. Deux objectifs ont été traités, le premier concerne la définition des cahiers des charges des composants, le deuxième concerne la conception détaillée d'un composant de la chaîne de traction en prenant en compte l'ensemble du système. Ces applications mettent en évidence les avantages de la méthodologie proposée et l'importance de l'approche systémique.
Labelle-Giroux, Francis. "Vulnérabilité aux inondations et adaptation villageoise à Hanoi, Vietnam : opportunités et contraintes dans un contexte de périurbanisation rapide." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21885.
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