Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Contrainte locale'
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Sidane, Djoudi. "Etude par microscopie électrochimique (SECM) de la réactivité d'une surface métallique hétérogène passivée : effet de la contrainte mécanique et thermomécanique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14487/document.
Full textLocalized corrosion phenomena observed on passive materials, used in industry and transport, areresulting from the presence of microstructural heterogeneities and the effect of mechanical andthermomechanical stresses. The characterization and the understanding of reaction processes requirethe use of local electrochemical techniques. The scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), newpowerful local technique was used in different situations. First, in order to detect pitting corrosionareas, measurements were performed on a stainless steel in corrosion situation. Then, changes insurface reactivity induced by elastic and plastic deformations were measured on the same material. Ina notch root, correlation between the distribution of deformation and the distribution of the apparentelectrochemical rate constant has been established. Finally, on aluminum alloy welded by FSW(Friction Stir Welding), situations of galvanic coupling at different scales have been shown at themicroscopic scale, because of the presence of intermetallic compounds and at the scale of the structurewhen two different aluminum alloys are welded
Icard-Arcizet, Delphine. "Modifications mécaniques et biologiques induites dans des cellules en culture par application locale d'une force contrôlée." Paris 7, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00188112.
Full textAdherent cells can control their mechanical properties in order to perform crucial biological functions, like division, migration or differenciation. It has now been proved that cells are very sensitive to the mechanical properties of their substrate, which they sense through integrins. Integrins are transmembrane proteins that link the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix through scaffolding proteins. We designed an optical tweezers setup controlled by a feedback loop, which allows the application of a constant local force via microbeads bound to the cell integrins. We can thus measure the creep function of a single cell and retrieve an estimate of its rigidity. Simultaneous fluorescence observations allow us to evaluate the impact efforce application on the actin repartition within the cell. We observed that cells stiffen under force application but keep the same rheological response - the creep function still exhibits a power law behavior : J(t) = Atα, in which A decreases on a long time range. Stiffening is coupled to actin recruitment both in the contacts and in the cytoskeleton networtk - up to several um from the force application point. Stiffening and recruitment dynamics seem strongly correlated. This work presents an evaluation of the dynamics of cell Stiffening under stress, which is a novel insight into the elucidation of the more general phenomenon of mechanotransduction
Doumalin, Pascal. "Microextensométrie locale par corrélation d'images numériques." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2000. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00503025.
Full textJorcin, Jean-Baptiste. "Spectroscopie d'impédance electrochimique locale : caracterisation de la delamination des peintures et de la corrosion des alliages Al-Cu." Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000494/.
Full textThis work is devoted to the study, the development and different applications of the local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, or LEIS. The first part of the thesis is focussed on the description and the development of LEIS, from both an experimental and a theoretical point of view. The second part presents three different applications in which the LEIS brings determining informations. The first is devoted to the study of the CPE (constant phase element). Currently used for impedance diagram interpretation, the physical meaning of this element is not clear. The LEIS measurments showed that the CPE could be explained by a local distribution of resistances and capacitances into two or three dimensions. The following studies refer to the corrosion and the corrosion protection of metals. One of them investigates the delamination occurring at the steel/coating interface. The LIES proved to be a powerful technique to visualize and to measure the delaminated areas in a nondestructive way. The results confirm the delemination mechanism proposed by Funke. The last part of the thesis is devoted to the study of the Al-Cu alloy corrosion and, more particularly, to the galvanic coupling occurring between the aluminium matrix and the copper-rich coarse intermetallics particles. The approach used consisted in preparing couples with the model alloys and investigating them using LEIS and other techniques. The results allowed an original approach of the corrosion phenomena by galvanic coupling to be proposed
Schwob, Cyrille. "Approche non locale probabiliste pour l'analyse en fatigue des zones à gradient de contraintes." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30246.
Full textA fatigue criterion taking into account the stress gradient effect has been developed and integrated in a global probabilistic framework. The proposed criterion is a non local criterion averaging a classical criterion over a particular area. This area is defined by a mesoscopic criterion derived from Papadopoulos analysis. The predictions of the new criterion are compared to experimental results coming from a dedicated test campaign on an aluminium alloy. Results are found to be in good agreement with experiments for a wide variety of geometry and load, thus demonstrating the relative robustness of the fatigue model. The fatigue model is then integrated in a probabilistic framework, the results being again satisfactorily confronted to experimental results on the same alloy. In particular the statistical quality of the probabilized SN curves obtained from the whole model is similar to the experimental one
Mary, Nicolas. "Influence des contraintes résiduelles sur la corrosion par piqûres des aciers inoxydables austéno-ferritiques : approche mécanique et électrochimique à l'échelle locale." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOS058.
Full textVerchere, Lena. "Interactions microstructure - mécanique - électrochimie locale : application à l'alliage base nickel A600." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0239.
Full textStress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a local damaging phenomenon, which results from the synergy of microstructural, mechanical and environmental parameters. Understanding the interactions between those parameters allows manufacturers to continuously improve their reliability models for components and thus to improve facility safety. The present study focuses on Alloy 600, a nickel-based alloy which is used in pressurized water reactors and subject to SCC.Understanding and modelling interactions between the material, mechanics and environment requires decreasing the scale down to heterogeneities of the microstructure, mechanical fields and electrochemical properties, in order to avoid averaging effects. In this study, this scaling was achieved thanks to the use of experimental and numerical local techniques.A scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) made it possible to measure currents at the grain scale. The effect of grain crystallographic orientation on the electrochemical properties of the passive film was quantified by means of a coupling of SECM with EBSD. The effect of the grain boundary type was also investigated. Thereafter, same measurements were conducted on a specimen under mechanical load thanks to the development of an experimental set-up composed of an in situ tensile machine coupled to SECM. The microstructure which was obtained by EBSD was then used to recreate a virtual microstructure on which local mechanical fields were determined through a crystal plasticity computation. The influence of cold-work and that of a tensile load on surface reactivity were then demonstrated at the microstructural scale, attesting that SCC models must integrate local heterogeneities
Icard, Arcizet Delphine. "Modifications mécaniques et biologiques induites dans des cellules en culture par application locale d'une force contrôlée." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00188112.
Full textNous avons conçu un dispositif de pinces optiques contrôlées par une boucle de rétroaction, qui permet d'appliquer aux cellules une force locale constante, via des microbilles liées aux intégrines.
Nous pouvons ainsi mesurer la fonction de fluage de chaque cellule et en tirer une estimation de sa rigidité. Des observations simultanées en épifluorescence permettent par ailleurs d'évaluer les effets de l'application de la force sur la répartition d'actine locale.
Nous avons constaté que les cellules se rigidifient sous l'application prolongée d'une force, tout en gardant le même comportement rhéologique : une fonction de fluage en loi de puissance du temps, J(t) = At^(alpha), où A décroît aux temps longs. Cette rigidification est couplée à un recrutement d'actine au niveau des contacts et au sein du réseau cytsoquelettique (jusqu'à plusieurs µm du point d'application de la force). De plus, les dynamiques de ces deux phénomènes semblent fortement corrélées. Ce travail présente une évaluation de la dynamique de renforcement cellulaire sous contrainte, et ouvre des perspectives prometteuses vers l'élucidation des phénomènes intervenant dans la mécanotransduction.
Gaucher, Cécile. "Etude locale de l'hydrodynamique dans un module équipé d'une membrane plane d'ultrafiltration en céramique : influence de la contrainte pariétale sur le colmatage." Nantes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NANT2073.
Full textThis work focuses on the determination of local wall shear stress at the surface of a plane ceramic membrane in a tangential ultrafiltration module. In a first time, the shear stresses are determined at the surface of a plate of Plexiglas with the aim to investigate the best configuration of a plane tangential ultrafiltration module. The channel height and the shape of the distributors are studied so as to increased wall shear stress and thus to reduce the deposit of particles without increase the energy consumption. This analysis coupled with the Particle Image Velocity method (P. I. V. ) has allowed to characterise the flow to the surface of the plate of Plexiglas
Jaloustre, Lucas. "Piézoélectricité dans des nanofils uniques de III-N pour la nanopiézotronique : analyse par microscopies à sonde locale." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY037.
Full textNanopiezotronics is a recent field which has increasingly contributed to a progress of smart electronics and energy harvesters that benefits from a conversion of small mechanical movements into electrical energy. Its foundation relies on the coexisting of piezoelectric and semiconducting properties in nano-objects based on non-centrosymmetric semiconductors such as III-N or II-V. Lately, III-N nanowires with their high aspect ratio have been proposed as a promising building block for this emerging research.Nevertheless, the key mechanism in nanopiezotronics that governs a mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion must be clarified. The origin of the electrical signal from single nanowires detected by conductive scanning force microscopy was still under debate, whether it originates from piezoelectric effect or rather measurement artefacts.In addition, the reports of larger piezo-coefficients than bulk values in GaN nanowires need to be verified as it possibly results from the measurement misinterpretation.This PhD work is focused on in-depth understanding of the piezoelectric effect in III-N nanowires which is a critical issue for nanopiezotronics. For this purpose, several scanning force microscopy modes such as Kelvin probe force microscopy, piezoresponse force microscopy, conducting scanning force microscopy were performedto locally probe direct and reverse piezoelectricity including other parameters that play an important role on the piezo-potential generation. Various device configurations and different electronic setups were applied.The experimental results together with finite element simulations, reveal that the piezo-coefficients of III-N nanowires are similar to those of bulk, and no giant piezoelectric effect was observed. The analyses of free and bound charges suggest that the effect of the piezo-charges should be undetectable even with highest sensitive electronics. Besides, the electrical signal found in single nanowires by conductive-scanning force microscopy is rather related to the current passing through the nanowires which is often generated by an unappropriated grounded setup. The outcome of this work point out various parameters in piezoelectric semiconductor nanowires that must be taken into account before attributing their mechanical or electrical response to the piezoelectric effect. Those signals can be potentially caused by the detection setup itself, the measurement artefacts and the environments, resulting in the misinterpretations of the signal origins
Delmotte, Joël. "Modélisation numérique de la déchirure ductile en milieu bidimensionnel à l'aide d'une approche locale : simulation des courbes de résistance à la fissuration." Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMPD451.
Full textLangouët, Patrice. "Sur la stabilité locale des systèmes linéaires soumis à des actionneurs limités en amplitude et en dynamique." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30190.
Full textOger, Loïc. "Corrosion sous contrainte et fragilisation par l'hydrogène d'alliages d'aluminium de la série 7xxx (Al-Zn-Mg) : identification des paramètres microstructuraux critiques pilotant l'endommagement à l'échelle locale." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19559/19/OGER_Loic_1_sur_2.pdf.
Full textBourgade, Manon. "Pénétration de fluides à seuil hydrophiles dans des milieux fibreux hydrophobes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10337.
Full textImproving the thermal isulation of buildings is essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A widlely use process of thermal insulation consists in gluing mineral wool panels to outside walls with mortar. However, the interaction between mineral wool and mortar is not well understood and this leads to variable adhesion of insulation to walls. While the penetration of simple fluids into these media is the subject of numerous studies, their penetration by complex fluids is sparsely investigated. The aim of this study is to give insight on the interaction between hydrophilic complex fluids and hydrophobic porous media, using model materials. A characterization of the key properties of both materials is first performed to ensure the relevance of the chosen model materials. Mortar is replaced by a model yield stress fluid, and mineral wool by glass fiber veils or regular hydrophobic meshes. Initial dynamic droplet impact experiments motivated the development of a quasi-static experiment to measure the critical pressure required to force the flow of the model yield stress fluid through a regular hydrophobic mesh. Simple fluids are used to validate and calibrate the experiment before focusing on the role of yield stress and mesh size on critical penetration pressure. We show that the yield stress has little impact on the critical penetration pressure compared to the hydrophobicity of the mesh. However, flow visualization reveal that yield stress significantly changes the fluid's flow dynamics through the mesh. Traction force microscopy is also used to measure the local stress distribution around fibers of a glass veil under compression. To do this, a pressure is applied with small loads on top of a glass veil which rests on an elastic gel in which tracers are dispersed. By measuring the displacement of the tracers, the local stress can be computed and linked to the applied macroscopic pressure. The aim is to understand what happens at the interface between yield stress fluid and hydrophobic mesh in the first experiment. Finally, the different results obtained with model materials are used to provide new insights into the real system. A preliminary study on the impact of granularity was also carried out by adding beads inside the model yield stress fluid
Ferré, Romain. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de la durabilité d'un contact représentatif de l'interface aube / disque de soufflante grenaillé soumis à des chargements de fretting / fatigue / usure." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECDL0012.
Full textThis work aims at studying the crack initiation risk of a blade/disk contact under fretting/fatigue loading. The fan stage of a civil engine is studied and the material used is a titanium alloy: Ti-6Al-4V. This complex issue concerns small contacts which are subjected to high contact pressures and micro-displacements. Thus, a complex multiaxial loading occurs on the structure. Fretting, static stressed fretting and fretting fatigue testing are performed in order to quantify the crack nucleation thresholds. In addition, several geometries which present different stress gradient values are used. The experimental results show a stress gradient effect on the crack initiation. Thus, using a wide range of stress gradient, it has been confirmed that stress gradient delays crack nucleation. A multiaxial fatigue criterion is used to determine the equivalent stress field under the contact. Then, a non-local approach, identified thanks to one fretting experimental condition, is employed in order to consider the stress gradient effect. This approach provides the prediction of the whole experimental results. In this way, a predictive method of the initiation fatigue life has been introduced. This numerical approach takes into account the multiaxial loading, the stress gradient effect, the plastic-elastic behavior of the interface and the fatigue strength limits of the material. The blade/disk contacts of the engine are shot-peened. During the flight, interfaces are subjected to low displacement amplitudes leading to crack initiation. On the other hand, during landing and take-off, contacts are submitted to high displacement amplitudes leading to the interface wear. As a consequence, competition between wear kinetic and nucleation one is studied and “bell curves” are plotted (i.e. fatigue life time versus displacement amplitude).Moreover, the effect of the shot-peening residual stresses on fatigue life time is observed. In case of un-treated material, a beneficial impact on the fatigue life time is observed due to wear process. Compressive residual stresses of shot-peening increase the fatigue life when fretting/fatigue on partial slip regime occurs. Nevertheless, a decrease of the fatigue life time is observed when wear process is activated by the gross slip condition. Finally, the complex loading of the engine blade/disk contact has been reproduced in the laboratory. To achieve this, a new testing, using an experimental machine composed of three hydraulic actuators is developed. Thus, the global life time of the representative interface of the fan stage is studied. Oligocyclic (low frequency) and polycyclic (high frequency) solicitations interact themselves and lead, firstly, to a rearrangement of the residual stresses, and secondly, to an increase of the wear kinetics. This research work highlights the interest to consider the polycyclic loadings to design the blade/disk structure. These solicitations reproduce the “cracking” fatigue phenomenon, the cumulative damages and the wear kinetics of the interface
Gelet, Rachel. "Thermo-hydro-mécanique des milieux poreux déformables avec double porosité et non-équilibre thermique local." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00712459.
Full textDang, Xuan Hung. "Identification de la variabilité spatiale des champs de contraintes dans les agrégats polycristallins et application à l'approche locale de la rupture." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00822107.
Full textBalafrej, Mohamed Amine. "Cohérences locales adaptatives dans les réseaux de contraintes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20202.
Full textThis thesis deals with adapting the level of consistency during solving a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP). It focuses on the use of local consistency properties stronger than arc consistency (AC) to improve the CSP solving efficiency. Local consistency properties stronger than arc consistency are generally expensive to maintain in a constraint network. Therefore, these local consistencies are seldom used in practice. This thesis gives several contributions to benefit from the filtering power of local consistencies stronger than AC while avoiding the high cost of maintaining them in the whole constraint network and throughout the search. First, we introduce the parameterized local consistency (p-LC), an original approach that allows us to define intermediate levels of consistency between AC and a local consistency LC stronger than AC. Then, we present the instantiation of the parameterized local consistency approach to maxRPC and SAC, two consistencies stronger than AC. This leads to two parameterized consistencies, namely p-maxRPC and p-SAC. After giving the definitions of p-maxRPC and p-SAC, we present the algorithm p-maxRPC3, that achieves p-maxRPC and the algorithm p-SAC1, for achieving p-SAC in a constraint network. We show experimentally that maintaining an intermediate level of consistency p-LC, can give a good compromise between filtering power and the computational cost of maintaining this level of consistency. We also show that for each instance of CSP we can find a parameter that gives this good compromise. The parameterized local consistency approach does not specify how the parameter can be chosen a priori. Hence, we propose two techniques to automatically adjust the parameter p. In fact, both techniques don't use a single parameter, but several parameters. Each parameter is mapped to a part of the problem and it is automatically and locally adjusted during search. Finally, we propose POAC1, the first algorithm achieving partition-one-AC (POAC) in a constraint network. We compare POAC to SAC and we found that POAC converges faster than SAC to the fixed point due to its ability to prune values from all variable domains when being enforced on a given variable. Based on this observation, we proposed APOAC, an adaptive version of POAC, that monitors the number of variables on which to enforce POAC
Dauba, Caroline. "Le statut de l'élu local entre droits et contraintes." Avignon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AVIG2012.
Full textIn the context of elected roles, this thesis explores the issues surrounding the status of locally elected officials. Examination of accessibility and the exercise of the various elective duties reveals that the rights of elected officials have in fact hardly progressed. The question of remuneraion is at the centre of the debate. Some suggest that currently this is too high for what is in effect a voluntary role and which therefore is overly costly of local democracy. Others the majority, resent the fact that remuneration is often insufficient to compensate the loss of salaried income which arises from the sacrifice of time given over to civil duties. Caught in the cross fire, the level of remuneration is re-evaluated infrequently and all other forms of benefit deriving from the exercising compatible with carrying out normal professional duties (leave of absence, overtime, return to wor. . ), pension benefits or indeed the protection of elected officials in the carrying out of their duties. And because at the same obtaining the right talent is insufficiently rewarded, it is apparent that the total remunerative package awarded to locally elected officials in order to carry out their duties is insufficient. This package relates not only to material benefits but also institutional benefits. In fact, over and above the simple fact of carrying out duties, the question arises over the ability of all elected officials to participate in local issues. The key objective of consultative meetings, is that they are intended to guarantee the right of freedom of information and the right of participation. These rights are inalienable in the context of elected roles, and although the intention is that candidates carry out majority decisions, they seem insufficient to give elected officials the power to oppose a real issue. In parallel with the slow progression of the rights of elected officials, the constraints of office by contrast are in fact increasing. These constraints begin during the candidacy phase. In fact, in order to alleviate the legitimate concern of access to elected functions, the legislative powers have complicated electoral procedure to such a point that recourse to a legal process is more and more frequent and allows now and again a direct contradiction of the decision of the ballot fox. There fire today an electoral campaign can appear to carry certain annoyances in the eyes of the general public, the whole experience is judjed to be time-consuming, sometimes violent in terms of human relations, costly, and legally extremely complex. The problems continue of course well beyond the election itself. To be a locally elected official today means to carry out one's duties under the control of the State - a level of control that influences both actions and people. But without doubt the heaviest weight on the local official is the personal sacrifice in carrying out his duties
Shahzad, Majid. "Influence de la rugosité et des traitements d'anodisation sur la tenue en fatigue des alliages d'aluminium aéronautiques 2214 et 7050." Toulouse, ISAE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ESAE0004.
Full textBlanchard, Rémy. "Élastographie par résonance magnétique : contributions pour l’acquisition et la reconstruction du module de cisaillement : association avec l’élastographie ultrasonore quasi-statique pour l’étude de milieux pré-contraints." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10030/document.
Full textThe term elastography refers to imaging techniques dedicated to the in vivo investigation of the mechanical properties of biological tissues. During this thesis, we focused on two elastography techniques. The first one is quasi-static ultrasound elastography, able to locally estimate tissue strain induced by a global deformation of a medium. The second one is Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE), able to measure the local shear modulus. In MRE, a shear wave is generated within the medium and imaged using a specific MRI sequence. The resulting wave images are then processed to estimate the local shear modulus. A new acquisition scheme of the shear wave images was proposed during this thesis. A method, based on local frequency estimation, was also developed for the estimation of the local shear modulus using the properties of a ratio of filters. Another research axis was the study of the effect of a prestrain application on the measured shear modulus. This effect was first studied with homogeneous media and then with heterogeneous test objects. In this last case, the use of quasi-static ultrasound elastography was necessary to locally access to the medium strain. This information was then combined with the information obtained using MRE to extract, for each region of interest, a strain/shear modulus curve
Libert, Maximilien. "Etudes expérimentale et numérique de l'effet des mécanismes de plasticité sur la rupture fragile par clivage dans les aciers faiblement alliés." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00413677.
Full textLes modèles d'approche locale de la rupture par clivage constituent l'un des principaux outils de prédiction de la ténacité des aciers faiblement alliés. La dispersion des contraintes à rupture est interprétée comme un effet de la distribution des défauts dans la microstructure, mais l'effet des hétérogénéités mécaniques n'est pas pris en compte. Or, en dessous d'une température de transition de comportement Ta (de l'ordre de 25°C), les mécanismes de déformation sont grandement affectés par la température et la vitesse de déformation.
Notre approche consiste à prendre en compte l'effet des hétérogénéités de contraintes dans un critère local d'amorçage du clivage. Les résultats de calculs de microstructure sont utilisés pour proposer une description statistique de l'évolution des distributions de contraintes locales. Cette approche statistique permet de proposer un modèle d'approche locale de la rupture dépendant à la fois des hétérogénéités mécaniques et des distributions de tailles de défauts.
Le comportement du matériau et son évolution sont caractérisés aux échelles microscopique et macroscopique dans le domaine de température [25°C,-196°C]. Des essais de traction simple, de sauts de vitesse et de température, et de ténacité sont réalisés.
Nous proposons un modèle de comportement micromécanique décrivant le comportement plastique en dessous de la température de transition Ta. La loi de comportement est basée sur les mécanismes de déformation décrits dans la bibliographie et identifiée par méthode inverse à partir des essais mécaniques. Les observations au MET et la caractérisation du comportement activé thermiquement permettent de fixer plusieurs paramètres du modèle.
Des simulations sont réalisées afin de modéliser les distributions de contrainte principale σ1 dans deux microstructures bainitiques correspondant au volume élémentaire de l'approche locale de la rupture. L'effet de la température et de la triaxialité sur l'évolution des hétérogénéités est caractérisé. Nous proposons une fonction de distribution décrivant la distribution des valeurs locales de σ1 en fonction des contraintes principales et équivalente <σ1> et <σmises> moyennes dans la microstructure.
Cette fonction est utilisée pour formuler un modèle d'approche locale de la rupture intégrant la distribution des tailles de défauts critiques et les distributions de σ1. On montre que dans certains cas, la dispersion des contraintes locales suffit à expliquer les dispersions des contraintes à rupture à l'échelle du volume élémentaire. Les dispersions de contraintes à rupture sont en accord avec celles prédites par le modèle de Beremin. La prise en compte des hétérogénéités mécaniques permet d'introduire une dépendance de la probabilité de rupture en fonction de la température, de la déformation et de la triaxialité. Il reste à appliquer le modèle d'approche locale au calcul d'éprouvettes CT et de comparer les dispersions de ténacités simulées à celles mesurées expérimentalement.
Stein, Shiromoto Humberto. "Stabilisation sous contraintes locales et globales." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01023554.
Full textAmzil, Aboubakr. "Compréhension et modélisation des mécanismes et des effets de géométrie dans la partie basse de la transition ductile-fragile." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLM002.
Full textThe main goal of this thesis is to study the effect of temperature and geometry on the toughness of a ferritic steel in the lower part of the brittle to ductile transition zone. This work proposes to model the failure mechanisms observed in this zone using a local approach to failure. Although, according to experimental evidences, fracture in the transition zone results from a coupling between brittle and ductile fracture, the present thesis is mainly focused on the study of the lower part of the transition zone in which the fracture mechanism is mainly brittle. An experimental study of the material, a ferritic 18MND5 steel, is first proposed. An experimental database, consisting partially of existing tests was carried in order to have, at different temperatures, tests on uncracked specimens (TC and AE) mainly used for the study of elasto-plastic behaviour and tests on cracked specimens (CT and SENT) to study the fracture behaviour. A fractographic SEM study of the fracture surfaces allows, firstly, to describe the fracture mechanisms as a function of geometry and temperature and, secondly, to distinguish purely brittle specimens from specimens with ductile crack advance. Based on the results of the previous observations, plasticity and brittle fracture of the material are modelled. A new methodology for Weibull stress computation is proposed so as to ensure that it is correctly evaluated. Particularly, it is verified that Weibull computation is converged with respect to the mesh size. A procedure is proposed to filter out strong stress fluctuations. Cleavage is described using a modified version of Beremin's model which takes into account the effect of plastic strains on the Weibull stress. This formulation allows fitting, at a given temperature, of a unique set of parameters to model the fracture probabilities on different geometries (CT of different thicknesses and SENT). The fitted parameters are temperature dependent. In addition, the thesis also provided the opportunity to initiate the modeling of ductile failure in the transition. This includes the construction of a relevant experimental database which now covers the entire transition zone and the use of a non-local GTN type model which is fitted on axisymmetric notched bars. This work could constitute a starting point for future modelling of the coupling between ductile and brittle fracture in the transition
Nattaf, Margaux. "Ordonnancement sous contraintes d'énergie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30208/document.
Full textResource-constrained scheduling problems have been widely studied in the literature. However, in most cases, it is assumed that the activities have a fixed duration and require a constant amount of the resource throughout their execution. In this thesis, we propose to treat a scheduling problem in wich tasks have a variable duration and a variable resource consumption profile. This profile, which may vary over time, is a decision variable of the problem on wich depends the ruration of the associated task. Furthermore, we consider linear and nonlinear efficiency functions to represent resource usage, which makes more complex the problem and permits the modeling of energy transfers. For this NP-complete problem, we present several properties allowing us to derive models and solution methods. These solution methods are divided into two parts. The first part studies the problem from the perspective of Constraint Programmming and several methods derived from this paradigm are detailed, among which new developments on energetic reasoning for the considered problem. The second part of the thesis, dedicated to Mixed Integer Linear Programming approches, presents several models, including a novel continuous time model based on events as well theoretical analysis of the models and improvement of theses techniques. Finally, experiments show the relative effectiveness of the results presented in this thesis
Granvilliers, Laurent. "Consistances locales et transformations symboliques de contraintes d'intervalles." Orléans, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ORLE2044.
Full textDurand, Aurèle. "Caractérisation et contrôle industriel des contraintes locales en microélectronique : applications aux transistors de technologie 20 nm." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY081/document.
Full textFor many years, characterization techniques have been used in the microelectronic industry in order to probe and analyze integrated components. Nowadays the critical downscaling of transistors and implementation of new materials and methods, such as silicon-germanium (SiGe) and strain engineering, induce the necessity of developing innovative metrology in order to monitor the fabrication processes at each step. In this context, there is a need for non-destructive and fast strain characterization techniques, capable of in-line analysis of nano-structures. Within that framework, the capabilities of High Resolution X-Ray Diffraction (HRXRD) and Raman spectroscopy for strain measurements is evaluated and a methodology tailored to in-line metrology constraints is proposed.Industrial HRXRD equipment, developed for an in-line strain metrology have demonstrated their ability to measure strain in SiGe thin films of only a few nanometers thick, with a great sensitivity (< 10-4). Nonetheless, when it comes to advanced structures, such as planar transistors, the strain field complexity requires the measurement and the thorough analysis of Reciprocal Space Mappings (RSM). In this study, we demonstrate the interest and capability of RSM for the characterization of strained structures for gratings of pMOS transistors. A reverse method that consists in using a strain field model to reproduce the measured RSMs is used. The benefit of using different mechanical models is explored and a very good agreement between experimental and simulated RSM’s is established. Strain field extracted by this method is successfully correlated to the one measured by Dark-Field Electron Holography (DFEH) technique, emphasizing the capability of HRXRD for pMOS strain field investigation.Alongside, µ-Raman spectroscopy was also identified to be a promising candidate for the industry, due to a sub-micrometers spatial resolution and a low detection threshold. It enables to determine simultaneously the strain state and the average composition of SiGe thin films down to the nanometer scale. Thereby, µ-Raman reveals that a condensation process, critical to create a strained SiGe channel for advanced transistor technology, induces a germanium composition inhomogeneity in the SiGe thin films. To go further, the spatial resolution of µ-Raman and Tip-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS) techniques is investigated by comparing the measurements with simulations, highlighting that there is still some way to go before fulfilling the demands of the microelectronics industry.Finally, a HRXRD methodology is developed in order to follow the strain field evolution all along process steps in a manufacturing environment. The main method uses a large library computed for a bunch of structures with varying geometries, germanium content and strain parameters. Then the measured RSMs are selectively matched to the simulated RSMs within the library, providing in a simple and a quick way a close corresponding geometry and strain field as an output, which could then be refined by iteration if necessary. Thanks to a homemade software (DXtract), that processes and simulates the RSMs, the whole procedure is automated and is capable to follow, detect and localize even the small strain variations induced by the manufacturing steps. In addition, all the results demonstrate that the procedure is compatible with industrial constraints, meaning fast, robust and easy to operate. This work is therefore a major step towards the use of RSM for in-line monitoring, which is undoubtedly a relevant technique for industrial strain metrology
Bailleux, Olivier. "Contribution à l'étude des paysages de recherche locale associés au problème SAT." Dijon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DIJOS005.
Full textLevieil, Bruno. "Prise en compte des contraintes résiduelles dans le dimensionnement en fatigue oligocyclique par des méthodes simplifiées." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0070/document.
Full textResidual stresses are inherent to the manufacturing processes and can have a strong effect on the fatigue life of structures. Therefore, they shall be taken into account in fatigue design. In this PhD thesis, a fast design method is developed to take residual stresses into account in low cycle fatigue, either under tensile or compressive loadings. The main idea is to calculate analytically the stabilised stress-strain curve, at the critical point, by using a simplified method for confined plasticity. This method is based on a localisation law that extends energetic methods like Neuber to general multiaxial stress states. The localization law links the applied load to the local load at the critical point. It has to be identified on a finite element analysis of the structure under monotonic load. For this purpose, the elasto-plastic behaviour of the material is characterised from one single tensile test with loadings-unloadings. The behaviour law, identified sequentially, includes isotropic and kinematic hardenings with thresholds. This improves the stabilised mean stress prediction, which is used in the proposed fatigue criterion to represent the influence of the load ratio on the fatigue life. This criterion is identified on purely alternated tests (Rε=-1), and then validated under various tensile load ratios (Rε>-1) as well as compressive load ratios (Rε<-1). The methodology is validated on plate specimens with two semi-circular notches, which initially present different residual stresses states. The experimental evolution of local stresses during cyclic compressive (Rσ=-∞) and tensile (Rσ=0) repeated applied loads have been studied experimentally and compared to the numerical and analytical predictions. The same work has been achieved on the fatigue lives predictions. It shows that a slight conservatism, independent from the load ratio and the initial state, is obtained. Finally, an application of the method on T-Joints is realised to enlarge the scope of the method
Florentin, Eric. "Sur l'évaluation de la qualité locale des contraintes éléments finis en élasticité tridimensionnelle." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DENS0024.
Full textWe propose in this work a method to control thé local quality of a 3D finite élément solution in elasticity. From a study of thé method in 2D, which relies on an improved construction of equilibrated fields, thé extension of thé method is proposed. Using this local estimation, an estimation of thé quality of thé Von Mises équivalent stress and a problem of adaptation of meshing with objective of local quality are operated
Florentin, Éric. "Sur l'évaluation de la qualité locale des contraintes éléments finis en élasticité tridimensionnelle /." Cachan : Laboratoire de mécanique et technologie, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb390279277.
Full textSarica, Nazim. "Identification de contraintes locales impactant l’expression des gènes chez Escherichia coli." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL021.
Full textA long list of constrains that affect gene expression have been discovered thanks to the thousands of sequenced genomes and comparative genomics. These contrains can be at the nucleotidic level, but also at the 3D scale. Studies showed that the spatial organization of bacterial genomes goes from the molecular level to the cellular level. At the molecular level, NAPs (Nuceloid Associated Proteins) are modeling the chromosome by inducing 10kb loops called microdomains, that present different supercoiling levels. At the cellular scale, it has been observed 4 different structured regions + 2 non-structured regions on E.coli's chromosome. These regions of approximatively 1Mbp are called macrodomains. The first goal of this project is to study the effects of positioning and constrains on gene expression in E.coli. With the chromosome being so large and precisely organized in time and space by several interacting elements simultaneously, it is often difficult for researchers to isolate one specific feature and to accurately correlate this to gene regulation. What becomes obvious when one begins to wade through the literature is that the field would greatly benefit from simplified model chromosomes
Charef, Rania. "Management interculturel : entre contraintes nationales, contraintes organisationnelles et particularismes locaux : études de cas chez Veolia Environnement." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT3028.
Full textDespite the importance given to cross-cultural management, very little research has focused on tools for the management of cultural diversity. This thesis proposes a link between the theoretical framework of cross-cultural management and the management tools. Three cases studied were conducted in the same international company in France: Veolia Environment. This qualitative research, through longitudinal case studies and action research, was done thanks to a CIFRE agreement, and aims to answer the question: what is the role of management tools for managing cultural diversity? This research reveals that we can distinguish a multiplicity of visions of cultural diversity desired and promoted, sustained and denied, ambivalent, a screen for other problems, or a political opportunity. We have shown that the management tools have effects at the strategic, organizational, cognitive and relational levels. As a polymorphous phenomenon, cultural diversity is a political and organizational challenge for the actors who try to develop and transform diversity management tools. Thus, cross-cultural management tools need to be contextualized to the specific situation of each organization. All internal tensions do not necessarily fall under cultural differences. Indeed, they can mask difficulties related to the devaluation of jobs or the lack of career prospects
Belin, Bruno. "Conception interactive d'environnements urbains durables à base de résolution de contraintes." Nantes, 2014. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=b33fac3a-1e3f-4508-ba1a-65e60252547e.
Full textThe design of more sustainable cities has emerged as a central society issue. A city, in the early stage of its design process, can be seen as a balanced set of urban shapes (residential, commercial, artisanal and industrial units, roads, schools, parks,. . . ). These shapes need to be spatially organized following complex rules based on a systemic view of the city, including social, economic, ecological and transportation aspects. In this thesis, we provide a computer-aided decision tool to assist urban planners and decision makers in the task of designing sustainable cities. We cast the urban planning problem as an optimization problem that we solve with local search techniques, by iteratively swapping the urban shapes. At this stage, our tool automatically organizes urban shapes over a given empty, spatially delimited territory. We extend this sequential algorithm with novel heuristics to improve the computation time, and propose a distributed version, efficient on large problems. Finally, we add interactive features that allow the experts to modify the spatial organization of the city, while maintaining on the fly the relations between shapes and informing the experts of the impacts of their choices. The benefits of our approach are highlighted by examples and feedbacks from experts in the domain, and open the way for new approaches to design the cities of the future
Dib, Mohammad. "Tabu-NG : hybridation de programmation par contraintes et recherche locale pour la résolution de CSP." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00607503.
Full textVeerapen, Nadarajen. "Contrôle autonome d'opérateurs pour la recherche locale." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995607.
Full textDemongeot, Marilou. "Les pratiques des agriculteur∙ices entre choix et contraintes : une approche pragmatique des multiples valeurs de l’agrobiodiversité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONG023.
Full textIn various contexts where productivity norms increasingly permeate all scales of food production systems, I propose analyze farmers’ decision making and practices in adjustment to various agronomic and ecological dimensions, as well as aspects related to product transformation, social organization, and land access. The need to build a less destructive and more resilient agriculture in the face of the ecological crisis leads me in this thesis to explore the role of values. I explore how farmers give meaning to their actions and redefine desirable orientations in a given socio-cultural context. Considering that agroecology cannot be solely based on expert evaluation focused on economic and ecological indicators, my work aims to identify approaches that can account for the different relationships with plants in the choices made by farmers. Agrobiodiversity encompasses the values of different cultivated species, as well as their systemic interactions. In this thesis, I first conduct a literature review of the multiple values of agrobiodiversity to provide an overview of the values described in recent scientific publications and how they are studied (Chapter 1). The obtained results challenge the predominance of economic and productive values related to practices and crop choices and instead reveal the diversity of values from the farmers' perspective. I complement this approach with two field surveys in the northwest of Morocco and in the southern French Alps. My objective is to describe how values interact with the multiple dimensions of a local system, from the field to the territory: values, practices, socioecological contexts, and agrobiodiversity, encompassing varieties, species, and their diversity. To achieve this, I draw on various theoretical and methodological contributions from anthropology, the pragmatic philosophy of values, and field practices in geography and ethnoecology. I highlight that agrobiodiversity is shaped by social interactions related to the land, beyond motivations directly linked to the cultivation of specific plants. Local organizational knowledge also plays a significant role in understanding agrobiodiversity dynamics (Chapter 2). Farmers take into account multiple social, environmental, cultural, climatic, economic, and political components of the socio-ecosystem to distribute their crops in space and time. These values are dynamic and recompose through changes in agricultural practices that oppose the limitations of industrial agriculture, creating new attachments and identities (Chapter 3). Therefore, my work questions the conditions for maintaining multiple values and agrobiodiversity in a context of ecological and economic instability
Hernandez, Sébastien. "Evaluation et optimisation du mécanisme de Handhover dans un Réseau Local Sans Fil dédié aux applications à trafic contraint par le temps." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/70/32/74/PDF/2006CLF21682.pdf.
Full textHernandez, Sébastien. "Evaluation et optimisation du mécanisme de Handhover dans un Réseau Local Sans Fil dédié aux applications à trafic contraint par le temps." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703274.
Full textPassavant, Lisa. "Financer les politiques régionales : De l’autonomie à la contrainte budgétaire : Le cas des Régions Alsace, Limousin et Nord-Pas-de-Calais." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD037/document.
Full textFor some years (2008-2010), territorial authorities have been facing a drastic decrease in their resources. The local business tax reform in 2010 has slowed down the dynamism of tax revenues. The regional political representatives no longer have the ability to determine the tax rate. The funds allocated by the State, after having first experienced a freeze in their value, are now reduced as a consequence of successive « stability », « responsibility » and "growth" pacts introduced by different governments. In parallel, the transfers of competences at the beginning of the 2000’s (rail transport and the second act of decentralization) are causing increasingly rigid financial charges for the Regions. Our research aims to understand the causes of these transformations and to qualify the changes that are impacting regional resources. It seeks to determine if there is a growing financialisation of regional politics or if, on the contrary, there is still some local political control despite budgetary constraint. Through a comparative analysis of three Regions (Limousin, Alsace and Nord-Pas-de-Calais), and based on the observation of the reorganization that is happening within regional institutions, our thesis envisages to understand how the political / financial duo evolves in a framework of unprecedented budget constraint
Louis, Marine. "Synthèse et études de systèmes mécanofluorochromes vers le développement de sondes locales de contraintes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLN050/document.
Full textAmong the on-going research in organic materials science, one can find the development of new functional materials able to give distinct responses to external stimuli: temperature, pH, complexation, etc… During the past fifteen years this research field has witnessed the emergence of mechanofluorochromism. This term applies to any materials or compounds which fluorescence properties can be modified, in a reversible way, by mechanical strains. Despite the increasing number of publications in this topic, the investigations are still quite qualitative and the lack of characterisations and quantifications of the phenomenon restrict its scope. In this thesis we focused, more particularly, on the difluoroboron β-diketonate family. After the synthesis of original compounds, an in-depth study of the mechanism responsible for the change of fluorescence was performed, combining steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, AFM, fluorescence microscopy and theoretical approaches was also developed to allow for the quantification of the mechanofluorochromic response of the compounds when submitted to two different types of forces (pression or shearing) and has so far allowed to show that our compounds were sensitive t shearing stress and not to compression only. By modifying the substituents of the diketonate ligand or the chelating group, we additionally wanted to understand their influence on the mechanofluorochromic properties. The synthesis of new diketonate ligands functionalised by chiral groups enable us to study the influence of mechanofluorochromism on the circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties of the enantiomerically pure derivatives. Eventually, we took a look into the preparation of nanoparticles, by the reprecipitation and RAFT methods, thereafter characterised by steady-state spectroscopy before unravelling their mechanofluorochromic properties at the nanoscale thanks to the combining use of an AFM and a fluorescence microscope
Ok, David. "Mise en Correspondance Robuste et Détection d'Éléments Visuels Appliquées à l'Analyse de Façades." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844049.
Full textZytnicki, Matthias. "Localisation d'ARN non-codants par réseaux de contraintes pondérées." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/236/.
Full textFollowing recent discoveries about the several roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), there is now great interest in identifying these molecules. Numerous techniques have been developed to localize these RNAs in genomic sequences. We use here an approach which supposes the knowledge of a set of structural elements called signature that discriminate an ncRNA family. In this work, we combine several pattern-matching techniques with the weighted constraint satisfaction problem framework. Together, they make it possible to model our biological problem, to describe accurately the signatures and to give the solutions a cost. We conceived filtering techniques as well as novel pattern-matching algorithms. Furthermore, we designed a software called DARN! that implements our approach and another tool that automatically creates signatures. These tools make it possible to localize efficiently new ncRNAs
Chebira, Mahmoud Sabri. "Définition d'une stratégie de gestion locale d'un réseau sans fil à contraintes d'échéances strictes et économie d'énergie." Paris 12, 2006. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990003939310204611&vid=upec.
Full textMany applications appear in different fields with the democratization of wireless networks. Most of them concern the activities of office and home automation. However, what about industrial applications? What does the market currently propose by taking into account temporal and quality constraints of connection linked to this domain? With this thesis, we propose implementations for industrial processes which request a wireless link subjected to strict temporal and energetic constraints. After a comparative study of various standards of wireless networks without thread available on the market, we opted for the latest standard 802. 15. 4 (alias ZigBee). It is designed with energy consumption saving abilities. These particularities present a real advantage for industrial automation control applications. Nevertheless, in our work, we propose few modifications within this standard at the MAC layer level which will allow a bigger flexibility regarding the management of the busy bandwidth and the guarantee of temporal deliverance of messages. This study ends with an analysis of the methods used for interconnection of network cells concerning an energetically-optimized routing technique to be developed at the level of the network layer
Chebira, Mahmoud Sabri Mercier Gilles. "Définition d'une stratégie de gestion locale d'un réseau sans fil à contraintes d'échéances strictes et économie d'énergie." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2007. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:8080/theses-npd/th0393931.pdf.
Full textVersion électronique uniquement consultable au sein de l'Université Paris 12 (Intranet). Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 149-153.
Kristensen, Nadiah Pardede. "Goal functions and ecosystem contraints : thermodynamic goal functions, local stability, maximal resilience, and permanence /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18700.pdf.
Full textMaillet, Caroline. "Optimisation des plans de test des charges utiles des satellites de télécommunication." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ESAE0012.
Full textTelecommunication satellite payload validation requires operations which are expensive in terms of time and manpower. This cost is constantly increasing as the payloads become more and more complex. It is crucial for Astrium to optimise the testing phase to keep these costs under control. The objective of this CIFRE thesis, conducted in collaboration with Astrium and Onera, is to develop a software suite to help generate test plans for the payloads.The problem of generating test plans was modeled using the form of a directed graph with states. The NP-completeness of this problem was proven. Mathematical models were built using integer linear programming and constraint programming with a view to solving the problems using generic solvers. However, these generic solvers had problems due to insufficient memory on account of the large size of instances to be handled. These problems led us to develop a specialised solver using a tree search, with special mechanisms for choosing variables and values, propagating constraints, computing bounds, backjumping,learning, and restarting. A specialised solver based on local search was developed in parallel.The results obtained by these different solvers with different settings were compared
Boer, Dieter-Thomas. "Développement d'une machine à absorption de rendement élevé pour la climatisation de locaux." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT005G.
Full textRadvanyi, Jean. "Régions et pouvoirs en URSS : contraintes spatiales et politique régionale en URSS." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA070108.
Full textFrançois, Nicolas. "Mesures locales de contraintes, de vitesses et de conformations moléculaires dans des solutions de polymères." Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13595.
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