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Wee, Meng Seng. "Contracts and corporate insolvency proceedings." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249894.
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Gervassis, Nicholas J. "From contractual serfdom to human rights liberation : doing justice to virtual lives." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14211.
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Analysis of relationships between states and citizens has almost monopolised the Human Rights legal discourse. In my thesis, I start from the position that Human Rights is a philosophical and historical victory of humankind, whose application cannot be limited to dictating norms in traditional forms of governance; Human Rights primarily define the human being as an individual, as a group, as a societal entity. Therefore, when we discuss Human Rights we do not pursue what governing states 'ought' or 'ought not' to do, but how human beings 'should' endure their lives in a dignified manner; how they should be treated independently of who their acting opponent might be. The Internet, on the other hand, has evolved through the years into an uncharted virtual structure of uncounted online operations and services run by private commercial actors. Within this setting, where the online application platform performs as a land parallel and the private commercial host as the de facto ruler, online identity is mirrored into service accounts. Hence the human being‘s digital existence seems to be depending, to a large degree, on the private initiative – and will. Whilst exploring various relevant themes, the thesis revisits the issue of the application of Human Rights in private relationships through the lenses of online electronic communications and using the example of commercial online virtual worlds. According to my conclusions, a simple projection of the state/citizen model onto ISPs/users relationships does not give sufficient ground for contesting Human Rights within that context. What we need is to deconstruct predominant dogmas in modern Human Rights theory and legislation and to readjust our focus back on the human being and its universal manifestations.
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Edlich, Harry Sutton. "Basic Economic Rights." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2005. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/2.
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The world’s human population is presently politically organized into an international system of territorially-defined nation-states. Each nation-state claims sovereign rights to non-interference and self-determination which minimize the legitimate influence of all other nation-states on the conduct of its internal affairs. International political discourse using the concept of human rights has become increasingly influential in addressing the regulation and restrictions of coercive activity that governing institutions can exact upon citizen populations. If there are universal human rights that all persons possess regardless of national affiliation, does this include basic economic rights that should insure all persons the basic economic goods necessary for healthy subsistence? Philosophers working within the state of nature contractual theory of government philosophical tradition, including Hobbes, Locke, Nozick, and Rawls, reach contradictory conclusions regarding the existence of universal basic economic rights. More recently, Shue has provided arguments affirming the existence of universal basic economic rights.
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Landa, Arroyo César. "Constitutionalisation of Civil Law: The fundamental right to contractual freedom, its scope and limits." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108342.
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Constitutional Law has irradiated to the whole legal system, constitutionalizing Civil Law. However, it is also true that this process has occurred in reverse, “privatizing” Constitutional Law.In this article, the author presents us a complete analysis of the fundamental rights of private origin, with an special emphasis on the constitutional right to convene freely, its limits and its possible judicial control.El Derecho Constitucional se ha irradiado a todoel ordenamiento jurídico, constitucionalizandoel Derecho Civil. Sin embargo, también es ciertoque este proceso ha ocurrido a la inversa, “privatizando” el Derecho Constitucional.En el presente artículo, el autor nos presenta un completo análisis de los derechos funda- mentales de carácter privado, con especial énfasis en el derecho constitucional a contratar libremente, sus límites y sus posibles controles judiciales.
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Peglion-Zika, Claire-Marie. "La notion de clause abusive : au sens de l’article L. 132-1 du Code de la consommation." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020071/document.
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La législation sur les clauses abusives, issue de l’article L. 132-1 du Code de la consommation, est d’application quotidienne. La notion de clause abusive n’en demeure pas moins confuse. Il est vrai que trente-cinq années d’applications erratiques ont contribué à la rendre peu accessible et peu prévisible, ce qui nuit à la sécurité juridique. Pour restaurer cette notion, une double démarche s’impose. Il faut, d’abord, la délimiter afin de réserver son application uniquement aux personnes qui méritent d’être protégées contre les clauses abusives et aux seules stipulations qui créent véritablement un déséquilibre significatif entre les droits et obligations des parties au contrat. La notion de clause abusive apparaît alors comme un mécanisme destiné à sanctionner les abus de la liberté contractuelle dans les contrats de consommation. Il faut, ensuite, procéder à l’identification de la notion de clause abusive en cherchant à définir et à caractériser le standard du déséquilibre significatif, notamment à l’aune des critères dégagés de la pratique. Chemin faisant, la notion de clause abusive s’impose comme une notion incontournable du droit de la consommation et, plus largement du droit des contrats, notamment en ce qu’elle participe au renouveau de la théorie générale du contratThe legislation on unfair terms set out by Article L. 132-1 of the French Consumer Code is applied on a daily basis. The notion of unfair terms nevertheless remains unclear. Thirty-five years of inconsistent and erratic application have indeed contributed to making this legislation inaccessible and difficult to predict, thereby damaging legal security. The reinforcement of this notion necessitates a two-pronged approach. First of all, the concept must be delimited in order to restrict application solely to those individuals requiring protection against unfair terms and only to those terms that genuinely do generate a material imbalance between the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract. The notion of unfair terms then becomes a mechanism aimed at sanctioning abuses of contractual freedom in consumer agreements. The concept must then be identified, by seeking to define and characterize the standard of material imbalance, in particular against the yardstick of criteria generated by practical application. In doing so, the notion of unfair terms becomes a central notion of consumer law and, more widely, of contract law, in particular with regard to its participation in the renewal of general contract theory
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Norin, Kajsa. "OM NI INTE STÅR FÖR NÅGOT, VAD INSPIRERAR ER DÅ? : En studie av Socialdemokraterna, Liberalerna och Sverigedemokraternas etiska perspektiv Norin, Kajsa Handledare: Agneta Blom Seminariedatum: 2016." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-52207.
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This essay is about the importance of discussing ethics in political debates. I chose to analyse three of the parliamentary parties in Sweden: Sverigedemokraterna (the Sweden Democrats), Socialdemokraterna (the Social Democrats) and Liberalerna (the Liberals). I chose to ask the questions:{ Do the three parties’ ethical perspectives correlate to the discussions of one or more of the chosen theories?{ Is one of the theories more common?{ Is there a difference between the parties, if so: what is the differences? By using qualitative classification I studied the party programme and some other documents from each party. I also analysed two parliamentary debates. One was between the leaders of the parties when discussion immigration and the other was about the Panama papers. The ethical theories I chose as a theoretical base were utilitarism, ethics of duty, rights ethics and contractual ethics. In order to get an eassier way of comparing them I also chose four areas of comparison: view on humanity, preferred culture in society, method of governing and hierarchy of values.During the essay I discovered that all three parties had at least part of their ethics in common with each theory. Contractual and rights ethics were the most reoccurring ones for all three. Sverigedemokraterna and Liberalerna had slightly more in common with rights ethics, while Socialdemokraterna had a preference towards contractual ethics.
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Lewis, Samantha Vanessa. "The constitutional and contractual implications of the application of chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4530_1319010066.
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In this research, I carefully and coherently examine Chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005 as the first legislation to afford surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition in South Africa. I argue that the application of Chapter 19 imposes a number of unwarranted limitations on several of the constitutional rights of the parties to a surrogacy agreement. In addition, I propose that Chapter 19 is not in accordance with the principal of the best interests of the child. I examine the history of surrogate motherhood in South Africa and establish that, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, no legislation expressly afforded surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition. Hence, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, parties who entered surrogacy agreements could, first, not rely on the agreement to enforce contractual obligations, and secondly, the legal positions of the parties to the agreement were uncertain. Thirdly, a child born of a surrogacy agreement was seen as the child of the surrogate mother and not of the commissioning parents.
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Al, Haj Diab Lamis. "Essai sur l'interprétation : l'interprétation au service de l'équité contractuelle : étude comparée franco-libanaise." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020033.
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La conception de la théorie de l’interprétation est constante. Elle repose sur une distinction entre les textes contractuels clairs et les textes contractuels ambigus. L’interprétation des textes ambigus relève du pouvoir souverain des juges du fond tandis que l’interprétation des textes clairs est considérée comme une dénaturation, cas d’ouverture à cassation. Toutefois, cette conception classique de la théorie de l’interprétation semble contestable. Les textes législatifs relatifs à cette théorie ne justifient pas le clivage entre les textes clairs et les textes ambigus, que nous proposons d’écarter au profit de l’admission de l’absoluité du pouvoir d’interprétation des juges du fond. Par ailleurs, l’opération d’interprétation des contrats est régie par les directives déclaratives, les directives protectrices de la partie faible et les directives complétives. Elle est marquée par l’emprise de l’équité sur l’interprétation complétive. L’ensemble des directives d’interprétation conduit à la mise en oeuvre de « l’équité subjective originelle », ou subsidiairement de « l’équité complétive », « subjective » par référence à la volonté contractuelle sinon « objective » en se fondant sur la conception raisonnable de la société. L’interprétation s’avère un processus au service de l’équité contractuelle. Elle contribue à la préservation de l’équité subjective contractuelle et conduit à défaut à l’élaboration d’une équité objective contractuelle. Différentes conceptions juridiques constituent des applications avérées de cette lecture de la théorie de l’interprétation, à savoir l’interdiction de détournement de la finalité d’un droit, l’abandon de l’acte ostensible simulé pour l’application de l’acte secret sincère et l’adjonction d’obligations à certains contrats. En parallèle, de nouvelles applications sont proposées. La théorie de l’interprétation peut constituer le complément de la notion de cause, le dénouement de la problématique de la révision pour imprévision et une technique de révision des contrats nés déséquilibrésThe concept of the theory of interpretation has been always based on the distinction between the clear contractual texts and the ambiguous contractual texts. The ambiguous texts are interpreted freely by the judges on merits whereas the interpretation of the clear texts is considered as a denaturation and a cause to claim cassation. However, this classic concept of the theory of interpretation seams disputable. As the difference in the interpretation of the clear and ambiguous texts is not justified by legal texts, we suggest to drop out this distinction and to give the judges the absolute authority to interpret all texts. Besides, the interpretation of contracts is governed by three rules: the declaration of the real common intention of the contracting parties rather than paying attention to the literal meaning of the terms, the protection of the weak party and the completion of the intention of the parties. The interpretation theory leads to the application of the equity which prevails over the completion rules. The judges will initially ascertain the “original subjective equity”. If not applicable, they will then establish the “subjective completive equity” depending on the contractual will, or the “objective completive equity” based on the reasonable conception of the society. The interpretation theory favors the contractual equity. It contributes to preserve the subjective contractual equity and creates an objective contractual equity. Several legal concepts constitute a genuine application of our understanding of the theory of interpretation, such as the interdiction of using a contractual right contrary to the reason created for, the abandonment of the fake apparent act in order to apply the real unrevealed one, and the addition of obligations to some contracts. In parallel, new applications are suggested. The theory of interpretation may complete the notion of cause, handle the problem of the unforeseen circumstances and permit to revise the imbalanced contracts
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Ripoche, Elléa. "La liberté et l’ordre public contractuels à l’épreuve des droits fondamentaux." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020061.
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Loin d’être exclusivement d’ordre hiérarchique, la relation unissant le contrat et les droits fondamentaux apparaît également de nature dialectique. Au phénomène de fondamentalisation du contrat, conduisant à limiter la liberté contractuelle, répond un phénomène inverse de contractualisation des droits fondamentaux, tendant au contraire à la promouvoir. Malmenée en même temps qu’exaltée par l’irruption des droits fondamentaux dans la sphère contractuelle, la liberté contractuelle se trouve ainsi au cœur des interactions entre le contrat et les droits fondamentaux. C’est à la lumière d’une réflexion renouvelée sur l’ordre public contractuel que la solidarité de ces deux phénomènes antagonistes peut être éprouvée, et leur relation systématisée. Sous l’action d’influences réciproques, la rencontre du contrat et des droits fondamentaux est en effet la source d’un nouvel équilibre contractuel. Se substituant progressivement à l’ordre public, les droits fondamentaux en font évoluer à la fois la structure et la substance. C’est, plus spécifiquement, l’articulation de la liberté et de l’ordre public contractuels qui s’opère différemment si bien qu’elle apparaît, à l’épreuve des droits fondamentaux, sous un jour nouveau. À la fois ordre de promotion et de limitation de la liberté, l’ordre public contractuel se révèle, avant tout, comme un ordre de fondation de la libertéFar from being exclusively hierarchical, the relationship between the contract and fundamental rights also appears to be dialectical. The phenomenon of the fundamentalization of the contract, leading to the restriction of contractual freedom, is met by an inverse phenomenon of the contractualization of fundamental rights, tending on the contrary to promote it. The emergence of fundamental rights disturbs as much as it exalts the contractual freedom, which constitutes therefore the core of the interactions between contract and fundamental rights. It is in the light of a renewed reflection on contractual public order that the solidarity of these two antagonistic phenomena can be tested, and their relationship systematized. Owing to reciprocal influences, the meeting of the contract and fundamental rights is indeed the source of a new contractual balance. Fundamental rights are gradually replacing public order and are changing both its structure and substance. More specifically, it is the articulation of contractual freedom and public order that operates differently, so that it appears, tested by fundamental rights, in a new light. Both an order to promote and limit freedom, contractual public order turns out to be, above all, an order to establish freedom
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Cassiède, Marc. "Les pouvoirs contractuels : étude de droit privé." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0278/document.
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L’évolution contemporaine du droit privé des contrats est marquée par la multiplication des hypothèses dans lesquelles l’une ou l’autre des parties dispose de la possibilité d’agir seule sur le contenu ou le sort d’un contrat définitivement formé. Par exemple, depuis 1995, il est admis que l’une des parties à un contrat-cadre puisse seule fixer le prix. De même, en cas de manquement grave de l’une des parties, l’autre peut, à ses risques et périls, procéder à la résolution du contrat. Ces deux types de prérogatives contractuelles appartiennent à une catégorie plus large que la doctrine désigne couramment sous le nom de « pouvoirs contractuels ». Or, les pouvoirs contractuels viennent perturber les règles traditionnelles du droit privé des contrats à deux égards. D’une part, les pouvoirs contractuels introduisent une logique unilatéraliste, synonyme d’inégalité, dans le contrat qui répond traditionnellement à une logique consensualiste synonyme d’égalité. D’autre part, le mécanisme des pouvoirs contractuels implique une redéfinition de la place du juge dans le contentieux contractuel puisque ce dernier ne devra plus nécessairement être saisi pour trancher les litiges entre les parties relatifs à l’exécution du contrat. Celui-ci sera saisi postérieurement à la modification des effets du contrat décidée unilatéralement, et ce, par la partie qui entend en contester la régularité. Consacrer une étude aux pouvoirs contractuels suppose donc de chercher à identifier plus précisément ce mécanisme qui vient introduire dans le contrat une logique de pouvoir qui n’est pas la sienne, puis, de tenter de définir les contours de l’intervention du jugeThe contemporary evolution of the private law of contracts is marked by the multiplication of the hypotheses in which one or other of the parties has the possibility of acting alone on the content or fate of a definitively formed contract. For example, since 1995, it has been accepted that one of the parties to a framework contract can only fix the price. Similarly, in the event of a serious breach by one of the parties, the other party may, at his own risk, proceed to the termination of the contract. These two types of contractual prerogatives belong to a broader category that the doctrine commonly refers to as "contractual powers". However, contractual powers disrupt the traditional rules of private contract law in two respects. On one hand, contractual powers introduce a unilateralist logic, synonymous with inequality, in the contract that traditionally responds to a consensualist logic synonymous with equality. On the other hand, the mechanism of contractual powers implies a redefinition of the judge's place in contractual disputes since the latter will no longer necessarily be seized to settle disputes between the parties relating to the performance of the contract. It will be seized after the modification of the effects of the contract decided unilaterally, and this, by the party who intends to contest the regularity. To devote a study to the contractual powers therefore presupposes seeking to identify more precisely this mechanism that introduces into the contract a logic of power that is not its own, and then attempts to define the contours of the judge's intervention
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Tenhovaara, Taru. "Transferring Big Data to the United States in the Post Snowden Era : Can the Fundamental Rights of EU citizens laid down in Articles 7,8 and 47 of the Charter be guaranteed?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-159827.
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Klein, Felipe Pastro. "Sujeito de direito e fenomenologia: um passo na reconstrução de uma nova relação contratual." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2007. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2422.
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O presente estudo perpassa a figura do sujeito de direito, desde sua formulação conceitual e do reconhecimento de sua identidade moderna como indivíduo, para construir, no caminho da repersonalização do Direito Privado, outro espaço de desenvolvimento do sujeito humano especificamente para as relações contratuais. Para tanto, a base filosófica do presente estudo está alicerçada na fenomenologia de Heidegger, como ponte para esta reconstrução da relação jurídica contratual, porque perspectiva promissora de ampliação do sentido do ser do direito. É através da conjugação da fenomenologia e do direito, na percepção deste novo sujeito de direito, vívido, existente e concreto, que se permite iluminar as cercanias do Direito Privado e situar as relações contratuais e suas possibilidade, na autêntica repersonalização
The present study crosses the figure of the subject of rights, since its conceptual formularization and of the recognition of its modern identity as individual, to construct, in the path of the repersonalization of Private Law, another space of development of the human citizen specifically for the contractual relations. For in such a way, the philosophical basis of the present study is based on HEIDEGGER’s hermeneutical phenomenology, as bridge for this reconstruction of the contractual legal relationship, for promising perspective for the magnifying of the existing of rights’ sense. It is through the conjugation of the phenomenology and the right, in the perception of this new subject of rights, vivid, existing, and concrete, that is allowed to illuminate the environs of the Private law and to point out the contractual relations and its possibilities, in the authentic repersonalization
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Norman, Marcus, and Malin Persson. "Effektivisering och digitalisering av fastighetsbildningsprocessen : Effekter av en förändrad inskrivning av avtalsrättigheter." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36521.
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Forskning visar att genom utveckling inom digitalisering finns flera nyttor att vinna. Dessa nyttor är att verksamheter effektiviseras, kvalitet på data höjs och kostnader sjunker. Lantmäteriet strävar mot att effektivisera fastighetsbildningsprocessen genom att tillvarata digitaliseringens möjligheter och där ett önskat tillstånd är skapa obrutna digitala informationsflöden. För att uppnå ett obrutet digitalt informationsflöde krävs det att information samlas, digitaliseras och görs tillgänglig. Idag finns inget lagkrav för att avtalsrättigheter ska skrivas in i fastighetsregistret, vilket resulterar i att denna informationsmängd inte tillgängliggörs och därmed uppstår en lucka i det digitala informationsflödet. Därför är det viktigt att undersöka hur fastighetsbildningsprocessen påverkas av oinskrivna avtalsrättigheter, tillsammans med önskeläget om ett obrutet digitalt informationsflöde. Syftet med studien är att belysa de effekter som kan komma att uppstå vid en förändrad inskrivning av avtalsrättigheter, vad detta skulle medföra för effektivisering av fastighetsbildningsprocessen och hur en förändring skulle kunna genomföras. För att besvara frågeställningen har den empiriska delen utgjorts av en enkätundersökning riktad mot förrättningslantmätare samt intervjuer genomförda med sakkunniga inom området. Utifrån studiens resultat framkommer det att det är viktigt att arbeta mot en mer digital fastighetsbildningsprocess, att tillgängliggöra information digitalt och därmed skapa transparens. Nyttorna med ett mer komplett fastighetsregister bidrar till snabbare beslut inom fastighetsbildningsprocessen. En förändring av inskrivningsförfarandet bör genomföras genom en lagändring där nya avtalsrättigheter måste skrivas in för att få rättsverkan.Through science it has been shown that through development within digitalization there are several benefits to be found. These benefits are that operations could be more efficient, quality of data could rise and costs could be reduced. The Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority, Lantmäteriet strives towards streamlining the property formation process by taking advantage of the possibilities that digitalization has to offer and a desired state is to create uninterrupted digital flows of information. In order to create an uninterrupted digital flow of information it is required for information to be collected, digitized and made available. Today, there is no legal requirement to enrol contractual rights in the real property register. As a result, this amount of information is not made available and thus, there is a gap in the digital flow of information. Therefore, it is important to investigate how the property formation process is affected by unregistered contractual rights, together with the desired state of an uninterrupted digital flow of information. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the effects that may arise in the event of a changed enrolment of contractual rights, what this would entail for streamlining the property development process and how a change could be implemented. To answer the question formulation the empirical part has consisted of a questionnaire aimed towards cadastral surveyors and interviews conducted with experts in the field. Based on the results of the study, it emerges that it is important to work towards a more digital property development process, to make information available digitally and consequently create transparency. The benefits of a more complete real property register contribute to quicker decisions within the property formation process. A change of the enrolment procedure should be implemented by a law change where new contractual rights must be enrolled to achieve legal effect.
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Chaaban, Yousra. "Dépendance et équilibre contractuel -étude de droit comparé." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3036.
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L’abus d’une dépendance ou d’une faiblesse engendre automatiquement un déséquilibre dans le contrat. Surtout que, les relations contractuelles sont traditionnellement régies par le principe de l’autonomie de volonté et ses corollaires : de force obligatoire et de liberté contractuelle.Dans une ambition de compléter et de présenter un apport au système législatif égyptien : nous avons entamé nos travaux en 2016 par une étude approfondie de la notion d’exploitation en droit égyptien et de celle de la violence économique en droit français. Bien que la théorie d’exploitation soit consacrée en 1948 lors de la grande réforme législative égyptienne, sauf qu’elle demeure inactive et restreinte. Le législateur égyptien l’a limitée à deux cas d’altération morale : la légèreté notoire et la passion effrénée, de peur de l’insécurité juridique que celle-ci pourrait entraîner. Outre l’étude de ces notions, nous procédons à une étude similaire pour la notion d’équilibre contractuel. Afin de mettre en place celui-ci, nous devons, prima facie, savoir sa teneur et son ampleur.Et dans un but de présenter une expérience professionnelle inédite, nous avons décidé d’intégrer dans cette comparaison le droit anglais, un système juridique de common law : pensons ainsi à des résultats bien fructueux. Nous constatons, à ce stade, l’efficacité de certains mécanismes anglais dans le domaine tels que l’economic duress, l’undue influence (créée par l’equity), l’ unconscionability, l’inequality of barganining power et la consideration.Mais, nous nous rendons compte que les trois systèmes juridiques n’apportent des remèdes aux déséquilibres contractuels résultant des situations d’abus de dépendance qu’à postériori, c’est-à-dire en terme correctif et non pas préventif.À notre sens, la consécration du vice d’abus de dépendance n’est qu’un remède temporaire pour la correction des déséquilibres et des abus qui peuvent résulter de cette situation et pour réaliser ainsi un équilibre contractuel. Elle ne constitue pas une solution radicale pour les déséquilibres qui résultent des abus des situations de dépendance.Au final, la solution que nous envisageons et que nous conseillons au droit égyptien : c’est la consécration d’un principe directeur d’équilibre contractuel. Celui-ci présenterait le remède préventif, à priori qui permettrait de vérifier une justice des contrats. D’ailleurs, ce principe reconnaîtrait la tendance internationale, européenne et française actuelle de proposer des principes directeurs du droit des contrats dans chaque système juridique. Il répondrait ainsi à un contexte contractuel bien différent de celui connu depuis le Code Napoléon de 1804 et qui a eu un impact considérable sur le Code civil égyptien.Je ne suis pas la première a tenté de faire passer de la justice dans le contrat. Lacordaire un prédicateur du 19ème siècle, avait énoncé : « Entre le fort et le faible, entre le riche et le pauvre, entre le maître et le serviteur, c’est la liberté qui opprime, et la loi qui affranchit », Raymond Saleilles, un juriste éminent du début du 20ème siècle ne déclarait-il que : « Les juristes veulent pouvoir dire : ‘cela est juste parce que cela a été voulu’. Il faut désormais que l’on dise ‘cela doit être voulu, parce que cela est juste’ »The objective of this thesis is to establish a principle of contractual justice, especially in Egyptian law, thus benefiting from French and English experiences in this regard. In terms of precision, we deal with situations of dependence where contracts are formed, from the outset, unbalanced. The idea for this thesis was implemented due to the French reform of contract law in 2016. The latter has been devoted to article 1143 of the Civil Code a new vice of consent: the vice of abuse of dependence related to the duress. In this perspective, we had the idea of comparing this new vice with the fourth vice; in the Egyptian law known as the vice of exploitation, which mainly deals with abuses of the moral weakness of the parties. In order to present an unprecedented comparative experience, we decided to integrate the English law in our field of research. The originality of this subject also appears in the fact of simultaneously treating dependence and contractual equilibrium. However, the subject of this thesis encounters several difficulties which concerns not only dependence, but also contractual justice. First of all, concerning the dependence: its concept has so far been unclear. The dependence is surrounded by several other notions which only hide it instead of clarifying it such as the state of necessity, the vulnerability, the state of need, the state of weakness, the constraint, the subordination, the ignorance, and the inexperience. In addition, dependence, mainly in French law, was known at the outset to special law, that is to say in criminal, consumer or competition law. It had no precise concept in contract law. We note in the end that dependence is a subjective state of moral weakness, but which must also widen to encompass adhesion or standard contracts and contracts including unfair terms. This perspective would provide real protection for weaker parties.As far as contractual balance is concerned, in addition to its conceptual imprecision, it encounters a more serious difficulty. This is contrary to the traditional and usual logic of autonomy of will known in the three legal systems. That is to say that the contract is correctly formed from the moment the parties grant their consents, even if the contract itself is unequal or unbalanced from the formation.However, the contract is properly formed unless proven otherwise. This gives a vision of the legal philosophy adopted: this is a corrective philosophy and not a preventive one. The legal sanction for unbalanced contracts is a posteriori and not a priori sanction. That is to say, the law establishes contractual balance through contractual imbalance.In our view, the contractual context in general must be strengthened by a legal principle competing with that of autonomy of will. This principle is the contractual justice. The latter would counterbalance the contractual relations usually governed by the principle of the autonomy of the will. It would make it possible to control the justice of contracts a priori.This solution might seem to some "utopian". It is, on the contrary, a very practical solution because balance in contractual relations is a supreme end which will help to decrease the cases of unbalanced contracts or the cases of contracts vitiated by the abuse of dependence
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El, Rajab Dima. "L'opposabilité des droits contractuels : étude de droit comparé français et libanais." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020074/document.
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La notion d’opposabilité, dégagée par la doctrine française au début du siècle dernier, revêt aujourd’hui une importance cruciale relativement à la sécurité juridique. Ainsi, il est communément admis par la doctrine moderne qu’un tel concept explique les effets non obligatoires des contrats à l’égard du tiers, et notamment en matière de responsabilité. D’une part, le tiers est tenu d’un devoir d’abstention concernant tout acte qui pourrait porter atteinte aux contrats d’autrui. Le cas échéant, les contractants peuvent demander la réparation du dommage qu’ils subissent du fait de la convention conclue par le tiers au mépris de leurs droits. D’autre part, et parallèlement, le tiers victime est en droit d’engager la responsabilité délictuelle du cocontractant auteur de l’inexécution contractuelle lui ayant été préjudiciable. Pour autant, le nombre d’auteurs pour qui l’opposabilité ne peut pas réellement servir d’appui aux deux règles précitées ne cesse de s’accroître. La critique n’est pas cependant pleinement justifiée. En effet, l’étude approfondie de la signification exacte, du fondement et des caractéristiques déterminantes de l’opposabilité démontre que, moyennant une juste délimitation de son champ d’application, cette notion demeure utile, pour ne pas dire indispensable à la protection des contractants et des tiersThe notion of opposability, which appeared in French doctrine at the beginning of the last century, is of crucial importance today in relation to legal certainty. Thus, it is generally accepted in contemporary doctrine that such a concept explains the non-obligatory effects of contracts towards third parties and particularly in regard to responsibility. On the one hand, third parties must abstain from any act which may harm others' contracts. If this should occur, parties to the contract could claim compensation for any damage suffered as the result of a convention under taken by a third party without regard to their rights. On the other hand, and in parallel, a third-party victim is entitled to make a tort claim against a cocontracting party failed to fulfill a contractual obligation when this would be prejudicial tohim. Having said that, there is an ever-increasing number of authors for whom opposability cannot be used to support the two preceding rules. However, this criticism is notcompletely justified. Indeed, an in-depth study of the exact meaning, of the basis and of the determining characteristics of opposability show that, given a fair definition of the boundaries, this notion remains useful, if not indispensable to protect parties to a contract and third parties
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Leclerc, Caroline. "Le renouvellement de l'office du juge administratif français." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOD005.
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L’étude de l’évolution des méthodes du juge administratif français doit être rattachée aux nouvelles priorités choisies par lui dans l’exercice de sa fonction. « Dire le droit et trancher les litiges » reste bien la principale mission du juge administratif. Certaines des composantes de son office ont néanmoins pris une importance renouvelée dans le cadre d’une politique de renforcement de sa légitimité. La juridiction administrative tient en effet de plus en plus compte de la personne du justiciable et a placé le renouveau de son office sous le signe de la protection des droits fondamentaux, terrain d’élection du dialogue des juges. Ces tendances fortes ont motivé et alimenté une profonde rénovation de ses techniques et méthodes de jugement. Le juge administratif français est aujourd’hui pleinement adapté au temps de l’action administrative et à ses enjeux. Qu’il s’agisse des opérations de contrôle de légalité ou de leur issue, l’efficacité de ses interventions est manifeste. En pleine possession de ses pouvoirs, le juge administratif français apporte une réponse adéquate à la demande de justice contemporaine et a une nouvelle fois relevé le défi du renouvellementThe study of the evolution of the methods used by the French administrative judge is necessarily connected to the new priorities that were chosen regarding the carrying out of his functions. « Pass judgment and resolve disputes » remains the foremost mission of the administrative judge. Some of the aspects of his powers and duties have nevertheless grown in importance as part of a policy of strengthening his legitimacy.. Indeed , administrative courts increasingly take into account the persons subject to trial and they have focused the revitalization of the jurisdiction on the protection of fundamental rights, a favoured field for the dialogue of judges. Those strong orientations led to a deep reform of their techniques and methods of judgment. The French administrative judge is now fully in accordance with the requirements of administrative actions and the issues at stake. Whether it concerns reviews of legality or their outcome, those interventions are obviously efficient. Thanks to the powers he now detains, the French administrative judge brings an adequate response to the needs of modern justice and has once again taken up the tough challenge of self-reforming his functions
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Le, Bideau Clément. "Engagement et désengagement contractuel, étude de droit de la consommation et de droit civil." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAA006/document.
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L'engagement est au cœur du lien social, aussi les juristes lui ont accordé une place considérable au sein de la sphère du droit ; le droit des contrats est le premier concerné. A côté de cela, il n'est plus possible d'ignorer le phénomène du désengagement. La place croissante de ce dernier a conduit la doctrine à se pencher sur lui, à s'intéresser aux règles qui prévoient en matière de droit des contrats une faculté de repentir. Compte tenu de cela, il nous paraît particulièrement intéressant de traiter de l' « engagement », en le confrontant avec son symétrique, le « désengagement ». Cela pourrait, croyons-nous, changer la façon dont l'un et l'autre peuvent être appréhendés. Et nous avons choisi de concentrer nos efforts sur les dispositifs issus du droit de la consommation, qui à nos yeux sont l'expression la plus forte de l'idée de désengagement contractuelOn one hand, the commitment is at the heart of the social link, therefore the civil lawyers granted it a crucial place within the sphere of the law. It is particularly true for contract law. On the other hand, it is not possible any more to ignore the phenomenon of the right of withdrawal. The increasing place of the latter, led the doctrine to deal with it, to be interested in the rules, which plan regarding contract law a faculty to regret. Considering it, it seems to us particularly interesting to deal with the "commitment", by confronting it with its contrary, the "right of withdrawal". It could, we believe, change the way both can be apprehended. Therefore, we focus on the consumer law, which is, for us, the highest expression of the right of withdrawal
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Freleteau, Barbara. "Devoir et incombance en matière contractuelle." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0223/document.
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Le XXe siècle aura été celui de l’essor de la bonne foi objective en droit des contrats, et plus largement, de la prise en compte du comportement du contractant. La consécration des concepts de devoir et d’incombance contractuels permet d’appréhender techniquement cette donnée juridique sans altérer la catégorie des obligations civiles. Le devoir contractuel est une règle de comportement que le contractant doit observer tout au long de l’exécution du contrat, sous peine de commettre une faute contractuelle. Ainsi, par exemple, les exigences de bonne foi et de sécurité sont des devoirs en ce qu’ils imposent une certaine attitude au contractant, de manière continue, au-delà des obligations qu’il doit exécuter. L’incombance contractuelle est également une contrainte purement comportementale, mais sa particularité est qu’elle ne pèse sur le contractant que s’il désire obtenir l’avantage qu’elle conditionne. Il s’agit d’une exigence préalable et adventice à l’exercice d’un droit. Par exemple, l’acheteur qui désire obtenir la garantie du vice caché doit en dénoncer l’apparition au vendeur ; l’assuré qui veut bénéficier de la garantie du sinistre doit informer l’assureur de sa survenance. À ces notions correspondent des sanctions distinctes : si le manquement au devoir contractuel peut entraîner l’application des remèdes liés à l’inexécution de l’engagement, l’inobservation d’une incombance est, en revanche, spécialement sanctionnée par la déchéance du droit conditionnéThe XXthe century has given rise to the notion of objective good faith in contract law, and more generally, to a standard by which the behaviour of parties to an obligation is judged. The adoption of the concepts of contractual duty and incombance allows a technical approach without affecting the category of civil obligations.Contractual duty is a code of conduct that the contracting party has to observe throughout the performance of the contract ; otherwise it might be viewed as being in a breach of contract. For example, the requirements of good faith and security are duties in that they require the contracting party to adopt a certain conduct on an ongoing basis, in addition to the obligations the contracting party has to carry out under the terms of the contract.Contractual incombance is also a merely behavioural constraint, however it differs in that it weighs on the contracting party only if they wish to benefit from the advantages it determines. It is a prerequisite for the exercise of a right. A buyer who wishes to avail himself of a legal warranty against latent defects, for example, must point out any defect to the vendor, just as the insured who wishes to make a claim must report the covered incident to his insurance company.Distinct sanctions apply to these notions : in case of a breach of contractual duty, penalties can be awarded as a result of the party’s failure to perform its contractual obligations ; on the other hand, non-compliance with and incombance will entail the loss of the determined right
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Varaine, Laura. "La religion du contractant." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0045.
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Instrument d'échange économique par excellence, le contrat n'est pas, de prime abord, le terrain le plus propice à la satisfaction d'un idéal religieux. Il n'est pas rare, cependant, qu'un contractant se prévale de ses convictions et pratiques religieuses aux fins d'y adapter le contenu ou les conditions d'exécution d'une prestation. La tentation est grande de s'y montrer indifférent. D'un côté est invoquée, pour y parer, l'autonomie de la volonté. De l'autre, il est même suggéré de transposer le principe de laïcité aux relations privées pour obliger les contractants à faire preuve de neutralité. Or, ces dernières sont gouvernées par la liberté de religion. Ainsi, la contractualisation des convictions et pratiques religieuses doit être fortement encouragée. En outre, dans le silence du contrat, le juge peut imposer certaines obligations positives aux contractants, au nom de la liberté de religion et du droit à la non discrimination, au terme d'un processus de conciliationPrima facie, as the most representative economic instrument, contract is not favourable to the satisfaction of religious interests. Nevertheless, contractors frequently invoke their religious beliefs and practices in order to adapt either the content or the conditions of implementation of their duties. Indifference is sometimes considered as a tempting reaction to those claims. One the one hand, it is referred to contractual autonomy. On the other hand, it is suggested to extend secularism to private relations, for the purpose of compelling contracting parties to remain neutral. However, these ones are ruled by freedom of religion. As a consequence, individuals should be incited to include their religious convictions and practices to their contracts. Morerover, judges should be allowed to impose positive obligations, on behalf of both religious freedom and the right to non-discrimination, after a conciliation process
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Ibara, Rochfelaire. "L’aménagement de la force majeure dans le contrat : essai de théorie générale sur les clauses de force majeure dans les contrats internes et internationaux de longue durée." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT3006/document.
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La stipulation des clauses de force majeure dans les contrats internes et internationaux de longue durée procède de la liberté contractuelle et doit sa raison d'être dans la répulsivité des normes supplétives d'allocation des risques. La reconnaissance de leur licéité reste incertaine en raison des difficultés d'identification de leur technique et de leur nature juridique que la doctrine assimile à la quadrature du cercle en géométrie.Compte tenu de l'impact de l'aléa sur l'existence de l'objet et la valeur de l'obligation de garantie qui constitue l'essence des clauses de force majeure, une summa divisio peut être fondamentalement esquissée entre les clauses d'appréciation et d'attribution des risques de force majeure. Les unes sont assujetties à un aléa juridique et relèvent du régime des actes juridiques aléatoires. Les autres sont affectées par un aléa économique et procèdent du régime des actes juridiques commutatifs même si la jurisprudence les rattache indûment au régime des clauses de responsabilité.De lege ferenda, la rationalisation du régime des clauses de force majeure nécessite la codification du raisonnable en tant que principe directeur du droit interne des contrats afin d'entreprendre leur summa divisio en soumettant distributivement les clauses d'appréciation des risques au test qualitatif du raisonnable de conformité et les clauses d'attribution des risques au test quantitatif du raisonnable de modulationThe statement of force majeure provisions in long-term internal and international contracts is based on the ground of the freedom of contract and promoted by the inefficiency of suppletive risk allocation norms in modern legal systems. The recognition of their enforceability still subject to uncertainty due to the misunderstanding of their drafting and their judicial construction that is commonly said to amount to squaring the circle. Base on the influence of the uncertainty conditioning the subject-matter and the value of the obligation to guarantee underlying force majeure clauses, a fundamental summa divisio is drawn up between risk assessment and risk attribution agreements. The first clauses are subject to the uncertainty of a legal nature and should follow the random legal acts framework. The second are affected by the uncertainty of economic nature and should depend to the commutative legal acts framework even though force majeure clauses are unduly treated in case law as exclusion clauses. De lege ferenda, the force majeure clauses regime is expected to be rationalized with the integration of the reasonable reasoning as a fundamental guiding principal of French contract law so that to implement the summa divisio of force majeure agreements by adjusting distributively the risk assessment clauses unreason through the reasonable compliance test and the risk attribution clauses abuses through the reasonable modulation test
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Galbois, Diane. "La notion de contrat : esquisse d'une théorie." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020008.
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L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser ce que l’on entend par « contrat » et de préciser ce que recouvre cette notion, qui est noyée sous une montagne de doctrine. Après une exploration minutieuse de la notion, qui devra permettre de tracer ses frontières avec les institutions voisines et d’appréhender la diversité des figures contractuelles et leur typologie, il s’agira d’opérer une synthèse de ces observations. La diversification des contrats ne se traduisant pas fatalement par un émiettement de la notion, la synthèse proposée sera unitaire. Prenant appui sur les diverses acceptions de la notion de contrat retenues au fil du temps (conception volontariste, conception normativiste…), la présente thèse brossera un portrait de la notion de contrat en en proposant une analyse renouvelée, tant dans sa dimension volontariste que dans sa dimension normative. La notion de contrat apparaîtra alors, débarrassée de tout dogme idéologique, comme une combinaison complexe d’éléments subjectifs et d’éléments objectifsThe purpose of this thesis is to analyse and clarify what is understood by the notion of “contract”, buried as it is under mountains of doctrinal writings. After a detailed exploration of the general concept, which should enable demarcation of its boundaries with related institutions and give an appreciation of the diversity of contracts and their typology, the aim is to achieve a synthesis of these observations. As the diversity of contracts should not necessarily result in fragmentation of the basic notion, the proposed synthesis will be unitary. Building on the diverse interpretations over the years of the concept of contract (autonomy of the will theory, normative theory...) this thesis, after outlining the concept of contract in both its “voluntarist” and normative aspects, will propose a renewed analysis thereof. The notion of contract will then appear as a complex combination of objective and subjective elements, free of ideological dogma
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Barthe, Benjamin. "La clause de sortie des relations contractuelles : proposition de définition unitaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1006.
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La théorie générale des obligations contractuelles ne traite de la rupture du contrat qu’au travers de la résolution. Elle n’évoque pas non plus la notion de durée du contrat. L’attention des juristes français est ainsi essentiellement portée sur la résolution pour inexécution et sur la résiliation unilatérale fautive du contrat à durée indéterminée. Une autre présentation, plus neutre, est possible : il s’agit d’étudier la sortie du contrat et, plus particulièrement, la possibilité offerte aux parties de prévoir la sortie anticipée de leurs relations contractuelles.Il est alors possible de se rendre compte que la pratique, face aux lacunes de la théorie générale, a su adapter l’existant afin de prendre en compte l’évolution du contrat depuis le début du XIXème siècle. De nombreuses clauses, qui permettent à un contractant de sortir de manière anticipée du contrat, se sont ainsi développées sous des appellations diverses et sont aujourd’hui présentes dans tous les contrats. L’analyse de la jurisprudence fait apparaître que le contentieux qui en résulte, non seulement porte sur des problèmes communs, mais tend à apporter des solutions communes ; à tout le moins perçoit-on la nécessité d’un traitement unitaire. L’étude, repoussant la distinction classique entre la résolution et la résiliation, recherche l’existence d’une unité, cherche à vérifier l’existence de la clause de sortie qui instituerait une faculté de sortir de manière anticipée d’une relation conclue pour une durée déterminée. Pour cela, la clause de sortie est appréhendée comme toute autre clause « autonome ».Dans un premier temps, il faut démontrer l’existence d’un objectif commun de validité. Il est question tout d’abord de faire ressortir la fonction commune des clauses, qui est de prémunir le titulaire de la faculté de sortie contre une atteinte à son intérêt. L’unité se poursuit dans la nature de la clause : issue d’un accord des parties, elle met en place un droit potestatif. Elle prend alors les traits d’une condition résolutoire « moderne », adaptation contemporaine de la modalité de l’obligation prévue par le Code civil.Dans un second temps, une fois qu’elles sont valablement prévues, les clauses de sortie doivent encore répondre à un objectif commun d’efficacité : la sortie s’exerce par acte unilatéral et obéit alors aux règles applicables à ce dernier. Au-delà de ce régime, on peut se rendre compte qu’il existe des modalités communes à toutes les clauses de sortie. Les effets des clauses de sortie, enfin, présentent ou doivent présenter une certaine unité, que la sortie mise en œuvre soit réussie ou qu’elle soit « manquée »The general theory of the contractual obligations treats breach of contract only through the “résolution”. It does not mention either the concept of duration of the contract. The attention of the French jurists is mainly focused on the cancellation for non-fulfilment and the offending termination of the agreement without any term. Another presentation, more neutral, is however possible, studying the exit of the contract and, more particularly, the opportunity given to the contracting parties to envisage the exit of their contractual relations.Then it is possible to realize that the practice, against the gaps of the general theory, knew to adapt existing concepts in order to take into consideration the evolution of the contract since the beginning of the 19th century. Thus many clauses, which make it possible to one of the contracting parties to leave the contract, developed under various names and are today present in all the contracts. The analysis of jurisprudence reveals that the litigations which result from it, not only relate to common problems, but also tend to bring common solutions ; at the very least, one perceives the need for a unit treatment. The study, pushing back the classical distinction between the “résolution” and the “résiliation”, seeks the existence of a unit, seeks to check the existence of the exit clause which would institute a faculty to leave in a way anticipated of a relation concluded for one limited duration. For that purpose, the exit clause is approached like any other “autonomous” clause.Initially, it is necessary to show the existence of a common objective of validity. It is question first of all of emphasizing the common function of the clauses, which is to secure the holder of the faculty of exit against a loss of interest. The unit continues in the nature of the clause: resulting from an agreement of the parties, it sets up a “potestative” right. It then takes the features of a “modern” “resolutive condition”, contemporary adaptation of the condition of the obligation envisaged by the Civil code.In the second time, once they are validly provided, the clauses of exit must meet a common aim of effectiveness : the exit is exerted by unilateral act and then obeys the rules applicable in this case. Beyond this mode, one can realize that there exist common conditions to all the clauses of exit. The effects of these clauses, finally, present or must present a certain unit, whether the exit put in work is successful or that it failed
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Šedová, Klára. "Smluvní pokuta - frekventovaný prostředek zajištění závazkových vztahů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-74677.
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Contractual penalty is an effective and in practice often used type of security. However, we cannot consider the Czech legal regulation of the contractual penalty as ideal and there have been many difficulties connected with the application of this instrument. The thesis aims at clarification of the functions of contractual penalty, conditions for its valid and effective creation and consequences of the excessive sum of contractual penalty. Furthermore, the thesis focuses on the relation between contractual penalty and other legal instruments and finally also on comparison with other types of security. Main legal sources of the final thesis are court decisions, especially judgments of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic. In the thesis there are used methods of historical and comparative interpretation.
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Ibrahim, Mohamad. "Le contrat de service pétrolier." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA020009.
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Le contrat de service, dernière génération des contrats pétroliers upstream, est apparu dans les années 70 lors de la révolution des pays pétroliers sur les contrats de concession. Depuis cette période, sa propagation dans le monde comme son évolution sont continues. Considéré comme l’un des contrats les plus complexes, son entrée en vigueur est précédée d’une période précontractuelle plus longue que celle d’un contrat classique et suivie d’une période contractuelle qui dure plusieurs décennies. La période précontractuelle est celle de l’étude, de la planification et des procédures de négociation. Elle aboutit à la conclusion d’un contrat conforme aux attentes des parties. C’est lors de la période contractuelle qu’apparaissent les effets du contrat sur les parties mais également sur l’environnement. Les droits et obligations issus du contrat doivent être exécutés conformément aux textes ; le cas échéant, un arbitrage est envisagéThe service contract, the latest generation of upstream petroleum contracts, appeared in the 70s during the revolution in petroleum countries on concession contracts. Since this period, its spread in the world as its evolution are continuous. Considered one of the most complex contracts, its entry into force is preceded by a pre-contractual period longer than that of a classic contract and followed by a contractual period which lasts several decades. The pre-contractual period is that of study, planning and negotiation procedures. It results in the conclusion of a contract that meets the expectations of the parties. It is during the contractual period that the effects of the contract appear on the parties but also on the environment. The rights and obligations arising from the contract must be executed in accordance with the texts; if necessary, arbitration is envisaged
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Mohammed, Nazar A. "Specific challenges of consumer protection in distance selling contracts : a comparison of the laws of England and Iraq on the duty to provide pre-contractual information and the right of cancellation." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/28031.
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This study has covered the duty to provide pre-contractual information and the right of cancellation, the two important key areas of consumer protection in distance selling contracts. These two protection models are invented to rebalance the distance contract in favour of the consumer albeit differently. The duty to provide information rebalances the contract in terms of information, and the right of cancellation provides the distance consumer with an opportunity to rethink the decision about the contract. The study has looked at pertinent laws of distance selling contracts in England and Iraq. In doing so, the study has followed comparative and analytical methodology, whereby strengths and weaknesses, similarities and dissimilarities between the selected laws under a chosen theme are addressed. The aim is to explore problems and loopholes, which may need future amendments, including legal gaps, ambiguity, and incomplete treatment. During the study, specific challenges related to the theme of study are critically analysed. Apparently, the quantity and type of information required, the time and manner of sending information, and the remedy available at the breach are challenges of the information requirements. Challenges of the right of cancellation are the conditions and effects of using the right. The study has concluded that many aspects of protection under both laws need further improvements. The need for changes is more obvious with Iraqi Law than English Law, where distance selling protection has not been recognised yet.
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Wennberg, Ida. "Äldre inskrivningar i fastighetsregistret : Hur bolag hanterat förnyelsekravet och vad blev resultatet av förnyelselagen?" Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30377.
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Förnyelselagen innebär att sådana avtalsrättigheter som upprättats och skrivits in i fastighetsregistret innan 1 juli 1968 tagits bort ur registret om inte någon anmälan om förnyelse gjordes till Lantmäteriets Fastighetsinskrivning innan 31 december 2018. Syftet med lagen var att få ett mer aktuellt och tillförlitligt fastighetsregister genom att ta bort inaktuella eller missvisande inskrivningar ur registret. Att inaktuella eller missvisande inskrivningar finns kvar i fastighetsregistret medför olägenheter för såväl rättighetshavare, kommuner som för allmänheten som använder sig av fastighetsregistret för att finna aktuell och relevant information om fastigheter. Inaktuell information i fastighetsregistret medför bland annat merarbete och högre förrättningskostnader i samband med lantmäteriförrättningar. Lagen anses vara effektiv för att komma till rätta med problemet med inaktuella inskrivningar, samtidigt som det framförts oro över rättighetshavarnas utredningsarbete. Syftet med studien är att bidra till en bredare förståelse för hur lagen påverkat rättighetshavare samt att lägga grunden för vidare utredningar inom ämnet. Studien mål är att undersöka hur ett antal utvalda bolag arbetat inför förnyelselagens verkställande. Målet är vidare att klargöra om lagstiftningen, utifrån studiens omfattning, kan anses ha bidragit till ett mer tillförlitligt fastighetsregister som är bättre anpassat till aktuella förhållanden. Studien baseras på en kvalitativ metod. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes dels med utvalda bolag som är några av de rättighetshavarna för att se hur de arbetat och genomfört eventuella utredningar av inskrivna avtalsrättigheter inför förnyelselagens verkställande. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes även med representanter från Statliga Lantmäteriets divisioner Fastighetsbildning och Fastighetsinskrivning för att ta reda på vad Lantmäteriets roll varit i arbetet inför och efter förnyelselagen. Slutsatser som kan dras är bland annat att förnyelselagen kan anses ha medfört ett mer tillförlitligt fastighetsregister som är bättre anpassat till aktuella förhållanden samt att bolagen gjort utredningar av inskrivningar i den mån de ansett vara möjlig.The Renewal Act means that such contractual rights that were registered in the real property register before 1 July 1968 have been removed from the registration if no notification of renewal was made to Lantmäteriet's Property Registration before December 31, 2018. The purpose of the Act is to obtain a more current and reliable real property register by removing outdated or misleading entries from the registry. The fact that outdated or misleading registrations which remains in the property register results in inconveniences for both right-holders, municipalities and the public who use the real estate register to find up-to-date and relevant information about properties. Outdated information in the real estate register entails, among other things, additional work and higher execution costs in cadastral procedures. The law is considered to be effective in overcoming the problem of outdated registered rights. The purpose of the study is to contribute to a broader understanding of how the law influenced rights holders and to lay the foundation for further investigations within the subject. The aim of the study is to investigate how a number of selected companies have worked for the implementation of the renewal act. The aim is also to clarify whether the legislation, based on the scope of the study, can be considered to have contributed to a more reliable property register that is better adapted to current conditions. The study is based on a qualitative method. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with selected companies, which are some of the biggest right-holders, to see how they worked and carried out any investigations of registered contract rights prior to the renewal law's implementation. Semi-structured interviews were also carried out with representatives from the Lantmäteriet's Real Estate formation and Real Estate Enrollment divisions to find out what Lantmäteriet's role was in the work before and after the Renewal Act. Conclusions that can be drawn are among other things that the Renewal Act can be considered to have resulted in a more reliable property register that is better adapted to current circumstances and that the companies have made investigations of enrollments to the extent that they are considered possible.
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Ghiglino, Maxime. "La volonté précontractuelle : socle de la formation contractuelle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0483.
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La volonté précontractuelle est le socle de la formation contractuelle. Au cours des négociations, les parties formulent leurs exigences et perfectionnent leurs volitions. Les manifestations de volonté à l’origine du contrat sont donc le fruit d’un processus volitif propre à chaque contractant. En dépit des apparences, le droit n’ignore pas le vouloir des parties au stade des négociations. Il s’intéresse aux mécanismes d’élaboration de cette volonté. La perception de la volonté précontractuelle est alors un enjeu essentiel dans la compréhension de l’acte qui en résulte. Il s’intéresse également aux manifestations de volonté. Celles-ci fixent ponctuellement le vouloir de leur auteur. Elles rassurent alors par leur perceptibilité. Toutefois, ces manifestations n’ont pas toujours la clarté attendue. En effet, le doute innerve la période précontractuelle et plus particulièrement les manifestations de volonté qui s’y développent. Confronté à cette difficulté, le droit doit s’adapter. Il entreprend donc de réagir en tentant d’adapter le résultat de ces manifestations. Ainsi, le contrat ne sera en définitive qu’une résurgence partielle des manifestations de volonté à son origine. Il peut par conséquent être appréhendé comme l’expression imparfaite des volontés précontractuelles à sa source. En somme, la frontière entre le précontractuel et le contractuel est ténue. L’analyse de la volonté précontractuelle et de ses manifestations va révéler les liens existant entre ces deux notionsThe pre-contractual willingness is the basis of contractual training. During the negotiation, the parties draw up their requirements and develop their volitions. The demonstrations of willingness at the initiation of the contract are therefore the outcome of a volitional process for each contracting party. In spite of appearances, the legal entitlement does not ignore the will of contracting parties at the negotiating phase. It is interested in the mechanisms of elaboration of this willingness. The perception of the pre-contractual willingness is the essential stake throughout the apprehension stage of the final deed. It is highly concerned by the demonstration’s ways of a willingness. These delineate punctually the willingness of their originator. It reassures by their perceptibility. However, these manifestations are not always unambiguous like expected. Indeed, the doubt innervate the pre-contractual stage and more particularly the manifestation phase of a willingness which emerges here. Confronted with this challenge, the legal entitlement must adapts. It engages to react by trying to adapt the outcome of these manifestations. In this way, the contract will ultimately become a partial resurgence of the manifestation of veritable willingness. It can therefore be comprehended as the imperfect expression of pre-contractual willingness at its source. In essence, the border between the pre-contractual and the contractual is tenuous. The analysis of the pre-contractual willingness and its manifestations reveals the existing links between these two notions
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Quesne, Aloise. "Le contrat portant sur le corps humain." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC028.
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Le corps humain n’a pas échappé au mouvement de contractualisation protéiforme qui se généralise. En ce sens, notre thèse a permis de démontrer l’existence d’une nouvelle catégorie juridique : celle du contrat portant sur le corps humain. Il s’agit d’un genre contractuel qui abrite de nombreuses espèces. La spécificité de ces contrats et l’hétérogénéité des règles qui les gouvernent n’est pas un obstacle à leur systématisation : le contrat portant sur le corps humain est un accord de volontés par lequel l’une des parties met son corps à disposition de l’autre pour l’exécution de la prestation convenue entre elles. En vertu de ce contrat, le cocontractant exerce un pouvoir matériel sur le corps mis à sa disposition. La prestation peut se réaliser sur ou par le corps mis à disposition. Un régime commun a pu être mis à jour. En effet, le législateur prévoit des obligations d’information pour éclairer le consentement de la partie faible, des droits potestatifs extinctifs lui sont également attribués afin que son consentement soit toujours révocable et un encadrement de la sécurité corporelle est nécessairement assuré. Cette étude a conduit à l’élaboration d’une classification des espèces contractuelles, ce qui permet de bénéficier d’une vision d’ensemble de ces contrats et de comprendre que chacun d’entre eux doit s’apprécier suivant l’acte envisagé et le corps mis à disposition. Dès lors, des règles spécifiques s’appliquent, lesquelles sont entièrement dédiées à la protection du corps et, partant, de la dignité humaineThe human body has not escaped the movement of protean contractualization that is becoming more widespread. In this sense, our thesis made it possible to demonstrate the existence of a new legal category: that of the contract relating to the human body. It is a contractual genus that houses many species. The specificity of these contracts and the heterogeneity of the rules governing them is not an obstacle to their systematization: the contract relating to the human body is an agreement of will by which one of the parties makes his body available to the other for the performance of the service agreed between them. Under this contract, the contracting partner exercises material power over the body placed at his disposal. The service can be performed on or through the body provided. A common regime has been updated. Indeed, the legislator lays down information obligations to enlighten the consent of the weaker party, extinctive potential rights are also granted to him so that his consent can always be revoked and a framework for bodily safety is necessarily ensured. This study led to the elaboration of a classification of contractual species, which allows us to benefit from an overview of these contracts and to understand that each of them must be assessed according to the act envisaged and the body made available. As a result, specific rules apply, which are entirely dedicated to the protection of the body and, therefore, of human dignity
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Waterlot, Maxence. "L'effet réel du contrat." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0348.
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Pour une doctrine actuellement majoritaire, le contrat désigne l’acte juridique donnant exclusivement naissance à des obligations, soit une contrainte pesant sur la seule personne des parties. Cette approche subjectiviste du contrat fait obstacle à ce qu’il puisse être justifié que certains actes relatifs à une chose se doublent d’un effet réel, c'est-à-dire, d’une limite assignée au libre exercice des prérogatives juridiques relatives à la chose objet du contrat. En consentant à l’acte, le débiteur ne s’oblige pas seulement ; il s’engage à permettre la réalisation du contrat. Le sujet renonce à une part d’autonomie juridique, laquelle se traduit notamment par l’affectation du bien et donc par une perte du libre exercice de sa prérogative sur la chose. À l’effet personnel du contrat s’ajoute un effet réel. La prise en compte de l’effet réel du contrat permet de résoudre, par exemple, les difficultés liées à la détermination de la portée de l’engagement consenti par le propriétaire engagé à une promesse unilatérale, d’expliquer la situation du bailleur ou encore celle de l’apporteur d’un bien en propriété à une société. Inconnu du Code civil et des divers projets de réforme du droit des obligations, mais encore de la doctrine, l’effet réel du contrat ne peut être traduit à l’aide d’une notion existante. L’étude menée suppose donc de procéder à l’élaboration tant de la notion d’effet réel du contrat que d’un régime spécifique. Au terme de cette étude, il est conclu que la consécration de la notion d’effet réel du contrat permet d’appréhender l’ensemble des manifestations de l’engagement contractuelFor the dominant legal doctrine, a contract is an act creating obligations between parties. This subjective approach, centered on the parties’ personal liability tends to preclude any justification of a potential effect in rem – i.e. a limit to the free exercise of legal powers on the subject matter of the contract. By agreeing to the contract, the contractor not only takes on an obligation, but also pledges to allow the completion of the contract, which implies his submission to a limitation of his rights, especially those relevant to the subject matter of the contract. In addition, as it may carry an assignment of property, a contract cannot be reduced to a simple creation of obligations. The admission of effets in rem makes it possible to establish the duties of an owner bound by a unilateral promise to sell and to explain the commitment of a lessor or of a shareholder bringing assets into the business. Ignored by law and by doctrine, the in rem effect of a contract cannot be fully understood through pre-existing notions. The subject of the study therefore consists in developing an entire theory of effect in rem of contract. In conclusion, it will appear that its recognition is a necessity to fully measure the scope of contractual liability
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Mišoň, Petr. "Zajištění závazků v mezinárodním obchodě (ekonomické a právní aspekty)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76806.
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The first part of the thesis deals with a description of legal relationships in the international trade and explains the term "international element." Further there is a short description of private international law and international trade law. The second part of the thesis is focused on securing of contractual obligations in the international trade. The third part concerns with explanation of the basic forms of legal relationships in the international trade regulation with regard to securing of contractual obligations. The final part of the thesis deals with a description of securing instruments used in the international trade. At the end of this part there are listed factors which influence the choice of a suitable securing instrument.
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Berggren, David. "Förnyelselagen, möjlighet eller hot? : Förnyelse av äldre inskrivna avtalsrättigheter, Gävle kommuns hantering av förnyelsekravet." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24326.
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Enligt den så kallade förnyelselagen kommer alla avtalsrättigheter som är inskrivna före den 1 juli 1968 tas bort ur fastighetsregistret om inte förnyelse av inskrivningen anmäls senast den 31 december 2018. Syftet med examensarbetet är att uppmärksamma förnyelsekravet. Arbetets mål är dels att undersöka Gävle kommuns hantering av förnyelsekravet och dels att underlätta för Gävle kommun att avgöra för vilka inskrivningar som förnyelse behöver sökas. Onyttiga inskrivningar orsakar merarbete samt merkostnader vid lantmäteriförrättningar och förnyelselagen anses kunna bli ett effektivt instrument för att ta bort onyttiga inskrivningar. Samtidigt har det uttryckts en oro för att rättighetshavare kommer att söka förnyelse för samtliga inskrivna avtalsrättigheter som berörs utan att utreda vilka som är aktuella eller onyttiga. Därutöver finns en oro för att förnyelsekravet ska förbises för inskrivningar som fortfarande är aktuella, vilket skulle kunna leda till rättsförlust. I arbetet användes tre metoder. Juridisk metod tillämpades för att utreda rättsläget kring vad som händer med inskrivna avtalsrättigheter som tas bort ur fastighetsregistret. För att studera hur en större rättighetshavare agerar undersöktes, via fastighetsregistret, vilka inskrivningar som berör Gävle kommun. Dessutom genomfördes intervjuer med företrädare för kommunen beträffande hanteringen av förnyelsekravet. Ett resultat av den juridiska metoden är att det finns fyra olika situationer när en oinskriven rättighet riskerar att upphöra att gälla. Resultatet av inventeringen visar att det finns cirka 1 400 inskrivningar som berör de kommunala fastigheterna. Intervjuerna resulterade i att kommunen är informerad om förnyelsekravet och intervjuerna visar att kommunen i de flesta fall kommer att undersöka vilka inskrivningar som bör förnyas. Den första slutsatsen är att oinskrivna avtalsrättigheter som är aktuella fortsätter att gälla på samma sätt som inskrivna rättigheter, men de kan upphöra att gälla i fyra olika situationer om de exempelvis inte bevakas av rättighetshavaren. En sådan bevakning av oinskrivna rättigheter konstateras vara praktiskt omöjlig i de flesta fall beträffande Gävle kommun. Den andra slutsatsen är att kommunen kommer att utreda vilka inskrivningarna som behöver förnyas och risken för rättsförlust bedöms därmed som låg. Avslutningsvis kan konstateras att förnyelselagen är en möjlighet snarare än ett hot beträffande Gävle kommun.According to the so-called ”förnyelselagen”, the Renewal Act, all title registration of contractual rights registered before 1 July 1968 will be de-registered from the Real Property Register, unless renewal is applied for the right no later than 31 December 2018. The aim of the degree project is to pay attention to the renewal requirement. The objective is partly to investigate how the municipality of Gävle will handle the renewal requirement, and partly to facilitate the municipality to determine for which registered rights renewal needs to be sought. Unnecessary registered rights cause additional work and costs at cadastral procedures and the Renewal Act is considered to be an effective tool to de-register unnecessary registered rights. At the same time, concerns have been expressed that right holders will apply for renewal for all registered rights that are affected, without investigate which of them are unnecessary. In addition, there is also a concern that the renewal requirement may be overlooked by right holders for rights that are still relevant, which can lead to legal loss. Three methods were used in the study. Juridical method was used to investigate the legal situation regarding what happens with registered rights that are de-registered from the Real Property Register. To study how a major right holder acts, an investigation of registered rights was made in the Real Property Register regarding the municipality of Gävle. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with representatives of the municipality concerning the work with the renewal requirement. A result of the juridical method is that there are four different situations when an unregistered right may end. The result of the inventory in the Real Property Register, shows that there are about 1 400 registered rights that affect the properties of the municipality. The interviews resulted in that the municipality is informed about the renewal requirement and the municipality in most cases will investigate which registered rights should be renewed. The first conclusion is that unregistered contractual rights currently remain valid in the same manner as registered rights, but they may end in four situations if they are not monitored by the right holder. Such protection of unregistered rights is found to be practically impossible in most cases regarding the municipality of Gävle. The other conclusion is that the municipality will investigate which registered rights that need to be renewed, therefore the risk of legal loss can be assessed as low. Finally, it can be concluded that the Renewal Act is an opportunity rather than a threat for the municipality of Gävle.
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Quintane, Emilie. "Les relations contractuelles et extracontractuelles en matière médicale : regards croisés franco-espagnols." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0036.
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Depuis de nombreux siècles, médecin et patient sont unis sous le prisme de la confiance, principe qui a connu des vicissitudes face à la judiciarisation de la relation de soins et la mutation de l’exercice médical. L’essor du tourisme ainsi que la création du premier hôpital transfrontalier participent à ce phénomène, et montrent que désormais le patient n’hésite plus à franchir les frontières pour recevoir des soins de qualité. C’est dans un contexte d’étroite collaboration entre la France et l’Espagne que s’inscrit l’étude des relations contractuelles et extracontractuelles dans le secteur médical. Elle met en avant un enchevêtrement de jeu d’acteurs entre établissements publics et privés de santé, professionnels de soins, compagnies d’assurance de prestations de services sanitaire et patient. Il est donc difficile d’identifier la nature des relations qui les unit et le régime d’indemnisation applicable. L’impact des droits des patients et la recherche de la qualité des soins dans les deux pays frontaliers démystifient l’aspect contractuel de la relation et amènent à une nouvelle lecture en faveur d’une qualification unitaire. L’approche institutionnelle doit être privilégiée, caractérisée par l’intromission constante des législateurs français et espagnols, sur l’exécution des soins mais également sur l’indemnisation des dommages médicaux, mais à quel degré ?Since the early ages, doctors and patients are bonded together under the lens of trust, principle that has suffered tribulations faced with the increasing litigiousness in the caring relationship and the professional medical practice changes.The rise of tourism as well as the creation of the first transborder hospital play an important role in this phenomenon, and show that from now on the patient does not hesitate to cross the borders in order to benefit from high quality medical care. The study of contractual and extra-contractual relationships in the medical field falls within a context of close collaboration between France and Spain. It reveals an entanglement in the interactions between public and private health care facilities, healthcare professionals, health care services insurance providers and the patient.Thus, it is difficult to identify the nature of the relationships federating them, as well as the practicable compensation system. The patients’ rights impact and the search for high quality medical care in both transborder countries explain the contractual aspect of the relationship and bring in a new point of view in favour of unitary qualification. The institutional approach must be given priority through the constant insertion of French and Spanish legislators, regarding the accomplishment of medical care as well as the medical damages compensation, but to which degree?
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Saint, Genis Solène. "La préférence en droit des sociétés : contribution à l'étude de la liberté statutaire." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3073/document.
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La portée de la liberté contractuelle dans les relations entre associés est régulièrement relativisée, voire anéantie, à l’aune des règles impératives qui régissent les personnes morales. L’hypertrophie de ces dernières est parfois décriée. La liberté serait d’autant plus bridée qu’elle subirait le joug d’un principe d’égalité, lequel s’oppose à ce qu’une différenciation de traitement soit permise, si ce n’est à titre expressément exceptionnel. Pour autant, à l’analyse des textes, la préférence se révèle n’être que l’expression de la liberté contractuelle dans les relations entre associés. Elle en adopte un régime similaire : en dehors des prohibitions expresses – issues tant de la théorie générale du contrat que du droit des sociétés –, et de l’excès d’inégalité – dont l’intérêt social se fait garant spécial en la matière –, dès lors que le consentement des associés aux aménagements est libre et éclairé, le principe est la liberté de stipuler une altérité de traitement. Quelle que soit la forme sociale considérée, les associés bénéficient d’une grande liberté pour aménager l’ensemble de leurs prérogatives à l’image de leurs besoins. Inégalité constructive et dynamique au service de l’intérêt social, la préférence doit être promue : le souhait est alors renouvelé d’une clarification et d’une simplification du cadre normatif offert aux statuts des sociétés françaisesThe impact of contractual freedom in associates’ relations is often contextualized, if not annihilated, with regard to the mandatory rules governing legal entities. The hypertrophy of those rules is sometimes criticized. Not only is freedom limited, it also suffers from a principle of equality, which prohibit unequal treatment, unless it is on exceptional occasions. However, upon a thorough text analysis, the preference turns out to be the expression of contractual freedom in the relations between associates. It adopts a similar system: apart from intentional prohibitions – originating both from the general theory of contract and corporate laws -, and from excessive inequality –to which social interest acts as a protector in that area-, as soon as the consent of the associates to the organization is free and enlightened, the principle is the freedom to stipulate an alterity of processing. Whichever social form is considered, the associates receive an important freedom to build all their prerogatives reflecting their needs. With constructive and dynamic inequality in social interest’s service, preference must be promoted: the wish must be expressed again with a clarification and a simplification of the standard framework offered to French companies statuses
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Frasson, Vanessa. "Les clauses de fin de contrat." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30062/document.
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Les clauses de fin de contrat illustrent l’importance de la liberté contractuelle. La pratique s’est emparée de cette période de l’« après-Contrat » sous le contrôle de la jurisprudence, dans le relatif désintérêt du législateur.Les fins du contrat sont diverses. La fin peut être retardée par le biais de la prorogation du contrat. La fin peut être prématurée : elle peut être une fin brutale et définitive par le biais de la clause résolutoire, la continuité de ce qui était par l’arrivée du terme extinctif, ou encore la venue de quelque chose de nouveau par le biais d’une clause de caducité. La fin peut n’être qu’un passage vers un autre contrat par le biais de la reconduction. Il en ressort un flou théorique nécessitant une construction juridique. Il peut être proposé de scinder le temps de l’après-Contrat en trois temps. Le premier temps, les parties satisfaites de leur relation vont chercher à la faire perdurer. Les clauses de fin de contrat ont alors pour finalité la préservation de la pérennité du lien contractuel entre les parties. La deuxième période porte sur les modes d’extinction du contrat. La sortie de la relation contractuelle est devenue un enjeu important nécessitant le recours à différents mécanismes juridiques tels que la clause de dédit, la condition résolutoire ou encore la clause résolutoire.La troisième période peut être désignée comme la période de liquidation du passé contractuel comprenant deux séries de clauses : celles liquidant le passé contractuel (notamment la clause de non-Concurrence et la clause de confidentialité) et celle s’intéressant à l’avenir post-Contractuel. La fin du contrat doit être distinguée de la clôture de la relation contractuelle désignant la cessation de toutes les obligations post-Contractuelles et de leurs conséquences. Ainsi loin d’être secondaires, ces clauses de fin de contrat composant la période de l’après-Contrat sont fondamentales pour toute relation d’affaires continueEnd-Of-Contract clauses illustrate the significance of contractual freedom. Practice took hold of this “post-Contractual” period under the control of established precedents, in the relative disinterest of lawmakers.The types of contractual ends are diverse. The end may be delayed by means of prolongation of the contract. The end may come prematurely: it may come suddenly and definitively by means of a termination clause, the continuity of that which was by the arrival of the extinctive term, or the arrival of something new by means of a sunset clause. The end may only be a passage to another contract by means of renewal. This results in a lack of theoretical clarity that requires a legal structure. It may be proposed to divide the post-Contractual period into three parts. In the first part, parties satisfied with their relationship will seek to have it continue. The end-Of-Contract clauses thus serve the purpose of preserving the durability of the contractual bond between the parties. The second part involves the manner of termination the contract. Closing the contractual relationship has become an important matter that requires resorting to different legal mechanisms such as the forfeiture clause, the termination condition or the termination clause.The third part may be referred to as the period of liquidation of the contractual past including two series of clauses: those liquidating the contractual past (notably the clause of non-Competition and the clause of confidentiality) and those concerning the post-Contractual future. The end of the contract must be distinguished from the close of the contractual relationship designating the cessation of all post-Contractual obligations and their consequences. Thus, far from being secondary, these end-Of-Contract clauses affecting the post-Contractual period are fundamental for any ongoing business relationship
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Walravens, Arnaud. "Le droit de préemption." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020072.
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Droit de propriété et liberté contractuelle fondent le droit pour tout propriétaire de choisir la personne à laquelle il souhaite, le cas échéant, vendre son bien. Il est pourtant des hypothèses où le législateur a accordé d’autorité à certaines personnes un droit de préemption qui leur permet d’être préférées à d’autres lors de la conclusion du contrat de vente. Cela étant, le droit de préemption demeure une institution mal connue et discutée. En effet, le législateur a institué de très nombreux droits de préemption en fonction de ses ambitions politiques, en dotant chacun d’eux d’un régime juridique spécifique. Le fait qu’il ne se soit guère préoccupé de conférer une quelconque cohérence à cet ensemble génère de nombreux conflits entre droits de préemption ou entre un droit de préemption et une autre institution juridique. Par ailleurs, l’intérêt général qui justifie le droit de préemption et exige que le domaine de celui-ci soit cantonné au strict nécessaire ainsi que l’octroi de garanties aux personnes concernées, ne dissuade pas le législateur de renforcer constamment l’emprise de cette institution. Ces données, qui illustrent les finalités du droit de préemption, influencent nécessairement la notion. Elles conduisent en effet à considérer que la prestation attendue du vendeur, à savoir proposer par priorité l’acquisition de son bien au bénéficiaire, constitue l’essence du droit de préemption. Le régime et l’effectivité de tous les droits de préemption reposent sur cette prestation. Il est alors possible de suggérer une nouvelle définition du droit de préemption et d’établir sa nature juridique à partir du droit des biens. Deux critères de délimitation du droit de préemption peuvent également être proposés, le premier reposant sur sa source légale, le second résultant de la détermination du moment de son intervention, ce qui n’est pas sans conséquence pratiqueProperty right (jus proprietatis) and contractual freedom establish the right for every owner to choose the person to whom he may wish to sell his property. There are nevertheless hypotheses where the legislator granted to some persons, by his own authority, a right of pre-emption which allows them to be preferred to others when concluding the sale contract. Right of preemption remains, however, a badly known and controversial institution, as the legislator established a very great quantity of rights of preemption, according to his political ambitions, and endowed each of these rights of a specific legal regime. The fact that he hardly worried to confer on them any coherence generates many conflicts between rights of preemption, or between a right of preemption and another legal institution. Besides, general interest, which justifies right of preemption and requires that its domain be limited to strict minimum as well as the guarantees granted to the concerned persons, does not dissuade the legislator to strengthen constantly the influence of this institution. These data, which illustrate the purposes of right of preemption, do inevitably influence its notion : indeed, they lead to consider that the service expected from the seller, which is to propose by priority the acquisition of his property to the beneficiary, is constituting the basis of right of preemption. The regime and the effectiveness of all the rights of preemption are based upon that service. It becomes then possible to suggest a new definition of right of preemption and to establish its legal nature from property right. Two criteria of delimitation of right of preemption can be also proposed, the first one resting on its legal source, the second resulting from the determination of the moment of its intervention, which is not without practical consequence
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Forster, Ninon. "La responsabilité sans faute de l’Union européenne." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. https://www-stradalex-eu.passerelle.univ-rennes1.fr/fr/se_mono/toc/RESFAUE.
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Souvent invoquée dans les recours en indemnité devant la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne pour pallier les obstacles à l’engagement de la responsabilité extra-contractuelle de l’Union européenne, la responsabilité sans faute est un concept flou dont la définition, la nature et l’existence même sont contestées. L’étude de ce concept, à partir de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne, laisse cependant apparaître une construction prétorienne originale emprunte de l’influence des droits nationaux de la responsabilité publique. La responsabilité sans faute acquiert, au fil des arrêts rendus par la Cour de justice et le Tribunal, une consistance qui la fait apparaître comme une catégorie juridique regroupant plusieurs régimes de responsabilité dans lesquels la preuve d’une activité fautive des institutions de l’Union européenne ou de ses agents n’est pas nécessaire à l’engagement de sa responsabilité extra-contractuelle. La responsabilité sans faute peine cependant à s’imposer comme une voie de droit effective à disposition des particuliers en raison, d’une part, des réticences du juge à la reconnaître expressément comme un principe de responsabilité extra-contractuelle et, d’autre part, de l’interprétation rigoureuse des conditions de son bien-fondéOften invoked in actions for damages before the Court of Justice of the European Union to overcome obstacles to the engagement of the European Union's extra-contractual liability, nofault liability is a vague concept whose definition, nature and very existence are contested. However, the study of this concept, based on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, reveals an original Praetorian construction based on the influence of national laws on public liability. Liability without fault has acquired, with the judgments of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance, a consistency which makes it appear to be a legal category comprising several liability regimes in which proof of wrongful activity by the institutions of the European Union or its agents is not necessary to engage in non-contractual liability. However, no-fault liability is hardly an effective legal remedy available to individuals because of the judge's reluctance to expressly recognize it as a principle of extra-contractual liability and because of the rigorous interpretation of the conditions of its validity
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Miroslav, Vittorio. "L’autonomie de la responsabilité administrative en matière extra-contractuelle - Regard contemporain sur un principe classique." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMD003.
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L’autonomie de la responsabilité administrative en matière extra-contractuelle n’est plus forcément acquise aujourd’hui. La multiplication des sources de la responsabilité administrative, à côté de la jurisprudence, qu’elles soient internes ou supranationales, a eu pour effet de rouvrir ce débat. Incontestablement, l’autonomie est encore aujourd’hui une réalité. Cependant, la loi, expression de la volonté générale, et ce en dépit de ses bienfaits, tend à effriter un principe jadis solide. Il semblerait que malgré sa légitimité, ses effets bénéfiques pour les victimes, et sa complémentarité à certains moments avec la jurisprudence, le législateur, avec le consentement du juge constitutionnel, a la possibilité de déroger au principe de la séparation des autorités. D’autres sources, comme le droit de la Convention E.D.H., tendent à imposer un cadre juridique prédéfini sans prendre en compte le dualisme juridictionnel français. Parallèlement, la Cour de justice à créer à destination des États membres un véritable droit commun de la responsabilité en matière extra-contractuelle. Tous ces facteurs conjugués, sans oublier aujourd’hui le contentieux de l’environnement impactant les règles de la responsabilité administrative, nous laisse penser que la frontière entre le droit public et le droit privé devient de plus en plus perméable. Parfois, l’autonomie, qui est selon nous la liberté du juge administratif d’appliquer des règles qui se distinguent ou non de la responsabilité civile, n’est plus toujours opérante. En effet, les sources évoquées génèrent parfois un cadre juridique standard. À certains moments, c’est la compétence du juge administratif qui est remise en cause au profit du juge judiciaire au nom du principe d’une bonne administration de la justiceThe autonomy of the administrative responsibility in extra-contractual is not necessarily acquired any more today. The multiplication of the springs of the administrative responsibility, next to the jurisprudence, that they are internal or supranational, had the effect of reopening this debate. Unmistakably, the autonomy is even today a reality. However, the law, the expression of the general will, and it in spite of its benefactions, tends to crumble a principle formerly solid. It would seem that in spite of his legitimacy, his beneficial effects for the victims, and his complementarity at times with the jurisprudence, the legislator, with the consent of the constitutional judge, has the possibility of breaking the principle of the separation of the authorities. In other springs, as the right of the Convention E.D.H., tend to impose a legal framework predefined without taking into account the French jurisdictional dualism. At the same time, the Court of justice to create aimed at Member states a real common law of the responsibility in extra-contractual material. All these combined factors, without forgetting the dispute of the environment today impacting on the rules of the administrative responsibility, lets us think that the border between the public law and the private law becomes more and more permeable. Sometimes, the autonomy, which is according to us the freedom of the administrative judge to apply rules which distinguish themselves or not from the civil liability, is not effective anymore yet. Indeed, the evoked sources sometimes generate a standard legal framework. At times, it is the competence of the administrative judge that is questioned for the benefit of the judicial judge in the name of the principle of a good administration of the justice
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Polo, Marcelo. "A discriminação de preço nas redes contratuais de distribuição : abordagem civil e concorrencial." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/142950.
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O presente trabalho estuda a vedação da discriminação de preço nas redes contratuais de distribuição, tanto pelo aspecto concorrencial, quanto pelo aspecto civil. A abordagem concorrencial decorre da existência de um ilícito assim tipificado na Lei Antitruste brasileira. É preciso identificar os requisitos de aplicação próprios do direito concorrencial, que tem como bem jurídico tutelado a defesa da concorrência. Fez-se um estudo de direito comparado com o direito concorrencial norte-americano, em que vigente o Robison-Patman Act. A abordagem de direito civil-contratual depende da identificação dogmática da existência de uma rede contratual, a partir da verificação da finalidade econômica global em um dos elementos essenciais dos contratos individuais que formam a rede. Necessário, ainda, proceder à qualificação jurídica dos contratos de distribuição, partindo da sua causa e dos demais elementos estruturais que informam se tratar de um contrato atípico. A vedação à discriminação decorre da incidência da cláusula geral do art. 187 do CC/02, que proíbe o abuso do direito em razão de um exercício que exceda manifestamente os limites impostos pelos dois critérios trabalhados: a finalidade econômica ou social do direito e a boa-fé. Distingue-se a boa-fé enquanto criadora de deveres laterais de conduta da confiança enquanto protetora de uma situação de confiança. A vedação à discriminação de preço decorre do standard de boa-fé na função de criadora de deveres de conduta para o organizador da rede diante dos distribuidores que lhe estejam vinculados nessa rede contratual. O referencial valorativo é a lealdade que se espera do organizador da rede nesse contexto negocial. Estuda-se os diversos critérios econômicos justificativos do que seja uma justa e leal diferenciação de preço sob o influxo do conceito operativo de igualdade elaborado no âmbito do direito público.This paper studies the prohibition of price discrimination in contractual networks of distribution, both by the competitive aspect, as the civil aspect. The competitive approach stems from the existence of an unlawful this way typified in Brazilian Antitrust Law. One need to identify the requirements for application of competition law, which legal interest is to protect competition, not competitors. There is a comparative study with the U.S. competition law, because of the current rules of Robinson-Patman Act. The approach of civil-contract law depends on the identification of a network contract from the scanning of the global economic interest in one of the essential elements of individual contracts that compose the network. Also necessary to proceed with the legal classification of the distribution contracts, from his structural and functional (“consideration”) elements that informs it as an atypical contract. The prohibition of discrimination price arises from the general clause of art. 187 of the Civil Code of 2002, which prohibits the abuse of rights in respect of an exercise that clearly exceed the limits imposed by the two criteria worked: the economic or social purpose of the right and good faith. It is distinguished the good faith in its function of create duties of the confidence of a trust situation. The prohibition of price discrimination stems from the standard of good faith in its function of create duties of conduct to the organizer of the network of distributors. The reference value is the loyalty expected of the organizaer of the network in this negotiating context. We study the different economic criteria to be evidence of an equitable and fair price differentiation under the influence of the operating concept of equality established under public law.
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Dagbedji, Obougnon Gbénou Charlemagne. "Arbitrage OHADA et prérogatives de puissance publique nationales." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3044.
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L’alinéa 1er de l’article 2 de l’AUA consacre l’aptitude des personnes morales de droit public à compromettre. À ce titre, elles peuvent être parties à l’arbitrage au même titre que les personnes privées. Aussi, l’alinéa 2 du même article exclut le recours au droit interne pour contester la validité de la convention d’arbitrage ou la capacité de compromettre. À partir d’une analyse téléologique de cet alinéa, il apparaît que le législateur OHADA exclut de l’arbitrage impliquant les personnes publiques l’exercice des prérogatives étatiques. Mais il apparaît que les personnes publiques continuent d’exercer de jure ou de facto certaines prérogatives dérogeant au Droit commun de l’arbitrage. Cela amène à penser que le législateur n’a pas réussi à concilier l’arbitrage avec les prérogatives exorbitantes des parties publiques. Il se pose alors la question de la conciliation de l’arbitrage avec le statut exorbitant des personnes publiques. Il résulte de l’analyse que les privilèges des personnes publiques sont manifestement irréconciliables avec les exigences de l’arbitrage. Les contradictions sont générées par l’insuffisance du cadre juridique avec des effets mettant à mal l’arbitrage. Mais il est possible de les concilier par une réduction encadrée des privilèges exorbitants des parties publiques. Il est question de l’aménagement d’un régime spécifique à l’arbitrage impliquant les personnes publiques fondé sur l’équilibre des pouvoirs des parties à l’arbitrage. À cette fin, il faut réorienter le fondement de l’arbitrage vers les valeurs du procès équitable. De fait, les personnes publiques peuvent contractuellement renoncer à leurs privilèges ou affecter un bien en garantie à l’exécution de la sentence arbitraleParagraph 1 of Article 2 of the AAU enshrines the capacity of legal persons governed by public law to compromise. As such, they may be parties to arbitration on the same basis as private persons. Paragraph 2 of the same article thus excludes recourse to domestic law to challenge the validity of the arbitration agreement or the capacity to compromise. On the basis of a teleological analysis of this paragraph, it appears that the OHBLA legislator excludes from the arbitration involving public entities the exercise of State prerogatives. Two arguments support this interpretation. On the one hand, the objectives of legal and judicial security are incompatible with any derogation from the requirements of arbitration. On the other hand, the prerogatives of national public authorities are defined by national laws. By prohibiting recourse to domestic law, the legislature implicitly prohibits the opposition of derogatory privileges to the common law of arbitration.But it appears that public persons continue to exercise de jure or de facto certain prerogatives derogating from common arbitration. This suggests that the legislature has failed to reconcile arbitration with the exorbitant prerogatives of the public parties. The question then arises of the conciliation of arbitration with the status of parties to exorbitants under common law.It follows from the analysis that the legislature has ensured access to arbitration to public entities. But his indifference to the privileges they enjoyed made the system of public participation in arbitration an unfinished business. This regime is manifestly characterized by various contradictions. These are generated by the inadequate legal framework of subjective arbitrability of public persons. Thus, the effects of these contradictions make it possible to measure the extent of the inadequacy of privileges to the standards of arbitration. But it is possible to reconcile the requirements of arbitration with the specifics of public parts. The balance between the two institutions will have to be realized by a framed reduction of the exorbitant privileges of the public parts. To this end, the basis of arbitration must be revised: moving from the autonomy of the will to the values of a fair trial. Consequently, the privatization of these prerogatives can be envisaged by different contractual mechanisms
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Meunier-Mollaret, Marine. "Le conjoint survivant face aux enfants du de cujus." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020002.
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La loi du 3 décembre 2001 a, incontestablement, réalisé une avancée majeure dans la protection du conjoint survivant en lui reconnaissant une vocation ab intestat en propriété et en lui permettant, le restant de sa vie, de se maintenir dans le logement conjugal. Néanmoins, cette protection se révèle insuffisante pour celui auquel la loi ferme l’option pour l’usufruit légal : le survivant laissé en la présence d’au moins un enfant issu d’une précédente union. L’introduction de cette distinction à l’article 757du Code civil ne permet pas, en effet, de garantir aux veuves et veufs, issus en particulier de familles recomposées, le maintien de leurs conditions d’existence antérieures, ce, d’autant plus que le droit viager au logement ne peut passe cumuler avec le quart légal en propriété. D’où la nécessité pour le futur défunt d’anticiper les conséquences de sa disparition. Le droit patrimonial de la famille offre, à cet égard, toute une panoplie d’instruments juridiques que le législateur du 23 juin 2006 est venu étoffer, notamment par les nouvelles libéralités-partages et les libéralités graduelles et résiduelles. Toutefois, il sera fait appel aux outils les plus classiques issus, pour les uns, du droit des régimes matrimoniaux avec les avantages matrimoniaux, pour les autres, du droit des libéralités avec l’institution contractuelle entre époux. La voie matrimoniale devant, autant que faire se peut, constituer l’essentiel de la protection du conjoint survivant. Enfin, il sera de bonne pratique de compléter ces mesures de prévoyance conjugale par le recours à l’assurance-vie et à la société civile de gestion de portefeuille de valeurs mobilièresThe law dated December 3rd, 2001 realized, undoubtedly, a major step forward in the protection of the surviving spouse since it recognizes for him a legal vocation in property and it allows himself, the rest of his life, to remain in the matrimonial home. Nevertheless, this protection turns out to be insufficient for the one to which the law closes the option for the legal usufruct : the survivor left with at least one child stemming from a previous union. The introduction of this distinction in the article757 of the civil Code does not, indeed, allow to guarantee for the widows and widowers, stemming in particular from blended families, the preservation of their previous conditions of existence, it, especially as the right life annuity in the accommodation cannot accrue with the legal quarter in property. Where from thenecessity for the future deceased to anticipate the consequences of his disappearance. The property right of the family offers, in this respect, a whole outfit of legal instruments which the legislator of June 23rd, 2006 came to enrich, in particular by new liberalities-divisions and the gradual (and residual) liberalities. However, it will be called on to the most classic stemming tools, for some, of the right of the matrimonial systems with the marital advantages, for the others, the right of the liberalities with the contractual institution between spouses. The marital way in front of, as far as possible, to constitute the main part of the protection of the survivor. Finally, it will be considered as good practice to complete these measures of conjugal foresight by the life insurance and the civil society of management of portfolio of securities
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Palvadeau, Émmanuelle. "Le contrat en droit pénal." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40048/document.
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En tant que « pilier de l’ordre juridique », le contrat n’est pas ignoré du droit pénal. Incontestablement présent dans d’innombrables incriminations, le contrat fait toutefois l’objet de conceptions particulières que la doctrine relève ponctuellement comme autant de marques d’autonomie de la matière. Mais la présentation du contrat en droit pénal par le simple constat de solutions autonomes ne peut suffire, qui ne permet pas de déterminer, de manière positive et rationnelle, ce en quoi le contrat consiste en droit pénal.En refusant de lui transposer l’ensemble du régime contractuel, le droit positif semble pourtant formuler le principe d’une sélection que la finalité du droit pénal peut éclairer de manière décisive. Le contrat en droit pénal apparaît alors, qui résulte ainsi d’une sélection fonctionnelle des dispositions du régime contractuel : seules celles assurant la finalité du droit pénal doivent être caractériséesAs a « bedrock of the legal order », the contract is not ignored by criminal law. Unquestionably present in many offences, the contract is the object of specific conceptions that the doctrine find here and there as signs of the autonomy of criminal law.However, the presentation of the contract in criminal law through the statement of fact that autonomous solutions exist, is not sufficient. It doesn’t allow establishment in a positive and rational way, the real definition of the contract in criminal law.By refusing transposition of the entire contractual settlement, current law expresses the principle of a selection and that the purpose of criminal law may clarify it in a decisive way.Then, the contract in criminal law appears, resulting of a functional selection from the dispositions of contractual settlement: only the ones which maintain the aim of criminal law must be distinguished
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Leroy, Caroline. "Le pacte d'actionnaires dans l'environnement sociétaire." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675666.
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Le pacte d'actionnaires se place dans une forme de dépendance unilatérale au contrat de société qui n'est pas sans rappeler le rapport juridique d'accessoire à principal.En effet, s'il est fondamentalement distinct du contrat de société qu'il complète, tout pacte conclu par certains actionnaires, en dehors des statuts, afin d'organiser leurs relations interindividuelles d'actionnaires, trouve nécessairement sa matière et puise sa raison d'être dans le pacte social. Ainsi, la dépendance du pacte au contrat de société se manifeste-t-elle, de la manière la plus évidente, par la caducité qu'entraîne pour le pacte l'arrivée du terme du contrat de société ou la perte de la qualité d'actionnaire d'un partenaire.Dès lors, par analogie avec la règle selon laquelle l'accessoire a vocation à suivre le sort du principal, cette dimension d'accessoire du contrat de société justifie que le pacte subisse l'influence du cadre juridique auquel le contrat de société est lui-même soumis, à savoir le droit des sociétés et, en particulier, l'ordre public sociétaire.Cette dépendance au contrat de société, par essence commune à tous les pactes d'actionnaires en raison de leur objet matériel et de leur cause, est à géométrie variable. Elle repose en effet sur divers facteurs de rattachement au contrat de société que sont l'exercice du droit de vote, la détention des actions ou la qualité d'actionnaire des partenaires, lesquels impriment, selon qu'ils s'immiscent plus ou moins profondément dans le fondement, la structure ou encore le fonctionnement de la société, différents degrés de dépendance dans la relation pacte - contrat de société.Malgré l'hétérogénéité du régime des pactes d'actionnaires, il est alors possible de dégager,à l'aune de cette dimension d'accessoire, une tendance fondamentale qui anime, en droit positif, la jurisprudence relative aux pactes. Cette ligne directrice réside dans la variabilité du degré d'emprise des règles qui encadrent le contrat de société sur le régime des pactes d'actionnaires.La jurisprudence se révèle être, en effet, d'une manière générale et par-delà la casuistique, en cohérence avec cette influence proportionnelle de l'environnement sociétaire à l'intensité du degré de dépendance que présente chaque type de pacte en fonction du facteur qui le rattache au contrat de société. Les pactes caractérisés par une dépendance marquée au contrat de société bénéficient ainsi d'une marge de liberté à la mesure de celle dont bénéficie le contrat de société pour l'aménagement de l'exercice du droit de vote ou de la perte de la qualité d'actionnaire. Au contraire, les pactes caractérisés par une dépendance modérée au contrat de société, qui organisent des cessions ou des acquisitions d'actions,sont plus largement libérés des contraintes auxquelles est soumis le contrat de société au regard du principe de libre négociabilité des actions. Quant à l'influence sur les pactes de certains autres principes d'ordre public sociétaire, tels que la prohibition des clauses léonines ou l'expertise de l'article 1843-4 du Code civil, elle demeure incertaine en droit positif. Toutefois, la jurisprudence tend à reconnaître le particularisme de ces règles et à leur retirer, en conséquence, tout caractère impératif en dehors du cadre des relations entretenues collectivement par les actionnaires avec la société.
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Chen, Chih-Jui, and 陳致睿. "The Theoretical Reconstruction of Reified Contractual Rights." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65704778688079813704.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
103
This thesis mainly focuses on the “reified contractual rights”. The definition of “reified contractual rights” is the contractual rights are endowed with partial characteristics of the rights in rem. “Reified contractual rights are not the only exception of privity of contract. The contractual rights expand its power over third parties are irrelevant to reified contractual rights. Based on the definition of reified contractual rights, I consider both “reified preemptions” (Article 426-2 of Civil Code) and “registered covenants to use immoveable co-owned property” (Article 826-1 I of Civil Code) are one of “reified contractual rights”. Using comparative research of law, I suggest that since the immoveable lease in Taiwan would continue to exist to the transferee notwithstanding the lessor transfers the ownership of the thing leased to a third party in some cases, it is necessary to legislate an efficient way of notice to avoid the increasing transaction costs between dealing parties and the imposing enormous information costs on third parties. In Taiwanese civil law, the ownership of the land and the house are separated. If the land owner delivers the land to the other, gratuitously for constructing the house, then subsequently transfers the ownership of land to the third party, or the house owner transfers the ownership of house to another third party, under “the privity of contract”, the land loan for construction should not shift to the transferee of the land. Besides, the transferee of the house cannot claim that the land loan for construction continues to exist to himself unless with the recognition of land borrower. When the land owner claims that the house should be dismantled on the basis of ownership, it may cause a controversial issue that “Should we allow the land owner demolishes the house with great economic value?” To solve this difficult problem, the Supreme Court of Taiwan and many scholars have proposed various solutions. Nevertheless, in my opinion, Article 425 I of Civil Code and Article 426-1 of Civil Code should apply mutatis mutandis to the land loan for construction by analogy. After the land loan for construction continues to exist to the transferee of land or house, the court may apply Article 227-2 of Civil Code to the land loan for construction, which means that the court can alter the original gratuitous contract to become land lease for building a house. Moreover, when the land loan for construction is expired, I propose that Article 840 of Civil Code should apply mutatis mutandis to land loan or land lease for building a house by analogy, so as to the land and the house would belong to the single owner. Consequently, the disputes in such cases may draw to an end. In addition, in the second chapter of this thesis, I argue that Article 451 of Civil Code shall apply mutatis mutandis to the superficies by analogy. In the fifth chapter, I propose that "contract of sale" and "contract of exchange" should not be “reified” without any registration. To solve related disputes, the court should seriously examine whether the immoveable transferees claim the rights stipulated in Article 767 of Civil Code is a violation of the principle of good faith or an abuse of right. The plaintiffs who are the immoveable transferees acknowledged that the immoveable transferor constitute "contract of sale" or "contract of exchange" with the defendants before transference is not the only judging criteria of the court.
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Kaboth, Julian. "Essays on the implications of contractual cash flow rights for venture capital investment valuation." 2020. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72874.
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Venture capital (VC) plays an increasing role as part of the private equity asset class and the general investment continuum. The lack of transparency due to limited reportings and market data obstructs a concise view on VC investment value and performance. This thesis aims to shed some light on VC investment peculiarities and their effect in valuation terms. It primarily reflects on the implications of contractual rights on the investment value. In the first chapter, I present an approach to integrate the multi-perspective of VC investment and analyze the interaction effects of control and cash flow rights on the feasibility of follow-on funding based on the value position of investors. In the second chapter, I present a joint study by Prof. Dr. Schwetzler, Dr. Schreiter, Dr. Lodowicks and myself where we propose a valuation framework that is applied to a sample of primarily European ventures to derive investment level values and assess misvaluation when using simple heuristics instead. In the third chapter, a joint work by Dr. Schreiter, Dr. Lodowicks and myself is presented where we develop a prediction model that allows to derive more accurate estimates of VC investments.
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Cho, Hui Hua, and 卓輝華. "A study on the principal-agent relationship, structure of property rights,and the contractual relationship of rights transformation system for urban renewal." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71024435793902948760.
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博士國立政治大學
地政研究所
99
In the process of rights transformation of urban renewal, the relationships between land owners and the implementers are the typical Principal-Agent Relationship in modern economic activities. Based on the related rights and obligations under the regulations of urban renewal, land owners and the implementers execute urban renewal business. Due to the differences of asymmetric information, inconsistent goals, and risk preference, the decision-making and/or actions of implementers based on the opportunism, will often unfavorable to the benefits of land owners. Therefore, the problem of Principal-Agent Relationship arises that increases agent cost. Both sides cannot generate the foundation of highly mutual trust, and thus creates the major reason of delaying and inefficiency for urban renewal. This paper studies and analyzes the Principal-Agent Relationship of both land owners and the implementers from both sides with their interaction of contract under unban renewal regulation mechanism, and further from the land owners perspective to design ways of monitoring to protect rights and benefits of land owners, to facilitate the implementation of urban renewal business. When the land owners and the implementers organize as a「Production Team」on a very urban renewal unit, the land owners initially hold stronger control rights on both proposing step and agreement step; along the implementers hold agreement letters exceeding the official threshold of urban renewal regulations, they will control better execution rights, and the landowners hold weaker surveillance control rights. The current value allocation of rights transformation for urban renewal employs common sharing of expenses with the implementers. After deducting the common sharing of the discounted price substitute payment of the land and buildings after the rights transformation, the remaining lands and buildings shall be allocated to the original landowners according to the rights value proportion before each piece of land rights was transformed. In so doing, the land owners obtain most of the residual claim. Under such separation of the control rights and the residual claim, whether the value allocation of the rights transformation is as suitable arrangement for property rights? Will it be the incentives to the urban renewal participants? Whether it will facilitate the efficiency of urban renewal promotion? These are the main points of the analysis of this paper. Land owners and the implementers with the same Renewal Unit retain a short-term and once-for-all cooperative nature. According to the regulations of current Urban Renewal Act, both parties of the transaction by signing an agreement as the key contract of implementing urban renewal business. After signing up the contract, due to the different ratio of specific investment input by both sides of the transaction, the initial contract thus normally has been delaying or doubtfully signed. Even worse, after eventually signing the contract, there are still uncertain disputes on rights and obligations. Via the thoughts of Incomplete Contracts Theory, this paper not only analyzes the contractual relationship and the specific investment relationship of land owners and the implementers, but also recommends a new transaction contract model to decrease the opportunism behaviors of both sides, and further more, to facilitate the implement of urban renewal business.
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Chen, Shu-Yu, and 陳書郁. "A Study on Artist Managers'' Contractual Rights and Obligations Pursuant to Exclusive Management Agreements." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14472870207607661890.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
100
In light of the lack of administrative regulations for artists-management industry, the contents of artists'' exclusive management agreements are dominated by the principle of freedom of contract. The practice of the principle, however, sometimes hinders positive development. Notorious artist managers commit terms and conditions of contracts which are disadvantageous for artists by exploiting their strong bargaining power. The common issues are excessively long contract periods and the high ratio of commission. In reaction to the uncertainty of government intervention in the industry, I will discuss these issues from the judicial perspective in the thesis. In common cases, the exclusive management agreements are legally binding for both artists and managers subject to freedom of contract. While the contractual relations are unilateral beneficial to artist managers, the contractual rights should be adjusted or the terms of conditions of the agreements are supposed to be announced invalid via Art. 247-1 of Civil Code. On the other hand, the legal languages of written contractual obligations for artist managers are somewhat ambiguous. Through interpretation of contract context, legal principles and the reference of entertainment practice, the written and unwritten duties the artist managers undertake will be clarified. Eventually, the loopholes in the agreement will be eliminated, such as the conflict of interest and the confidentiality. Since talents are business, whether artist managers breach the contracts should refer to entertainment management practice. When it comes to the effects of breach by artist managers, artists are able to terminate the agreement only when the reliance relationships collapse. Otherwise talents are only entitled to cure the managers'' performance. Only if artist managers breach the contract which collides with the purpose of contract, talents have right to rescission. Also, artists are entitled to recover the damages caused by managers'' nonperformance, even the agreements are terminated or rescinded. Concerned about the benefits which managers acquire in violation of conflict of interest, artists are entitled to recover the benefits as well. As a matter of fact, adjusting civil agreements via judicial activities is a worse solution to these contractual problems because of judicial restraint. To facilitate the sound development in entertainment management industry, legislation or administrative regulations are indeed the fundemantal and prodominent measures.
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Lu, I.-Tsen, and 呂伊岑. "The study of the remuneration and labor rights for the contractual employees in the public sector:the case of bureau of labor insurance in Taiwan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04424225081062026816.
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48
Ya-Chun, Chiu, and 邱雅郡. "The Relationship`s Research of Condominium Management Law and the Part of Rights in Rem of the Civil Law in Charge of the Contractual." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05355722095489082361.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
99
Apartment building, the doctrine known as "distinguish between all buildings", the problem can be divided into two main areas: all the relationships and manage relationships. Where all relationships is the foundation of relationship management, and all relationships may be divided into three parts: the proprietary part, the shared parts and bases. Proprietary parts to distinguish between the core of all buildings, share some of the interwoven, forming intricate distinguish all, sharing some common, shared portions, to uniform language to share some of this article. Is to, separating all the buildings complex exceptions, different from traditional property rights object, this thesis on this subject, the most fundamental issues, focusing on proprietary parts of the common parts of the study, and the title as "apartment building regulations and civil law right in rem in charge of the contractual relationship between research," lift Lee Mansion of correct understanding and application of the regulations, an adjacent tenants ' rights and obligations between, well, thereby creating plant based on a fair, just and peaceful society. In this study, and to consider in the light of actual conditions of foreign legislation and legislative amendments, as citations, and scholars at home and abroad and further finishing documents to be discussed, hoping to take this to achieve differentiated system of all complete. Creation of shared ownership of the content, respectively, the theory's most narrow said said, narrow, broad said and broadest sense says, so regardless of what to say for distinction between rights and obligations of all groups and management services are not affected, due to proprietary part owner, will have shared parts and bases should be part of decentralization, and ownership in accordance with the second part, distinguishing between each other for all groups, self with its members to exercise the rights of all. On May 26, 99, amending the law of the General principles of property ownership, and to more clearly distinguish between all the systems in China and in charge of contracts.
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Lee, Chenglong, and 李承龍. "A Study on Management of Joint Property: Respecting the Validities on the Rights in Rem of the Civil Law in Charge of the Contractual." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22927755829575615935.
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50
Du, Plessis Hanri Magdalena. "The unilateral determination of price in contracts of sale governed by the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26446.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the application of the common law rule prohibiting unilateral price determination in contracts of sale governed by the Consumer Protection Act. The unilateral determination of price has been a controversial issue for an extended period of time. This controversy is traced back to Roman law where different translations and interpretations are given to the texts dealing with the unilateral determination of price in a contract of sale. The majority of the Roman-Dutch writers preferred the view that regarded a contract granting a discretion to one of the parties to determine the price as void. Subsequently, this view was incorporated into South African law. During the 1990s the Supreme Court of Appeal questioned whether the rule should still form part of South African law. An overview of the case law indicates that the courts have been prepared to allow contractual price discretions provided such discretions refer to an objective external standard or reasonableness. There are also indications that the courts would imply that the discretion should be exercised reasonably, except in the case of clearly unfettered discretions. Recently, the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 ("the CPA") has made substantial amendments to the law of sale in respect of contracts governed by the CPA. The dissertation investigates the influence of the CPA on the rule governing unilateral price determinations in such sales. It also investigates the consumer's fundamental rights to disclosure of information and fair, just and reasonable terms and conditions. Legal uncertainties and issues arising from the provisions of the CPA are identified. Finally, a comparative study with English law is undertaken which provides a comparative basis from which possible solutions are extracted and proposals made to address the uncertainties and issues emanating from the CPA. CopyrightDissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Mercantile Law
unrestricted