Academic literature on the topic 'Contractual constraints'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Contractual constraints.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Contractual constraints"
1
Mahmood, Moazam. "Profitability, Productivity and Contractual Choice in Agriculture." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4II (December 1, 1992): 911–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4iipp.911-927.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines cross-sectional trends in profitability, and explains them through contractual choice. Producers attempt to increase profits constrained by their production environments of imperfect markets and imperfect information. Contractual choice then offers an important variable which producers manipulate to increase profitability.-These two critical conditions are seen to determine the observed trends in the relationship between farm size and productivity. The study examines two contrasting production environments, two villages in the Punjab. The production enVironments of the canal colony village has two exogenously imposed constraints, eviction of sharecoppers through mechanisation, and a credit bias against small farms. This weakens the traditionally posited inverse relationship, and leads to profitability and productivity being positively related to farm size. The production environment of the Southern Punjab village has an additional endogenous constraint of an imperfect fixed rental market for land. The consequent reliance on sharecropping leads productivity to describe aU-shaped curve across farm size.
2
Kós, J. Stephen. "Constraints on the Exercise of Contractual Powers." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42, no. 1 (May 2, 2011): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v42i1.5405.
Full textAbstract:
This article considers a topic largely ignored by the standard contract texts: contractual powers vested, usually without express restraints, in one of the contracting parties. It gathers the leading Commonwealth decisions on the subject and considers the nature and limits of the commonly-implied "default rule" that such powers may not be exercised arbitrarily, unreasonably or for an improper purpose. The author concludes that in the case of substantive principles such as error of law, improper purpose and irrationality, there is no fundamental difference between the interests protected by contract law, trust law and public law – and nor is there any fundamental difference between the tools used by each to provide that protection.
3
Romana, Gurjinder Singh, Gurmeet Singh Dhillon, and Navneet Kaur Dhaliwal. "Contractual Pisciculture in South West Punjab: Prospects and Constraints." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 13, no. 4 (2017): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2017.00237.2.
Full text
4
Mookherjee, Dilip, and Debraj Ray. "Contractual Structure and Wealth Accumulation." American Economic Review 92, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 818–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/00028280260344489.
Full textAbstract:
Can historical wealth distributions affect long-run output and inequality despite “rational” saving, convex technology and no externalities? We consider a model of equilibrium short-period financial contracts, where poor agents face credit constraints owing to moral hazard and limited liability. If agents have no bargaining power, poor agents have no incentive to save: poverty traps emerge and agents are polarized into two classes, with no interclass mobility. If instead agents have all the bargaining power, strong saving incentives are generated: the wealth of poor and rich agents alike drift upward indefinitely and “history” does not matter eventually.
5
WAN ISMAIL, WAN NORIZAN, and HAMIMAH ADNAN. "The Influence of Project Characteristics on Contractual Behaviour of Key Participants in Civil Engineering Projects." Built Environment Journal 17, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/bej.v17i2.9030.
Full textAbstract:
This paper described the importance of paying attention on the aspects of project characteristics in understanding the contractual behavior of key participants in civil engineering projects. The purpose of this paper was to identify the project characteristics variables contributing to the unfavorable contractual behavior of key participants in civil engineering projects. An extensive literature review was carried out using content analysis and unveiled nine (9) civil engineering project characteristics that may contribute to the contractual behavior of key participants. They were project type, project size, project scope changes, design changes, site surrounding condition, ground condition, project complexity, procurement method, type of standard form of contract. The findings provide basis for understanding the factor that influence the contractual behavior of key participants in order to comprehend the constraints faced by them in implementing the civil engineering projects. Hence, the initiatives or proactive preventing actions can be suggested in future study to improve the contractual behavior of key participants and eventually will lead to the project success.
Keywords: Civil Engineering; contractual behavior, project characteristics.
6
Bebchuk, Lucian Arye. "Limiting Contractual Freedom in Corporate Law: The Desirable Constraints on Charter Amendments." Harvard Law Review 102, no. 8 (June 1989): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1341358.
Full text
7
Lehnert, Andreas, Ethan Ligon, and Robert M. Townsend. "LIQUIDITY CONSTRAINTS AND INCENTIVE CONTRACTS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 3, no. 1 (March 1999): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100599010019.
Full textAbstract:
Are firms and households constrained in the use of a productive input? Theoretical approaches to this question range from exogenously imposed credit allocation rules to endogenous market failures stemming from some sort of limited-commitment or moral-hazard problem. However, when testing for constraints, researchers often simply ask firms or households if they would wish to borrow more at the current interest rate and/or test for suboptimal use of inputs in production functions relative to a full-information, full-commitment benchmark. We demonstrate that if credit is part of a much larger information-constrained (or limited-commitment) incentive scheme, then input use may very well be distorted away from the first-best. Further, households and firms, in certain well-defined circumstances, may, at the true interest rate or opportunity cost of credit, desire to borrow more (or less) than the assigned level of credit. In other, more constrained, contractual regimes, firms and households would say that they do not want to borrow more (or less), but these regimes are decidedly suboptimal, although the magnitude of the loss does depend on parameter values. We conclude with empirical methods that, in principle, could allow researchers armed with enough data to estimate parameters and distinguish regimes. Researchers then could see if firms and households are truly constrained and, if so, what the welfare loss might be.
8
Watson, Dennys. "Setting up academic spin-out companies." Industry and Higher Education 2, no. 1 (March 1988): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042228800200105.
Full textAbstract:
Following some relaxation in recent years of contractual and legal constraints on academic entrepreneurship, there has been an increasing interest in venture capital as a source of financial backing. This paper analyses availability, methodology and management of venture capital investment in this field, looks at how investment projects are chosen, and suggests possible future developments.
9
Zimberg, Bernardo, Carlos E. Testuri, and Germán Ferrari. "Stochastic modeling of fuel procurement for electricity generation with contractual terms and logistics constraints." Computers & Chemical Engineering 123 (April 2019): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.12.021.
Full text
10
Fisher, Kenneth W. "The Impact of Contracts on Ship Design Preparation." Journal of Ship Production and Design 28, no. 02 (May 1, 2012): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2012.28.2.87.
Full textAbstract:
The implementation of vessel designs is usually achieved through contracts for ship construction or conversion. Accordingly, the design process and the design organization's product have to anticipate and take into account the constraints and requirements of the contracts that control the use of the design, as well as the contract that initiates the design process. This paper addresses the most common contractual factors that have to be considered during preparation of ship designs.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contractual constraints"
1
Shrivastava, Animesh. "Some agency problems in firms and the allocation of resources." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321728.
Full text
2
Du, Plessis Hanri Magdalena. "The harmonisation of good faith and ubuntu in the South African common law of contract." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23606.
Full textAbstract:
The legal historical development of fairness in the South African common law of contract is investigated in the context of the political, social and economic developments of the last four centuries. It emerges that the common law of contract is still dominated by the ideologies of individualism and economic liberalism which were imported from English law during the nineteenth century. Together with the theories of legal positivism and formalism which are closely related to parliamentary sovereignty and the classical rule of law, these ideals were transposed into the common law of contract through the classical model of contract law which emphasises freedom and sanctity of contract and promotes legal certainty. This approach resulted in the negation of the court’s equitable discretion and the limitation of good faith which sustain the social and economic inequalities that were created under colonialism and exacerbated under apartheid rule. In stark contrast, the modern human rights culture grounded in human dignity and aimed at the promotion of substantive equality led to the introduction of modern contract theory in other parts of the world. The introduction of the Constitution as grounded in human dignity and aimed at the achievement of substantive equality has resulted in a sophisticated jurisprudence on human dignity that reflects a harmonisation between its Western conception as based on Kantian dignity and ubuntu which provides an African understanding thereof. In this respect, ubuntu plays an important role in infusing the common law of contract with African values and in promoting substantive equality between contracting parties in line with modern contract theory. It is submitted that this approach to human dignity should result in the development of good faith into a substantive rule of the common law of contract which can be used to set aside an unfair contract term or the unfair enforcement thereof.Private Law
LL. D.
Books on the topic "Contractual constraints"
1
Efremov, A., F. Leschenkov, K. Mefod'eva, A. Pilipenko, O. Starodubova, L. Tereschenko, N. Treschetenkova, and I. Shulyat'ev. Modernization of state regulation of activities in the field of communications. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1080398.
Full textAbstract:
The communications industry is one of the most important sectors of economy in conditions of digitalization, which becomes the basis for further innovative development, to a large extent depends on adequate legal regulation and state participation. In the presented scientific and practical Handbook gives a General characteristic of the legal regulation in the field of communications in the Russian Federation, covers the approaches to state regulation and deregulation of the industry. A separate Chapter is devoted to questions of regulation of communication services of new generation, the analysis of the relevant contractual structures.
Deals with the foreign and international experience, identifies trends of legal regulation of relations in the age of digital economy, ways of overcoming of contradictions between the market and legal constraints. Proposals on modernization of legislation in accordance with new conditions and possibilities of technical progress.
For researchers, practitioners, professionals engaged in law enforcement and legislative activities, teachers, students and postgraduates of law schools and faculties.
2
Trestman, Robert L. Funding of correctional health care and its implications. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
Correctional healthcare is funded through a range of mechanisms, reflecting many of the community fee-for-service and managed care parallels. Like community healthcare, utilization of healthcare in correctional settings is increasing. It is however, often under more significant budgetary constraints and tighter management. The funding of correctional healthcare is a complex enterprise, driven by constitutionally mandated care obligations on the one hand, and resource constraints on the other. Along with the dramatic increase in the incarcerated population during the past two decades, correctional healthcare has evolved as well. The costs of care are quite substantial, and the diversity of models of care delivery offer an administrative challenge, a financial challenge to the relevant jurisdiction, and a significant opportunity for cost effectiveness. Unfortunately, as of yet, no comparative study of funding models has been done. As integrated electronic health and financial records are gradually introduced into correctional settings, opportunities for such studies, and the policy guidance provided by those results, may yield important information applicable to health care cost and outcome management in society more broadly. This chapter includes a discussion of global capitation, per inmate costs, at-risk contracting, liability concerns, performance indicators, and a variety of contractual relationships.
3
Hooghe, Liesbet, Tobias Lenz, and Gary Marks. A Theory of International Organization. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766988.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book explains the design and development of international organization in the postwar period. It theorizes that the basic set up of an IO responds to two forces: the functional impetus to tackle problems that spill beyond national borders and a desire for self-rule that can dampen cooperation where transnational community is thin. The book reveals both the causal power of functionalist pressures and the extent to which nationalism constrains the willingness of member states to engage in incomplete contracting. The implications of postfunctionalist theory for an IO’s membership, policy portfolio, contractual specificity, and authoritative competences are tested using annual data for seventy-six IOs for 1950–2010.
4
Sperling, Daniel. Suicide Tourism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825456.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book explores the phenomenon of ‘suicide tourism’. Freedom of movement creates problems with policies constrained by national boundaries and, as more countries contemplate regulating assisted suicide, there is now a pressing need for a theoretical investigation of the issues that provides a thorough appraisal of the global situation. Switzerland is no longer the only country where a person can find assistance for legal suicide. A similar law has been passed in Croatia, and Dutch and Belgian laws do not prohibit assisted suicide for non-residents. Few states in the US provide for physician-assisted suicide for state residents but US citizens from elsewhere can take simple steps to overcome this restriction. As more countries legally permit assisted suicide, suicide tourism will become a larger and more complex global practice. The book sets out the parameters for future debate, first contextualizing the practice and casting light on how it is treated under international and domestic law. It then analyses the ethical ramifications, and considers where the state’s responsibility should lie in dealing with accompanying persons and in regulating contractual agreements. It also contains a sociological and cultural analysis of suicide tourism, a review of policy and media reports on the topic, and interviews with various stakeholders (including policymakers, and medical and patients’ organizations) in Switzerland, Germany, France, Italy, and the UK. The book concludes with a summary of the legal, ethical, political, and sociological dimensions of suicide tourism, offering recommendations for how professionals and policymakers might respond to this evolving phenomenon.
Book chapters on the topic "Contractual constraints"
1
Borello, Marc. "Export Control Constraints from a Contractual Point of View." In SpringerBriefs in Economics, 65–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5960-5_6.
Full text
2
Ibbotson, Mike. "Constraints and Working on Site: Some Practical and Contractual Problems." In Gardens & Landscapes in Historic Building Conservation, 247–54. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118508107.ch24.
Full text
3
Marakulin, Valeriy. "On Contractual Approach in Competitive Economies with Constrained Coalitional Structures." In Mathematical Optimization Theory and Operations Research, 244–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58657-7_21.
Full text
4
"Contractual constraints on private copying." In Private Copying, 181–94. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203115244-16.
Full text
5
"What is the Conceptual Essence of Contractual Money, Constraints and Implications?" In The Monetary System, 193–213. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118867808.ch8.
Full text
6
Basset, Guy, and Rozenn Perrigot. "Franchisees’ Resale Price Policy Facing Legal, Contractual and Professional Constraints: Insights from European and French Perspectives." In Economic and Legal Issues in Competition, Intellectual Property, Bankruptcy, and the Cost of Raising Children, 119–42. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s0193-589520150000027009.
Full text
7
Bridge, Adrian J., Robert Lee Kong Tiong, and Shou Qing Wang. "Value For Money." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 295–309. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-775-6.ch020.
Full textAbstract:
Australia is just one of many developed countries facing the challenge of delivering value for money in the provision of a substantial infrastructure pipeline amidst severe construction and private finance constraints. To help address this challenge, this chapter focuses on developing an understanding of the determinants of value at key procurement decision points that range from the make-or-buy decision, to buying in the context of market structures, including the exchange relationship and contractual arrangement decision. This understanding is based on theoretical pluralism and illustrated by research in the field of construction and maintenance, and in public-private partnerships.
8
Cortese, Fulvio. "The Liability of Public Administration." In Tort Liability of Public Authorities in European Laws, 61–65. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867555.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
At the end of the nineteenth century, Italian courts constructed government liability in narrow terms, excluding it whenever government took acts of imperium. Article 28 of the Constitution deviates from that line of cases, because it lays down two principles: first, that the officials and employees of public bodies are directly liable for acts committed in violation of rights and, second, that in such cases civil liability extends to public bodies. Concretely, the standard governing the non-contractual liability of public bodies is influenced by the rules of the Civil Code. Liability can thus be based on the existence of a breach of existing legal rules, including procedural constraints on the exercise of administrative powers. For example, the unlawful issuing of a building permit gives rise to liability. However, when public authorities exercise real discretion, issues of liability will be treated differently. And, unlike other legal systems, such issues often fall within the competence of administrative courts.
9
Alothaimeen, Ibraheem, and David Arditi. "Overview of Multi-Objective Optimization Approaches in Construction Project Management." In Multicriteria Optimization - Pareto-Optimality and Threshold-Optimality. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88185.
Full textAbstract:
The difficulties that are met in construction projects include budget issues, contractual time constraints, complying with sustainability rating systems, meeting local building codes, and achieving the desired quality level, to name but a few. Construction researchers have proposed and construction practitioners have used optimization strategies to meet various objectives over the years. They started out by optimizing one objective at a time (e.g., minimizing construction cost) while disregarding others. Because the objectives of construction projects often conflict with each other, single-objective optimization does not offer practical solutions as optimizing one objective would often adversely affect the other objectives that are not being optimized. They then experimented with multi-objective optimization. The many multi-objective optimization approaches that they used have their own advantages and drawbacks when used in some scenarios with different sets of objectives. In this chapter, a review is presented of 16 multi-objective optimization approaches used in 55 research studies performed in the construction industry and that were published in the period 2012–2016. The discussion highlights the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches when used in different scenarios.
10
Hooghe, Liesbet, Tobias Lenz, and Gary Marks. "Introduction." In A Theory of International Organization, 1–8. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766988.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 1 sets out the core puzzle of international governance, introduces postfunctionalist theory, and situates it in relation to realism, liberal institutionalism, and constructivism. Postfunctionalism theorizes how conceptions of community constrain the functional provision of public goods across territorial scale. It hypothesizes that international organization is social as well as functional and provides a precise and falsifiable explanation of the institutional set-up of an IO, including its membership, contractual basis, policy portfolio, and the extent to which an IO pools authority in collective decision making and delegates authority to independent actors.
Conference papers on the topic "Contractual constraints"
1
Griffin, Patrick R., Gangyi Jia, Martijn H. C. Gielen, and Nynke G. Dalstra. "Simulation and Optimized Dispatch of a Complex Cogenerating Combined Cycle in a Competitive Market." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-406.
Full textAbstract:
A software system was developed to simulate technical performance and predict feasible, economically optimum operating arrangements for a multi-faceted cogenerating combined cycle. The software combines detailed technical performance data with commodity prices and contractual obligations to predict equipment loads that optimize net plant revenue subject to several operational constraints. The optimization technique is iterative due to the nonlinear behavior of the plant. Detailed production capability of each plant component is pre-simulated over the entire range of operation using a widely-accepted, commercially-available simulation package. Pre-simulated results are stored in look-up tables for fast evaluation during optimization calculations. This paper describes the plant equipment, the optimization technique, and illustrates how the software output guides plant management in strategic planning and operations in an evolving competitive electric and gas market.
2
Schwartz, Mark P., and Thomas M. White. "Retrofit of the McKay Bay Waste-to-Energy Facility." In 10th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec10-1003.
Full textAbstract:
This paper provides an overview of the City of Tampa’s 1,000-TPD, four-unit McKay Bay Facility which began operations as an incinerator in 1967; was upgraded to a waste-to-energy (WTE) facility (using waste heat boilers) in 1985; and then again retrofitted during a 33-month design, procurement, and construction period, from 1999 to 2001. As the selected project developer for this recent retrofit, Wheelabrator McKay Bay, Inc. (WMBI) chose to design new chute-to-stack units within the space constraints of the existing refuse feed chutes, ground floor slab and bottom ash conveyors. This paper identifies key plant statistics and describes the project scope, schedule, controls, and safety issues. Results of acceptance testing, including air emissions, are reviewed and compared against contractual and permit requirements. The unique challenges faced by the operations staff during the retrofit are discussed in detail. Several examples of “lessons learned” regarding design and operations are given.
3
Marshall, Robert G., Robert Galatiuk, and Michal Mensik. "Innovative Project Management Techniques: Major International Pipeline Project." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-178.
Full textAbstract:
The Gasoducto del Pacifico Pipeline Project (GasPacifico), a 543 Km. pipeline transporting gas from the Province of Neuquen in Argentina to major cities in Chile, was accomplished in record time and under budget. The project was executed in a time frame even shorter than a previous fast track project in the region, the GasAndes Pipeline Project which also crossed the imposing Andes mountain range. Relying on the experience of the GasAndes Project, the Project Management Team, achieved success through the innovative implementation of project management techniques tailored to the specific challenges of the GasPacifico Project which include: - The fast track nature of the project; - Contractual obligations imposed by the Project Management Agreement between TransCanada International (TCI) and the owner, GasPacifico; - Environmental contraints (route traversed a national park in Chile and areas of high erosion and instability); - Seasonal constraints (one summer of construction, heavy rains in winter); - Two countries with two sets of laws and stringent regulatory regimes; - Procurement and importation of major equipment, materials and pipe. The project management techniques balanced the triumvirate of quality, schedule and cost while managing the Owner’s risks within the boundary constraints of: - Schedule commitments; - Budget; - Right-of-way acquisition; - Regulatory Permits; - Design challenges; - Procurement limitations; - Environment requirements; - Construction challenges. This paper presents the project management techniques used to manage these challenges, placing them in a relevant context, with the intent that learnings can be applied to other international projects.
4
Bashir Shehu, Umar, Farouk Idris, and Kamalluddeen Usman. "Nigerian Gas Transportation Network Code NGTNC; Emerging Opportunities for Local Gas Transmission Operations." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207192-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Historically, both regulatory and contractual constraints have inhibited the overall optimization of natural gas transmission systems. The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) currently supplies gas either as source of fuel or as feedstock to different industries. More local industries are now aware of the advantages and benefits of using gas; hence creating an increase in demand. Recent changes in the regulatory framework and the introduction of the Nigeria Gas Transportation Network Code (NGTNC) to deepen the growth of gas market in the country are however, fostering the pipeline companies into a new competitive position, creating strong incentives as well as opportunities. This work provides a section-by-section summary of the Code for the benefit of those who are passionate about understanding the nuances of the Code and of course makes cogent survey and recommendations, to expedite the success of the Code. In the course of this research, questionnaires were administered and 130 respondents were chosen based on their level of knowledge and experience in the industry ranging from operations, management, regulatory and Gas Associations. Responses were collated and analysed using simple statistical tools, tables, and graphs to identify opportunities. The result of the study illustrates the stakeholder's presumption and commitments in using NGTNC for optimized Gas transmission operations.
5
Botros, K. K., D. Sennhauser, J. Stoffregen, K. J. Jungowski, and H. Golshan. "Large Pipeline Network Optimization: Summary and Conclusions of TransCanada Research Effort." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10007.
Full textAbstract:
Operation of large gas pipeline networks calls for fulfilling variation in contractual volume obligations, and maintaining a certain range of linepack with minimum fuel consumptions to drive compressor units. This is often achieved with either operational experience or by utilization of optimization tools, which results in reduced hydraulic analysis time as well as improved pipeline operation as a whole. The main objective is to accurately identify the optimum set points for all compressor stations, control and block valves in the network, subject to several system and operational constraints. This implies multi-objective optimization of a highly constrained network with a large number of decision variables. Over the past three years, TransCanada has devoted a research effort in developing/integrating an optimization tool based on stochastic methods. It was found that it offers greater stability and is more suited for multi-objective optimizations of large networks with inherently large number of decision variables, than any gradient-based method. This paper describes the nature of the pipeline system under optimization, and discusses the basis for a Genetic-Algorithm-based tool employed. It summarizes the results of the past three years of research efforts outlining the selection criteria for the optimization parameters, integration with a robust steady-state thermal hydraulic simulator of the pipeline network and the notion that dynamic penalty parameters can affect convergence. The methodology is applied to a large gas pipeline network containing 22 compressor stations resulting in 54 decision variables and an optimization space of 1.85×1078 cases. Comparison of genetic algorithm optimization with traditional and manual optimization is demonstrated. Extensive effort has been devoted to reduce the computation time, which includes techniques to utilize various hybrid surrogate methods such as Kriging, Neural Networks, Response Surface, as well as exploitation of parallel processing.
6
Alsuwailem, Majed. "The Road to Zero Routine Gas Flaring: A Case Study from Saudi Arabia." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21182-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Gas is envisaged as the fuel of choice in the power sector and is ideal for helping to transition toward clean, sustainable, and affordable energy access. As vital as gas is for electricity generation, the petrochemical industry, the transportation sector, and heating, many oil operators either flare or vent associated gas, a by-product of oil extraction, at the wellhead or gathering stations. Gas flaring releases greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. It occurs for various reasons, including infrastructure and financial constraints to capture the gas, inadequate regulatory frameworks, or binding contractual rights. The World Bank estimated the amount of flared natural gas in the oil and gas industry reached 5.1 trillion cubic feet (tcf) in 2018 (World Bank 2018). The amount of energy lost due to flaring or venting this gas is equivalent to more than 770 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh). It releases more than 310 million tonnes of carbon equivalent. Many countries and oil operators have managed to mitigate gas flaring and venting across their oil and gas value chains due to these troubling statistics. One such example is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Before 1975, the Saudi oil and gas industry flared or vented over 4 billion standard cubic feet (SCF) of associated gas, a by-product of oil extraction. The flaring intensity would have increased had it not been for the construction of Saudi Arabia’s Master Gas System (MGS). The Kingdom’s gas flaring mitigation process is a successful case study of how governments and oil operators can collaborate to eliminate gas flaring by developing a domestic market for gas and enhancing the value of natural gas resources. It also demonstrates the successful transition that the kingdom had in the past five decades to achieve zero flaring through technology deployment and advancing the "reduce" component of the circular carbon economy. This paper discusses Saudi Arabia’s progress in gas flaring, the measures the government has taken thus far, and how operators have adapted to them. It also identifies many lessons learned and technological solutions that could be scaled up on a national or a corporate level to reduce gas flaring towards achieving zero routine flaring targets, especially in cases where the state owns hydrocarbon assets and leases them to private operators.
7
Kulkarni, Sukrut Shridhar, Marliana Bt Mohammad, Sharifah Nooraini Bt Syed Tahir, Frankie Kia Yong Tan, and Masnizah Bt Supu. "Situational Analysis of Complex Offshore Network for Strategizing Sequence for Green Field Development." In SPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200933-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper establishes the approach to strategize the appropriate sequencing and monetization of the green field development through performing situational analysis for the complex offshore facilities to recognize new hydrocarbon molecules. As prudent operator for the complex network its crucial to pursue strategic ideas and innovative concepts to optimize supply demand balance, fulfill contractual obligations to optimize resources to maximize value creation, whilst protecting investment decisions for hydrocarbon monetization for the green field development. It is therefore necessary to implement successful business plans with appropriate sequencing of new fields by robust assessment to decipher the pain points to achieve optimal solution by gaining better understanding of network characteristic, supply distribution and operating envelope for line ups of new green field development. Situational Analysis for the complex offshore system is defined as robust investigation of the surrounding facts/realities to scrutinize the unique features in terms of capabilities, risks, uncertainty, opportunity, and exposures. The approach followed in the paper is the creation of mathematical model for the network/infrastructure embedded with business rules and deployment for evaluation and optimization. This approach is to timely deliver the management decisions for developing sequencing strategy, establishing priority of supply guidelines and allocation principles. This paper describes that a state of art approach which was followed by developing end to end network model by simulation engineers with close collaboration with strategic planning, portfolio optimization and including operations in single platform. The simulation model was further validated and deployed to analyze current network impediments in terms of technical and commercial allocation principles. The modelling approach was kept straightforward and scalable to allow for the future development if any. Analytics of the modelling could assist in gauging the potentials for enhancing system capacity by implementing appropriate reforms to optimize evacuation strategies. Obstacles across system architecture could be estimated and its reconfiguration was planned by means of variations in operating philosophy, alterations in the network assembly with appropriate debottlenecking recommendation. The allocation principles applied during business plans consider the commercial element on initial basis, before instead the physical and technical constraints were evaluated. The results of the allocation were then simulated and reallocated back to relevant demand center with relevant technical constraints of the network. This enabled team to identify the gap for supply/demand and propose solution to address the gap at an enterprise level to be substantial, to build a case whereby monetization of green fields will be necessary. Above methodology describes how by developing an end to end mathematical model that summarizes the microscopic details of a complex offshore system to facilitate on the way to analyze and strategize new field development line-ups. The novelty is with the simulation model built in a single platform, allows a seamless data transfer from various elements such as fields, facilities, pipelines, and terminal and is one stop solution for accessing impediments across architecture The above approach elaborates on result matter approach that steer and advocate on the situational analysis for new field sequencing by ascertaining CAPEX /OPEX optimization that could steer decision of lining up of four new fields within span of two years at appropriate intensity of the network with optimal monetization.
8
Khan, Osama Hasan, Samad Ali, Mohamed Ahmed Elfeel, Shripad Biniwale, and Rashmin Dandekar. "Integrated Field Management System for LNG Assets: Maximizing Asset Value Through Representative End-To-End Modeling." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205969-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Effective asset-level decision-making relies on a sound understanding of the complex sub-components of the hydrocarbon production system, their interactions, along with an overarching evaluation of the asset's economic performance under different operational strategies. This is especially true for the LNG upstream production system, from the reservoir to the LNG export facility, due to the complex constraints imposed by the gas processing and liquefaction plant. The evolution of the production characteristics over the asset lifetime poses a challenge to the continued and efficient operation of the LNG facility. To ensure a competitive landed LNG cost for the customer, the economics of the production system must be optimized, particularly the liquefaction costs which form the bulk of the operating expenditure of the LNG supply chain. Forecasting and optimizing the production of natural gas liquids helps improve the asset economics. The risks due to demand uncertainty must also be assessed when comparing development alternatives. This paper describes the application of a comprehensive field management framework that can create an integrated virtual asset by coupling reservoir, wells, network, facilities, and economics models and provides an advisory system for efficient asset management. In continuation of previously published work (Khan, Ali, Elfeel, Biniwale, & Dandekar, 2020), this paper focuses on the integration of a steady-state process simulation model that provides high-fidelity thermo-physical property prediction to represent the gas treatment and LNG plant operation. This is accomplished through the Python-enabled extensibility and generic capability of the field management system. This is demonstrated on a complex LNG asset that is fed by sour gas of varying compositions from multiple reservoirs. An asset wide economics model is also incorporated in the integrated model to assess the economic performance and viability of competing strategies. The impact of changes to the wells and production network system on LNG plant operation is analyzed along with the long-term evolution of the inlet stream specifications. The end-to-end integration enables component tracking throughout the flowing system over time which is useful for contractual and environmental compliance. Integrated economics captures costs at all levels and enables the comparison of development alternatives. Flexible integration of the dedicated domain models reveals interactions that can be otherwise overlooked. The ability of the integrated field management system to allow the modeling of the sub-systems at the ‘right’ level of fidelity makes the solution versatile and adaptable. In addition, the integration of economics enables the maximization of total asset value by improving decision making.
9
Ganendra, Dennis, Azmar Bin Embi, and Pradip Kumar Biswas. "Planning, Design and Construction of Elevated Guideway of Kelana Jaya (KLJ LRT) Extension Project and Challenges & Lessons Learnt." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0259.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Building a transportation infrastructure for fast growing city like Petaling Jaya (considered twin city with Kuala Lumpur), Malaysia is always challenging and difficult works. One of the major infrastructure projects, the 17 km long elevated guideway which form the extension of Kelana Jaya Light Rail Transit (KLJ LRT) i.e Putra line is opened for service since 30th June 2016. The elevated viaduct was designed to build extensively using precast technique. The time efficient proven technique of span by span precast segmental construction along with some crossings with precast balanced cantilever construction was implemented for the project. Cast-in-situ box girder and precast U-beams with in-situ deck were also used for bifurcation and pocket track areas. Majority of the stations (9 out of 12) for KLJ LRT Extension are island platform stations and this has major impacts on interface in constructions, time and cost. The requirement of island platform station was one of the main criteria for the operator i.e RapidKL which is part of Prasarana.</p><p>Curved and skewed alignment over major 6 lanes highways and commuter lines necessitates a span as large as 100 m with 3 span balanced cantilever structure. Prestressed pier column were introduced due to space constraint. Precast split segments were also introduced to overcome difficulties in handling and delivery of deeper segments.</p><p>This paper describes the design scheme and contractual set up of guideway structures and presents an overview of construction and also related issues, incidents etc.</p>
10
Ogbunude, Basil, Aniekan Obot, Abdul-Wahab Sa'ad, Sunday Maxwell-Amgbaduba, Etta Agbor, Maryam Tafida, Onyedikachi Okereke, Jonathan Mude, and Oforiokuma Gogo. "Integrated Approach to Produced Water Disposal Management in a Brown Field: Safeguarding Production, Reducing Cost, Managing Deferment & Reducing HSSE Exposure." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208235-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Often, the production of oil and gas from underground reservoirs is accompanied by produced water which generally increases with time for a matured field, attributable to natural water encroachment, bottom water ingress, coning effect due to higher production rates, channeling effects, etc. This trend poses a production challenge with respect to increased OPEX cost and environmental considerations of treatment/handling and disposal of the produced water considering the late life performance characterized by low reward margins. Hence, produced water management solutions that reduce OPEX cost is key to extending the field life whilst ensuring a positive cash flow for the asset. SK field is located in the Swamp Area of the Niger Delta, with a capacity of 1.1Bcf gas plant supplying gas to a nearby LNG plant. Oil and gas production from the field is evacuated via the liquid and gas trunk lines respectively. Due to the incessant tampering with oil delivery lines and environmental impact of spillage, the condensate is spiked through the gas trunk line to the LNG plant. Largely, the water/effluent contained in the tank is evacuated through the liquid line. Based on the availability of the liquid line (ca. 40%-60%), the produced water is a constraint to gas production with estimated tank endurance time (ca. 8 days at 500MMscfd). This leads to creaming of gas production and indeed gas deferments due to produced water management, making it difficult to meet the contractual supply obligation to the LNG plant. An interim solution adopted was to barge the produced water to the oil and gas export terminal, with an associated OPEX cost of ca. US$2Mln/month. Upon further review of an alternate barging option, this option was considered too expensive, inefficient and unsustainable with inherent HSSE exposure. Therefore, a produced water re-injection project was scoped and executed as a viable alternative to produced water management. This option was supported by the Regulators as a preferred option for produced water management for the industry.