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MacKay, Kathryn. "An examination of exploitation in international gestational surrogacy contracts." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86945.
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This thesis aims to determine whether international gestational surrogacy contracts are exploitative, and whether they should be prohibited. I chose a group of women working as surrogates at Kaival Maternity Home and Surgical Hospital, in Anand, Gujarat, India as a study group. After examining their life circumstances, I argue that these women live in unjust circumstances caused by institutional sexism and poverty. I critically assess arguments launched against surrogacy, organ trade, and prostitution and find that none of these are sufficient for demonstrating that contracts involving the sale of the body are necessarily exploitative. I find that surrogacy is exploitative because of a complex set of social conditions. Further, the contracts are beneficial to both the woman acting as surrogate and to the couple hiring her. I conclude that international gestational surrogacy is exploitative yet mutually beneficial, and prohibiting surrogacy would be harmful unless accompanied by drastic social change.Cette thèse vise à savoir si les contrats internationaux de maternité de substitution sont une forme d'exploitation et s'ils devraient être interdits. La population étudiée est un groupe de femmes travaillant comme mères de substitution au Kaival Maternity Home and Surgical Hospital à Anand (Gujarat) en Inde. Après examen de leurs conditions de vie, je soutiens que ces femmes vivent dans des conditions injustes causées à la fois par la pauvreté et par une forme de sexisme institutionnalisé. Puis, j'ai étudié et évalué les arguments critiquant cette pratique ainsi que ceux relatifs au commerce d'organes et à la prostitution. J'en ai conclu qu'aucun d'entre eux n'est cependant suffisant pour démontrer que des contrats impliquant la mise en vente du corps sont nécessairement et par essence des outils d'exploitation. La maternité de substitution est une forme d'exploitation parce qu'elle met en jeu un ensemble complexe de conditions sociales inégalitaires. Cependant, ce type de contrat profite à la fois à la mère de substitution et au couple qui l'emploie. Les contrats internationaux de maternité de substitution sont une forme d'exploitation mais ils apportent un bénéfice mutuel. Dès lors, interdire la maternité de substitution serait préjudiciable à moins qu'une telle mesure ne soit accompagnée d'un changement social drastique.
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Modena, Maura Regina. "Ética nas relações contratuais contemporâneas segundo pensamento de Amartya Sen : os requisitos da capacidade, boa-fé, autonomia e equidade nos contratos de massa." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2017. https://repositorio.ucs.br/11338/3813.
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A presente pesquisa busca analisar sob o ponto de vista ético as relações contratuais contemporâneas. Este trabalho inicia com o estudo do instituto do contrato, traçando uma linha de tempo desde a origem do contrato no Direito Romano até os tempos Modernos. Desse início entre os romanos interessou-nos para os fins perseguidos nesta Dissertação o modo como foi então tratada a questão da capacidade das partes contratantes. Na sequência, no período medieval a ideia que nos pareceu mais relevante para o esboço da história da teoria dos contratos foi a introdução do princípio da boa-fé. Já no período moderno a contribuição destacada foi a consagração do dogma da autonomia da vontade. Na sequência, a pesquisa procura demonstrar o declínio das formas de contratações consagradas no Direito Contratual Clássico, pois com o surgimento da nova sociedade de consumo massificada e o correspondente imenso incremento das necessidades sociais e econômicas de distribuição de bens e serviços, não foi mais possível que as contratações fossem baseadas na vontade individual, pelo menos não no sentido estrito e clássico da expressão, visto que não havia mais como compatibilizar o conceito pleno de manifestação da vontade individual, que pressupõe o domínio cognitivo pleno do objeto da contratação, com a realidade dos novos padrões de interação social criados pela economia contemporânea. Nesta linha, a pesquisa buscou demonstrar como são uniformemente aceitos pelo incontável número de aderentes que constituem as outras partes, homogeneizadas estas por múltiplas formas de adesão padronizadas, entre elas, as mais recentes, por meio da tecnologia informatizada. O trabalho pretende desenvolver uma reflexão ética sobre as formas de contratação em larga escala, feitas através desses instrumentos de adesão, cada vez mais complexos em sua forma e técnica, em que o Estado, embora insuficientemente, tutela o indivíduo, reconhecendo-o como vulnerável nessas contratações. Busca-se o entendimento do conceito de capacidade na atualidade, bem como dos limites em que o indivíduo exerce sua liberdade de escolha e autonomia nesses atos. A pesquisa busca demonstrar como nas contratações contemporâneas o princípio da boa-fé deixou de ser um “standard” das relações negociais, visto que a grande maioria dos contratos da atualidade não contempla o real interesse da parte vulnerável. Por fim, o presente trabalho tenta demonstrar o caráter parcial e, por isso, insuficiente das medidas tomadas para dar solução a essa dificuldade através das leis e códigos que regulam e que, na maioria das vezes, trazem mitigações “ex post”. O trabalho procura ainda sugerir novas soluções para que se proteja o indivíduo no momento de contratar como a exigência legal de instrumentos contratuais mais simples ou como a facilitação do distrato. Só assim, acreditamos, será possível conseguir verdadeira equidade nas relações contratuais, relações baseadas na boa-fé e que promovam os reais interesses das partes, buscando uma sociedade mais justa e equilibrada.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES
The present research seeks to analyze, from the ethical point of view, contemporary contractual relations. This paper begins with the study of the institute of contracts, tracing a timeline from the origin of the contract in the Roman Law to the Modern times. Concerning this beginning among the Romans, the main point of interest for the purposes pursued in this dissertation was the way in which the issue of the capacity of the contracting parties was then dealt with. Afterwards, in the medieval period, the idea that seemed to us most relevant to the history of contract theory was the introduction of the principle of good faith. In the modern period, the outstanding contribution was the consecration of autonomy of will as a dogma. Thereafter, the research seeks to demonstrate the decline of the consecrated contractual forms established in the Classic Contractual Law, for with the emergence of the new mass consumer society and the corresponding immense increase of social and economic needs in the distribution of goods and services, it was no longer possible that contractual relations were based on individual will, at least not in the strict and classical sense of the term, since there was no longer a way to reconcile the full concept of expression of individual will, which presupposes the full cognitive domain of the contracting object, to the reality of the new patterns of social interaction created by the contemporary economy. In this scope, the research sought to demonstrate how they are uniformly accepted by the countless number of adherents who compose the other parts, these then homogenized by multiple standardized forms of adhesion, among them, the most recent ones, through computerized technology. The paper intends to develop an ethical reflection about the large-scale forms of contracting , which are done through these instruments of adhesion, increasingly complex in their form an technique, in which the State, although not sufficiently, protects the individual, acknowledging them as vulnerable in these contracts. It is aimed to understand the concept of capacity in the present times, as well as the limits in which the individual exercises his freedom of choice and autonomy in these acts. The research intends to demonstrate that the principle of good faith is no longer a "standard" of business relations in contemporary contracting, since the great majority of current contracts do not contemplate the real interest of the vulnerable party. Finally, the present paper tries to demonstrate the partial and, therefore, insufficient character of the measures taken to solve this difficulty through the laws and codes that regulate and that, in in most cases, bring “ex post” mitigations. The paper also attempts to suggest new solutions in order to protect the individual when contracting, as the legal requirement of simpler contractual instruments or as the facilitation in the agreement of rescission. Only in this way, we believe, it will be possible to achieve true equity in contractual relations, relations based on good faith and which promote the real interests of the parties, persuing a fairer and more balanced society.
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Österlund, Henrik. "Contestability and Legitimacy : The Case for Contestability as Political Legitimization in the Presence of Problematic Contracts." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-163361.
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In this essay, I discuss the merits of contestability in contrast with consent as a meansof legitimizing the state. Particularly I have been concerned with problematiccontracts: Contracts with undefined obligations and their implications on thelegitimacy of voluntarist consent. Through my argumentation, I have shown thatvoluntarist consent to political mandates has a hard time legitimizing politicalauthority in the presence of problematic contracts – and instead, that legitimationbased on the the ability to contest decisions may provide a better degree of politicallegitimacy. Contestability can seemingly also be combined with elements of voluntaristconsent to further cement the legitimacy of decisions.
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Grégoire, Marie Annik 1971. "Liberté, responsabilité et utilité : la bonne foi comme instrument de justice contractuelle." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115645.
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This thesis outlines the guiding principles of obligations law in Quebec, more particularly its contractual component. We are trying to establish a model of analysis that will seek to define and legitimize the precepts of justice that should guide judicial intervention in contractual relationships.As part of this study, we identify certain principles that are fundamental in the theory of contract: notably, commutative justice, contract commutability, subjective rights and legitimate interests. We establish the relationship between each of these basic concepts to conclude that to be consistent with the principles of commutative justice, contract commutability shall not be based on a monetary equivalent of benefits but on the respect of a standard based on peaceful coexistence of rights and interests. It consists therefore of a normalization of contractual relations which ceases to be purely subjective. This finding leads to several inferences: the addition of the circumstances of the execution and termination of the contract, rather than simply its creation, to the possibilities of judicial review, a better legitimization of such review and the recognition of the principle of good faith as a privileged instrument for a fairer contractual commutability. Moreover, the last part of our thesis is devoted to examining judicial practice interventions based on good faith in order to illustrate the principles expressed in the study.
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Chadwick, Stephen. "The social contract tradition and international relations." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU105576.
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This thesis is a study of the normative views of international relations proposed by philosophers in the social contract tradition of political theory. I have concentrated on the theories of Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant and Rawls. Part one of the thesis provides the theoretical background to the practical issues of international relations discussed in part two. In chapter one I summarise the main points in their political theories which are necessary for a full understanding of their views of international relations. Chapter two is concerned with general approaches to international relations - internationalism, cosmopolitanism and international moral scepticism. Throughout part two, I use the internationalist/cosmopolitan distinction in order to evaluate the international norms proposed by the contract theorists. Part two is concerned with practical problems of international relations. Chapter three concentrates on issues of war and peace. Many of the contract theorists propose internationalist just war theories, but I show that such principles do not necessarily conflict with a cosmopolitan conception of morality. Inter-state government is discussed in chapter four. I ask whether such an institution is the logical outcome of Hobbes' political theory, and examine proposals for an international federation by the Abbé de Saint-Pierre, who accepted much of Hobbes' domestic theory, and Kant who provides perhaps the most famous example. Chapter five is concerned with international distributive justice. I provide an interpretation of Locke's theory of property which leads to a radical stance in the international domain. As Rawls' theory of distributive justice has received much attention, I also examine how such a theory should apply to the international domain, paying particular attention to the views of Charles Beitz and Thomas Pogge.
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Boismain, Corinne. "Les contrats relationnels." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT4024.
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Traditionnellement, le contrat apparaissait comme un moyen donné aux parties d'exercer une emprise sur l'avenir. Le contrat apparaît plus aujourd'hui comme un lien entre les parties dont il est l'oeuvre commune. Il serait fondé sur une collaboration entre les parties qui permettrait d'obtenir des rapports plus équilibrés et plus égalitaires, empreints de plus de fraternité et de justice : les contractants, d'adversaires deviendraient partenaires. Le droit appréhende difficilement cette nouvelle conception du contrat. Aux Etats-Unis, Monsieur MacNeil, a étudié le comportement des contractants. Il en a déduit que la vision traditionnelle de la théorie classique était erronée. Il a alors créé la notion de contrat relationnel (relational contract). L'introduction de la notion de contrat relationnel en droit français permettrait de mieux appréhender l'évolution de la notion de contrat, et par conséquent de pouvoir développer un régime juridique adaptéTraditionally, the contract appeared as a means given to the parties to contain the future. Today, the contract appears as a link between contracting parties. It is supposed to be based on parties' collaboration. Contract law apprehends with difficulty this new contract. In the United States, Mr MacNeil, has studied contractors' behavior. He deduced from it that the classical theory was erroneous. That is why he created the notion of relational contract. In these contracts, as their name indicates, the relation that links the parties is essential. This type of contract includes the element of duration and the one of personal engagement. With the introduction of the concept of relational contract in French law it would be easier to apprehend the evolution of contract. Therefore, it would be easier to develop an adapted legal status
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Grinnell, Jason David. "BIOLOGY, POLICY, AND THE RACIAL CONTRACT." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1144763931.
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Arrese, Héctor. "El proyecto fichteano de un derecho penal independiente de la ética." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú - Departamento de Humanidades, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113089.
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The Fitchean Project of a Penal Right Independent from Ethics. in this paper I intend to examine the Fitchean Project of building a theory of right independent from ethics, especially in the sphere of penal right. I consider that the ideas of atonement for pure and applied right are different. This difference responds to the psychological and moral presuppositions of each and puts the internal consistency of the theory into checkmate.En este trabajo me propongo examinar el proyecto fichteano de construir una teoría del derecho independiente de la ética, en especial en el ámbito del derecho penal. Considero que la idea de expiación del derecho puro y el aplicado son diferentes, en razón de los supuestos psicológico-morales de cada una, lo cual pone en jaque la consistencia interna de la teoría.
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Brake, Elizabeth. "Marriage, contract, and the state." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14482.
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This thesis is a work of applied moral and political philosophy which analyses the moral value of marriage and argues for a restructuring of the legal institution of marriage in accordance with principles of justice. The first section contains exegesis and criticism of Kant's and Hegel's accounts of marriage. Kant's focus is on the contractual exchange of rights, Hegel's on the nature of the relationship between the spouses. In the second section, I consider Kantian, Hegelian, and eudaimonistic accounts of the moral value of marriage and conclude that moral value is found in the relationship between the spouses, not in the rights established through the marriage contract. In order to defend the position that loving relationships have moral value, I elucidate what moral value love for a particular other has within a universalist ethics. While I argue that marriage has no moral value which is not to be found in such relationships, I defend a Hegelian account which locates social value in the institution of marriage precisely because it promotes such relationships. In the final section, I argue that the principle of liberal neutrality requires that the principle of freedom of contract should apply to marriage. While I defend the institution of marriage against certain feminist criticisms, I also argue that justice requires that the state recognize same-sex and polygamous unions as marriages. Freedom of contract may be limited under certain conditions in the interest of gender equality; I argue for an interpretation of Rawls' principle of equal opportunity which entails that liberalism is committed to addressing gender inequality even at the expense of freedom of contract.
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Ntsholo, Vukani Patrick. "Improving the performance of SME building contractors through the implementation of TQM philosophy." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018741.
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The study focused on identifying ways in which the delivery of the building infrastructure projects that are executed by SME contractors can be improved. TQM, which has been widely used in other sectors with great success, has been explored as the tool that can be used to improve the delivery of building projects. The literature review that was conducted focused on the entire spectrum of the project cycle. It first addressed the functioning of the public sector and the legislative mandate of the DPW. Then it addressed the construction industry and SME contractors that are working in the built environment. TQM together with its elements were explored in detail to determine its applicability in terms of the delivery of building projects. The empirical study was undertaken to test the outcomes of the literature review in the context of the built environment. A quantitative research method was adopted for the study which achieved a response rate of 44 percent. Descriptive statistics were computed during the analysis of the data with the mode being used as the main measuring tool. The findings revealed that there was an uneven distribution of human capital in the industry and the consulting firms were the biggest benefactors of this. The study also revealed a high turnover rate in the SME contractors while the public sector has the oldest employees. Architects and construction managers were found to be the least represented profession. There was also a high concentration of role players in the Amathole Region. The recommendations were four fold and the Department of Public Works (DPW) as client body had to take the centre stage in implementing such recommendations. The recommendations are meant to address: the development of technical people to enhance their capacity, the reduction of the high turnover rate of technical people, the uneven distribution of resources, and specifying of the roles and responsibilities of all the people that are involved in building infrastructure projects.
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Lopes, Ricardo Leon. "Pólis: reflexo das almas humanas. Contrato Social, Ética e Cidadania no diálogo Críton de Platão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8143/tde-23112009-151524/.
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O diálogo Críton de Platão é uma excelente demonstração da conduta filosófica de Sócrates, num momento decisivo de sua vida, em que preso recebe a proposta de Críton para a fuga da cidade, e, portanto, pôr-se a salvo da execução final: a morte pela cicuta. Sócrates, com a serenidade de sempre, põe-se a argumentar com o amigo sobre a pertinência de aceitar o seu pedido de fuga, propondo-lhe uma reflexão da sua proposta e das conseqüências decorrentes no caso de aceitá-la. Nesse exame, Sócrates defende princípios essenciais de sua filosofia e de sua própria história de vida, uma vez que elas não se separam, constantes na sua ética: nunca pagar o mal com o mal, pois isso seria cometer uma injustiça, algo impensável para uma alma filosófica que anseia o caminho do bem e o contato com o divino; na sua missão divina: de nada aceitar de pronto sem que se faça uma investigação de sua pertinência, portanto, procurando saber se aquilo que se diz corresponde à verdade ou à aparência, neste caso, um pré-conceito aceito sem a devida análise; na sua idéia política: Sócrates, cidadão ateniense, com aproximadamente 70 anos de idade, sempre aceitou as leis da cidade que regem o nascimento, a alimentação, a educação, o casamento, a criação dos filhos, o jogo da cidadania que permite a participação política nas Assembléias a todos os cidadãos, podendo-lhes propor leis, discuti-las e votá-las para que façam parte da Constituição da cidade de Atenas. Nesse princípio de cidadania, cabe ao cidadão que não se agrade por determinada lei, em vez de afrontá-la, rompendo um pacto, acordo, tratado, firmado com as Leis da cidade, portanto, cometendo uma injustiça, persuadi-las para que ela seja alterada. Sócrates, fiel a esse compromisso aceito durante a sua trajetória de vida, não pode, em aceitando a fuga, ferir as Leis da cidade, colocando em risco o contrato social estabelecido pelos cidadãos, pois a sua afronta é o mesmo que causar uma doença à cidade. O filósofo ateniense aceita a sua execução, não como vítima das Leis, mas do mau julgamento realizado pelos homens, porque esse é o caminho que lhe aponta a divindade. Acima das leis humanas, que devem ser respeitadas, existem as leis venerandas divinas, que julgarão os atos humanos.Plato Criton dialogue is an excellent demonstration of Socrates\' philosophical conduct, his life decisive moment, when arrested it receives Critons proposal to leave the city, therefore, being safe of the final execution: hemlock death. Socrates, serenity as always, begins a discussion with a friend in accepting his escape request, proposing to reflect under his proposal and the current consequences in the case of accepting it. In that exam, Socrates defends essential his philosophy and life history principles, in constant ethics: never paying back evil for evil, because it would be an injustice, something unthinkable for a philosophical soul that goes on the good road and the divine contact; in his divine mission: not accepting nothing promptly without a pertinent investigation, therefore, trying to discover if it corresponds to the truth or the appearance, in this case, accepting a pre-concept with no analysis; on its political idea: Socrates, Athenian citizen, about 70 years old, he always accepted the city laws that govern birth, feeding, education, marriage, and children\'s creation, the citizenship game that allows political participation in the Assemblies for all the citizens, it could propose them laws, discussing it to vote it in order to be part in the Athens Constitution. In that citizenships principle, the citizen that dislikes such law, instead of confronting it, breaking a pact, negotiation, agreement, in city Laws, therefore, making an injustice, persuading it to be altered. Socrates, loyal to that commitment during his life path, it is not possible in accepting the escape, to hurt the city Laws, letting in social contract established by the citizens in risk, because its insult may cause a disease in city. The Athenian philosopher accepts its execution, not as the Laws victim, but by men badly judgment, because it is the divinity way. Above human laws, that must be respected, the divine laws exist, that will judge human acts.
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MCGREGOR, JOAN LUCY. "A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF "COERCION" AND ITS APPLICATION TO CONTRACT LAW (FREEDOM, DURESS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187954.
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The value of liberty is one of our most fundamental commitments. Given this commitment, judgments concerning coercion are of profound moral significance. The concept of liberty is usually defined as the absence of coercion; so defined, the very important moral and political value of liberty is safeguarded only when coercion is excluded. Presently, the concept of coercion is inadequately defined, and in drastic need of clear analysis. An important area in which individuals express their liberty is through voluntary agreements made under the law of contracts. The moral defense of the law of contracts rests on the belief that contracts facilitate individuals' opportunities for self-determination; liberty being a necessary condition for self-determination necessitates the exclusion of all forms of coercion in contracts. Market interactions have a particular character and occur within a specific institutional framework. Using economic models, I argue that other accounts of coercion have failed to capture the unique character of coercion in market interactions. The "normalcy" criterion, which is the most prevalent approach to distinguishing coercive proposals from noncoercive ones, assumes that a person's status quo is an appropriate point from which to distinguish coercive proposals from noncoercive proposals. I argue that under certain ideal conditions in the market, a perfectly competitive market, this assumption might be legitimate. I utilize game-theoretic models to analyze the nature of coercive proposals in an imperfectly competitive market. The bargaining advantages that agents have, which are a function of certain background conditions, give them bargaining power over others with whom they negotiate. I argue that when the following conditions are present coercion can arise in the market: the status quo of an agent (or his "threat-advantage") is stronger in relation to the agent with whom he is dealing and he takes advantage of his stronger bargaining position, exploiting the deprivation that the weaker agent will face if he does not comply. I apply this analysis of coercion to the law of contracts, specifically, to the doctrines of duress and unconscionability.
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Novaes, Marcus Pereira 1977. "A potência do contraste da cena dramática." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/253928.
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Orientador: Antônio Carlos Rodrigues de AmorimDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T12:02:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Novaes_MarcusPereira_M.pdf: 1447644 bytes, checksum: 234e15597b24174cbbb39ac2d4aac1fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: O trabalho busca conectar filosofia e arte no campo da educação, pensando a urgência de apontar fissuras de uma constituição moderna fechada em uma estrutura de um sujeito vinculado a saberes autorizados a dizê-lo como verdade. No campo das artes em seu estreito vínculo com as imagens, apostaremos neste trabalho em um tipo de imagem, que chamaremos de imagem-contraste, contraste em uma conexão com a filosofia da diferença, com a qual pensamos ser importante para a intensificação do entre polos: gênero, classificação, juízo. Encontro com esses tipos de imagens que poderia permitir o pensamento, pensar no intervalo, escapando à identificação e ao reconhecimento imediato de gêneros e modelos estéticos universais. Parece possível, no encontro com imagens, termos uma oportunidade de sentir algo diferente, mas que ainda não necessariamente sabemos o quê
Abstract: This work seeks to connect Philosophy and Art into the field of Education, thinking the urgency of pointing fissures of a modern constitution closed in a structure of subject linked to knowledges authorized to say it as a truth. In the field of Arts in its closed link with the images, we bet on this work in a sort of image, that we called contrast-image, contrast in a connection with the philosophy of difference, with which we think to be important to the intensification between poles: genre, classification, judgment. An encounter with this kind of images that could allow the thought to think in the interval, escaping from the identification and the immediate recognition of genres and universal aesthetic models. It seems possible, in the encounter with images, to have the opportunity of feeling something different, which we cannot necessarily know what it is
Mestrado
Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte
Mestre em Educação
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Lindblom, Lars. "The Employment Contract between Ethics and Economics." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11346.
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This thesis investigates what work ought to be like. The answer it presents consists of an outline of a liberaltheory of justice in the employment contract based on theory developed in the area of political philosophy. Thethesis also examines issues of efficiency—How should measures to improve working conditions be evaluated?—and the ethical implications of the economic theory of employment contracts and the neoclassical theory of themarket. Paper I: A theoretical framework is introduced for the evaluation of workplace inspections with respect totheir effects on working conditions. The choice of a concept of efficiency is discussed, and its relation to criteriafor a good working environment is clarified. It is concluded that in order to obtain reliable information onthe effects of different inspection methods, it is necessary to perform controlled comparative studies in whichdifferent methods are used on different workplaces. Paper II: This article outlines the structure of a Rawlsian theory of justice in the employment relationship.The theory answers three questions about justice and the workplace. What is the relationship between socialjustice and justice at work? How should we conceive of the problem of justice within the economic sphere?And, what is justice in the workplace? Reasons for a specific construction of a local original position are givenand arguments are presented in support of a principle of local justice in the form of a choice egalitarian localdifference principle. Paper III: The political philosophy of John Rawls is applied to the moral dilemma of whistleblowing, andit is shown that that the requirement of loyalty, in the sense that is needed to create this dilemma, is inconsistentwith that theory. In a discussion and rejection of Richard De George’s criteria on permissible whistleblowing,it is pointed out that the mere rejection of loyalty will not lead to an extreme position; harms can still be takeninto account. Paper IV: The case is made that if contemporary economics of the employment contract is correct, thenin order to explain the existence of employment contracts, we must make the assumption that the contractingparties are attempting to deal with decisiontheoreticignorance. It follows that the course of action that theemployer chooses to take when acting from authority cannot be justified by consent, since the informednesscriterion of consent cannot be satisfied under ignorance. It is then suggested that in order to achieve justificationof acts of authority, there must be in place a real possibility to contest employers’ decisions. Paper V: According to Ronald Dworkin’s theory of equality of resources, mimicking the ideal market fromequal starting points is fair. According to Dworkin, the ideal market should be understood as described in GérardDebreu’s influential work, which implies that we should conceive of trade as taking place under certainty. Thereare no choices under risk in such a market. Therefore, there is no such thing as option luck in the ideal market.Consequently, when mimicking this market, we cannot hold people responsible for option luck. Mimicking thismarket also implies that we ought to set up a social safety net, since rational individuals with perfect foresightwould see to it that they always have sufficient resources at each point in life. Furthermore, the idea of insuranceis incompatible with the ideal market.QC 20100728
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Thrasher, John James. "Contractarianism With a Human Face." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/311553.
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Contractarianism with a Human Face reinterprets the social contract, not as a model to generate a unique set of rules of justice, but as a dynamic process for making comparative institutional evaluations. An institutional reorientation allows contractarians to abandon the untenable assumption of a homogeneous model of agency (be it austere rational choice or Rawlsian reasonableness), replacing it with diverse agents living under institutions all can rationally endorse, and to which they have different reasons to comply. Contractarianism With a Human Face is a contractarian theory that differs from all other contractarian theories because it rejects the search for a unique answer to the question of what is justice. It does not flee from diversity, but instead finds new solutions to old problems through broadening the contractual model and the agents that make it up. This version of contractarianism has a human face in the sense that it starts from the diversity, disorder, and complexity of human life and seeks to find rules that we can all live under. Not by eliminating that diversity, but by embracing it. In so doing, however, it fundamentally changes the shape of contractarian theory. By rejecting the search for a unique "solution" to what rules of justice are justified, Contractarianism With a Human Face becomes a project of evaluating contingent and evolving institutions and constitutional rules. Rationality and justice are reconciled, at least partially, though human history.
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Boussard, Marie-Alix. "Le virtuel et le droit." Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON10020.
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La notion de virtuel est aujourd’hui opposée à son antonyme, le réel. Or, la définition originelle oppose le virtuel à l’actuel. Le virtuel opposé à l’actuel est une notion présente en droit, que cette présence soit naturelle ou conventionnelle. En effet, le virtuel peut être naturellement compris dans l’évolution de certains objets ou sujets de droit. Il s’agira notamment du fœtus, personne virtuelle ou de la propriété virtuelle. Le contrat permet également de l’aménager par le jeu des termes notamment. Si le virtuel est à rechercher dans le droit dans son opposition à l’actuel, il faut s’interroger sur l’existence d’un droit du virtuel, entendu cette fois dans son opposition au réel. Le droit du virtuel puise essentiellement sa source des règles existantes, que les objets et sujets de droit soient nés virtuels ou qu’ils soient dématérialisés. Ces développements conduisent à considérer que le droit, flexible, s’empare de la notion de virtuelThe concept of virtuality is opposed today to its opposite, reality. However, the original definition opposes virtuality to the present. Virtuality as opposed to the present is a concept present in right, whether this presence is natural or conventional. Indeed, the virtual can be naturally included in the evolution of certain objects or subjects of right. It could be the case in particular with the foetus, virtual person or virtual owner. Virtuality is also laid out in the contract especially by the terms used. If, in its opposition to the present, the virtual is to be sought in the right, it is necessary to wonder about the existence of a right of virtual, this time as opposed to the real. The objects and subjects of right being virtually born or being dematerialized, the right of virtual draws primarily its source in the common right. These developments result in considering that the right, flexible, seizes the concept of virtuality
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O'Toole, John Winfred. "The Right of Revolution: An Analysis of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes' Social Contract Theories." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1940.
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Thesis advisor: Richard Cobb-StevensThe right of revolution in the social contract theories of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke is a curious topic. This paper discusses the differences and similarities between the two philosophers’ discussions of this topic. It is argued that Hobbes and Locke differ most drastically on the notion of who the sovereign is. While Hobbes prefers to establish the sovereign as a demigod, Locke understands the sovereign as a mortal, and thus fallible, man. It is because of this distinction that Hobbes and Locke disagree on the notion of the right of revolution. Furthermore, the American Founding Fathers, including James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, inherited Locke’s perspective on this matter when arguing for the independence of the colonies. Finally, it is the conclusion of this paper that this notion of the right of revolution continues today, when observing the numerous political revolutions around the world
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Philosophy
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Han, Rui, and 韩锐. "Luck egalitarianism: criticisms and alternatives." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4413826X.
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Egery, Julian. "Economic Risks in the Agricultural Sectors of Emerging Economies: Smallholder Perspectives of Projects Based on Thailand’s ‘Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy’." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31176.
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Economic growth in emerging economies has been changing the livelihoods of many smallholders. Typically, disparity increases as economies emerge, and the agricultural sector experiences lower growth relative to other sectors. Growing inequalities and economic vulnerabilities during this critical period of development in emerging economies are often associated with social problems and political tensions, as this is the case in Thailand. In the latter, the Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy (SE) has been employed through the monarchy in a number of ways. Due to laws prohibiting critique of the monarchy, these projects are not fairly evaluated and the perspectives of smallholders affected are largely unknown.
Knowledge on the effectiveness of Thailand’s Philosophy of SE in combating the disparity problem and economic vulnerability in the agricultural sectors of emerging economies was gained through semi-structured interviews. An organic farming project run by a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), called ISAC follows the principles of Sufficiency Economy, and is located in the Mae Taeng district in the north of the province of Chiang Mai. A sample of 20 farmers from two villages (Don Chiang and San Pa Yang) who participate in the project was interviewed. Questions regarding age and education level of all family members also created a quantitative sample of 72 individuals. An epistemological framework based in critical realism was employed with the use of purposive interview sampling methods
Results indicate that employing SE can help a select group of farmers to escape economic vulnerability. This group includes farmers in an older age group with sufficient land and access to guidance. The philosophy may help keep this group of farmers satisfied as the countries economy evolves. The project appears to be sustainable only in the short-term as younger generations seem to be reaching higher levels of education than their elders and are likely to pursue lives outside of agriculture. In addition, some benefits of farming with the principles of SE include, lower financial stress, improved health, and a better family life. Conversely, a decision to live by the principles of SE can lead to a stigmatization of farmers within their community, creating in-groups and out-groups.
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Atasoy, Tanay. "The Will Of The Sovereign And Contract In Thomas Hobbes And John Locke." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609854/index.pdf.
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This study mainly investigates the reason of living in civil society, the motives of people to live under the government and necessity of commonwealth by design to live in peace based on modern social contract theories of Hobbes and Locke. Hobbes has a decisive role for developing a western political thought and Locke goes a step further to put superiority of the community and latitude of thought in his theory. In order to examine these topics, similarities of both philosophers in terms of their effort on setting free political thoughts from medieval world view, and their differentiations regarding considerations on human nature, desires and rights of men, formation of the society and the role of government are focused on.
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Borestel-Lill, Jessica. "Essai sur une théorie relationnelle du contrat." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010281.
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La définition du contrat retenue par le droit français ne permet pas une prise en compte unitaire de cette notion. En outre, les dimensions juridiques du contrat, qu’elles soient économiques ou sociologiques, sont essentielles pour les parties mais souvent ignorées par le droit. Le modèle contractuel proposé par la théorie générale n'est donc que relatif. Or c'est précisément ce constat, également réalisé en droits anglais et américain, qui a donné naissance à des théories recontextualisantes du contrat dont la théorie relationnelle d'I. Macneil. Nous inspirant des travaux de cet auteur ainsi que de ceux de H. Collins nous proposons, dans un premier temps, de remodeler la théorie générale du contrat afin de permettre l'appréhension par le droit de l’intégralité du contexte contractuel et ainsi respecter l’objet recherché par les parties. Dans un second temps, nous suggérons d'adapter les compétences et pouvoirs des juges afin de faciliter la mise en œuvre de cette relecture du contrat.
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Lyon, Christopher. "Towards a relational approach to social justice : liberals, radicals, and Brazil's 'new social contract'." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/towards-a-relational-approach-to-social-justice--liberals-radicals-and-brazils-new-social-contract(c351f163-f711-4d26-8eff-884e58508c31).html.
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Recent literature in various practical fields calls for a 'relational approach' to social justice, as a theoretical alternative that transcends limitations with liberal contractarianism to offer more penetrating analysis of social justice. I critically engage literature from radical intellectual-political traditions such as Marxism, feminism, and critical race theory to propose what can - and can't - form the basis of a cogent relational critique of liberalism and an alternative positive account. I hone this through dialogue with Rawlsian 'justice as fairness', as well as more recent developments such as relational egalitarianism. The most distinguishing feature of a relational approach is ontological: its social-theoretic account of injustice comprises supra-individual phenomena - relations, social groups, structure, historical causality - as opposed to individual locations hosting portions of a distribuend. Moreover, I define an intermediate position in the ideal vs non-ideal theory debate, arguing that a persuasive relational approach would 'start from injustice'; it would identify the primary desideratum incumbent on social justice theory as being that it enhances understanding of real injustice and thereby informs counteraction. One upshot is a closer relationship between political philosophy and social theory; in turn this reflects how a relational approach to social justice can enjoy symbiosis with the broader 'relational turn' in humanities and social sciences. The argument is furthered through exemplificatory reference to the empirical context of Brazil's post-redemocratisation experimentation with participatory democracy in the social assistance sector, as an aspect of the country's putative 'new social contract'.
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McCormick, Hugh. "The futurity compact : anticipation, interdependence and contract : the possibility and circumstances of justice over time." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ce50e871-e80f-4d5d-9fcb-96d44aecfd65.
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This thesis is about justice between people born at different times: the way in which they interact and the extent to which those interactions can be a matter of justice. Its principal aims are: to present certain theories that describe what justice over time might look like; to present certain theoretical problems for this subject; and to understand the impact of these problems upon these theories. The thesis draws mainly upon: the work of David Hume, John Rawls and David Gauthier as sources of certain social contract theories; and the work of Wilfred Beckerman, Gustaf Arrhenius and Derek Parfit for certain problems faced by these theories. The central argument of the thesis is that the theoretical obstacles to the application of justice thrown up by the temporal dimension are not as significant as they might appear. In particular, there are good reasons to believe that social contract theories are more susceptible to intertemporal extension and less encumbered by temporally-related problems than previously thought. The conclusion of the thesis is that, issuing from a clearer view of certain theoretical obstacles to their inclusion, there is significant potential for future people to be considered within the scope of justice over time as described by certain social contract theories and that present people have self-interested reasons to take this project seriously.
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Beaudry, Jonas-Sébastien. "Can social contract theory fully account for the moral status of profoundly mentally disabled people?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7ec42c39-8ee1-470c-b107-8625c97f610a.
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My hypothesis is that social contract theory does not satisfactorily explain why we owe a serious concern or respect to profoundly mentally disabled individuals (PMD). This is a problem for social contract theories if we assume, like I do in this dissertation, that the PMD possess a robust moral status (RMS). My dissertation will explore the main strategies deployed by contractarian and contractualist theorists to bring the PMD within the purview of the social contract, in order to clarify why some aspects of their claims are promising but why they nonetheless fail to fully explain the robust moral status of the PMD. I notably find that they leave morally important dimensions of human relations out of the contractual frame, which means that they exclude the PMD from the scope of justice and morality when they claim that this contractual frame offers the only valid explanation to be a subject of justice and a moral patient. I do not conclude that this requires us to reject social contract theory altogether, nor do I count it as a reason to question whether the PMD have a robust moral status. In my concluding chapter, I will rather suggest a theoretical frame that has the potential of incorporating both contractual and non-contractual relations within the spheres of morality and justice, because both kinds of relation vehicle important intuitions about what is of value in human life. This dissertation will contribute to orientate future research on the moral and political grounds for the rights of profoundly mentally disabled people, as well as question or curtail the breadth of certain key assumptions of social contract theories.
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Wilmot-Smith, Frederick J. "Failure of condition." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:93ab182a-be71-489a-88e8-1479d9b8efb3.
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This thesis is an investigation of a doctrine generally known as ‘failure of consideration’, but which I term ‘failure of condition’. I have two principal aims. First, to clarify quite what the doctrine of failure of condition is. Secondly, to explain why it has the effects it does – in particular, why it justifies the response of restitution. The doctrine, at core, concerns conditional transfers: when a transfer is made conditionally, and the condition fails, the transfer can be recovered. For this reason, I term the doctrine ‘failure of condition.’ I investigate the nature of this relationship and argue that the reason why the transfer is conditional is that the agent’s intention to make the transfer was itself conditional. The justification of restitution is a more complex affair than is customarily accepted – but there is a valid justification lurking not far from the surface of orthodoxy. A secondary concern of the thesis is to re-examine an old theory in the field of common mistake, frustration and termination following a breach of contract. It used to be thought that these doctrines could be explained by failure of condition. That theory has fallen out of favour – it seems that no one accepts it today. This rejection rests upon a confusion over the nature of the doctrine of failure of condition. Once the nature of this doctrine has been clarified, we can see how closely the various doctrines align with one another; we can also see where the true difficulty with the failure of condition explanation lies.
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Bernal, Amiel. "Epistemic Overload as Epistemic Injustice." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83925.
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Epistemic injustices are the distinctly epistemic harms and wrongs which undermine or depreciate our capacities knowers. This dissertation develops a theory of epistemic injustice and justice which accounts for excesses in epistemic goods as a source of epistemic injustice. This is a theory of epistemic overload as epistemic injustice. The dissertation can be divided into three parts: 1) motivational, 2) theoretical, 3) applications and implications. First, Chapters 1 and 2 motivate the study of epistemic injustice and epistemic overload. Chapter 1 identifies a gap in the literature on epistemic injustice concerning excesses in epistemic goods as sources of epistemic injustice while canvassing the major themes and debates of the field. Chapter 2 levels an objection to ‘proper’ epistemology, thereby providing an indirect defense of the study of epistemic injustice. Second, theoretical development occurs in are Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6. Chapter 3 initiates the argument for epistemic overload, while Chapter 4 extends the case for epistemic overload, identifying several epistemic injustices arising from excesses of understanding, credibility, and truth. Chapter 5 explains the oversights of prior theorists by developing a more descriptively adequate account of social epistemics that explains the many sites of epistemic injustice. Chapter 6 develops a two-stage contractualist theory of epistemic in/justice to explain the bad-making features of epistemic injustices and generates the duty of epistemic charity. The third part of the dissertation applies the findings of earlier chapters to contemporary practical and theoretical problems. Chapter 7 employs the contractualist reasoning of Chapter 6 to address and ameliorate problems from excesses in the uptake and circulation of hermeneutical resources and true-beliefs. Chapter 8 considers the mutual dependence relations between political phenomena and epistemic in/justice, showing that accounts of political justice depend upon or presuppose epistemic justice. Finally, Chapter 9 applies epistemic overload to the use of big data technologies in the context of predive policing algorithms. An abductive argument concludes that the introduction of the “Strategic Subjects List” as part of a Chicago policing initiative in 2013 introduced understandings which likely contributed to gun-violence in Chicago and which constitutes an epistemic overload. In sum, the dissertation shows the theoretical and practical significance of epistemic overload as epistemic injustice.Ph. D.
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Souza, Felipe Araújo de. "Da necessidade do legislador na obra Do contrato social, de Jean-Jacques Rousseau /." Marília, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136720.
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Orientador: Ricardo MonteagudoBanca: José Benedito de Almeida Junior
Banca: Ana Maria Portich
Resumo: A figura do Legislador na obra Do Contrato Social de Jean-Jacques Rousseau surge em meio a uma forma de legislação popular, sendo o povo o próprio Soberano e encarregado, por meio da vontade geral, de legislar para o próprio povo. Para tanto, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a definição que o autor dá ao Legislador, seus exemplos e a necessidade real para a existência deste Legislador. Posteriormente, analisaremos a utilidade para esta função recorrente na filosofia rousseauniana.
Abstract: The figure of the Legislator in The Social Contract work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau comes amid a popular form of legislation, being the Sovereign own people and charge through the general will, to legislate for the people themselves. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the definition that the author gives to the legislator, his examples and the real need for the existence of this Legislator. Later, we will examine the usefulness for this recurring role in Rousseau's philosophy.
Mestre
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Krebs-Lazendic, Lidija. "Early vs. late Serbian-English bilinguals' responses to two Australian English vowel contrasts." Thesis, View thesis, 2008. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/36713.
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Adults learning a second language (L2) (“late learners”) have difficulty achieving a native speaker’s level of accuracy in both perception and production of L2 phonetic segments. This difficulty often results in deviant production of L2 segments that is perceived as accented speech by native speakers of that language. It is generally agreed that this failure in non native segmental production and perception is caused by previous linguistic experience with the first (L1) language. Late learners are expected to show stronger L1 effects than learners who learnt their L2 in early childhood (“early learners”). However, not all L2 phonetic segments are equally difficult for late learners. The learnability of L2 phonetic segments is thought to be perceptual in nature and depends on the perceived phonetic distance between them and the acoustically, phonetically and/or articulatorily most similar segment(s) in the learner’s L1 phonetic inventory. It is generally assumed that specific L2 segments will be perceptually related or assimilated to the most similar L1 segment(s) even if there is a detectable acoustic difference between them. The studies reported in this thesis examined Serbian-English bilinguals’ perception and production difficulties with two Australian English vowel contrasts that are not contrastive in Serbian: /e/ - /æ/ and /i:/ - //. We compared participants who began learning English before 5 years (“early”) versus those who began after 15 years (“late”). In Study 1and Study 2 early learners discriminated and produced both contrasts equally well, whereas late learners had greater difficulties perceiving and producing /e/ - /æ/. In Study 3 a priming paradigm was applied to discrimination and perceptual assimilation tasks in which the prime and target contain phonologically identical, phonetically similar or phonologically and phonetically unrelated vowels under two interstimulus intervals (ISI) that tap phonological versus phonetic levels of processing, according to prior research. Early versus late group differences suggest that discrimination and production accuracy reflect how listeners assimilate Australian English vowels to native Serbian vowels. “Early” and “late” learners related L2 vowels to L1 differently, which reflects differences in establishment of the L1 phonetic system at the time of L2 onset.
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Tabi, Tabi Ghislain. "Les nouveaux instruments de gestion du processus contractuel." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28300/28300.pdf.
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Grynbaum, Luc. "Le contrat contingent : l'adaptation du contrat par le juge sur habilitation du législateur." Paris 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA020005.
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Le legislateur est a l'origine de la prise en consideration de la contingence par le droit; celle-ci est definie comme l'etat de ce qui peut etre ou ne pas etre, ou comme l'exception a la regle generale. En effet, il a ete necessaire d'adopter des dispositions permettant de contourner le refus du juge francais de proceder a l'adaptation des contrats desequilibres au cours de leur execution. En instaurant, chaque fois que la necessite s'en faisait sentir, des procedures judiciaires d'adaptation des obligations en raison de l'apparition d'un desequilibre non prevu, telles que le redressement des entreprises, ou le traitement du surendettement des particuliers, le legislateur a suscite la creation du contrat contingent. On propose de definir celui-ci comme un contrat inexecute en raison de la survenance d'un desequilibre, qui apres avoir ete adapte par le juge, sur habilitation du legislateur, devient un acte hybride, a la fois contrat et jugement, susceptible de connaitre de nouvelles modifications. Le contrat contingent est un contrat solennel. La protection de certaines categories de contractants et la volonte de preserver une relation productrice de richesses, ou de bien-etre, caracterisent sa cause finale. L'adaptation des conventions initiales afin de parvenir a leur execution totale, ou partielle, represente son objet. La cause et l'objet des obligations initiales sont maintenus. Le jugement qui procede a l'adaptation confere autorite de chose jugee aux modifications apportees aux obligations initiales ; celles-ci ne subissent pas de novation. Il attribue au creancier un titre executoire qui est garanti par le maintien de toutes les suretes consenties. Un contractant peut solliciter, ulterieurement, une nouvelle adaptation, quand un autre evenement vient perturber l'execution. Comme pour tout contrat, une inexecution injustifiee conduit ineluctablement a la resolution. Le contrat contingent ne represente pas une nouvelle remise en cause de la theorie generale des obligations; au contraire, celle-ci se trouve enrichie d'un nouveau contrat susceptible d'assurer l'avenir de tous les autres.
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KRAUS, JODY STEVEN. "CONTEMPORARY HOBBESIAN CONTRACTARIANISM." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184172.
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Contemporary Hobbesian contractarianism began in the wake of John Rawls' revitalization of contractarianism in A Theory of Justice and the subsequent body of critical literature which has grown up around it. Philosophers have been impressed with Rawls' powerful application of a contractarian framework to traditional issues in moral and political philosophy but dismayed at the extensive normative precommitments of his particular contractarian theory. They have thus sought an equally powerful contractarian approach unwed to strong normative precommitments. Of all extant contractarian theories, Thomas Hobbes' theory in Leviathan uniquely constitutes such an approach. Like all contractarians, Hobbes specifies a hypothetical choice problem consisting of a choice environment, a choice problem, and a method of resolution. But Hobbes' choice environment purports to make virtually no substantive normative precommitments. The strength of Hobbesian contractarianism is that it seeks to generate substantive normative conclusions from premises established in a normatively minimalistic theoretical framework, and thus promises not to beg any fundamental normative questions. This dissertation considers in detail three comprehensive and game-theoretically sophisticated books which are central to the current corpus of contemporary Hobbesian contractarianism. These are Jean Hampton's Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition, Gregory Kavka's Hobbesian Moral and Political Theory, and David Gauthier's Morals by Agreement. We explain the common denominators and points of divergence among these theories while undertaking an extensive critical investigation of each. Two fundamental themes emerge from these investigations. First, Hobbesian contractarianism tends to run afoul of collective action problems at various levels of its overall argument. Collective actions problems arise when the requirements of individual and collective rationality diverge. Second, the normative minimalism which is heralded as the primary virtue of Hobbesian contractarianism is also revealed as one of its fundamental problems. By minimalizing its normative precommitments, Hobbesian contractarianism undermines its ultimate goal of generating powerful normative conclusions.
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Persson, Anders J. "Workplace Ethics : Some practical and foundational problems." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4069.
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De, Smet François-Julien. "Le mythe de la souveraineté: dialectique de la légitimité, du Corps au contrat social." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210153.
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Notion irréductible de notre univers politique, la souveraineté semble aujourd’hui dépassée, et appelée à céder sa place à d’autres modes de représentation de l’État et de la collectivité. Pourtant, les difficultés liées à son dépassement recèlent le fait que ce concept n’a rien en réalité rien d’évident :abstraite et mystérieuse, la souveraineté l’est par nécessité. Le cœur de cette abstraction, fossile théologico-politique, fonde sa légitimité. Ainsi, la souveraineté est surtout le produit d’un refoulement des sources et de la nature violente de l’autorité vers le Tiers autoritaire, notion médiane caractérisant la nécessaire conceptualisation de l’autorité légitime comme troisième terme institutionnalisé de la relation entre celui qui exerce l’autorité et celui qui la subit. Ce Tiers, au sortir de la théologie médiévale, s’est d’abord incarné dans le concept de Corps ;le corps de l’État dérive en droite ligne du corps du Christ d’abord, de celui de l’Église ensuite, et a offert à l’autorité, alors pensée sur un registre hétéronome, divin et naturel, un écrin la liant à une légitimité et une nécessité naturelles. Le mythe du Corps, pourtant, va petit à petit devenir celui du Père au fur et à mesure de la constitution de l’État, et singulièrement de la monarchie absolue. Le Père campe alors le caractère nécessaire de l’autorité devant être exercée par le créateur sur sa chose créée, mais permet de continuer dans le même temps à faire bénéficier les structures existantes de l’empreinte théologique représentée sur terre par des mandataires héréditaire – les princes. L’institutionnalisation de l’État, et la relative stabilité qui va en découler, va toutefois fournir le cadre apte à permettre à une pensée du sujet d’émerger, faisant naître des concepts qui, tels la multitude et le peuple, posent de plus en plus directement la question de la légitimité par la prise en compte de la volonté de ceux sur lesquels elle s’exerce. C’est ainsi que naîtront les théories du pacte social, qui tentent chacune à leur manière de concevoir un moment méthodologique où l’octroi du pouvoir soit a été cédé dans le passé, soit est toujours exercé par le peuple à chaque instant. Le mythe du contrat, ainsi, est celui par lequel la légitimité de l’autorité est conciliée avec l’origine du pouvoir. Cette liaison est rendue possible par le meurtre du Père, c’est-à-dire la suppression de l’autorité naturelle et nécessaire au profit d’une autorité conventionnelle et contingente. Or, le mythe du contrat est fragile ;il nécessite, pour juguler le flux de contingence qui émerge dès lors que la question de la légitimité se pose, que la question de la nature du pouvoir soit dûment maîtrisée. Cela demande que l’autorité ne prenne pas sa source dans le repli sur le présent permanent, c’est-à-dire sur le peuple, mais sur un critère de représentativité. Cela nécessite surtout un refoulement conscient de la nature et de l’origine de l’autorité vers un sur-moi qui constituera, à l’apogée de la modernité, le cœur abstrait de la notion de souveraineté.
Or cette conception de l’autorité se fissure elle-même sous le poids d’une contingence qui, comme flux permanent, tend par nature à excéder son cadre. A terme, ainsi, l’étiolement de la souveraineté coïncide-t-il avec l’avènement du dogme des droits de l’homme, appelés sur un registre immanent à compenser la perte de sens induite par l’insuffisance de verticalité assumée par la modernité.
Doctorat en Philosophie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Penin, Olivier. "La distinction de la formation et de l'exécution du contrat : contribution à l'étude du contrat acte de prévision." Paris 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA020088.
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La distinction de la formation et de l’exécution du contrat croule sous le poids des critiques. Anachronique, académique, artificielle, excessivement rigide, elle est affublée de tant de maux qu’à suivre la pensée dominante, on conclurait sans sourciller que le droit des contrats doit urgemment être débarrassé de cette technique sclérosante. Toutefois, à bien y regarder, il n’est pas de recherche de ce qu’elle recouvre, de ses origines et de ses utilités. Or, on peut penser que la réalité de la distinction de la formation et de l’exécution du contrat ne peut être sondée qu’autant que ces éléments sont connus. Une fonction formelle et une fonction substantielle la caractérisent lesquelles se fondent sur une logique proche des sciences de la nature qui prolonge en matière contractuelle une pensée de l’action typiquement occidentale, laquelle remonte aux premiers penseurs grecs. En outre, elle s’inscrit dans la pensée des rédacteurs du Code civil notamment par le volontarisme modéré qu’elle sert. L’étude a ensuite permis de relativiser nombres de prétendues limites. Le prix, l’éradication, le contrôle de la potestativité, l’obligation d’information pour ne citer que les plus célèbres sont ainsi apparues compatibles avec la technique étudiée. Outre sa nécessité, la distinction de la formation et de l’exécution du contrat a alors dévoilé des possibilités inconnues, une modernité et une vitalité dont il serait regrettable, sinon de se priver, de ne pas discuter.
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Salam, Abdallah. "Perfect and imperfect rights, duties and obligations : from Hugo Grotius to Immanuel Kant." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:882da778-1126-4909-b38b-5ada51cc8e78.
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In this doctoral thesis, Kant's distinction between perfect and imperfect duties is examined. The thesis begins with an exploration of how the distinction originates and evolves in the writings of three of Kant's most prominent natural law predecessors: Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, and Christian Wolff. The thesis then moves on to Kant's own writings. It is argued that Kant draws the perfect-imperfect distinction in as many as twelve different ways, that these ways are not entirely consistent with one another, and that many of them, even taken by themselves, do not hold up to scrutiny. Furthermore, it is argued that Kant's claim that perfect duties always trump imperfect duties - which can be referred to as "the priority claim" - is not actually supported by any one of the ways in which Kant draws the perfect-imperfect distinction. After this critical reading of Kant's writings, the thesis then switches gears and a more "positive" project is attempted. It is argued that the perfect-imperfect distinction, even though it does not support the priority claim, is not altogether normatively neutral or uninteresting. In particular, for some of the ways in which the distinction is drawn, it is shown that the distinction yields the following normative implication: Sometimes perfect duties override imperfect duties and all other times there is no priority one way or the other. Finally, it is explained that this normative implication - which can be referred to as the "privilege claim" - translates into the following practical directive: When there is a conflict between a perfect duty and an imperfect duty, sometimes one must act in conformity with the former duty and all other times one is free to choose which of the two duties to act in conformity with. This practical directive represents the ultimate finding of this thesis.
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Palm, Elin. "The Ethics of Workspace Surveillance." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4611.
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The general framework of this thesis is that of ethical Technology Assessment (eTA). Whereas the first essay proposes an inclusive approach to technology assessment by delineating an ethical checklist, the following essays focus on two of the checklist points, i.e. “privacy” and “control, influence and power”, in relation to workspace surveillance. The core idea of Essay I (written in collaboration with Sven Ove Hansson) is that, due to its strong social impact, new technology and novel use of existing technology should be considered from the perspective of ethics. We suggest that assessments should be conducted on the basis of nine crucial ethical aspects of technology. In Essay II an in-depth analysis of the meaning and value of privacy in the realm of work is undertaken. The meaning and value of privacy is explained as well as why it should be protected. It is argued that two dimensions of privacy should be safeguarded; “informational privacy” and “local privacy” for the reason that workers’ personal autonomy is protected thereby. Essay III is concerned with how workspace surveillance requires that job-applicants claim their privacy interests in employment negotiations to a much larger extent than what was previously the case. In most cases however, a dependency asymmetry between employer and job-candidate makes the latter ill-equipped for doing so. This asymmetry serves as the point of departure for an analysis of the conditions under which consent should be considered a criterion on moral acceptability with regard to employment contracting. The analysis suggests ways of rectifying this imbalance, raising demands on the quality of contractual consent. Essay IV discusses the extent to which it should be morally permissible for current or prospective employees to trade off their privacy in employment negotiations. The analysis starts out from, and questions, a libertarian case for voluntary self-enslavement. It is concluded that not even an orthodox libertarian can justify trade offs of a social good like liberty. Neither should employees be allowed to abstain informational privacy for the reason that such a trade-off could harm their future selves. In Essay V a dimensional analysis is proposed as a means to identify actually or potentially privacy invasive surveillance practices. It discusses ways in which different types of surveillance intrude upon employees’ privacy in order to guide the evaluation of such practice. Even though negative implications cannot be avoided altogether, by means of the proposed analysis, minimally intrusive means of monitoring can be identified.QC 20100902
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Souza, Felipe Araújo de [UNESP]. "Da necessidade do legislador na obra Do contrato social, de Jean-Jacques Rousseau." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136720.
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000860172.pdf: 978547 bytes, checksum: 158bb0513c192fff77aa0d081ac345e6 (MD5)A figura do Legislador na obra Do Contrato Social de Jean-Jacques Rousseau surge em meio a uma forma de legislação popular, sendo o povo o próprio Soberano e encarregado, por meio da vontade geral, de legislar para o próprio povo. Para tanto, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a definição que o autor dá ao Legislador, seus exemplos e a necessidade real para a existência deste Legislador. Posteriormente, analisaremos a utilidade para esta função recorrente na filosofia rousseauniana.
The figure of the Legislator in The Social Contract work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau comes amid a popular form of legislation, being the Sovereign own people and charge through the general will, to legislate for the people themselves. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the definition that the author gives to the legislator, his examples and the real need for the existence of this Legislator. Later, we will examine the usefulness for this recurring role in Rousseau's philosophy.
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Pettersson, Joanna. "Rättigheter och skyldigheter i grundlagarna : I ljuset av den politiska filosofin." Thesis, University of Gävle, Ämnesavdelningen för filmvetenskap, historia, litteraturvetenskap, medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap och statsvetenskap, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-5770.
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The purpose of this essay has been to compare different constitutions, and their outlook on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty. This has been done in the light of the political philosophy, in order to give the answer to four questions. These questions are: Which rights and obligations can be seen in the constitutions, and how can it be interpreted. Can there be signs of any political philosophy in the constitutions? Are there any differences between the constitutions regarding citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty? If so, what are the differences? Can the rights be seen in a further extent than the obligations in the constitutions?
I have conducted a qualitative comparision study and analyzed the political philosophers and made a classification scheme of their views. Further I made a comparison between the constitutions of the countries, and their view on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty. This was later inflicted in to the classification scheme, to see if the countries could fit in to the political philosophers views, and also to find out if there would be any differences in values between the countries constitutions.
To bind together the outlook on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty between the citizen and the state, I have used a social contract theory, to get better understanding regarding the relationship between the legal system and the citizen.
My conclusions of this essay is that the political philosophers views of citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty was sometimes similar, but the differences were clear in the light of the classification scheme. The countries constitutions were also similar, but I found that the constitutions could fit in different places in the classification scheme, giving the result that citizenship and rights, were important in all of the constitutions, but obligations and natural duty was not.
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Hafidhi, Olfa. "Du rapport entre politique, économie et société civile dans la philosophie classique anglaise de Hobbes à Mandeville." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00964496.
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Penser le rapport entre la politique, l'économie et la société civile de Hobbes à Mandeville, c'est traiter l'individu et les différentes transformations qu'il subit ; c'est-à-dire penser l'individu dans l'état naturel, dans l'état social et selon ses fonctions économiques. Chez Hobbes, pour arriver à un individualisme complet, il faut passer par un renoncement aux pouvoirs et aux facultés naturels de l'individu dans le cadre d'un état civil dans lequel le bien particulier s'accorde avec le bien commun; les biens des particuliers s'expriment en termes de propriété. Chez Mandeville le passage du naturel au social s'explique par le principe d'adaptation spontanée de l'individu à la nécessité de la production économique. Mandeville établit, contrairement à Hobbes, que l'harmonie des intérêts est involontaire et objective. D'où, l'homme économe de Mandeville est identifié par le travail ; pour Hobbes c'est le contrat qui permet de déterminer les premiers traits de l'individu économe. Dans ces deux ordres économiques différents, une théorie, que j'appelle " économico-individualiste ", est ainsi nécessaire pour expliquer, comprendre et déterminer d'une part l'artificialisme de Hobbes, d'autre part, le hasard et la spontanéité de Mandeville.
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Bartolucci, Mattéo. "L'acte plurilatéral en droit public." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2020. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/secure/isbn/9782247218813.
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La notion d’acte plurilatéral est issue d’une doctrine importée en France par Léon Duguit au début du XXe siècle. D’origine allemande, cette doctrine consiste à subsumer tous les accords de volontés sous une méta-catégorie nommée « acte plurilatéral », dont le contrat n’est qu’une sous-catégorie. Avec l’acte unilatéral, l’acte plurilatéral forme la summa divisio des actes juridiques. Comme l’acte unilatéral, l’acte plurilatéral connaît plusieurs subdivisions catégorielles auxquelles sont attachés des régimes juridiques distincts. Face à la crise contractuelle que traverse notre ordre juridique et à la multiplication des pseudo-contrats, le concept d’acte plurilatéral constitue un palliatif nécessaire. Remis au goût du jour, il permet ainsi une classification des accords de volontés à même de clarifier une matière en proie à un certain désordreThe notion of plurilateral decision comes from a doctrine imported in France by Leon Duguit at the beginning of the 20th century. Of German origin, this doctrine consists in subsuming all the agreements under a meta-category called “plurilateral decision”, the contract of which is only a subcategory. Along with the unilateral decision, the plurilateral decision constitutes the summa divisio of legal acts. Like the unilateral decision, the plurilateral decision has several categorial subdivisions to wich distinct legal regimes are attached. Faced with the contractual crisis our legal order is going through and the multiplication of pseudo contracts, the concept of plurilateral decision represents a necessary stopgap. Modernized, it thus provides a classification of agreements able to clarify a subject presently faced to some disorder
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Hill, Mark J. "Founding and re-founding : a problem in Rousseau's political thought and action." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b41e1417-05c9-4c46-bcad-f0f0bdc83dde.
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protein chemistry, unnatural amino acids, chemical biology, proteomicsThe foundation of political societies is a central theme in Rousseau's work. This is no surprise coming from a man who was born into a people who had their own celebrated founder and foundations, and immersed himself in the writings of classical republicans and the quasi-mythical histories of ancient city-states where the heroic lawgiver played an important and legitimate role in political foundations. However, Rousseau's propositional political writings (those written for Geneva, Corsica, and Poland) have been accused of being unsystematic and running the spectrum from conservative and prudent to radical and utopian. It is this seeming incongruence which is the subject of this thesis. In particular, it is argued that this confusion is born out the failure to recognize a systematic distinction between "founding" and "re-founding" political societies in both the history of political thought, and Rousseau's own work (a distinction in Rousseau which has rarely been noted, let alone treated to a study of its own). By recognizing this distinction one can identify two Rousseaus; the conservative and prudent thinker who is wary of making changes to established political systems and constitutional foundations (the re-founder), and the radical democrat fighting for equality, and claiming that no state is legitimate without popular sovereignty (the founder). In demonstrating this distinction, this thesis examines the ancient concept of the lawgiver, the growth and expansion of the idea leading up to the eighteenth century, Rousseau's own philosophic writings on the topic, and the differing political proposals he wrote for Geneva, Corsica, and Poland. The thesis argues that although there is a clear separation between these two types of political proposals, they remain systematically Rousseauvian.
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Shahbazi-Gahrouei, Dariyoush. "Development and application of new cancer-specific contrast agents for tumour detection by magnetic resonance imaging." Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/812.
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Four new potential MR imaging contrast agents were synthesised. Gadolinium-hematoporphyrin (Gd-H) was produced by inserting gadolinium into the naturally occurring porphyrin,hematoporphyrin.Gadolinium-tetra-carboranylmethoxyphenyl-porphyrin acetate (Gd-TCP)was similarly synthesised by gadolinium insertion into the synthetic porphyrin, 1, 6, 11, 16-tetra-[3-(carboranylmethoxy)phenyl] porphyrin. The monoclonal antibodies, 9.2.27 against melanoma and WM53 against leukaemia cell lines, were conjugated with cyclic anhydride gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (Gd-cDTPAa), yielding the attachment of chelate DTPA to the antibodies. Gadolinium ion was inserted into the chelate DTPA, thus labelled both these antibodies with Gd-DTPA. Overall, with the satisfactory low levels of gadolinium in the liver, kidneys, and spleen, and good tumour uptake, gadolinium antibody conjugates has considerable potential for further diagnostic applications of MR imaging.
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Wallén, Daniel. "Sweden´s moral responsibility to protect Romanian victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation in Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Statsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28019.
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Trafficking in persons is a serious crime and a serious violation of human rights. Every year, thousands of men, women and children fall into the hands of traffickers, in their own countries and abroad. Trafficking in human beings (THB) can be about forced labour, sexual slavery and/or commercial sexual exploitation, but this this paper focuses on the latter category. One country in Eastern Europe with an exceptionally high proportion of women and children trafficked into Sweden each year is Romania. The purpose of the following study is therefore to investigate what moral responsibility – if any – Sweden has to protect the female part of the victims from Romania being trafficked for sexual purposes in Sweden. They are not Swedish citizens, and that makes it a complicated question. In making an effort to come up with answers, we will have a look at what Sweden is doing for these people today, and what the options look like going forward, if indeed the responsibilty is ours. This is an academic thesis with one normative and one empirical aspect. Normative theoretical principles of global justice, ethics and human dignity from American philosopher Martha Nussbaum are tested on an empirical problem; a case study about the situation for Romanian trafficking victims in Sweden and Norway. Apart from the theory and case study, I have exclusively used applied ethics, secondary sources and an analytical tool to analyze and dissect the problem, reaching the conclusion that Sweden does have a moral responsibility, and that we therefore should continue to work in these people´s favour. However, more so that now by assisting solution solving in Romania, where the biggest problems exist and the best solutions can be expected, if handled intelligently and with ethics in mind.
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Guyet, Guillaume. "Le concept d’autonomie dans les obligations privées : Aspects techniques et philosophiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40026.
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On s’est habitué à adopter du concept d’autonomie une perception qui est celle d’un déclin, largement prophétisé dès le XIXème siècle chez les auteurs critiques du contrat. Tous les arguments ont contribué à cette interprétation et bien des choses semblent aller en ce sens. Ainsi, le concept laisse apparaître un bouleversement des distinctions classiques vérifiable du point de vue du langage définissant les sources ou autorités du droit (autonomie législative, judiciaire…). En réalité, la première autonomie de nature subjective n’a pas été contredite autant qu’on aurait pu le supposer. L’autonomie individuelle ou collective continue de définir la personne juridique en fonction d’une titularité plus ou moins étroite de ses droits, libertés, capacités ou pouvoirs. Elle contribue, en effet, à la promotion d’un cadre primordial et persiste dans une sorte de contrôle moral des volontés et des identités individuelles confrontées à des mécanismes exagérément objectifs. Une résurgence apparente du vocabulaire romaniste, sous prétexte d’équilibre des prestations, permet paradoxalement un déséquilibre entre les parties. C’est donc à une autonomie renouvelée, forte de nouvelles exigences, que l’on fait appel. Un plan moral succède au plan théorique sous l’angle de la protection des volontés. L’autonomie s’adapte tout en demeurant conforme à un sens subjectif originel. Elle pourrait devenir une référence de régulation, y compris pour les contrats internationaux. Le droit français aurait là une occasion de se rétablir, au moins du point de vue de l’interprétationWe became used to adopt some concept of autonomy a perception which is the one of a decline, largely predicted from the XIXth century at the critical authors of the contract. All arguments contributed to this interpretation and many things seem to go this way. Actually, the concept uncovers a classical upheavel of distinctions whiches verifiable from the point of view of sources or authorities defining langage (legislative, judicial autonomy). In fact, the first autonomy of subjective nature was not as contradicted as it was supposed to. The individual or collective autonomy continues to define the legal person according to a more or less narrow tenure of its rights, liberties, capacities or powers. As a matter of fact it contributes to focus on an essential frame and persists in a kind of moral control of the wills and of the individual identities confronted to excessively objective mechanisms. A similar resurgence of the ancient roman law vocabulary, under the pretext of contractual balance, paradoxically allows a destabilization between the parts. So it is to the renewed autonomy strong on new requirements that we appeal. A moral plan succeeds the theoretical plan under the perspective of the protection of the wills. The autonomy adapts itself while remaining in compliance with an original subjective sense. She could become a reference of regulation, including for the international contracts. French law would then have an opportunity to recover, at least from the point of view of the interpretation
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Chery, Prelat Cleane. "Genèse et institution de l'humanité politique chez Jean-Jacques Rousseau." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080058/document.
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Rousseau conteste la théorie aristotélicienne de la sociabilité naturelle à laquelle il supplée sa doctrine de l’asociabilité naturelle. Il rejette du même coup la conception hobbesienne de l’homme naturellement insociable et s’oppose également au dogme du péché originel auquel il oppose sa théorie de la bonté originelle qui n’est, en réalité, qu’une apologie de la justice et de la toute-puissance divine ce qui nous a conduit à la question de la théodicée inspirée par Saint-Augustin, théorisée par Leibniz, contestée par Voltaire et par lui défendue. En rejetant le péché originel et en proclamant la bonté naturelle de l’homme, il disculpe Dieu mais aussi l’homme avant son intégration à la vie sociale. C’est donc pour lui, les liens sociaux qui corrompent l’homme et le rendent mauvais. Il fait découler cette corruption de l’inégalité créée par la propriété car à l’état de nature où il n’y avait pas de propriété, où tout était commun à tous, l’homme n’était pas méchant et c’est pour tenter de revenir à l’état d’égalité naturelle qu’il a institué la loi. Mais il a remarqué qu’une fois entré dans la vie sociale, la propriété est devenu un droit sacré, indispensable. Un revirement s’est donc opéré chez lui. De pourfendeur du droit à la propriété, il en est devenu le défenseur. Aussi, certains commentateurs l’ont-ils classé dans la catégorie des individualistes. D’autres le rangent parmi les communistes et d’autres le rattachent à la doctrine socialiste. Afin de mieux pouvoir le situer, nous avons choisi de confronter ses idées et prises de position avec les tenants de ces différents courants idéologiques : Proudhon pour l’individualisme, Baboeuf pour le communisme et Marx pour le socialismeRousseau disputes the Aristotelian theory of natural sociability to which he supplements his doctrine of natural asociability. At the same time, he rejects the Hobbesian conception of man, which is naturally unsociable, and is also opposed to the dogma of original sin to which he contrasts his theory of original goodness which is, in reality, only an apology for justice and The divine omnipotence which led us to the question of the theodicy inspired by St. Augustine, theorized by Leibniz, contested by Voltaire and forbidden. By rejecting original sin and proclaiming the natural goodness of man, he exculpates God but also man before his integration into social life. It is therefore for him that social bonds corrupt man and make him bad. He causes this corruption to flow from the inequality created by property, for in the state of nature, where there was no property, where everything was common to all, man was not wicked and it was for Attempt to return to the state of natural equality that he instituted the law. But he noticed that once he entered social life, property became a sacred right, indispensable. A reversal has thus taken place in him. As a defender of the right to property, he became its defender. Also, some commentators have classified it in the category of individualists. Others rank him among the Communists and others connect him with the socialist doctrine. In order to better situate him, we chose to confront his ideas and positions with the supporters of these different ideological currents: Proudhon for individualism, Baboeuf for communism and Marx for socialism
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Iida, Yoshiho. "La « religion civile » chez Rousseau comme art de faire penser." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAL003/document.
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L'avant-dernier chapitre du Contrat social, intitulé « De la Religion civile », est un texte qui suscite encore de nombreuses polémiques. Jean-Jacques Rousseau semble avoir inventé la notion de « religion civile » pour trouver un moyen de garantir au Souverain la fidélité de chaque citoyen. Mais qu'est-ce précisément que cette « religion civile » ? Par quel moyen peut-elle garantir la fidélité des citoyens ? Pour répondre à ces questions, notre étude a choisi de se concentrer sur les termes employés par Rousseau et qui nous semblent résumer le mieux, d'une manière concrète, l'essentiel de la « religion civile » : les « sentiments de sociabilité ». Pour ce faire, cette étude s'articulera en quatre parties : La Partie I consacrée à la notion de « sentiment » chez Rousseau relève d'une étude « psychologique ». La Partie II relève d'une étude historique : à travers la lecture des œuvres écrites juste avant et après la publication du Contrat social, nous préciserons le contexte historique de la rédaction du chapitre « De la Religion civile ». La Partie III sera consacrée à l'idée de « sociabilité » : nous mesurons la portée de cette idée employée par Rousseau dans un contexte à la fois théorique et polémique. La Partie IV sera consacrée à la lecture du Contrat social lui-même. Nous expliquerons finalement ce que signifient les termes « sentiments de sociabilité » dans cet ouvrage. À travers l'ensemble de ce travail, nous vérifierons la pertinence de la thèse suivante : la « religion civile » chez Rousseau est un dispositif qui déclenche et renforce l'auto-contradiction chez le citoyen. Notre projet précisera donc le point de confluence de la pensée morale, politique et religieuse de Rousseau, qui se trouve dans le Contrat socialThe eighth chapter of the Book IV of the Social Contract, entitled “On the Civil Religion”, still remains problematic. Jean-Jacques Rousseau seems to have invented the concept of “civil religion” to find a way to guarantee the fidelity of each citizen to the Sovereign. But what is this “civil religion” precisely? By what kind of means can this religion guarantee the citizens' fidelity? To solve these problems, we will examine the expression used by Rousseau which seems to summarize precisely the essence of the “civil religion”: the “sentiments of sociability [sentiments de sociabilité].” We will be able to show the importance of this expression only after a detailed exploration of its historical and philosophical context, which can be divided into four Parts: Part I will offer an analysis of the concept of “sentiment” used by Rousseau in the late 1750s. This Part will also show the philosophical background of this concept. Part II will describe the historical background of the writing and the publication of the Social Contract, focusing on the chapter “On the Civil Religion.” Part III will offer a detailed examination of the concept of “sociability:” we will verify the theoretical and polemical aspect of this concept, as it is used by Rousseau. Part IV will offer a detailed analysis and commentary of the chapter “On the Civil Religion” of the Social Contract, weaving together the various threads of the explanations provided in the previous parts. As a whole, this dissertation asserts that religion was a necessary component of Rousseau's political system, insofar as it provided a tool to generate self-contradiction and, as its consequence, moral thought and moral choice in the citizens' conscience
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Tinel, Bruno. "ORIGINES ET FONCTIONS DE LA HIERARCHIE : TRENTE ANS DE DEBATS, 1968 - 1998." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00935771.
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L'essor de la théorie économique de la firme depuis une trentaine d'années a donné lieu à d'intenses débats sur les origines et les fonctions de la hiérarchie et de l'autorité. Ces discussions sont abordées du point de vue de l'histoire de la pensée économique, sur la période 1968 - 1998. Jusqu'au début des années 1970, le courant dominant ne s'intéressait pas à l'organisation intra-firme. La publication, en 1972, par Alchian et Demsetz d'un article visant à expliquer l'existence de la firme à partir des coûts d'information, apparaît comme une première réponse de l'approche standard au "défi radical". À partir de 1968, l'économie politique radicale, qui est la traduction dans le champ académique du vaste mouvement protestataire anti-hiérarchique ayant traversé la société nord américaine à la fin des années 1960, a cherché à donner sa propre réponse à la question "à quoi servent les patrons ?". Les radicaux américains ont tenté de montrer que la hiérarchie ne vise pas à promouvoir l'efficience de l'organisation mais au contraire le pouvoir de l'employeur. Elle serait un moyen de "diviser pour régner" en vue de dégager de plus grands profits. D'autres auteurs du courant dominant, tels que Arrow et Williamson, s'emploieront à répondre aux radicaux et souligneront les avantages, en terme d'efficience, de l'autorité et de la hiérarchie. Les radicaux se tourneront alors, au début des années 1980, vers la micro-économie standard afin d'élaborer une théorie du pouvoir dans le cadre du paradigme dominant. Enfin, à son tour, la théorie des contrats incomplets répondra implicitement à l'approche radicale du pouvoir, au cours des années 1990, en soutenant que les relations de pouvoir sont organisées dans la firme de manière efficiente.
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Durez, Clément. "La règle du jeu et le droit : contribution à l'élaboration d'une théorie juridique du jeu organisé." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30034.
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La règlementation des jeux semble frappée de désuétude, à l’image des articles 1965 à 1967 du Code civil qui n’ont jamais été modifiés depuis 1804. Cependant, l’avènement successif de la télévision, des logiciels informatiques et d’Internet a métamorphosé les problématiques ludiques. Les juristes s’étonnent, après s’être désintéressés du jeu pendant de longues années, de le voir ressurgir dans toutes les composantes de leur discipline. À l’heure où le jeu sportif échappe encore à l’obsession réparatrice du droit de la responsabilité civile, où le jeu de hasard sacrifie un monopole étatique sur l’autel de la libre concurrence, et où le jeu télévisé redéfinit les frontières de la prestation de travail, le moment semblait propice à l’élaboration d’une réflexion globale sur les problèmes juridiques du jeu. Dans le cadre d’une démarche systémique, le jeu sera le point de départ de nos travaux et la règle sa pierre angulaire, permettant ainsi d’écarter l’amusement libre au profit du jeu réglé. Ce dernier, lorsqu’il prend naissance dans la rencontre de consentement entre un organisateur, qui émet une offre de jeu, et un ou plusieurs joueurs qui l’acceptent, soulève des problèmes juridiques similaires dans toutes les disciplines ludiques. L’organisateur d’un jeu est-il responsable des équipements de jeu qu’il fournit ? Doit-il règlementer l’accès à son jeu ? A-t-il l’obligation de délivrer un enjeu au gagnant d’une partie ? Quelles sont les conséquences des différentes fautes de jeu ? La licéité du but fixé est-elle une condition de validité du jeu ? En nous efforçant d'approfondir ces interrogations, nous chercherons à poser les premiers jalons d’une théorie juridique du jeuGaming regulations appear to have become obsolete as articles 1965 to 1967 of the Civil Code which has not been modified since1804 demonstrate. However, the successive arrival of television, computer software and internet has metamorphosed recreational activities, including gaming. Lawyers, long disinterested by gaming issues, are now surprised to see these reemerging throughout their profession. At a time when sports games still escape the “obsessive rectification” the rights of civil responsibility grant, where principles of free competition have removed the state monopoly concerning the games of chance and where televised games redefine the characteristics of work contracts, it seems to be appropriate to elaborate a global discussion on the judicial aspect of gaming. Within a framework of a general approach gaming will be studied but from the point of view of its rules in order to lay aside unregulated amusement activities to favor regulated gaming. The latter, whenever it takes place under an agreement between an organizer presenting an offer to participate and one or several players who accept, raises similar juridical questions for all types of gaming activities. Is the organizer responsible for the equipment he provides? Should he regulate access to his game? Does he have an obligation to offer a prize to the winner of a game? What are the consequences concerning the various violations of the game? Is the licitly of the established target a valid condition of the game? By seeking to elaborate on these questions, this dissertation aims to pave the way for a more appropriate judicial framework for gaming
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HABIB, Javier I. "The methodology of private law : or on how to make private law recover its lost character." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/41506.
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Defence date: 28 May 2016Examining Board: Professor Dennis M. Patterson, European University Institute; Professor Hans-W Micklitz, European University Institute; Professor Ernest Weinrib, Toronto University; Professor Roger Brownsword, King's College London
This PhD proposes a method for making private law doctrine. The introduction defines private law, argues that the way in which private laws are dealing with new cases is causing them a crisis and introduces the method that jurists should follow to make private laws exit their crisis. The chapters of the dissertation illustrate an application of the method. The first step of the method is to identify a new case. Mine is the case of revoked (firm) promises. The second step is to criticize laws and decisions. Private laws imply collateral contracts, apply the reliance theory and enact special provisions to sanction the revocation of promises. These solutions may serve to tackle the injustice arising from unduly revoked promises but compromise the integrity of, respectively, contract law, the division freedom\obligations and private law in general. The third step of the method is to think of the case's best possible private law form. I ask: If promise were to be a private law concept, what should that concept be? The form for promise is that of contract, tort and unjust enrichment. The fourth step is to construe a legal proposal. Here I construe promise as another cause of obligation. The "unilateral promise", as the new concept is called, enables judges to find an exchange of rights in certain promises and conclude their irrevocability. The last step is to evaluate the construction. I neutralize the arguments against construing promise as a (voluntary) cause of obligation and suggest that my proposal is better than the possible alternatives, which are revocability and regulating revocation as a tort. In the conclusion I show that my proposal does the work of the current laws of promises but without compromising the conceptual integrity of private law. I finish suggesting other applications of the method.
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"A Consequentialist Model for Just Social Contracts." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.55507.
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abstract: The paper reviews some of the models of consequentialist justice, the nature of social contracts, and the social coordination of behaviors through social norms.
The challenge with actualizing justice in many contemporary societies is the broad and often conflicting individual beliefs on rights and responsibilities that each member of a society maintains to describe the opportunities and compensations they attribute to themselves and others. This obscurity is compounded through a lack of academic or political alignment on the definition and tenets of justice.
The result of the deficiency of commonality of the definition and tenants of justice often result in myopic decisions by individuals and discontinuity within a society that reduce the available rights, obligations, opportunities, and/or compensations that could be available through alternative modalities.
The paper begins by assessing the challenge of establishing mutual trust in order to achieve cooperation. I then examine utility enhancement strategies available through cooperation. Next, I turn to models that describe natural and artificial sources of social contacts, game theory, and evolutionary fitness to produce beneficial results. I then examine social norms, including the dual inheritance theory, as models which can selectively reinforce certain cooperative behaviors and reduce others. In conclusion, a possible connection among these models to improve the overall fitness of society as defined by the net average increase in available utility, rights, opportunities, and compensations is offered.
Through an examination of concepts that inform individual choice and coordination with others, concepts within social coordination, the nature of social contracts, and consequentialist justice to coordinate behaviors through social norms may illustrate an integrated perspective and, through additional examination, produce a comprehensive model to describe how societies could identify and foster just human coordination.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Philosophy 2019