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1
David, Luiza Ortiz, and Sheldon Rodrigo Botogoski. "SARC e LARC: grau de conhecimento e frequência de uso em complexo hospitalar de referência no Paraná / SARC and LARC: degree of knowledge and frequency of use in a reference hospital complex in Paraná." Arquivos Médicos dos Hospitais e da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo 66, no. 1u (May 26, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26432/1809-3019.2021.66.016.
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Introdução: Contraceptivos representam um elemento essencial para a vida reprodutiva e para o planejamento familiar. O grau de conhecimento das mulheres sobre esse tema exerce influência sobre suas escolhas por determinados métodos anticoncepcionais. Objetivos: os objetivos deste estudo foram traçar o perfil etário e socioeconômico das pacientes do Ambulatório de Reprodução Humana do CHC-UFPR e avaliar seu conhecimento e uso de contraceptivos de curta e de longa ação (SARC e LARC), de forma a identificar lacunas de informação que pudessem ocasionargestações não planejadas e direcionar futuras estratégias educativas sobre contraceptivos. Métodos: Conduzimos entrevistas por meio de questionários objetivos aplicados a pacientes do sexo feminino entre 18 e 50 anos na ocasião de suas consultas, indagando-as sobre sua ciência da existência de diversos anticoncepcionais, tipo de método utilizado e tempo de uso, presença, frequência e motivos para gestações não planejadas. Resultados: Os principais resultados indicaram um grupo de pacientes jovens e com alta escolaridade, cuja utilização de métodos anticoncepcionais era semelhante entre SARC e LARC. O conhecimento dos anticoncepcionais foi satisfatório, principalmente entre os mais populares como anticoncepcional hormonal oral e DIU de cobre. Gestações não planejadas estiveram presentes na vida reprodutiva de 60% das pacientes, sendo o principal motivo o não uso de contraceptivos. Não houve associação entre uso de SARC ou LARC e maior número de gestações indesejadas. O número de contraceptivos conhecidos por mulheres sem gestações indesejadas foi uma mediana maior do que aquele das mulheres com esses eventos. Conclusão: A abordagem das pacientes do ambulatório da Reprodução Humana do CHC-UFPR deve ser direcionada para pacientes jovens, com alto grau de instrução e amplo conhecimento sobre contraceptivos. É importante que os profissionais de saúde do local busquem orientá-las de forma a reduzir a taxa de gestações não planejadas.Palavras chave: Anticoncepcionais, gravidez não planejada, ConhecimentoABSTRACT Introduction: Contraceptive agents represent an essential element in reproductive life and family planning. The knowledge extension for women about that subject influences choices for certain contraceptive methods. Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the age and socioeconomic profile of the patients of the Human Reproduction Clinic in the Hospital Complex of Federal University of Paraná and to evaluate their knowledge and use of short-acting reversible contraceptives (SARC) and long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC), in order to idenfity information gaps that could cause unplanned pregnancies and direct future educational strategies on contraceptives. Methodology: We conducted interviews using objective questionnaires applied to female patients aged from 18 to 50 years old before or after their medical appointment, asking about their knowledge of the existence of diverse contraceptive agents, type of contraceptive utilized and duration of use, presence, number and reasons for unplanned pregnancies. Results: The main results indicated that the group was mostly young and highly educated, utilizing SARC and LARC in similar frequencies. The knowledge of the existence of the contraceptive agents was satisfactory and the most popular methods were the contraceptive pill and the Coopper IUD. Unplanned pregnancies were present in the reproductive life of 60% of the patients and the most common reasons for these events was the non use of contraceptives. There was no association between the use of SARC or LARC and a higher number of unplanned pregnancies. The number of contraceptives known by women without previous history of unintended pregnancy was a median higher than those of women with those events. Conclusion: Hereafter, the approach to patients in the Human Reproduction Clinic in the Hospital Complex of Federal University of Paraná should be directed to young and highly educated women, with broad knowledge about contraceptive agents. It is important that health professionals of the clinic guide patients aiming to reduce the local unplanned pregnancy rates.Keywords: Contraceptive agents, Unplanned pregnancy, Knowledge
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Akter, Dr Aliza, Dr Umme Shaila, Dr Rashed Md Sharif, and Dr Sadia Israt Zaman. "The Relationship between Hormonal Contraceptives and Metabolic Syndrome." Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 30, 2022): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjams.2022.v10i03.017.
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Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) in women using hormonal contraceptives (HCs) are common health hazards all over the world than that of contraceptives non users. Objective: To observe the relationship of hormonal contraceptives with metabolic syndrome. Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, during the period from January to 31 December, 2011. Two hundred women age ranged 20-35 years using hormonal contraceptives were included in this study group. The study group was subdivided into oral contraceptive users (Group B) and injectable contraceptive users (Group C). All the women using hormonal contraceptive were selected from Model clinic and Medicine ward in DMC and also from different areas of Dhaka city. Results: In this study, the BMI value in both oral and injectable contraceptives users were significantly (P<0.001) higher than that of contraceptive non users. Within the study groups, the BMI in oral and injectable contraceptives users for 1-5 years were significantly lower (P<0.001) than that of oral contraceptive users for 6-10 years. The waist circumference (WC) in all oral and injectable contraceptives users for 1-5 years and 6-10 years were significantly (P<0.001) higher than that of contraceptive non users. Conclusion: Percentage of distribution of subjects having metabolic syndrome was higher in women using hormonal contraceptives and increase duration of hormonal contraceptives use progressively increase the level of parameters of metabolic syndrome. So, it may be concluded that women using hormonal contraceptives are more prone to develop metabolic syndrome.
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Lima, Adman Câmara Soares, Larissa Castelo Guedes Martins, Marcos Venícios de Oliveira Lopes, Thelma Leite de Araújo, Francisca Elisângela Teixeira Lima, Priscila de Souza Aquino, and Escolástica Rejane Ferreira Moura. "Influence of hormonal contraceptives and the occurrence of stroke: integrative review." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 70, no. 3 (June 2017): 647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0056.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify scientific evidence regarding the influence of hormonal contraceptive use and the occurrence of stroke. Method: Integrative review of the literature, through database search using the descriptors "contraceptive agents", "contraceptive devices", "contraceptives, Oral" and "Stroke". Original studies in Portuguese, Spanish and English, published in full and available online were included. Studies that did not answer our guiding questions and duplicated studies were excluded. Results: Women using combined oral contraceptives have higher risk of stroke, even with a lower hormonal dosage and different types of progestogen, regardless of the duration of use. The use of contraceptives associated with smoking, hypertension, migraine, hypercholesterolemia, obesity and sedentary lifestyle increases the chance of stroke. Contraceptive patch and vaginal ring are associated to increased risk. Conclusion: Use of combined hormonal contraceptives, except for the injectable and the transdermal ones, increases the chance of occurrence of the event. Progestogen-only contraceptives were considered safe.
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Anis, Wahyul, Erni Rosita Dewi, Renata Alya Ulhaq, Shrimarti Rukmini Devy, Budi Prasetyo, Diah Indriani, and Kasiati. "Use of contraceptives in a high-income population: a cross-sectional study in Indonesia." British Journal of Midwifery 31, no. 9 (September 2, 2023): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2023.31.9.496.
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Background/Aims The Indonesian family planning programme promotes contraceptive use to control population density. Counselling is widely used to improve contraceptive use. The aim of this study was to explore women's use of contraceptives before and after counselling. Methods This cross-sectional study collected data from 10 790 women across 10 districts/cities in East Java. The data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistical analysis and paired t-tests. Results After counselling, use of contraceptives increased significantly (P<0.001), from 75.8% using contraceptives before counselling to 99.98% using them after counselling. Use of the contraceptive pill notably increased from 16.7% to 40.9%. Conclusions Short-term contraceptives were most popular with women in this population. Counselling can contribute to increased use of long-term contraceptive methods.
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Gunardi, Eka Rusdianto, Denny Khusen, and Kevin Winston. "The Role of Contraception in the Past, Present and Future." Journal Of The Indonesian Medical Association 68, no. 8 (September 25, 2019): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.47830/jinma-vol.68.8-2018-50.
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Contraceptives play an undeniable important role in woman’s lives. It is widely accepted that the availability of both hormonal and non-hormonal modern contraceptives have improved 0 women’s lives worldwide by allowing women to control their own fertility. Indirectly, contraceptives have been shown to reduce maternal mortality, unwanted pregnancy, and overpopulation. However, the contraceptives available today may not be suitable for all users. Furthermore, there is still need to expand available current contraceptives choices especially long-term contraceptives in order to improve acceptability. As a result, several novel products such as implants, contraceptive vaginal rings, and transdermal patches have recently been introduced in family planning programs. Additional issue of contraceptive needed to be addressed is the adverse effects of hormonal contraceptives. Therefore, new combinations with an improved metabolic profile is currently being researched. Generally, the introduction of new methods with additional health benefits and less side effects would help women with their unmet needs to obtain access to a wider range of contraceptives.
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Tshitenge, S. T., K. Nlisi, V. Setlhare, and R. Ogundipe. "Knowledge, attitudes and practice of healthcare providers regarding contraceptive use in adolescence in Mahalapye, Botswana." South African Family Practice 60, no. 6 (November 30, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v60i6.4928.
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Introduction: Adolescent pregnancy is a global public health problem, for which healthcare providers (HCPs) play a critical role to prevent unintended pregnancy. This study investigated the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of HCPs towards the use of contraceptives in adolescents.Results: Of the 101 eligible for the study, 79.2% HCPs from the selected clinics and hospital responded. The majority (91.2%) of respondents felt confident to explain to adolescents how to use old contraceptive methods such as oral contraceptives or IUCD, less than half of the respondents (41.3%) were confident to explain how to use new contraceptive methods such as transdermal contraceptive patches or vaginal rings. Medical doctors felt more confident to prescribe new contraceptive methods compared with nurses, both vaginal rings (p-value = 0.0006) and transdermal contraceptive patches (p-value = 0.0003). More than two-thirds of the respondents disagreed that beliefs influenced their ability to offer contraceptive services to adolescents, half of the respondents strongly disagreed that it was morally wrong for adolescents to use contraceptives. Although three-quarters of respondents strongly agreed (median = 5, [IQR 5–6]) that they were comfortable with prescribing contraceptives to adolescents, only 23% of the respondents very much prescribed or always prescribed contraceptives to adolescents.Conclusion: Most of the HCPs prescribed contraceptives irregularly, and had limited knowledge about newer methods. To change HCPs’ KAP, in addition to continuing medical education (CME), the establishment of family planning clinics for adolescents and more undergraduate contraceptive teaching for medical and nursing students could result in the increased utilisation of contraceptive services by adolescents.
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Jalalvandi, Esmat, Hafez Jafari, Christiani A. Amorim, Denise Freitas Siqueira Petri, Lei Nie, and Amin Shavandi. "Vaginal Administration of Contraceptives." Scientia Pharmaceutica 89, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/scipharm89010003.
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While contraceptive drugs have enabled many people to decide when they want to have a baby, more than 100 million unintended pregnancies each year in the world may indicate the contraceptive requirement of many people has not been well addressed yet. The vagina is a well-established and practical route for the delivery of various pharmacological molecules, including contraceptives. This review aims to present an overview of different contraceptive methods focusing on the vaginal route of delivery for contraceptives, including current developments, discussing the potentials and limitations of the modern methods, designs, and how well each method performs for delivering the contraceptives and preventing pregnancy.
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Williams, Jennifer S., and Maureen J. MacDonald. "Influence of hormonal contraceptives on peripheral vascular function and structure in premenopausal females: a review." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 320, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): H77—H89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00614.2020.
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Hormonal contraceptives are one of the most widely used prescriptions for premenopausal women worldwide. Although the risk of venous and arterial cardiovascular events (e.g., deep vein thrombosis, arterial clotting) with hormonal contraceptives, specifically oral contraceptive pills, has been established, the literature on early risk indicators, such as peripheral vascular structure and function has yet to be consolidated. The purpose of this review is to summarize literature examining the impact of different hormonal contraceptives on vascular function and structure, including consideration of phasic differences within a contraceptive cycle, and to propose future directions for research. It is evident that hormonal contraceptive use appears to impact both macrovascular and microvascular endothelial function, with phasic differences in some contraceptive types dependent on progestin type, the ratio of ethinyl estradiol-to-progestin, and route of administration. However, hormonal contraceptives do not appear to impact smooth muscle function in the macrovasculature or microvasculature, arterial stiffness, or vascular structure. Underlying mechanisms for observed impacts and areas of future research are discussed. This review provides timely consolidation of research examining hormonal contraceptives and peripheral vascular function and structure and provides guidance on considerations for hormonal contraceptive use in study design.
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Cano Andrade, Ricardo Andres. "Legal-dogmatic controversies between civil law and criminal law: the case of the exercise of the right of possession in Colombia." Sociology International Journal 7, no. 4 (August 7, 2023): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/sij.2023.07.00343.
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Women’s unmet need of modern contraceptive in Cameroon has many gender specific health risks and development implications. This paper sought to examine the perceptions variation among men and women towards contraceptive use by employing a mixed method design to collect both quantitative and qualitative data from 248 participants using questionnaires and interview guides. The results showed that 86% of the participants had heard of contraceptives and a lesser proportion (8%) did not know the importance of contraceptives; 67% of respondents indicated that women were in greater need of contraceptives as opposed to 33 % who opined that men needed contraceptives and the relationship between gender perception and contraception use was statistically significant (p-value=0.04). This study contributes to the body of knowledge on contraceptive use and the predictors which may account for its weak uptake and the wide unmet need of contraceptives in African countries like Cameroon.
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Mbihbiih, Niying Roger. "Perception variation on contraceptive use in the Bamenda and Buea communities in Cameroon." Sociology International Journal 7, no. 4 (August 14, 2023): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/sij.2023.07.00344.
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Women’s unmet need of modern contraceptive in Cameroon has many gender specific health risks and development implications. This paper sought to examine the perceptions variation among men and women towards contraceptive use by employing a mixed method design to collect both quantitative and qualitative data from 248 participants using questionnaires and interview guides. The results showed that 86% of the participants had heard of contraceptives and a lesser proportion (8%) did not know the importance of contraceptives; 67% of respondents indicated that women were in greater need of contraceptives as opposed to 33 % who opined that men needed contraceptives and the relationship between gender perception and contraception use was statistically significant (p-value=0.04). This study contributes to the body of knowledge on contraceptive use and the predictors which may account for its weak uptake and the wide unmet need of contraceptives in African countries like Cameroon.
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Miwa, Linda J., Ann L. Edmunds, Mark S. Shaefer, and Stephen C. Raynor. "Idiopathic Thromboembolism Associated with Triphasic Oral Contraceptives." DICP 23, no. 10 (October 1989): 773–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808902301006.
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Oral contraceptives are one of the most effective and widely used of the reversible contraceptive methods. Thromboembolic disease associated with the use of oral contraceptives has been widely reported. In recent years, attempts to understand the pathogenesis of oral contraceptive-induced thromboembolic disease have found a correlation between larger estrogen doses and increased risk for a thrombotic event. Because the newer triphasic oral contraceptives provide effective contraception with a method of administration that mimics normal hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, some prescribers may infer that these products are associated with a decreased incidence of adverse effects over alternative oral contraceptives. We present two cases of idiopathic thromboembolism associated with the use of a triphasic oral contraceptive with a discussion of the proposed pathogenic mechanisms for these events.
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Usman, Reni Devianti, Nurfantri Nurfantri, and Maman Indrayana. "Tingkat Pemahaman Aseptor KB tentang Penggunaan Alat Kontrasepsi Hormonal." Health Information : Jurnal Penelitian 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36990/hijp.v9i1.112.
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The results of interviews conducted on mothers of hormonal contraceptive users in Lapulu Village working area of Abeli Care Center that they do not know what hormonal contraceptives are and do not know about the contraceptive methods they use in terms of Hormonal Contraceptives, Hormonal Contraceptive Advantages and Disadvantages, Indications and Contraindications of hormonal contraceptives. All they know is just how to delay pregnancy so that the distance of pregnancy is not too close to the low cost. This goal is to obtain a general overview of Family Planning Acceptance Knowledge about the use of hormonal contraceptives in Lapulu Village, Abeli Health Centre, Kendari. This type of research is a descriptive study with a sample of 49 people. The results of this study obtained respondents knowledge about the benefits of hormonal contraceptives obtained results as many as 23 people (46.94%) knowledge while knowledge is less than 26 people (53.06%) while respondents' knowledge of hormonal contraceptive side effects was 16 people (32.65%) knowledge is good while knowledge is less than 33 people (67.35%). Catatan PenerbitPolekkes Kemenkes Kendari menyatakan tetap netral sehubungan dengan klaim dari perspektif atau buah pikiran yang diterbitkan dan dari afiliasi institusional manapun.
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D Der, Amanda, Judith A Anaman-Torgbor, Veronica O Charles-Unadike, and Elvis E Tarkang. "Predictors of intention to use modern contraceptives among female senior secondary school students in the Kpando Municipality, Ghana." African Health Sciences 21, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 1375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i3.49.
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Background: Improving the reproductive health of young women in developing countries requires access to safe and effec- tive methods of fertility control. Volta Region records one of the highest prevalence of teenage pregnancy and adolescents aged 15-19 years are the least acceptors of contraceptives in the Region. Guided by the Theory of Planned Behaviour, this study determined predictors of intention to use modern contraceptives among female Senior Secondary School students in the Kpando Municipality, Ghana.
Method: A cross-sectional design was adopted, collecting data among a multistage sample of 270 participants, using a pre- tested self-administered questionnaire and analysing them using Stata software Version 16 at the 0.05 level of significance.
Results: The mean age of the respondents was 16.78 ± 1.31. About 40.2% of the sexually experienced participants used a modern contraceptive during ther first sexual encounter. However, the majority (69.3%) had the intention to use modern contraceptives. Regarding subjective norms, the majority of the significant others (63.0%) were not supportive of modern contraceptive use and more than half of the respondents (59.3%) had a positive attitude towards modern contraceptive use, while 54.1% perceived that they had control over modern contraceptive use. The majority (69.3%) had the intention to use modern contraceptives. Perceived behavioural control was the only significant predictor of the intention to use modern contraceptives [AOR= 9.80 (C.I: 5.11, 18.77); p< 0.001].
Conclusion: Interventions to increase the perception of control over contraceptive use is of the essence. This will help increase their intention to use modern contraceptives.
Keywords: Modern contraceptive use; theory of planned behaviour; senior secondary school students; Ghana; Kpando Municipality.
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Li, Li, Doanh Tran, Hao Zhu, Praveen Balimane, Gerald Willett, Ping Zhao, Stephen E. Gerrard, Kirsten M. Vogelsong, Yaning Wang, and Shirley K. Seo. "Use of Model-Informed Drug Development to Streamline Development of Long-Acting Products: Can These Successes Be Translated to Long-Acting Hormonal Contraceptives?" Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 61, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 745–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031120-015212.
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Long-acting contraceptives are the most effective reversible contraceptive methods. Increasing patients’ access to these contraceptives may translate into fewer unintended pregnancies and lead to substantial individual and public health benefits. However, development of long-acting products can be complex and challenging. This review provides ( a) an overview of representative development programs for long-acting antipsychotics as cases for conceptual translation to long-acting contraceptives, ( b) several case examples on how modeling and simulation have been used to streamline the development of long-acting products, and ( c) examples of challenges andopportunities in developing long-acting contraceptives and information on how exposure-response relationships of commonly used progestins may enable regulators and developers to rely on prior findings of effectiveness and safety from an approved contraceptive to streamline the development of long-acting contraceptives. The US Food and Drug Administration is seeking assistance from stakeholders to provide data from studies in which pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic or clinical outcomes of hormonal contraceptives were evaluated and not previously submitted.
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Yeboah Akonor, Paa, Martin A Ayanore, Judith A Anaman-Torgbor, and Elvis E Tarkang. "Psychosocial factors influencing contraceptive use among adolescent mothers in the Volta Region of Ghana: application of the Health Belief Model." African Health Sciences 21, no. 4 (December 14, 2021): 1849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i4.43.
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Background: Globally, complications arising from pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death among pregnant women aged 15 to 19 years. This study investigated the psychosocial factors influencing contraceptive use among adolescentmothers in the Volta Region using the Health Belief Model (HBM).Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 422 adolescent mothers. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the strength of association between the independent and the dependent variables at a p-value less than 0.05.Results: The prevalence of contraceptive use was 18.7%. Concerning perceived susceptibility, there was a significant association between contraceptive use and the perception of being at risk of pregnancy complications (p<0.001). Perceived barriers showed a significant association between fear of side-effects of contraceptives and contraceptive use (p=0.007). Concerning perceived self-efficacy, there was a significant association between contraceptive use and confidence to suggest to a partner to use contraceptives (p=0.003); confidence to ask for contraceptives from health facilities (p<0.001) and confidence to use contraceptives (p<0.001).Conclusion: Programmes to increase contraceptive use should aim at heightening the perception of risk of pregnancy complications, reduce barriers to contraceptive use and increase the skills in negotiating contraceptive use.
Keywords: Contraceptive use; Adolescent mothers; Health Belief Model; Volta Region; Ghana.
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Mukherjee, Saradiya, Bidhubhusan Mahapatra, and Niranjan Saggurti. "Why women do not use contraceptives: Exploring the role of male out-migration." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): e0249177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249177.
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Introduction Contextual understanding of reasons for non-use of contraceptives is key to devising family planning (FP) strategies. This study aimed to understand the reasons for non-use of contraceptives among women in the context of male out-migration. Methods Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in two high male out-migration districts in Bihar, namely Nawada and Gopalganj. Twenty-five FGDs were conducted with currently married women with migrant husbands, currently married men and Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) during April-June 2019. Data were analysed by using a thematic approach through Atlas.ti-6.2. Results The reasons for contraceptive non-use in areas with high male out-migration were complex, as this included barriers to contraceptive use unique to high-migration areas and reasons commonly found in other rural settings. Non-use of contraceptives among women with migrant husbands was mostly driven by lack of contraceptive preparedness before husband’s arrival, inability to procure contraceptives due to inaccessibility to health facilities and stigma to procure when husband was away. Other migration environment related factors included low ASHA outreach, myths and side effects of contraceptives, community fertility norms and poor spousal communications around FP. Conclusion The reasons for non-use of contraceptives are multifaceted, complex and interlinked. Exploration of these reasons in migration context suggest that FP programs in migration affected areas need to address a range of barriers to contraceptive use at multiple levels.
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Ibidunmoye, Abiola, and Titilayo Olaoye. "Psycho-Cognitive Factors that Influence Contraceptive Use among Married Men and Women in Akure South Local Government Area, Nigeria." CURRENT TRENDS IN LIFE SCIENCES RESEARCH 2, no. 1 (2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.61867/pcub.v2i1a.043.
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Background: Contraception is an important aspect of Public Health Worldwide however its prevalence in Nigeria is low (17%). Awareness of contraceptives is high in Nigeria, yet most women in their childbearing age do not use any form of contraceptives. This study investigated the psycho-cognitive factors that influence contraceptive use among married men and women in Akure South Local Government area (LGA), Nigeria. Methodology: This study used a cross sectional design to select 231 respondents through multi-stage sampling technique in five selected basic health centres in Akure South LGA. The study population was married men and women in Akure South LGA. Two hundred and thirty-seven questionnaires were administered however 231 questionnaires were properly filled giving a response rate of 97.46%. Results: Most of the males (60.8%) and females (73.2%) respondents had a good knowledge of contraceptives. Majority of the males (68.9%) and females (78.3%) respondents had a negative attitude towards the use of contraceptives. Majority of the males (70.3%) and females (81.5%) respondents had a high perception towards the use of contraceptive. There was no significant relationship (p >0.05) between psycho-cognitive factors and contraceptive use among the males (r = -.175, p = .137) and females (r =.085, p =.292) respondents. Conclusion: The use of contraceptives can be predicted by their attitudes. This study recommends, reproductive health intervention programs aimed at educating on the use of contraceptives should be done regularly to improve their attitude towards contraception. Keywords: Contraceptive, Psycho-Cognitive, Men, Women, Attitude
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Ara Nasreen, Shaikh Zinnat, Sabereen Huq, Saleheen Huq, and Safinaz Shahreen. "Adolescent Contraceptives." International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science 6, no. 08 (August 2, 2021): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol06-i08/1129.
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Adolescents contraceptive need to be the top most priority in the national policy to prevent the adolescent pregnancies and it’s adverse consequences. All the countries of the world should have their own national strategy liaison with global consensus regarding the Adolescent contraceptives. Global challenge is to tackle the adolescents Pregnancy. Contraceptives use is the answer. So adolescents should be the centrals to everything we want to achieve, and to the overall success of the 2030 SDG Agenda. Without Contraceptive “SDG achievement” is not possible. About 21 million 15-19 year old girls in developing countries become pregnant every year. Half of these pregnancies (49%) are unintended. If we are successful to implement contraceptives among the youngsters, adolescent’s pregnancy complications can be eliminated. But again this needs strong political motivation and hard work of health care providers. Health care team should design and deliver a Confidential, personalized, adolescent’s friendly service taking into account adolescent's psychosocial & sexual needs. Almost all methods of contraceptives are suitable for adolescents except few. After taking a comprehensive medical history & assessing risk factors counselling should be done for risks & benefits. Good & sensible communication with women, their husband or partner is important. It remains a critical aspect in empowering adolescents to make informed choices and only then adolescents will use contraceptives wholeheartedly.
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Wango, Nyagwegwe Chaulo, Denna Michael, and Namanya Basinda. "Perceived usefulness of Contraceptives among Married Individuals in Rorya District." International Journal of Social Work 9, no. 1 (July 3, 2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijsw.v9i1.19874.
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The increasing use of contraception methods worldwide has allowed couples to choose the number and spacing of their children. Despite impressive achievements, contraceptive use remains low while the need for contraception is high in some of the world's poorest and most populous places. Little is known about the factors contributing to the low utilisation of contraceptives in the Rorya district, particularly among married individuals where the prevalence of contraceptive use was only 28%. A qualitative design was used for six focus group discussions and six in-depth interviews conducted with married individuals to understand the perception of the use of contraceptives in the Rorya District. Respondents believe that contraception is important in reducing the number of pregnancies and improving health, as well as in limiting family size. Interviewees emphasised the need for more accessible outlets for contraceptives. Religious beliefs and myths about contraceptive side effects have been reported to influence contraceptive choice and use. Respondents are aware of the health benefits of contraception for themselves and their children. Limited access, Myth, and religious beliefs continue to influence contraceptive use. Strategies to improve contraceptive use should ensure the availability and accessibility of contraceptives and tailored BCC, especially in low uptake areas.
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Fareed, Perveena, Farhana Siraj, and Neha Mahajan. "Knowledge attitude and practice of contraceptives in married women in a tertiary care." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 9 (August 28, 2017): 4102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174069.
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Background: To estimate the knowledge, attitude and practice of contraception among women attending postpartum OPD.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynecology outpatient department Government medical college Srinagar. Sample size of 200 patients attending post-partum OPD were taken and questioned using a questionnaire. Questions were asked regarding age, educational status, parity, knowledge, practice of contraceptives and reasons for non-use of contraceptives.Results: 63% of patients were aware of any contraceptive. Among contraceptives most common known contraceptive was OCP’s (62%) followed by female sterilization (52%) and Intrauterine devices (51%). Only 21% were aware of male sterilization. Implants were known to only 5% of patients. Awareness of emergency contraceptives was seen in only 18.5% of patients. Among patients having awareness of contraceptives most common used method was OCP’s (73%) followed by barrier, IUD’s (48%) and injectable (44%).Conclusions: The study highlights that awareness does not always lead to the use of contraceptives. A lot of educational and motivational activities and improvement in family planning services are needed to promote the use of contraceptives and reduce the high fertility rate.
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Andeskebtso, Adaki Yohanna. "Modern Contraceptive Use and Associated Factors In USSA Local Government Area Of Taraba State, Nigeria." Journal of Healthcare and Biomedical Science 1, no. 2 (June 29, 2023): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/jhbs.v1i2.1594.
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With the high rate of unintended pregnancy in the world, encouraging the use of contraceptives has become necessary. However, there are factors that may influence whether a woman agrees to use contraceptives or not. Thus, this study assessed the factors that determine the use of contraceptives among women in Ussa Local Government Area of Taraba State. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the effect of cultural beliefs, socioeconomic status, attitude of conceptive providers, education level and shortages of contraceptives on the use of modern contraceptives in Ussa Local Government Area of Taraba State. The study employed literature-based analysis and found out that level of education, cultural beliefs and practices, shortages of health facilities, attitude of contraceptive providers, sex education, socioeconomic status play major role in determining women’s use of contraceptives among women in Ussa Local Government Area of Taraba State. The paper recommended that, there should be an increase supply contraceptive in all places timely and optimally through involving voluntary, religious and private health facilities in provision to ensure availability.
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MARTIN, Daniel, and Kirsty ELLIOTT-SALE. "A perspective on current research investigating the effects of hormonal contraceptives on determinants of female athlete performance." Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 30, no. 4 (December 2016): 1087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-55092016000401087.
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Abstract Hormonal contraceptives are used by approximately half of female athletes and may affect athletic performance as a result of their action on the endogenous hormonal milieu. In athletes, hormonal contraceptive use appears to have little effect on body composition, however further studies are needed assessing progestin-only contraceptives as they may have a negative effect in the general population. The type of progestin contained within the contraceptive may influence the anabolic response of muscle to loading although this relationship is complex as it may be due to either direct or indirect effects of exogenous hormones on protein synthesis and satellite cell proliferation. The altered hormonal milieu in hormonal contraceptive users has predominately been shown to have no effect on muscle strength and whilst maximal oxygen uptake is sometimes reduced, this does not translate into measures of performance. The majority of previous research has used cross-sectional designs and/or grouped together different types and brands of hormonal contraceptives and little research has been conducted on progestin-only contraceptives in athletes. Future research should use prospective, randomised-controlled designs to assess the effects of all types of hormonal contraceptives on athletic performance in females.
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Andreeva, Elena N., Ekaterina V. Sheremetyeva, and Vera N. Prilepskaya. "National medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use 2023: focus on women's reproductive health: A review." Gynecology 25, no. 2 (July 14, 2023): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2023.2.202236.
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Reproductive health care involves helping families in this area with the provision of the necessary information. This is recognized as a key step in improving the health of men, women and children and is a fundamental human right. Everyone has the right to have access to a correct understanding of reproductive health care, choice of contraceptive method and the opportunity to benefit from scientific progress in this area. Over the past 35 years, significant progress has been made in the development of new contraceptives: the content of hormones in combined oral contraceptives has significantly decreased, inert intrauterine contraceptives have been replaced by more progressive, levonorgestrel-containing ones including low-dose generation. Combined hormonal compounds were synthesized in the form of injections, patches and vaginal rings, progestogen implantable and injectable contraceptives. Women who use contraceptives must take into account the state of health (including the presence of endocrine pathology) in order to use them without harm to their health. Based on the World Health Organization Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Methods 2015, the Russian Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Methods 2023 is designed to become an important tool in daily practice of doctors.
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Mukni, Mukni. "IMPLANTS AND INJECTIONS ARE FAVORITE CONTRACEPTION TOOLS IN SUMATERA SELATAN." Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25311/keskom.vol5.iss3.383.
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Background: The choice of contraception by family planning acceptors greatly determines the success rate of the family planning program, because not all contraceptives are suitable for someone. This study aims to determine what types of contraceptives chosen by family planning acceptors and whether there is a relationship between the selection of contraceptives there is a relationship with the poverty level in the District / City in South Sumatra in 2015, 2016 and 2017. The source of data obtained from the Provincial BPS South Sumatra. Methodology: This study uses a descriptive approach with a simple linear regression analysis method. Results: The results of the analysis were grouped into two, first long-term contraception method KB IUD, MOW, MOP and implants, both short-term contraceptive methods namely injection KB, pill and condom from 17 regencies / cities in South Sumatra. Conclusion: contraception devices that are mostly chosen by long-term contraceptive methods are implants (10000-35000) or 10-20 times larger than other contraceptives. Short-term contraceptive methods are injections, (7700 - 76000) or 5-7 times greater than other contraceptives. From the simple linear regression analysis it turns out that the relationship of long-term contraceptive selection by acceptors with the poverty level is R² = 0.7382 and the short-term method R² = 0.9223. District / City Governments in South Sumatra should provide alokon (contraceptive devices and drugs) in accordance with the type and amount in the field to be on target
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Pokharel, Yagya Raj, Shaluja Pokharel, and Bharat Kumar Shrestha. "Assessment of knowledge towards emergency contraceptives among college students in Ramechhap district of Nepal." Journal of General Practice and Emergency Medicine of Nepal 9, no. 14 (December 30, 2022): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.59284/jgpeman8.
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Introduction: A high rate of unintended pregnancy exists among college students as they belong to the sexually active age group. So, it is significant to know the knowledge of college students regarding emergency contraceptives.
Objectives: To assess the knowledge of students towards Emergency Contraceptives and to identify the association between male and female students towards knowledge of emergency contraceptives.
Method: An online survey in Ramechhap district among college students studying in bachelor’s and master’s level was conducted from March 15, 2022 to April 10, 2022 where total of 169 students participated. Non parametric test was used to find the result of the objectives.
Result: The study showed that 83.4% students had the knowledge of Emergency Contraceptive pills and 59.2% of students first heard about such pills in the last 5 Years. Among them 79.9% of students knew where to get Emergency Contraceptive pills, 24.2% of students know the Emergency Contraceptive pills works if there is menstrual delay. Only 56.9% of students know the time to take Emergency Contraceptives pills after unprotected sexual intercourse and 46.7% of students know that the Emergency Contraceptive pill is not used for regular contraception. Only 49.1% of students know the right number of tablets that needs to be consumed after unprotected intercourse.
Conclusion: Majority of the students are aware of the Emergency Contraceptive pills however they have limited understanding about it. In comparison to female students, male had better understanding about Emergency Contraceptives.
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Nair, Smitha S., and Rajesh Kalarivayil. "“Saved a Generation”." Asian Journal of Social Science 45, no. 1-2 (2017): 126–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04501006.
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The last three decades have witnessed campaigns in India by the women’s health movement against provider-controlled contraceptives, i.e., long-acting contraceptives, non-surgical sterilisation and anti-fertility vaccines. These campaigns are examined to understand and analyse the engagement of women’s groups with contraceptive technology in opposing the entry of these contraceptives into the Family Planning Programme (FPP) of the country. The rise of social movements challenging scientific knowledge and scientific institutions is attributed to the “scientisation” of politics; however, we argue that the politicisation of contraceptive technology and its research was the result of women’s collective action in India. The paper explores collective action strategies and intersecting frames of overpopulation, development and technology used by women’s groups to consistently oppose the provider-controlled contraceptives from entering the FPP of the country. The paper uses the internal documents of women’s organisations, media reports and personal interviews to explore the engagement of women’s collective action with contraceptive technologies.
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SZUHAN, NATASHA. "Sex in the laboratory: the Family Planning Association and contraceptive science in Britain, 1929–1959." British Journal for the History of Science 51, no. 3 (June 28, 2018): 487–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087418000481.
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AbstractScientific and medical contraceptive standards are commonly believed to have begun with the advent of the oral contraceptive pill in the late 1950s. This article explains that in Britain contraceptive standards were imagined and implemented at least two decades earlier by the Family Planning Association, which sought to legitimize contraceptive methods, practice and provision through the foundation of the field of contraceptive science. This article charts the origins of the field, investigating the three methods the association devised and employed to achieve its goal of effecting contraceptive regulation. This was through the development of standardized methods to assess spermicidal efficacy; the establishment of quality, strength and manufacturing standards for rubber prophylactics; and the institution of animal trials to ensure the safety of specific contraceptives. The association publicized the results of its scientific testing on proprietary contraceptives in its annual Approved List of contraceptives. This provided doctors and chemists with a definitive register of safe and effective methods to prescribe.
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Akpoti, Okehi O., Abiodun J. Kareem, Adesola O. Kareem, Ayodele Y. Ogunromo, Oluwatosin T. Owoeye-Lawal, Liasu A. Ahmed, Akintunde O. Akinyugha, et al. "Demand for modern contraceptives and use among women of reproductive age in north central Nigeria." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 10, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 958–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20230607.
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Background: The maternal mortality rate in north central Nigeria remained unacceptably high and the use of modern contraceptives among women of reproductive age in north central Nigeria may be a way of reducing maternal death. The study aimed to determine the contraceptive uptake among women of reproductive age in north central Nigeria and the factors that influence the use of contraceptives. Methods: The study was a secondary analysis of 2018 national demographic and household survey data. Data were abstracted for women of reproductive age 15-49 years across seven states in Nigeria. Results: The level of awareness of modern contraceptives was 91.6% while the modern contraceptive prevalence rate was 38.8% and current contraceptive prevalence use was 53.4%. The main source of information was radio 298 (22.4%) and the most common contraceptive used was implants 81 (29.3%) followed by hormonal contraceptive injections 77 (27.4%). The factors associated with the use of contraceptives include the age of the women, religion, level of education, number of children ever born, and partners’ opinion (p=0.001). The proportion of women who oppose contraceptive use was significantly higher (χ2=4.732, p=0.030). Similarly, the proportion of women whose husbands/partners opposed contraceptive use was significantly higher (χ2=8.589, p=0.003, OR=3.2). Conclusions: The prevalence of contraceptive use is low in north-central Nigeria despite the high level of awareness. There is a need to involve the women’s partner to increase the uptake of contraceptive use.
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Rahman, Jahanara, Nasreen Sultana, Khadiza Nazneen, Farhana Wahab, Feroza Wazed, and Hosne Ara Begum. "Pattern of contraceptive use among women of different ages: a hospital based study." Journal of Dhaka Medical College 23, no. 1 (March 26, 2015): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v23i1.22704.
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Background: Contraceptives not only prevent unplanned pregnancy but also enhance the quality of life. Choice of contraceptive varies from person to person. Objectives: To observe the type of contraceptive chosen by women, to determine the sociodemographic status of women sought contraceptive and to detect the pattern of contraceptive selection by women of different age. Methods: It was a cross sectional, observational, descriptive type of study performed at Family Planning Unit of Dhaka National Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, between May 2005 and April 2006. No sampling technique was applied in the study. All clients sought contraceptive methods were recruited for the study purposively. A total 3392 respondents was included in the study. The socio-demographic status and obstetrical history and choice of contraceptives of the clients were recorded and data were analysed. Results: Age of the clients ranges between 16 to 49 years. Among the respondents 95.43% were parous. The educational status showed 44.30% were illiterate and 48.23%, 5.02% 2.41% has got primary, secondary, higher secondary and above education respectively. Among the available methods of contraceptives of this Family Planning Unit, Injectable Depot Medroxy Progesterone Acetate (DMPA) and Combined Oral Contraceptive (COC) pill were chosen by 50.65% (n= 1718) and 40.60% (n=1379) of respondents respectively. Intrauterine contraceptive Device (IUCD) and barrier method was chosen by 4.75% (n=160) and 3.98% (n=135) respondents respectively. It was observed that highest number of the clients was between the age 25 and 34 years. They were found at the top of using each type of contraceptive. The study reveals that a few older women (n=21) sought contraceptives and their choice of contraceptives were confined to COC and Barrier method only. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v23i1.22704 J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 23, No.1, April, 2014, Page 109-113
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Bousser, M.-G., and S. J. Kittner. "Oral Contraceptives and Stroke." Cephalalgia 20, no. 3 (April 2000): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2000.00040.x.
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Since 1962, more than 25 studies have been devoted to the relationship between oral contraceptives and stroke. They are all case-control or cohort epidemiological studies and thus contain the difficulties and biases that are inherent in these types of studies. The following conclusions can be drawn from these studies: High oestrogen content (≥ 50 μg) increases the risk of stroke, all stroke subtypes, and stroke death. Low oestrogen content (< 50 μg) carries a very low or no risk of stroke. There are no data on progestogen only oral contraceptives. Stroke risk is greatly increased if associated risk factors are present, in particular hypertension, cigarette smoking and migraine. Oral contraceptives, even at low doses, significantly increase the risk of cerebral venous thrombosis, which is further enhanced if congenital thrombophilia is present. The attributable risk of stroke in young women using oral contraceptives is about 1 per 200 000 woman-years. The contraceptive and non-contraceptive benefits of low dose oral contraceptives vastly outweigh their risks provided that other risk factors are absent or well controlled.
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Zafreen, Farzana, Md Abdul Wahab, Md Abdur Razzak, and Md Habibur Rahman. "Pattern of Contraceptive Used by Tribal Couples of Chattogram Hill Tract." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 15, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v15i2.50825.
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Introduction: Chattogram hill tract is the least economically developed area of Bangladesh where, education and health care facilities are hard to reach. Pattern of contraceptive use depends on couples’ socio-cultural, education and economic condition.
Objective: To find out the pattern of contraceptive used by selected tribal couples of Guimara Upazila of Khagrachari District.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2016 to March 2017 on 145 married women age ranging from 15 to 45 years reported to outpatient department of Border Guard Hospital, Guimara, Khagrachari were selected purposively after informed written consent. All the necessary data were collected in a pretested structured questionnaire by face to face interview.
Results: Among the 145 respondents highest 50.3% was in age group of 15-25 years. Respondents’ ethnicity was Marma 37.9%, Tripura 38.6% and Chakma 23.5%. Majority 52.4% of the respondents’ profession was farming, 68.3% was illiterate and 55.9% had monthly family income less than five thousand Taka. Only 39.3% respondents were using various types of contraceptives. Among the ethnic groups 47.1 Chakma, 39.3% Tripura and 34.5% Marma respondents were using contraceptives. Among the contraceptive user, 93% were using temporary methods and only 7% using permanent methods. Among the contraceptives users oral contraceptive pill (OCP) was highest 56.1% followed by condom 15.8% and injectable 8.8%. Respondents got information about contraceptives mostly from family planning workers 50.9% followed by relatives 19.3%.
Conclusion: Majority of the tribal couple of this study population were not using any contraceptives. Those couple were using contraceptives among them OCP was most common. Appropriate measure should be taken to increase the contraceptive use rate by tribal couples of Chattogram Hill Tracts.
JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 15, No 2 (December) 2019: 158-160
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E, Fente, A., Aduema, W, Oranu, E, Ordinioha, B, and Bunu, M. E. "Contraceptive Use and Its Associated Factors among Women of Reproductive Age in Opu-Nembe, Bayelsa State." Saudi Journal of Medicine 8, no. 09 (September 3, 2023): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjm.2023.v08i09.003.
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Contraception usage continues to be an important public health intervention that is hindered in the majority of low- and middle-income nations, including Nigeria, for a variety of reasons. This research aims at determining the contraceptive usage and related factors in Nembe, Bayelsa State. A descriptive survey design was employed to determine usage of contraception and its related factors among women of child bearing age in the local government area.Result showed that out of the total number of respondents (n = 398), 152(38.2%) have used modern contraceptive methods while 246(61.8%) have not. Among the respondents, only 76(19.1%) are currently using modern contraceptives while majority of the participants 322(80.9%) are currently not using any form of contraceptive. 42(10.6%) currently use male condom, 18(4.5%) use oral pills, 8(2.0%) use implants, 7(1.8%) use injectables, 1(0.3%) use IUD while 322(80.9%) use none. 50(12.6%) always use contraceptives, 8(2.0%) occasional use, 18(4.5%) rarely use while 322(80.9%) use none; 57(14.3%) used contraceptives to prevent pregnancy, 32(8.0%) use it to prevent sexually transmitted disease and pregnancy, 14(3.5%) to prevent sexually transmitted disease, 13(3.3%) to ensure child spacing while 282(70.9%) did not state any reason for not using. Binary logistic regression shows that the lower the knowledge of contraceptives, the less likely females of childbearing age will utilize modern contraceptives in Nembe, Bayelsa State and there was a statistically significant relationship between knowledge and usage of modern contraceptives (P = <0.001) at 95% Confidence Interval.The poor use of contraceptives is worrisome and there is therefore urgent need to design and significantly increase social and behavioral modification interventions and strengthen systems to encourage the usage of contraceptives for an improved maternal and child health outcomes amongst other benefits.
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Saheem, Mirwais, Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai, Najeeb Rahimy, Najibullah Fazli, Ghulam Mohydin Mudasir, and Hadia Sayam. "Factors Associated with Modern Contraceptive Use among Married Women Attending Comprehensive Health Centers (CHCs) in Kandahar, Afghanistan." International Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2021 (April 6, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6688459.
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Background. Modern contraceptives are highly effective and reliable methods of preventing unintended pregnancies and reducing maternal deaths. Only 22 percent of currently married women use modern methods of contraceptives in Afghanistan. This study assessed the factors associated with modern contraceptive use among married women attending comprehensive health centers (CHCs) in Kandahar Province. Methods. This was an institution-based cross-sectional study that included 325 married women who attended randomly selected comprehensive health clinics in Kandahar between September and October 2019. The total sample size was allocated proportionally to selected health clinics based on the recent 3-month average patients load. We used a consecutive sampling method to select study participants. Data were collected in a structured questionnaire, which included information on respondents’ demographic, socioeconomic, reproductive, and contraceptive experiences. Data was analyzed using SPSS 21.00 statistical software. We used descriptive statistics such as tables and proportions to present data. Binary and multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out to determine factors associated with modern contraceptive use. Results. Out of 325 married women, 127 used modern contraceptives with a prevalence of 39.1% ( 95 % CI = 33.7 % –44.6%). The results indicated that the area of residence ( AOR = 2.61 , 95% CI 1.43-4.78) and ever use of contraceptives ( AOR = 14.92 , 95% CI 6.88-32.34) are associated with modern contraceptive use among married women attending comprehensive health centers in Kandahar. Conclusion. This study found that modern contraceptive use was higher than reported on the national level. The most persistent factors associated with modern contraceptive use in this study were urban residence and ever use of contraceptives. As a policy measure, family planning programs should be prompted to the rural residency in Kandahar Province.
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Fehintola, FO, NE Okoro, DO Adedibu, KA Adeniyi, CL Adeniyi, and OE Folorunso. "Predictors of Willingness to Use Modern Contraceptives among female undergraduate students in a tertiary institution in Nigeria: The Health Belief Approach." Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care 34, no. 3 (December 8, 2022): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jcmphc.v34i3.12.
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Background: More than half of unintended pregnancies in Nigeria end in induced abortion. Unsafe abortion from unintended pregnancies contributes significantly to maternal mortality in Nigeria. Modern contraceptives have proven useful in preventing unintended pregnancy. The health belief model is a comprehensive tool that can be used to predict contraceptive behaviour. It provides a theoretical framework that gives better understanding of how individual beliefs affect contraceptive behaviour. This study determined the predictors of willingness to use modern contraceptives among female undergraduates of Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife from the perspective of the health belief model.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 female undergraduates selected by multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using pretested self-administered questionnaire and analysed using IBM SPSS Version 25. Chi square test was used for association while logistic regression was used to determine the predictors. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The mean age of respondents was 21.4±2.4 years. The prevalence of modern contraceptive use was 9.2%. Majority of the respondents 268 (79.3%) were willing to use contraceptives. The most commonly used modern contraceptive was oral pills 289 (68.5%). Perceived benefit (AOR=0.32, 95%CI=0.17-0.63, p=0.001), perceived severity (AOR=0.48, 95%CI=0.44-0.89, p=0.004) and perceived self-efficacy (AOR=0.41, 95%CI=0.22-0.78, p=0.006) were predictors of willingness to contraceptive use.
Conclusion: Although willingness to use modern contraceptives was high, the actual use of contraceptives was low. Health education programs and improvement of access to different contraceptive methods can improve un-met need for contraception among respondents.
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Dovletkhanova, E. R., and V. N. Prilepskaya. "Estradiol valerate and dienogest in hormonal contraception. Acceptability and effectiveness in real clinical practice." Medical Council, no. 13 (September 25, 2018): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2018-13-34-38.
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The combined hormonal contraceptives are now one of the most effective methods of preventing unwanted pregnancies. They provide high contraceptive reliability, accessibility and ease of use, reversibility of effects, safety of use. Modern hormonal contraceptives provide additional therapeutic and prophylactic effects in various conditions. A new combined oral contraceptive Qlaira® was developed in the course of thorough scientific studies. The article presents the experience in using a combined hormonal contraceptive containing estradiol valerate and dienogest – Qlaira® (E2V/DNG). The observations showed high contraceptive effectiveness, acceptability and tolerability.
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Thwala, Ncamsile, Lucy Fernandes, and Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju. "Contraceptive use among people living with HIV and AIDS from selected communities in Siteki, Eswatini." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 6, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v6i1.1146.
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Eswatini is among the countries with the highest prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) with a prevalence of 26% among sexually active adults. Strong reproductive health services including the use and provision of contraceptives are necessary to improve sexual health especially with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA). The study aimed to determine the socio-demographic characteristics, the preferred types of contraceptives, experiences with contraceptive use and the factors that influenced access to contraceptives for PLWHA in the selected communities. This quantitative survey used a structured, self-administered questionnaire to collect data from PLWHA aged 21-49 who are registered in support groups with the Swaziland AIDS Support Organization (SASO). The findings revealed that 82.3% of the respondents were using contraceptives and among these 69% were using barrier methods that could prevent both pregnancy and HIV infection. There were 11% of the respondents who did not desire to have children but were not using contraceptives. Generally, knowledge of contraceptive use was high and all the respondents knew that they must use condoms or dual methods to ensure safer sex and the prevention of a pregnancy. The findings of this study should assist health promoters in designing and implementing interventions that would address the barriers to contraceptive use among PLWHA.
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Ihsan, Kms Al Fathur, Syahril Jamil, and Sandy Wijaya. "HAK MEMILIH ALAT KONTRASEPSI PERSPEKTIF GENDER DAN HUKUM ISLAM." Usroh: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 5, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/ujhki.v5i1.9135.
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Using of the contraceptives in household cases between husband and wife is still a gender gap, as the impact of contraceptive use causes some repercussions for some womenFrom this background, the writer formulates the problem as follows: What are the obstacles in choosing contraceptives for married couples from a gender perspective? What is the perspective of Islamic law on the right to choose contraceptives for married couples. The research method is normative research. Data collection is carried out by a library process, namely through research originating from laws and regulations, books, official documents, publications, and research results, the data is analyzed descriptively qualitatively, then conclusions are drawn using the deductive method, namely drawing conclusions from general to specific. The obstacle in choosing contraceptives was due to the inappropriate number of contraceptives for men and women, namely two versus five. Program policy makers were not yet gender sensitive and women did not have the power to decide contraceptive methods, resulting in dependence on husband's decisions. The perspective of Islamic law on the right to choose contraception is permissible as long as it has the motivation to regulate the birth spacing in order to create a sakinah mawaddah warahmah family Keywords: Keluarga Berencana, Contraceptive Devices, Islamic Law
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Chakrapani, Venkatesan, Trace Kershaw, Murali Shunmugam, Peter A. Newman, Deborah H. Cornman, and Robert Dubrow. "Prevalence of and Barriers to Dual-Contraceptive Methods Use among Married Men and Women Living with HIV in India." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/376432.
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Objective. To describe the prevalence and correlates of dual-contraceptive methods use (condomsandaneffectivepregnancy prevention method) and barriers to their use among married persons living with HIV (PLHIV) in India.Methods. We conducted a quantitative survey (93 men, 97 women), 25 in-depth interviews, seven focus groups, and five key informant interviews.Results. Prevalence of dual- contraceptive method use increased from 5% before HIV diagnosis to 23% after diagnosis (P < 0.001). Condoms were the most common contraceptive method, with prevalence increasing from 13% before diagnosis to 92% after diagnosis (P < 0.001). Barriers to using noncondom contraceptives were lack of discussion about noncondom contraceptives by health care providers, lack of acceptability of noncondom contraceptives among PLHIV, and lack of involvement of husbands in family planning counseling.Conclusion. There is a need for interventions, including training of health care providers, to increase dual-contraceptive methods use among married PLHIV.
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Agoro, Eni-yimini Solomon, George Simeon Gborienemi, and Peter Waibode Alabrah. "Assessment of pituitary and ovarian function in women receiving modern hormonal contraception." International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research 9, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcbr.2022.032.
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Hormonal contraceptives induce changes in the hypothalo-pituitary-ovarian loop and this eventually results in their therapeutic effects. The study aimed to investigate the level of changes induced in the pituitary gland and the ovary by hormonal contraceptive agents. The sample size was 200. One hundred and fifty (150) women desirous of contraception who met the World Health Organization medical eligibility criteria were enlisted and equally divided into 3 groups, those on: (A) combine oral contraceptive pill containing levonorgestrel 0.15mg and ethinyloestradiol 0.03mg, (B) injectables of progesterone-only containing depo medroxyprogesterone acetate 150mg, (C) long-acting and contraceptive made up of progesterone alone containing 68mg of etonogestrel (Implanon) while the remaining 50 served as control (D). All data collected were analyzed using SPSS 23. Hormonal contraceptive administration resulted in reduced secretion of the gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) from the pituitary gland in all the hormonal contraceptives employed in the study ( = 0.000). There was also reduced serum levels of estrogens ( = 0.001) and progesterone ( = 0.000) when compared with the controls. There were increased serum levels of prolactin with the hormonal contraceptives ( = 0.000) when compared. With the administration of hormonal contraceptives, there were no luteinizing hormone peak and no rise in serum progesterone concentration in the luteal phase in the women on hormonal contraceptives. This reflects that ovarian follicular development was stalled and ovulation was inhibited. There was also an elevation in serum prolactin level.
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Kaeser, Lisa, Jacqueline Darroch Forrest, and Allan Rosenfield. "Contraceptives: On Their Own." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 8, no. 4 (1992): 658–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230000235x.
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AbstractDespite the need for more safe and effective contraceptive drugs and devices, enormous barriers to contraceptive research and development have been raised in the United States. The designation of contraceptives as orphan drugs, with concomitant incentives, may be warranted to encourage private manufacturers to reenter the field.
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Peter-Kio, Opirite Boma,. "Knowledge, Attitude and Male Involvement in Family Planning as Predictors to Contraceptive use in Kalabari Communities in Rivers State, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Medicine and Health 21, no. 6 (April 4, 2023): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajmah/2023/v21i6821.
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This study focused on Knowledge, Attitude and Male involvement in family planning as predictors to contraceptive use in Kalabari communities of Rivers State. The descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted for the study. A 2-staged sampling technique was used to select four hundred and forty participants. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.70. Analysis was done using simple percentage, mean and standard deviation, and binary logistic regression. The finding of this study showed that overall 48.6% are knowledgeable about contraceptives while more than half (51.1%) were not knowledgeable; majority (92.7%) had positive attitude towards contraceptive use while 7.3% had negative attitude towards contraceptive use; and 2.2% were highly involved in family planning while 97.8% had low involvement. The finding of this study on contraceptive utilization showed that 68.6% have ever used contraceptive while 61.2% currently use contraceptives and methods currently used include daily pills (35.2%), condom (22.5%), withdrawal (16.5%), postinor (13.1%), diaphragm (4.7%), implants (4.5%) and injectable (3.2%). The tested hypotheses showed a significant relationship between knowledge of family planning and the use of contraceptives and respondents who had knowledge were 2.63 times less likely to use contraceptive compared to those who were not knowledgeable (OR=0.38, 95%CI: 0.24-0.61). A significant relationship was also found between male involvement in family planning and the use of contraceptives and those who were involved in family planning were 1.98 times less likely to use contraceptive compared to those who were not involved (OR=0.505, 95%CI: 0.000). However, attitude towards family planning was not found to be significantly related to contraceptive use ( = 3.11, df = 1, p-value = 0.076). It was concluded that knowledge of contraceptives was not universal, male involvement in family planning is very low and the attitude individuals have in most cases does not translate to practice. There is therefore the need for public health practitioners and other Non-governmental Organizations to sustain efforts to raise awareness and motivation for proper contraceptive use.
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Amin, Ruhul, A. G. Mariam, and Rashid Faruqee. "Trends and Differentials in Knowledge, Ever Use, Current Use, and Future Intended Use of Contraceptives in Rural Bangladesh: Evidence from Three Surveys." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i2pp.201-214.
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The study examines the trends and differentials in knowledge, ever .use, current use, and future intended use of contraceptives in rural Bangladesh. Using data from three national-level surveys between 1968 and 1977, the study finds that there had been an increase in contraceptive knowledge, ever use, current use, and future intended use over the years. Although estimated logit regression models indicated that more educated women and women having higher parity were significantly more likely to adopt or to intend to adopt contraceptives in the future, other socio-economic indicators such as regional development or non-agricultural occupations did not lead to higher contraceptive use or future intended use of contraceptives. Somewhat similar levels of differences in ever, current, and future intended use of contraceptives among socio-economic groups persisted over the years. Implications of these findings are discussed in the paper.
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Kirana, Kirana, and Haerawati Idris. "Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Use Among Married Women in Indonesia Urban." Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat 13, no. 1 (April 22, 2022): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26553/jikm.2022.13.1.85-96.
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The use of contraceptives in Indonesia among married women has tended to be stagnant in the last 3 years. Indonesia's 2017 demographic and health survey report reports that the prevalence of modern contraceptive use was lower among women in urban areas (59%) than in rural areas (55%). This study aims to analyze the determinant of modern contraceptive use in married women in Indonesian urban. This study is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. We used secondary data from Indonesia Health and Demographics Survey 2017. The population of this study was married women. We got a sample was 15,520 respondents. We analyze the predictor of modern contraceptive use by using logistic regression. Respondents using modern contraceptives were 53.5%. Age, education level, number of living children, number of ideal children, employment status, economic status, and region have a significant association with modern contraceptive use in Indonesian urban. The most dominant factor associated with modern contraceptive use is the number of living children >2 children. Proper dissemination of information on the use of modern contraceptives needs to be expanded to increase contraceptive use.
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Pandey, S., S. KARKI, and A. Pradhan. "Practice of contraceptives." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 31, no. 3 (December 31, 2009): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.59779/jiomnepal.397.
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Introduction: Over the past decades fertility rate have surprisingly been stagnated demanding further research on the ways it reduces rate to a level appropriate for healthy population. Considering the status of male in developing countries like Nepal, it is believed that men play vital role in achieving success in this sector. Therefore this study was done to find out the knowledge and practice of contraceptives among married males of Makwanpur, Nepal. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. Data were collected from the 387 respondents by personal interview using semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Mean age of the respondents was 34.48 years. Most of the respondents knew at least four contraceptive methods. There is a strong relationship between knowledge and the use of contraceptives with the level of education and economic status having a direct impact. The attitude of male respondents to share responsibility for promotion of contraceptive was found to be positive. Conclusions: Almost majority agree that the responsibility for contraception should shared by both partner, but use of contraceptive methods among men is still low. This study recommended in depth action research to promote male contraceptive methods and priority for service delivery program in Nepal.
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Assis, Maisa Martins Quirilos, Pollyana Linhares Sala, Ana Caroline Soares Ceranto, Talita Bianchin Borges, Arthur Venicius Sbaraini Leitzke, Salviano Tramontim Belettini, André Giarola Boscarato, and Ana Maria Quessada. "Macroscopic changes in the mammary glands of healthy cats after progestogen administration." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 44, no. 3 (August 14, 2023): 1059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n3p1059.
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The administration of contraceptives in female cats leads to problems such as pyometra, fetal maceration, mammary hyperplasia, and mammary neoplasms. Among the diseases caused by contraceptives, mammary hyperplasia has only been diagnosed in felines. However, few experimental studies have shown that contraceptive administration can cause feline mammary hyperplasia. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the administration of a single dose of contraceptives in the mammary glands of healthy cats. Twenty cat owners who had administered contraceptives to female cats were selected. Animals were divided into two groups. Contraceptives were administered to cats in the first group, and saline solution was administered to cats in the other group (control). Before drug administration, all cats were clinically examined. Anamnesis, physical examination, blood count, biochemical tests, and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. Thirty days after the administration of contraceptives, all cats were examined, and the examinations were repeated. At 30 days, no changes were observed in the blood count or ultrasound findings. However, upon physical examination, all cats that received contraceptives showed generalized enlargement of their mammary glands. Cats in the control group were clinically normal. Ninety days after the procedure, the cats underwent an ovariohysterectomy. At that time, all cats were clinically normal and mammary enlargement regressed. It was concluded that a single contraceptive application could cause macroscopic mammary changes suggestive of hyperplasia in ten cats.
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Whalen, Karen L., and Renee Rose. "Estradiol Valerate/Dienogest: A Novel Oral Contraceptive." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 45, no. 10 (September 13, 2011): 1256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1q216.
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Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of the new oral contraceptive estradiol valerate/dienogest. Data Sources: Searches of PubMed (1966-July 2011) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-July 2011) were conducted using the key words estradiol valerate, dienogest, Natazia, and Olaira. Bibliographies of retrieved articles were reviewed to identify additional références. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All identified studies published in English and involving efficacy and safety of estradiol valerate/dienogest as an oral contraceptive were reviewed. Data Synthesis: Estradiol valerate/dienogest is a 4-phasic oral contraceptive approved for the prevention of pregnancy. The 4-phasic design allows for acceptable cycle control with this hormonal combination. In efficacy trials of estradiol valerate/dienogest in women aged 18–35 years, the Pearl Index ranged from 0.40 to 1.64, a range comparable to that of other combination oral contraceptives. The safety profile was also similar to that of other oral contraceptives, with headache, metrorrhagia, breast tenderness, nausea or vomiting, acne, and weight gain reported as the most common adverse effects. Menstrual bleeding patterns and cycle control with estradiol valerate/dienogest were comparable to those of a monophasic oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel. Estradiol valerate/dienogest differs from other oral contraceptives in that il necessitates more stringent dosing guidelines for maximum contraceptive efficacy. New starts should be on the first day of menses only, and a back-up method of contraception is required for the first 9 days, as compared to 7 days with other oral contraceptives. Back-up contraception is usually required for any pill taken more than 12 hours later than scheduled. Conclusions: Estradiol valerate/dienogest is an effective oral contraceptive. Because it has more stringent start times and requires a longer duration of back-up contraception and stricter adherence, estradiol valerate/dienogest should be reserved for patients who are intolerant of other combination oral contraceptives.
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Masudi, Mohammad, and Sayed Naeem Alami. "A Review of Contraceptive Prevalence Rates in Afghanistan." Jami Scientific Research Quarterly Journal 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.61438/jsrqj.v8i2.24.
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Background and Objective: Family planning programs and the use of contraceptives are among the priorities of maternal and child health. Adequate information about the prevalence of family planning programs and contraceptive use in Afghanistan is not readily available. This review attempts to provide an appropriate perspective on the prevalence rates of contraceptive use based on existing data and suggests practical measures to improve the prevalence of contraceptive usage.
Research Method: In this review, data from Google Scholar, PubMed, the Ministry of Public Health website, the World Health Organization, and the National Family Planning Program were utilized. Seven articles published between 2001 and 2023 were selected and analyzed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
Findings: A narrative summary of the results of the selected articles is presented in this paper. According to studies conducted in the country, statistics on the prevalence of contraceptive use show significant differences in comparison to demographic structures. The lowest figure reported in these studies is 10.4%. The utilization of contraceptives is reported as follows: oral contraceptives 38.5%, condoms 30.3%, medroxyprogesterone 17.0%, intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) 15.6%. Overall, the prevalence rate of contraceptive use in the entire country reaches 15.4%.
Conclusion: In Afghanistan, due to numerous barriers, the use of contraceptives and the gap between pregnancies have not been promoted. Conversely, according to the conservative beliefs of the illiterate segments of society, the use of contraceptives is considered contrary to their religious beliefs and even in conflict with divine instructions. Therefore, it is imperative for policymakers to develop comprehensive and inclusive programs in this regard and seek assistance from religious leaders to align the community with these programs. Ultimately, the entire society needs to be mobilized.
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Nguyen, Julie, Henrietta Williams, Kathleen McNamee, Nabreesa Shafeeu, Alaina Vaisey, and Jane Hocking. "Condom use among young women in Australia using long-acting reversible contraceptives or other hormonal contraceptives." Sexual Health 16, no. 6 (2019): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh19045.
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Background Dual condom and long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) or non-LARC hormonal contraceptive use is the most effective way to protect against unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmissible infections (STIs). This study aimed to determine whether condom use varied between users of LARC and non-LARC hormonal contraceptives and explore their motivations for condom use. Methods: Women aged 16–24 years attending a sexual and reproductive health centre in Melbourne, Australia, completed a survey about contraceptives and sexual practices. The proportion of LARC and non-LARC hormonal contraceptive users using condoms was calculated and logistic regression compared condom use between the two groups. Condom use was based on frequency of use and coded as a binary variable ‘never, not usually or sometimes’ versus ‘usually or always’. Results: In all, 294 (97%) women participated in the study; 23.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 19.0–29.1%) used LARC and 41.7% (95% CI 36.0–47.6%) used non-LARC hormonal contraceptives. Condom use was reported by 26.1% (95% CI 16.3–38.1%) of LARC users and by 27.8% (95% CI 19.9–37.0%) of non-LARC hormonal contraceptive users. There was no difference in condom use between groups (odds ratio (OR) 0.9; 95% CI 0.4–1.9). Condom use reduced with increasing relationship length (≥6 months vs no relationship: OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.1–0.6). Non-LARC hormonal contraceptive users were more motivated to use condoms if worried about pregnancy than LARC users (62.8% vs 47.8%; P = 0.04). Conclusion: Condom use was low and similar between users of LARC and non-LARC hormonal contraceptives, and was associated with the length of the relationship. These results highlight the need to promote condom use when prescribing LARCs and non-LARC hormonal contraceptives to reduce the risk of STIs.
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Sreedevi, Aswathy, Krishnapillai Vijayakumar, Shana Shirin Najeeb, Vishnu Menon, Minu Maria Mathew, Lakshmi Aravindan, Rithima Anwar, et al. "Pattern of contraceptive use, determinants and fertility intentions among tribal women in Kerala, India: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e055325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055325.
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ObjectivesTo assess the pattern of contraceptive use and its determinants, knowledge regarding contraceptives including oral contraceptive pills and fertility intentions among tribal women in the reproductive age group.DesignCommunity-based cross-sectional study.SettingCommunity development blocks in a predominantly tribal district of Wayanad in Kerala, India.ParticipantsWomen in the reproductive age group (15–49 years) from the tribal groups in the district numbering 2495.Outcome measuresPrimaryPrevalence of contraceptive use and its determinants.SecondaryKnowledge regarding contraceptives in general, oral contraceptives and fertility intentions.ResultsThe mean age of the study participants was 30.8 years (SD=9.8) and belonged to various tribal groups such as Paniya (59.2%), Kurichiyar (13.6%) and Adiya (10.9%). Current use of contraceptive was reported by about a fourth, 658 (26.4%) (95% CI 27.9 to 24.9) of women. Following logistic regression, belonging to Paniya tribe (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.67, 95% CI 1.49 to 4.77; p<0.001) and age at menarche >13 years (aOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.52; p<0.009) had significantly higher use of contraceptives whereas social vulnerability as indicated by staying in a kutcha house had a lesser likelihood of use of contraceptive (aOR 0.55, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.95; p<0.03). Oral contraceptive use was low (4.8%) among this population and no abuse was observed.Less than half (47%) of the respondents had an above average knowledge on contraception. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that above average knowledge was 2.2 times more likely with higher education (95% CI 1.2 to 3.9), lesser among those who desired more than two children (aOR 0.59; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.94; p<0.02).Two children per family was the preferred choice for 1060 (42.5%) women. No gender bias in favour of the male child was observed.ConclusionAwareness and use of contraceptives are poor though the fertility is not commensurately high. Along with developing targeted responses to contraceptive use among Indigenous people with indigenous data, awareness also requires attention. Ethnographic studies are also necessary to determine the differences in contraceptive use including traditional methods among the various Indigenous groups.
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Wathoni, Nasrul, Tazyinul Qoriah Alfauziah, and Nopi Rantika. "EVOLUTION OF CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS: A REVIEW." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 6 (November 22, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018v10i6.28391.
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Oral contraceptives are widely used hormonal contraceptives compared to other dosage forms. There are modifications of hormonal contraceptives dosage forms to reduce side effects and improve effectivity and compliance during contraceptive usage. The implantable drug delivery system is a suitable contraception technique for women who are difficult to recall the time of use, such as pills. The contraceptive implant is a small size of rod, and it is placed in the upper arm subcutaneously. Many advantages by using contraceptive implants, such as high effectivity, easy to use, free from estrogen influences, fast recovery of the normal ovulatory cycle, safe for breastfeeding women, and safer for women that have the certain medical condition. However, implant removal procedures are becoming the problem because it requires trained personnel. The unscheduled period is also one of the disadvantages of implants. Although for most women, the implant could reduce blood loss when the period, for some cases it could prolong the period of time. In this article, we reviewed implant contraceptives development due to its application increased rapidly in the last decade. The history of implants, advantages, and disadvantages, and marketed products of the implant were also described in this article. The challenges and opportunities of the contraceptive implant development were summarized based on literature. Designing in situ forming implant and polymeric implant for contraception could be the great future in contraceptive implant development. Finally, contraceptive implants are promising hormonal contraception dosage forms to develop in unintended pregnancies prevention over the world.