To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Contraceptives.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Contraceptives'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Contraceptives.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Ferreira, Jéssica Mayra 1988. "Razões para a troca de diferentes contraceptivos para contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração entre mulheres brasileiras = Reasons for Brazilian women to switch from different contraceptives to long-acting reversible contraceptives." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/312837.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Luis Guillermo BahamondesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T12:55:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_JessicaMayra_M.pdf: 1683051 bytes, checksum: d85c69881bfcbb72838041d2f09bb2c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: Objetivos: conhecer as razões referidas pelas mulheres que trocaram seus métodos anticonceptivos (MAC) para um método contraceptivo reversível de longa duração (Long Acting Reversible Contraceptives ¿ LARC) e avaliar sua satisfação através da taxa de continuação. Métodos: Mulheres entre 18 e 50 anos de idade usando diferentes MACs que desejavam mudar para um LARC responderam a um questionário abrangendo suas motivações para trocarem seus atuais métodos. O tamanho amostral foi calculado em 1.040 mulheres. O desempenho clínico e a taxa de continuação foram avaliados por tabela de vida até um ano após o início do uso do LARC. A data limite para análise foi 23 de maio de 2013. Resultados: Do total de 1.167 entrevistadas, foram avaliados os dados de 1154 mulheres. A principal razão pessoal para a troca de contraceptivos foi o medo de engravidar enquanto que as principais razões médicas foram náusea e vômito e anormalidades no fluxo menstrual. Nenhuma gravidez ocorreu durante o uso dos LARCs e as principais causas para descontinuação foram expulsão do DIU ou SIU-LNG e a decisão de realizar esterilização entre as usuárias de implante. A taxa de continuação foi aproximadamente 95,0/100 mulheres/ano para os três métodos. Conclusões: A maioria das mulheres escolheu um LARC por ser mais prático e mais seguro e, após um ano, grande parte das mulheres continuou utilizando o método escolhido
Abstract: Objectives: To assess the main reasons for switching from methods requiring daily or monthly compliance to a Long Acting Reversible Contraceptive (LARC) method within a Brazilian cohort and to evaluate their satisfaction. Methods: Women of 18-50 years of age in use of different contraceptives and wishing to switch to a LARC method answered a questionnaire regarding their motivations for switching from their current contraceptive. Continuation rates were evaluated one year after method initiation. Sample size was calculated at 1,040 women. Clinical performance was evaluated by life table analysis. The cut-off date for analysis was May 23, 2013. Results: Overall, 1,167 women were interviewed; however, after one year of use, the medical records of 1,154 women were available for review. The main personal reason for switching, as reported by women, was "fear of becoming pregnant" while the medical reasons were nausea and vomiting and unscheduled bleeding. No pregnancies occurred during LARC use and the main reasons for discontinuation were expulsion (in the case of the IUD and LNG-IUS), and a decision to undergo surgical sterilization (in the case of the etonogestrel-releasing implant). Continuation rate was approximately 95.0/100 women/year for the three methods. Conclusions: Most women chose a LARC method for its safety and for practical reasons, and after one year of use most women continued with the method
Mestrado
Fisiopatologia Ginecológica
Mestra em Ciências da Saúde
2
Ackermann, Camila Louise [UNESP]. "Uso do acetato de deslorelina como contraceptivo em gatos domésticos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98164.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2012-01-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:19:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
ackermann_cl_me_botfmvz.pdf: 1838578 bytes, checksum: 9af8620d409cc960f6c129984e6ce9f1 (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do acetato de deslorelina como contraceptivo em felinos domésticos. Foram utilizados 15 gatos domésticos (10 fêmeas e 5 machos). As fêmeas foram acompanhadas através de citologias vaginais (CV), observação do comportamento sexual a cada 72 horas e dosagem de progesterona plasmática a cada 7dias. Quando em interestro/diestro as gatas foram submetidas à associação anestésica e um implante de acetato de deslorelina (Suprelorin® Peptech Animal Health Pty Limited, Austrália; 4,7 mg/animal) foi aplicado, permanecendo por 90 dias depois. Dez dias após a retirada do implante o estro e a ovulação foram induzidos com eCG e Hcg; três dias após as fêmeas foram submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia. As tubas uterinas e útero foram lavados e o liquido recuperado foi observado para identificação e contagem de possíveis oócitos. Os oócitos foram isolados e corados para avaliação da viabilidade, os corpos lúteos quantificados e o cálculo da taxa de recuperação oocitária foi realizado.. Os ovários e útero foram avaliados quanto à histologia. Alterações histológicas foram descritas e as concentrações plasmáticas de progesterona foram submetidas a teste de normalidade e posteriormente submetidas ao Teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os demais resultados estão descritos em forma de média e desvio padrão. Os machos foram submetidos a duas avaliações andrológicas (M1 e M2) sempre precedidas de anestesia geral, imediatamente após a M2, um implante de acetato de deslorelina (Suprelorin® Peptech Animal Health Pty Limited, Austrália; 4,7 mg/animal) foi aplicado em cada gato. Após o inicio do tratamento foram realizadas mais três avaliações andrológicas (M3, M4 e M5) com intervalo de 30 dias. Após a M5, os implantes foram retirados e uma hemi orquiectomia realizada. Mais duas avaliações...
This study aimed evaluates the deslorelin acetate effects as a contraceptive in domestic felids. Fifteen domestic cats (10 females and 5 males) were used. The females were evaluated trough vaginal cytology (VC) and sexual behavior every 72 hours, and progesterone plasmatic concentration every 7 days. When in interestrous/diestrous the queens were submitted to an anesthetic protocol and receive one deslorelin acetate implant (Suprelorin® Peptech Animal Health Pty Limited, Australia; 4.7 mg/animal), remaining in treatment for 90 days. Teen days after the implant removal the estrous and ovulation were induced with eCG and hCG; three days after, all females were submitted to surgical castration. The oviduts and uterus were washed and the recovered liquid was observed for oocytes identification and count. The recovered oocytes were isolated and stained for viability evaluation, the corpus luteum were quantified and the oocyte recovery tax was calculated. Histologic evaluation was carried out in the ovary and uterus. The histologic evaluations were described and progesterone plasmatic concentration were submitted to Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The remaining results were described as mean and standard deviation. Males were submitted to two andrological evaluations (M1 and M2), always preceded by anesthetic protocol. Immediately after M2, every cat receives one deslorelin acetate implant (Suprelorin® Peptech Animal Health Pty Limited, Australia; 4.7 mg/animal). After contraceptive treatment beginning, three andrological evaluations were conducted (M3, M4, and M5) with 30 days interval. After M5, the implants were removed and a hemiorquiectomy was performed. Other two andrological evaluations were performed (M6 and M7) with 30 days interval and at M7 the remaining testicle were removed. The testicles were submitted ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
3
Ackermann, Camila Louise. "Uso do acetato de deslorelina como contraceptivo em gatos domésticos /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98164.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Maria Denise LopesBanca: Carlos Roberto Teixeira
Banca: Marcelo Alcindo de Barros Vaz Guimarães
Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do acetato de deslorelina como contraceptivo em felinos domésticos. Foram utilizados 15 gatos domésticos (10 fêmeas e 5 machos). As fêmeas foram acompanhadas através de citologias vaginais (CV), observação do comportamento sexual a cada 72 horas e dosagem de progesterona plasmática a cada 7dias. Quando em interestro/diestro as gatas foram submetidas à associação anestésica e um implante de acetato de deslorelina (Suprelorin® Peptech Animal Health Pty Limited, Austrália; 4,7 mg/animal) foi aplicado, permanecendo por 90 dias depois. Dez dias após a retirada do implante o estro e a ovulação foram induzidos com eCG e Hcg; três dias após as fêmeas foram submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia. As tubas uterinas e útero foram lavados e o liquido recuperado foi observado para identificação e contagem de possíveis oócitos. Os oócitos foram isolados e corados para avaliação da viabilidade, os corpos lúteos quantificados e o cálculo da taxa de recuperação oocitária foi realizado.. Os ovários e útero foram avaliados quanto à histologia. Alterações histológicas foram descritas e as concentrações plasmáticas de progesterona foram submetidas a teste de normalidade e posteriormente submetidas ao Teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os demais resultados estão descritos em forma de média e desvio padrão. Os machos foram submetidos a duas avaliações andrológicas (M1 e M2) sempre precedidas de anestesia geral, imediatamente após a M2, um implante de acetato de deslorelina (Suprelorin® Peptech Animal Health Pty Limited, Austrália; 4,7 mg/animal) foi aplicado em cada gato. Após o inicio do tratamento foram realizadas mais três avaliações andrológicas (M3, M4 e M5) com intervalo de 30 dias. Após a M5, os implantes foram retirados e uma hemi orquiectomia realizada. Mais duas avaliações ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study aimed evaluates the deslorelin acetate effects as a contraceptive in domestic felids. Fifteen domestic cats (10 females and 5 males) were used. The females were evaluated trough vaginal cytology (VC) and sexual behavior every 72 hours, and progesterone plasmatic concentration every 7 days. When in interestrous/diestrous the queens were submitted to an anesthetic protocol and receive one deslorelin acetate implant (Suprelorin® Peptech Animal Health Pty Limited, Australia; 4.7 mg/animal), remaining in treatment for 90 days. Teen days after the implant removal the estrous and ovulation were induced with eCG and hCG; three days after, all females were submitted to surgical castration. The oviduts and uterus were washed and the recovered liquid was observed for oocytes identification and count. The recovered oocytes were isolated and stained for viability evaluation, the corpus luteum were quantified and the oocyte recovery tax was calculated. Histologic evaluation was carried out in the ovary and uterus. The histologic evaluations were described and progesterone plasmatic concentration were submitted to Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The remaining results were described as mean and standard deviation. Males were submitted to two andrological evaluations (M1 and M2), always preceded by anesthetic protocol. Immediately after M2, every cat receives one deslorelin acetate implant (Suprelorin® Peptech Animal Health Pty Limited, Australia; 4.7 mg/animal). After contraceptive treatment beginning, three andrological evaluations were conducted (M3, M4, and M5) with 30 days interval. After M5, the implants were removed and a hemiorquiectomy was performed. Other two andrological evaluations were performed (M6 and M7) with 30 days interval and at M7 the remaining testicle were removed. The testicles were submitted ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
4
Nyeko, Moini Brian Anyau. "Hormonal Contraceptives for men." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaceutisk biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-422360.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Contraceptives for men has existed for centuries. However, the only contraceptives available for men are condoms, withdrawal during sexual intercourse or undergoing Vas occlusion. The issues currently with these methods are that many couples are not comfortable with using condoms and vasectomy is a non-reversible contraceptive as it requires surgery. Currently, only research has been made with regards to hormonal contraceptives for men. The basis for hormonal contraceptives for men is that it disturbs hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal axis, by suppressing GnRH, LH and FSH in order to suppress spermatogenesis. The substances that have been clinically tested as a potential hormonal contraceptive for men are androgens, androgens together progestins and synthetic androgens. Aim: The aim of this thesis was to examine the effectiveness of the substances that have been used in past and recent clinical trials and the adverse drug reactions/effects. Method: Results from the clinical trials were collected through PubMed with regards to preordained criteria, which resulted in 18 scientific articles being used in the results. Results: Overall, the results showed that the majority of substances used in previous and recent clinical trials are effective in suppressing spermatogenesis. The results also showed that a majority of substances used in previous and recent clinical trials had severe adverse drug effects severe amongst the participants. Discussion and Conclusion: In summary, the research shows that amongst the substances used in recent and current clinical trials, that synthetic androgens have the best potential as a hormonal contraceptive for men with regards to effectiveness and adverse drug effects.
5
Kauki, Tom. "Quality of the combined oral contraceptive pill (0.15mg levonorgestrel and 0.03mg ethinylestradiol) in the private retail pharmacies of Nyeri Town, Kenya. Results from a postmarket quality study." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4691.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharmBackground: The effectiveness of the combined oral contraceptive pill as a family planning method is dependent on its quality. The quality of medicines on the healthcare market is established through postmarket quality studies. Methods: The quality of the combined oral contraceptive pill was established through the collection of samples from 17 (62%) private retail pharmacies in the Nyeri town of Kenya. Their quality was then determined through the assay of content of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol and the levonorgestrel dissolution test at the National Quality Control Laboratory. Findings: 13 of the 17 pharmacies were licensed with the Pharmacy and Poisons Board while 4 were unlicensed. Femiplan® was available in all the 17 pharmacies while Microgynon® was available in only 4 pharmacies. 17 samples of Femiplan® and 4 samples of Microgynon® were collected. None of the samples was counterfeit or falsely labeled. All the samples passed the assay of content of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol and the levonorgestrel dissolution test. Conclusion: Notwithstanding the fact this study provides a snapshot in time, it is reasonable to conclude that the combined oral contraceptive pill (0.15mg levonorgestrel and 0.03mg ethinylestradiol) in the Nyeri town of Kenya private retail pharmacies is of the right quality with respect to the quality tests of assay of content of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol and the levonorgestrel dissolution test.
6
Mothogoane, Kagiso Andronicca. "Challenges faced by female teenagers in accessing contraceptives at Bylodrift Clinic, Malatane Village, Capricorn District of Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2328.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M. A.) -- University of Limpopo, 2018The study sought to provide deeper understanding on access to contraceptives by female teenagers. The aim of this study was to explore the challenges faced by female teenagers in accessing contraceptives at Byldrift Clinic, Malatane Village, Capricorn District of Limpopo Province. Qualitative research method was applied in the study. The study utilised case study research design. Purposive sampling was used to select participants. Face to face interviews were conducted with ten (10) female teenagers. The age of participants ranges from 15 years to 19 years. Thematic Analysis was used to analyse data. The negative attitude of healthcare providers was cited as a challenge for teenagers accessing contraceptives, however other participants cited positive attitude of healthcare providers. The experience of side effects, parents and partners were cited as major challenges experienced while using contraceptives. The problem of inaccessibility remains a challenge in public health facilities; participants reported long waiting times, long distance to get to the clinic, shortage of staff, lack of confidentiality and lack of proper infrastructure. Most participants indicated that they discuss contraception with their peers, therefore peer influence remains an influential factor in accessing contraceptives. The study recommended that healthcare providers should give the effectiveness rate of the contraceptive method and ways to manage side effects, health facilities need to be more user friendly and that operating hours should be convenient to teenagers who are still schooling. This is evident that young women face challenges in accessing contraceptives. Keywords: Access, challenge, contraceptives, teenagers
7
Hedner, Benjamin, Karl Irgens Eliasson, and Pär Isaksson. "Factors affecting Women when choosing Contraceptives." Thesis, Karlstad University, Karlstad University, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1183.
Full text
8
Amaral, Douglas Sousa. "Avaliação de formulações contraceptivas por parâmetros hemostáticos, vasoativos e inflamatórios em cultura de células endoteliais humanas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60135/tde-25092015-143858/.
Full textAbstract:
Contraceptivos orais combinados (COCs) são largamente utilizados e bem aceitos para se obter a contracepção. Estima-se que mais de 100 milhões de mulheres ao redor do mundo fazem uso deste método contraceptivo. Embora seja alcançada a contracepção, estas usuárias estão predispostas ao desenvolvimento de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) ou arterial (TEA), e ao desenvolvimento de aterosclerose, em virtude da alteração hemostática causada pela dose de estrógeno e tipo de progesterona utilizada nas formulações. Como forma de obter uma formulação dita \"ideal\" e na esperança de que os efeitos adversos que podem ocorrer em detrimento da composição da formulação contraceptiva sejam minimizados, a literatura aponta um contraceptivo recentemente lançado, cuja composição contém o Valerato de Estradiol (chamado de estrógeno natural pela indústria farmacêutica) como componente estrogênico e o Dienogest como progesterona sintética, integrando o grupo dos assim classificados novos progestágenos. OBJETIVO: Dentro do contexto que acima apresentamos, o projeto de pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar duas formulações contraceptivas, através de um estudo experimental comparativo, onde como grupo controle utilizamos o clássico Levonorgestrel (LVG) e Etinilestradiol (EE), para compará-lo com o novo progestágeno lançado no mercado brasileiro em 2011, composto por Dienogest (DNG) e Valerato de estradiol (17? Estradiol - metabólito ativo) - ambos medicamentos isolados e em mistura, representados por MIX I (LVG+EE) e MIX II (DNG+17?), respectivamente. Pelo fato de pouco se saber sobre os efeitos deste novo progestágeno sobre os fatores vasoativos, hemostáticos e inflamatórios, propusemos aqui trabalhar com cultura de células endoteliais extraídas de cordão umbilical humano, estimulá-las com agente inflamatório LPS e/ou TNF? para posteriormente dosar os seguintes fatores: em Célula Endotelial de Veia Umbilical Humana (HUVEC) - moléculas de adesão VCAM-I, ICAM-I e E-Selectina (sobrenadante e superfície celular de HUVEC); fatores vasoativos derivados do endotélio (NO, Prostaglandina PGE2 e Endotelina ET-1 - sobrenadante) e citocinas pró-inflamatórias IL-1? e IL-6 no sobrenadante. Em Célula Endotelial de Artéria Humana (HAEC): Fator Tecidual. Os medicamentos reduziram a expressão de moléculas de adesão no sobrenadante e na superfície celular, regularam a produção de fatores vasoativos derivados do endotélio, reduziram a produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e reduziram também a expressão de fator tecidual, de maneira preventiva e terapêutica. A mistura dos contraceptivos representada por MIX I e MIX II apresentou diferenças significativas quando comparadas aos demais grupos de estudo e MIX II apresentou maior efetividade na redução de alguns fatores aqui estudados, conferindo uma proteção endotelial. Desta maneira, podemos concluir que o novo progestágeno lançado no mercado brasileiro apresentou efeitos antitrombóticos e anti-inflamatórios, por reduzir de maneira significativa os níveis de moléculas de adesão, fatores vasoativos, fatores pró-inflamatórios e fator hemostáticoCombined oral contraceptives (COCs) are widely used and well accepted to provide contraception. It\'s estimated that over 100 million women around the world make use of this contraceptive method. Although contraception is achieved, these users are predisposed to developing venous thromboembolism or arterial and development of atherosclerosis due to the change caused by the hemostatic dose of estrogen and progestin type used in the formulations. In order to get a said formulation \"correct\" and hoping that the adverse effects that may occur at the expense of the contraceptive formulation composition are minimized, the literature indicates a contraceptive recently launched, whose composition contains Estradiol valerate (called natural estrogen by the pharmaceutical industry) as estrogen component and the Dienogest as synthetic progesterone, integrating the group of so classified new progestins. OBJECTIVE: Within the context that we present above, the research project aimed to evaluate two contraceptive formulations, through a comparative experimental study, where as the control group used the classic Levonorgestrel (LVG) and ethinylestradiol (EE), to compare it with the new progestin released in Brazil in 2011, composed of Dienogest (DNG) and estradiol valerate (17? Estradiol - active metabolite) - both alone and in combination medications, represented by MIX I (LVG plus EE) and MIX II (DNG plus 17?), respectively. \'Cause little is known about the effects of the progestogen on the new vasoactive factors, hemostatic and inflammatory proposed here work with cultured endothelial cells derived from human umbilical cord stimulus them with LPS inflammatory agent and / or TNF? to further quantitate the following factors: HUVEC (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell) - adhesion molecules VCAM-I, ICAM-I and E-selectin (supernatant and cell surface); endothelium-derived vasoactive factors (NO, PGE2 and Endothelin ET-1 - culture supernatant) and pro-inflammatory cytokines as IL-1? and IL-6 in the supernatant. HAEC (Human Arterial Endothelial Cell): Tissue factor on primary cell culture of umbilical cord artery. The drugs reduced the expression of adhesion molecules in the supernatant and the cell surface reduced the production of endothelium-derived vasoactive factors, regulated the production of cytokines proinflammatory and also reduced the expression of tissue factor, preventive and therapeutic way. The mixture of contraceptives represented by MIX MIX I and II showed significant differences when compared to the other study groups and MIX II showed greater effectiveness in reducing some factors studied here, giving an endothelial protection. Thus, we can conclude that the new progestogen released in Brazil showed antithrombotic effects and anti-inflammatory, to reduce significantly the levels of adhesion molecules, vasoactive factors, proinflammatory factors and hemostatic factor.
9
Ezeanolue, Echezona E., Juliet Iwelunmor, Ibitola Asaolu, Michael C. Obiefune, Chinenye O. Ezeanolue, Alice Osuji, Amaka G. Ogidi, et al. "Impact of male partner's awareness and support for contraceptives on female intent to use contraceptives in southeast Nigeria." BioMed Central Ltd, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610299.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: Despite the growing body of evidence on use of modern contraceptives among women in sub-Saharan African countries, little is known about the broader context in which female decision-making concerning contraceptive use occurs, particularly the role of their male partners' awareness and support of modern contraceptives. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 2468 pregnant women and their male partners enrolled in the Healthy Beginning Initiative (HBI), an intervention to increase HIV testing among pregnant women in Enugu, southeast Nigeria. The aims of this study were to determine: 1) male partners' awareness of, and support for, female contraceptive methods, and 2) influence of male partners' contraceptive awareness and support on pregnant women's expressed desire to use contraception. We used logistic regression models to examine the association between male partners' awareness and support of modern contraceptives on their spouses' desire to use contraceptives. RESULTS: Men's awareness of, and support for, use of modern contraceptives were significantly associated with their female partners' desire to use contraception. A majority of the men who were aware of modern contraceptives (66.5 %) and those who supported their spouses' use of contraception (72.5 %) had partners who expressed a desire to use contraception. Men who were aware of female contraception were 3 times more likely to have spouses who desired to use contraception (AOR = 3.17, 95 % C.I: 2.70-3.75). In addition, men who showed support for their spouses' use of contraception were over 5 times more likely to have spouses who indicated a desire to use contraception (AOR = 5.76, 95 % C.I: 4.82-6.88). Living in a household of 5 or more people (AOR = 1.45, 95 % C.I: 1.23-1.72) and residing in an urban area (AOR = 0.81, 95 % C.I: 0.67-0.97) were also significantly associated with women's expressed desire to use modern contraception. CONCLUSION: Men's awareness of, and support for, use of modern contraceptives were markedly associated with their spouses' desire to use contraception. This underscores the need for men's involvement in programs that seek to address women's uptake of contraception in low and middle income countries.
10
Dallman, Rebecca. "Disparities in the Use of Emergency Contraceptives." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/2056.
Full text
11
Bertozi, Renata Ignácio. "Avaliação do efeito de contraceptivos hormonais sobre o sistema complemento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60135/tde-06072011-151352/.
Full textAbstract:
A ocorrência de trombose está freqüentemente associada com a presença de um ou mais fatores de riscos, os quais podem ser genéticos e/ou adquiridos, tais como as mudanças hormonais que ocorrem durante a gravidez, a terapia de reposição hormonal e o uso de contraceptivos hormonais combinados (CHC). A inflamação, por sua vez, é uma importante resposta do organismo às agressões e envolve vários mecanismos biológicos relacionados entre si e altamente regulados, tais como: coagulação, fibrinólise, ativação do sistema complemento (SC), antioxidação e regulação hormonal. Fisiologicamente, os sistemas complemento e da coagulação compartilham componentes. A ativação do fator XII da coagulação é controlada pela mesma proteína reguladora da ativação do sistema complemento, o inibidor de C1. A deficiência do inibidor de C1 leva a uma patologia conhecida como angioedema hereditário. No entanto, uma manifestação clínica similar ao angioedema tem sido descrita em mulheres que usam CHC ou recebem terapia de reposição hormonal com estrogênio (E). Esta influência do estrogênio na coagulação e no SC também é evidenciada pela ação regulatória do E sobre a expressão do fator XII e dos seus níveis plasmáticos. Considerando o efeito pleiotrópico do E, e as interações do SC e da hemostasia, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes CHC sobre: a) a atividade hemolítica (AH) do SC e ativação das vias clássica/lectina e alternativa; b) a atividade opsonizante do SC em mediar o burst oxidativo dos neutrófilos; e c) a função dos receptores para complemento (CR) em mediar o burst oxidativo dos neutrófilos. Nós estudamos 5 CHC diferentes e observamos que a) drospirenona + 30g E mostrou uma tendência a aumentar o burst oxidativo mediado por CR; b) gestodeno + 20g E mostrou redução da capacidade opsonizante do SC; c) levonorgestrel + 30g E e gestodeno + 20g E promoveram uma redução no número de neutrófilos positivos para a expressão de CR1; d) drospirenona + 30g E e drospirenona + 20g E promoveram um aumento da AH da via clássica (VC) do SC; e) levonorgestrel + 30g E promoveu uma redução da AH da VC do SC; f) drospirenona + 30g E, gestodeno + 20g E e levonorgestrel + 30g E promoveram uma diminuição do nível sérico de C4d, produto da ativação das vias clássica/lectina do SC; g) levonorgestrel + 30g E apresentou um aumento da concentração sérica de inibidor de C1; h) nenhum dos CHC mostrou diferenças na ativação da via alternativa do SC. Os resultados mostram a importância de considerar os diferentes grupos de CHC nas comparações com o Grupo Controle, uma vez que algumas diferenças foram significativas apenas para CHC em particular. Estas observações podem contribuir para o entendimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na fisiopatologia dos processos inflamatórios associados ao uso de estrogênios.The occurrence of thrombosis is often associated with the presence of one or more risk factors, which may be genetic and/or acquired, such as hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy, hormone replacement therapy and the use of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC). The inflammation in turn, is an important body\'s response to the aggression and involves several biological mechanisms related and highly regulated, such as coagulation, fibrinolysis, activation of the complement system (CS), oxidation and hormonal regulation. Physiologically, the complement and coagulation systems share components. Activation of coagulation factor XII is controlled by the same regulatory protein activation of the complement inhibitor C1. The deficiency of C1 inhibitor leads to a condition known as hereditary angioedema. However, a clinical manifestation similar to angioedema has been reported in women using CHC or receiving hormone replacement therapy with estrogen (E). The influence of E on coagulation and the CS is also evidenced by the regulatory action of E on the expression of factor XII and its plasma levels. Considering the pleiotropic effects of E, and the interactions of CS and hemostasis, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different CHC on: a) hemolytic activity (HA) CS and activation of classical/lectin and alternative pathways, b) the opsonizing activity of the CS in mediating the oxidative burst of neutrophils, and c) the function of receptors for complement (CR) in mediating the oxidative burst (OB) of neutrophils. We studied 5 different CHC and data showed: a) drospirenone + 30g E increase of the OB neutrophils mediated by CR; b) gestodene + 20g E had a reduced opsonizing ability; c) levonorgestrel + 30g E and gestodene + 20g E promoted a reduction of neutrophils positive for the expression of CR1, d) drospirenone + 30g E and drospirenone + 20g E promoted an increase in HA for classical pathway (CP); e) levonorgestrel + 30g E reduced the HA for CP; f) drospirenone + 30g E and gestodene + 20g E and levonorgestrel + 30g E reduced the serum level of C4d; g) levonorgestrel + 30g E showed an increase of the serum level of C1 inhibitor; h) none of CHC showed differences in activation of the alternative pathway in CS. The results show the importance of considering the different groups of CHC in comparison with the control group, since some differences were significant only for CHC in particular. These observations may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory processes associated with estrogen use.
12
Strawn, Katie, and Katie Strawn. "Creating Recommendations for Long Acting Reversible Contraceptive Use for Adolescents." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622982.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research project is to develop a clinical practice guideline for contraceptive counseling to include long acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) recommendations for the adolescent population. LARCs, which include intrauterine devices and implants, are the top-tier contraceptive for nulliparous women yet they are only used in less than 6% of women under 19 years old. There is no LARC clinical practice guideline that addresses the adolescent’s unique developmental and psychosocial needs that arise. A clinical practice guideline with adolescent-specific recommendations will strengthen counseling especially for long-acting reversible contraceptives. The review of literature searched PubMed, CINHAL, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library using search terms "LARCs," and "contraceptive counseling." The search yielded over 35,000 results; titles and abstracts were reviewed using pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The final source documents included forty-eight applicable manuscripts, which were graded using the United States Preventative Task Force (USPSTF) scale. The evidence was then sorted by similar findings and practice recommendations. The findings were used to formulate practice statements, which were then input into the Bridge-wiz software. The program generated recommendations and assigned a strength rating, and the clinical practice guideline was written from these recommendations. Finally, four clinical experts were identified using snowball sampling; they each participated in the final appraisal using the AGREE II tool. Based on the analysis of the review of literature, fifteen evidenced-based recommendations emerged. The recommendation topics included: best-practices for recommending LARCs, using developmentally appropriate teaching, providing youth-friendly services, and eliminating potential barriers to LARC uptake in adolescents. There are fifteen practice recommendations that increase adolescent uptake of LARCs. Limitations for the project included the absence of an internal review committee to grade the evidence and assign a strength to each recommendation. The use of Bridge-wiz software and the USPSTF evidence scale minimized bias. Providers can facilitate use of LARCs among adolescents by using developmentally appropriate and comprehensive contraceptive counseling. If more adolescents chose a LARC as their primary form of contraception, then overall teenage pregnancies may decrease. Further research is needed to understand other barriers and possible interventions.
13
Davis, Hilary, and Denise LumLung. "Extended Cycle Oral Contraceptives: A Survey Regarding Satisfaction and Reluctance to Use." The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624459.
Full textAbstract:
Class of 2006 AbstractObjectives: To determine patient satisfaction with extended cycle oral contraceptives (ECOC) and to assess why conventional oral contraceptive (COC) users might be reluctant to use extended-cycle oral contraceptives. Methods: Patients at Arizona State University Student Health and University of Arizona Campus Health pharmacies were administered questionnaires when picking up prescriptions for oral contraceptives. Questionnaires collected ratings of satisfaction with side effects and quality of life with patients’ current oral contraceptive and assessed familiarity with, and reasons for and against using, extended-cycle oral contraceptives. Results: Our survey yielded significant differences between ECOC and COC users in reasons for reluctance in use of, familiarity with, and willingness to use extended cycle contraceptives as well as, the overall satisfaction and frequency of experiencing side effects. Conclusions: The extended cycle oral contraceptive users in this study appeared to have a lower level of satisfaction with their current contraceptive regimen than did women who were utilizing conventional oral contraceptives. The extended cycle oral contraceptive users also experienced spotting more frequently and reported the belief that amenorrhea is unnatural less frequently than conventional oral contraceptive users.
14
Mallie, Grant Michael. "The differing effects of access to contraceptive service providers on contraceptive usage by method in Indonesia and Kenya : the advantage of using discrete choice modeling in demographic research /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Full text
15
TMM, Maja. "Factors impacting on contraceptive use among youth in Northern Tshwane: Part 2." Health SA, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001040.
Full textAbstract:
Young people are vulnerable to risky behaviors that cause major health problems such as sexual behaviour resulting
in early, unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV).This study intends to identify and describe factors impacting on the utilisation of contraceptives and
contraceptive services among youth in Northern Tshwane. A purposive sampling method was used to select participants
who met the set criteria. Two focus group interviews were held with youth who visited the selected health care
centres for contraceptives and those who had terminated a pregnancy. The interviews were tape recorded, field
notes were made during interviews and these were transcribed verbatim. The findings revealed that a number of
factors play a major role in non-utilisation of contraceptives and contraceptive services.
16
Meng, Chun-Xia. "Levonorgestrel emergency contraception effects on endometrial development and embryo implantation /." Stockholm : Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, 2009. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2009/978-91-7409-662-0/.
Full text
17
Brougher, Elizabeth A. "The effect of oral contraceptives on bone mineral density." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1306385.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of oral contraceptives (OC) on bone health in active women during early adulthood. Thirty-eight women between the ages of 18 and 35 years participated in this study. Participants were placed into two groups: 1) those who had taken OCs (Ortho Tri-Cyclen for a minimum of two years (n=22) and 2) those who had never taken OCs (n=16). The two groups were matched based on age, nutritional habits, percent body fat, and activity level. Participants completed a health history questionnaire, food frequency questionnaire, and received a full body scan via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). An independent t-test revealed no significant difference (p < 0.05) between the bone mineral density of the women taking OCs (1.188 g/cm2 ± 0.09) and those women who never consumed OCs (1.207 g/cm2 ± 0.09). The effect of taking OCs in a young healthy population of women appears to have no osteogenic influence on bone health.School of Physical Education
18
González, López Greethel. "La religion et l’usage des méthodes contraceptives au Mexique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA029/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse porte sur le rapport entre la fécondité et la religion. Dans une approchesociodémographique, cet ouvrage propose une analyse sur les comportements et les attitudes descouples catholiques face à la planification familiale. Nous nous proposons d’expliquer comment cescouples concilient leur foi avec la nécessité de contrôler les naissances, puis la manière dont ilsjustifient leur dépendance ou désobéissance à la doctrine et, enfin, nous montrerons comment lesnouvelles attitudes coexistent avec les modèles traditionnels. Par ailleurs, étant donné que le Mexiqueest un pays qui appartient à l’ensemble d’un contexte culturel traditionnel dont les principalescaractéristiques garantissent la prévalence des rapports inégalitaires de sexe et de dominationmasculine, il nous a paru important d’inclure dans notre recherche une perspective de genreThis thesis focuses on the relationship between fertility and religion. In a demographic approach, thisthesis provides an analysis on the behavior and attitudes of Catholic couples face of family planning. Itproposes to explain how they reconcile their faith with the need for birth control and how they justifytheir dependence or disobedience to the doctrine. Finally, one of our main objectives is to recognizethe procedures by which new attitudes coexist with traditional models. Moreover, given that Mexico isa country that belongs to the set of a traditional cultural context in which its main characteristicsguarantee the prevalence of unequal relations of sex and male domination, it was considered importantto include in our research a gender perspective
Esta tesis se centra en la relación entre la fecundidad y la religión. Desde una perspectivasociodemográfica, este trabajo ofrece un análisis sobre el comportamiento y las actitudes de las parejascatólicas frente a la planificación familiar. Lo que se propone es explicar cómo estas personas logranconciliar su fe con la necesidad de controlar la natalidad y la manera con qué justifican su conformidado su desobediencia a la doctrina. Finalmente, uno de nuestros principales objetivos es el de reconocerlos procedimientos por los cuales las nuevas actitudes coexisten con los modelos tradicionales. Porotro lado, dado que México es un país que pertenece al conjunto de un contexto tradicional en el quesus principales características garantizan la desigualdad de sexos y la dominación masculina, seconsideró importante incluir en nuestra investigación, una perspectiva de género
19
Maraux, Barbara. "Pratiques contraceptives des femmes immigrées d’Afrique subsaharienne en France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS534/document.
Full textAbstract:
Pour les femmes immigrées d’Afrique sub-Saharienne l’arrivée en France peut constituer une rupture dans leur trajectoire sexuelle, affective et reproductive. Si beaucoup ont déjà fait l’expérience d’une grossesse avant leur arrivée, un certain nombre n’aura pas encore débuté sa vie reproductive. Toutefois et pour les femmes qui le souhaitent, l’arrivée en France, et le changement du paysage contraceptif peut être l’occasion d’accéder à une contraception efficace ou bien de changer de méthode. En 2010, en France, sur l’ensemble de la population des femmes âgées entre 15-49 ans et en besoin de contraception, 78.5% déclarait utiliser une contraception médicale contre 22.9% en Afrique subsaharienne (tous pays confondus) pour les femmes de la même tranche d’âge. Par ailleurs, la population originaire d’Afrique subsaharienne est particulièrement touchée par le VIH/sida en Afrique mais aussi en France, où ils représentent le deuxième groupe le plus affecté.A partir de deux enquêtes, Parcours et Vespa 2, notre étude a visé à mettre en lumière les pratiques contraceptives et les éventuelles inégalités en matière de contraception dont les immigrées originaires d’Afrique subsaharienne feraient l’objet, afin de repérer les leviers d’une meilleure prise en charge de leur santé sexuelle et reproductive.Les résultats de cette thèse mettent en évidence que les femmes africaines immigrées se saisissent d'un système qui articule la promotion de la contraception, un dispositif d'accès facilitant et des pratiques médicales aboutissant à une forte adhésion à la contraception médicale efficace puisque la majorité des femmes déclare utiliser la pilule, l’implant et parfois le DIU. Ces résultats sont toutefois à moduler pour deux raisons. D’une part, lorsque les femmes vivent avec le VIH, (les femmes immigrées ou nées en France) utilisent très majoritairement le préservatif. D’autre part, le recours à l’implant est nettement plus marqué qu’en population générale ce qui doit nous inciter à poursuivre les études pour savoir jusqu'à quel point les méthodes en usage correspondent à un choix et conviennent aux besoins des femmesFor immigrant women from sub-Saharan Africa, arriving in France may be a break in their sexual, emotional and reproductive trajectory. If many have already experienced pregnancy before arriving, a number will not have started their reproductive life. However, for women who wish so, the arrival in France and the change in the contraceptive landscape may be an opportunity to access effective contraception or to change the method. In 2010, in France, of the entire population of women between the ages of 15-49 and in need of contraception, 78.5% reported using medical contraception compared to 22.9% in sub-Saharan Africa (all countries combined) for women in the same age group. Moreover, the population from sub-Saharan Africa is particularly affected by HIV/AIDS in Africa but also in France, where they represent the second most affected group.Based on two surveys, Parcours and Vespa 2, our study aimed to highlight the contraceptive practices and possible inequalities in contraception that immigrant women from sub-Saharan Africa face, in order to identify improvements in their sexual and reproductive health care.The results of this thesis highlight that African immigrant women seize a system that articulates the sponsoring of contraception, easier access and medical practices resulting in a strong adherence to effective medical contraception since the majority of women report using the pill, the implant and sometimes the IUD. These results must however be adjusted for two reasons. On one hand, women living with HIV (immigrant women or women born in France) use condoms for the most part. On the other hand, the use of an implant is much more pervasive than in the general population which should encourage us to continue studying to what extent the methods in use correspond to a choice and are adapted to the needs of women
20
Sinha, Nistha. "Husbands and wives and fertility decision-making : modeling demand for children and contraceptive use in Bangladesh and Pakistan /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7415.
Full text
21
Conklin, Melinda M. "Adolescent contraceptive use : an ecological perspective /." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11102009-020332/.
Full text
22
Kasper, Christine. "Inflammatory response to a high-force eccentric exercise protocol in oral contraceptive users and non-users." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/kasper/KasperC0508.pdf.
Full text
23
Ward, Samantha. "Gestodene : useful progestogen or media victim?" Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317284.
Full text
24
Madden, Stephen. "In vitro metabolism of novel progestogens." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314510.
Full text
25
Rosenfield, Derek Andrew. "Wildlife population control comprehensive and critical literature review on contraceptive methods in wildlife - mammals." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10131/tde-05102016-134221/.
Full textAbstract:
This systematic review consolidates and discusses all the advantages and disadvantages of each contraceptive method, organized by mammalian species, with emphasis on reversible immune-contraception, obtained from the international scientific literature. The objective is to deepen the knowledge and elucidate adequate solutions to a serious global problem of wildlife population control. Furthermore, serving as pre-project to the next stage of development of a contraceptive method, economically viable, with better attributes, high effectiveness of the action, better and safer techniques of application, and more importantly, ensure overall health and population genetics. Finalizing this review by offering in a brief and concise manner, an updated understanding of reversible contraceptive methods, organized by methods, taxon, drugs, and associated risksEsta revisão sistemática, consolida e discuti todas as vantagens e desvantagens de cada método contraceptivo, organizada por espécies de mamíferos, com ênfase em imunocontracepção reversível, obtidos em literatura científica internacional. O objetivo é aprofundar os conhecimentos e elucidar soluções adequadas para o grande problema mundial do controle das populações de animais silvestres. Além disto, pode servir como pré-projeto para a próxima fase de desenvolvimento de um método contraceptivo economicamente viável, com melhores atributos, alta eficácia da ação, técnicas de aplicação melhores e mais seguras, e mais importante, garantir saúde geral e genética das populações. Finalizando, esta revisão oferecer de forma breve e concisa, uma atualização sobre o conhecimento de métodos contraceptivos reversíveis, organizada por métodos, táxon, fármacos, e riscos associados
26
Bolacha, Joana Redondo. "O uso de métodos contraceptivos em espécies criticamente ameaçadas : o caso do lince-ibérico." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9278.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaO lince-ibérico, Lynx pardinus, espécie “criticamente em perigo”, foi alvo de vários projectos de conservação, em Portugal e em Espanha. Nestes dois países, foram construídos centros de reprodução (incluíndo o CNRLI - Silves), locais onde os animais permanecem em cativeiro e, onde facilmente, pode ocorrer uma sobrepopulação. O controlo das populações pode ser alcançado utilizando métodos contraceptivos, como os análogos de GnRH, que se mostraram eficazes em várias espécies de carnívoros selvagens e domésticos. Com o intuito de perceber se o análogo de GnRH, Deslorelina em implante (Suprelorin® 4,7 mg) era eficaz no lince-ibérico e de saber as alterações que nele provocava, foi aplicado num macho desta espécie. Foram avaliados o seu apetite, o seu comportamento (continuamente, oportunisticamente e por scan) e a sua reprodução (exame físico geral e dos genitais externos, análise de sémen e quantificação de testosterona sanguínea). A actividade física do animal diminuiu, a realização de marcações manteve-se, as espículas penianas e o volume (e peso) testicular diminuíram. A redução das espículas é um bom indicador da eficácia do tratamento, reflectindo a inibição na produção de testosterona. Relativamente às restantes alterações, não se pode dizer que foram resultantes unicamente da acção do contraceptivo e portanto não foi possível retirar conclusões definitivas do presente trabalho. Para além disso, o estudo incidiu apenas num indivíduo e foi a primeira vez que foi utilizado um contraceptivo nesta espécie, não havendo, por isso, termo de comparação. São necessários mais estudos sobre este método de contracepção na espécie referida, para se poder concluir sobre a sua eficácia.
ABSTRACT - The usage of contraceptive methods in critically endangered species: The Iberian-lynx - The critically endangered species Iberian lynx, Lynx pardinus, has been the target of several conservation programs in Portugal and Spain. Both countries had reproduction centers built (CNRLI – Silves included) where animals remain in captivity and where overpopulation can easily occur. Population control can be achieved through contraceptive methods, for example through the usage of GnRH analogs that have shown great effectiveness on several wild and domestic carnivore species. To understand if the GnRH analogue Deslorelin on an implant (Suprelorin® 4,7 mg) was in fact effective, it was tested on an Iberian Lynx male in order to find out what type of alteration it would produce. The following characteristics were assessed: appetite; behavior (continuously, opportunistically and through scan); and reproduction (general physical exam and of external genitals, semen analysis and blood testosterone quantification) of said animal. The animals’ physical activity diminished, markings maintained, the penile spikes; testicular weight and volume also decreased. The spikes reduction is a good indicator of treatment efficiency because it expresses the inhibition of testosterone production. It cannot be accurately determined if the remaining variations were due solely to the contraceptives´ action, therefore no definite conclusions could attained. Furthermore, this study focused only on one individual and it was the first time a contraceptive was used in this species, so there’s no grounds on which to compare. Further studies on this method of contraception in this species are needed, in order to accurately draw conclusions on its effectiveness.
27
Novikova, Natalia. "Mechanism of action of emergency contraceptive pill." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2151.
Full textAbstract:
The number of unwanted pregnancies has not decreased in recent years and this should be addressed. Emergency contraception may be effective when used correctly having the advantage that it can be used after an episode of unprotected sexual intercourse (when regular contraception has failed or was not used). In this research project I set out to explore some of the major reasons why there are still many unwanted pregnancies in Australia. I decided to focus on the use and non-use of emergency contraception, e.g. emergency contraception pill (ECP) “method failures” are not well understood because the actual mechanisms of action are still unclear. There is evidence ECP can effectively interfere with follicle growth and ovulation. It is much less clear is whether ECP is able to interfere with fertilization and implantation, in a way, which may make it acceptable to those who have strong religious beliefs in fertilization being the start of new life. Emergency contraception has the potential to prevent many unwanted pregnancies when unprotected intercourse has occurred. It has relatively high efficacy in many studies, but true method failures are not well understood. By contrast, many unwanted pregnancies occur for “social reasons” where emergency contraception has not been used. I set out to study changes in knowledge and usage of emergency contraception in these groups of Australian women seeking termination of pregnancy: 1. Before a dedicated emergency contraception pill (ECP) pack (Postinor) became available in Australia 2. One year after dedicated ECP became available on prescription 3. One year after the ECP pack became available “over the counter” without prescription. Ninety-nine women were recruited during their presentation with a request for ECP at the six Family Planning Clinics in Australia. All women took LNG 1.5mg in a single dose during the clinic consultation. A blood sample was taken immediately prior to ingestion of the ECP for estimation of serum LH, oestradiol and progesterone levels to calculate the day of the menstrual cycle. Based on these endocrine data we estimated the timing of ovulation to within a ±24-hour period with an accuracy of around 80%. Women were followed up 4-6 weeks later to ascertain pregnancy status. The effectiveness of ECP when taken before and after ovulation was determined. Three women in this study became pregnant despite taking the ECP (pregnancy rate 3%). All three women who became pregnant had unprotected intercourse between day -1 and 0 and took the ECP on day +2, based on endocrine data. Day zero was taken as ovulation day. Among seventeen women who had intercourse in the fertile period of the cycle and took the ECP after ovulation occurred (on day +1 to +2) we could have expected 3 or 4 pregnancies, based on Wilcox et al data. Three pregnancies were observed. Among 34 women who had intercourse on days –5 to –2 of the fertile period, and took ECP before or around ovulation, four pregnancies could have been expected, but none were observed. The major discrepancies between women’s self-report of stage of the cycle and the dating calculation based on endocrine data were observed in this study. These data are supportive of the concept that the LNG ECP has little or no effect on post-ovulation events, but is highly effective before ovulation. Our interpretation of the data in terms of timing of treatment relative to ovulation may explain why EC with LNG works sometimes and fails at other times. A larger study is needed to prove this hypothesis. To investigate other reasons for such a high rate of unwanted pregnancy, which probably has a larger impact we looked into womens knowledge of and attitude towards ECP. Seven hundred and eighteen women participated in this study by answering a questionnaire consisting of 15 questions on their demographic and reproductive characteristics as well as the knowledge about the ECP, e.g. 208 women were enrolled before the ECP was marketed in Australia in 2001, 308 after it was marketed and 202 after it became available over the counter (Group 1, 2, and 3, respectively). We found that the participants who have heard about ECP were significantly younger (p<0.005). The mean age of women who have never heard about of ECP was 29.8 years compared to 26.3 years in women who have heard about ECP. More women were aware about the ECP after it became available over the counter. Women in group 2 had higher educational level in comparison to women in group 2 and 3 (p<0.005). There was significant trend in increased use of ECP in women of higher educational level (p<0.005). The use of ECP did not increase significantly with improved availability and access to the ECP amongst women presenting for termination of pregnancy. Wider availability of he ECP pack in Australia and an easier access to it has increased women’s awareness about the ECP. However, the use of ECP has not increased. This study provides better understanding of mechanism of action of LNG ECP and an explanation to the method failure. It also reveals poor knowledge about ECP despite its wider availability and accessibility. Improving these is a worldwide challenge for family planners and all health professionals.
28
Novikova, Natalia. "Mechanism of action of emergency contraceptive pill." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2151.
Full textAbstract:
Master of MedicineThe number of unwanted pregnancies has not decreased in recent years and this should be addressed. Emergency contraception may be effective when used correctly having the advantage that it can be used after an episode of unprotected sexual intercourse (when regular contraception has failed or was not used). In this research project I set out to explore some of the major reasons why there are still many unwanted pregnancies in Australia. I decided to focus on the use and non-use of emergency contraception, e.g. emergency contraception pill (ECP) “method failures” are not well understood because the actual mechanisms of action are still unclear. There is evidence ECP can effectively interfere with follicle growth and ovulation. It is much less clear is whether ECP is able to interfere with fertilization and implantation, in a way, which may make it acceptable to those who have strong religious beliefs in fertilization being the start of new life. Emergency contraception has the potential to prevent many unwanted pregnancies when unprotected intercourse has occurred. It has relatively high efficacy in many studies, but true method failures are not well understood. By contrast, many unwanted pregnancies occur for “social reasons” where emergency contraception has not been used. I set out to study changes in knowledge and usage of emergency contraception in these groups of Australian women seeking termination of pregnancy: 1. Before a dedicated emergency contraception pill (ECP) pack (Postinor) became available in Australia 2. One year after dedicated ECP became available on prescription 3. One year after the ECP pack became available “over the counter” without prescription. Ninety-nine women were recruited during their presentation with a request for ECP at the six Family Planning Clinics in Australia. All women took LNG 1.5mg in a single dose during the clinic consultation. A blood sample was taken immediately prior to ingestion of the ECP for estimation of serum LH, oestradiol and progesterone levels to calculate the day of the menstrual cycle. Based on these endocrine data we estimated the timing of ovulation to within a ±24-hour period with an accuracy of around 80%. Women were followed up 4-6 weeks later to ascertain pregnancy status. The effectiveness of ECP when taken before and after ovulation was determined. Three women in this study became pregnant despite taking the ECP (pregnancy rate 3%). All three women who became pregnant had unprotected intercourse between day -1 and 0 and took the ECP on day +2, based on endocrine data. Day zero was taken as ovulation day. Among seventeen women who had intercourse in the fertile period of the cycle and took the ECP after ovulation occurred (on day +1 to +2) we could have expected 3 or 4 pregnancies, based on Wilcox et al data. Three pregnancies were observed. Among 34 women who had intercourse on days –5 to –2 of the fertile period, and took ECP before or around ovulation, four pregnancies could have been expected, but none were observed. The major discrepancies between women’s self-report of stage of the cycle and the dating calculation based on endocrine data were observed in this study. These data are supportive of the concept that the LNG ECP has little or no effect on post-ovulation events, but is highly effective before ovulation. Our interpretation of the data in terms of timing of treatment relative to ovulation may explain why EC with LNG works sometimes and fails at other times. A larger study is needed to prove this hypothesis. To investigate other reasons for such a high rate of unwanted pregnancy, which probably has a larger impact we looked into womens knowledge of and attitude towards ECP. Seven hundred and eighteen women participated in this study by answering a questionnaire consisting of 15 questions on their demographic and reproductive characteristics as well as the knowledge about the ECP, e.g. 208 women were enrolled before the ECP was marketed in Australia in 2001, 308 after it was marketed and 202 after it became available over the counter (Group 1, 2, and 3, respectively). We found that the participants who have heard about ECP were significantly younger (p<0.005). The mean age of women who have never heard about of ECP was 29.8 years compared to 26.3 years in women who have heard about ECP. More women were aware about the ECP after it became available over the counter. Women in group 2 had higher educational level in comparison to women in group 2 and 3 (p<0.005). There was significant trend in increased use of ECP in women of higher educational level (p<0.005). The use of ECP did not increase significantly with improved availability and access to the ECP amongst women presenting for termination of pregnancy. Wider availability of he ECP pack in Australia and an easier access to it has increased women’s awareness about the ECP. However, the use of ECP has not increased. This study provides better understanding of mechanism of action of LNG ECP and an explanation to the method failure. It also reveals poor knowledge about ECP despite its wider availability and accessibility. Improving these is a worldwide challenge for family planners and all health professionals.
29
Ranape, Judiac. "Women’s perceptions of long-acting reversible contraceptives at a primary health care clinic in Cape Town, South Africa." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7695.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Curationis - MCurIncreasing numbers of unintended pregnancies are occurring due to contraceptive failure. Unsafe abortion remains one of the top five avoidable patient-related causes of maternal death in South Africa. There are much higher reported failure rates for short-acting methods of contraceptives than long-acting methods of contraceptives; the uptake of long-acting methods of contraception though remains low.
30
Amsellem-Mainguy, Yaëlle. "Contraception d'urgence. Analyse sociologique des pratiques contraceptives de jeunes femmes." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00903733.
Full textAbstract:
Trente ans après la légalisation de la contraception en France (Loi Neuwirth du 28 décembre 1967), la " pilule du lendemain " était autorisée à la vente (1998). La loi relative à l'interruption de grossesse et à la contraception promulguée en 2001 permet, notamment, que la contraception d'urgence soit vendue sans ordonnance, en pharmacie. Elle autorise en outre les mineures à accéder gratuitement et sans autorisation parentale à cette méthode. En tant que contraception post-coïtale, la " pilule du lendemain " permet aux femmes d'éviter la survenue d'une grossesse en cas de rapport non ou mal protégé. À partir du récit de 64 jeunes femmes âgées de 15 à 25 ans (entretiens compréhensifs), cette thèse de sociologie appréhende les enjeux sanitaires, relationnels et identitaires liés à l'utilisation des méthodes contraceptives. Elle questionne l'existence de domaines de compétences distincts en matière de gestion de la sexualité : la protection pour les hommes et la contraception pour les femmes. À travers les recours à la contraception d'urgence nous étudions les formes d'investissement du partenaire et saisissons combien son implication peut être révélatrice de l'intensité du lien amoureux. À partir des pratiques et des stratégies de protections (imaginaires et identitaires) mises en œuvre par les jeunes femmes, l'intention de cette recherche est de mettre en évidence l'imbrication des biographies affectives et sexuelles pour comprendre les pratiques contraceptives.
31
Kamal, Nashid. "Areal variations in use of modern contraceptives in rural Bangladesh." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1996. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682271/.
Full textAbstract:
In Bangladesh, use of modern contraceptive methods has increased dramatically in the last decade. However, the level of use has not been the same between rural clusters. This dissertation investigates the plausible reasons for areal variations in use of modern contraception in rural Bangladesh. This study randomly selects sixteen rural clusters as sub-samples from the 1991 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey of Bangladesh. Information from female respondents of eligible age, as well as family heads and family planning workers are collected along with cluster-level community data, and family level information. The data are analyzed using simple bivariate tables as well as more sophisticated multilevel analysis using the software 'MLn'. Analysis of respondents using modern reversible methods finds that apart from the woman's age and number of living children, education of the family planning worker is the most influential predictor of use. Other significant predictors of ever use of modern reversible methods are the woman's education, religion, socio-economic status and her position within the family. Bari-level random effects were significant, indicating that a woman with `typical' characteristics but residing in the most favourable bari would have a higher probability of use than a woman with very favourable characteristics residing in a `typical' bari. Simultaneous confidence intervals of probabilities of use, for all clusters, found that most clusters were not significantly different in their ever use, although pockets of low use were observed. Analysis of acceptors of sterilization finds that apart from age and number of living sons, religion is the most influential predictor of use. Non-Muslims are more likely to be acceptors. Other significant predictors are the woman's education, position within the family, the participation of bari members with non-government organisations, and sanction of bari girls' education by bari head. Bari-level random effects showed in the same directions as those in the modern reversible methods model. Heterogeneity in the bari-level effect could not be explained by the recorded explanatory variables. After controlling for these explanatory variables, between-cluster variance was very small for users of sterilization. However, educated women had more between-cluster variance compared to non-educated women. Religiosity, attitude and beliefs of the respondents are vitally important in shaping attitudes towards contraceptive use. Replacement of some family planning workers with those having appropriate education and training are recommended. Family Planning programmes are strongly recommended to target `bari heads' and encourage them to look favourably upon modern contraception. Attempts should be made at removing ill-conceived religious barriers. Further recommendations are to encourage non-government organisations in areas which have low contraceptive prevalence, and encourage female education and emancipation generally.
32
Hanson, Sarah. "Understanding Provider Knowledge and Awareness About Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29315.
Full textAbstract:
Unplanned pregnancies have individual, familial, and societal consequences and continue to occur in the United States with over two million women experiencing an unplanned pregnancy each year (GI, 2016). Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) are highly effective methods yet underutilized within the United States. LARCs are considered a safe form of contraception that is not reliant upon the user for efficacy (Strasser et al., 2016). Provider interest, beliefs, knowledge, and training pose a significant barrier to LARC utilization (Shoupe, 2016). This practice improvement project aimed to understand the current knowledge and beliefs of healthcare providers as well as provide information about evidence-based contraceptive counseling and LARCs. Following collection of an online LARC questionnaire, the project intervention included design and implementation of an educational hands-on training session. The online LARC questionnaire was sent to healthcare providers across Minnesota and North Dakota with the goal to assess the provider?s knowledge, training, beliefs, and interests related to LARC utilization. The training session consisted of an educational presentation followed by insertion and removal training for one specific LARC method with nurse practitioners from across the region. A total of 166 individuals initiated the questionnaire and 147 responses were considered eligible for analysis. Results demonstrated providers in family medicine report less comfort providing LARC counseling than providers within the OB/GYN specialty. Fewer family medicine providers were trained to perform LARC insertion; consistent with findings in the review of literature. An assessment of the provider?s knowledge on recommending LARCs in females with coexisting conditions demonstrated uncertainty with current medical eligibility criteria published by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Tiered-effectiveness counseling is underutilized with only 18.6% reporting it as their primary contraceptive counseling method. The educational presentation had 14 participants in the audience; a total of eight participants completed the post-training evaluation questionnaire. Following the training, 100% of participants planned to utilize tiered-effectiveness counseling and insert LARCs in their practice. Knowledge gaps and barriers to LARC utilization continue to exist. Additional interventions targeting the provider and patient-linked barriers are needed to decrease unintended pregnancies in the United States.
33
Hillcoat-Nalletamby, Sarah. "La dynamique des pratiques contraceptives à l'île Maurice : changements récents." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05H050.
Full textAbstract:
Au cours des deux dernières décennies, des changements se sont produits à l'ile Maurice dans la dynamique des pratiques contraceptives : en outre, une baisse de la prévalence contraceptive, une diminution du nombre annuel d'utilisatrices, et une augmentation de l'abandon des pratiques. Cette thèse prend comme premier objectif l'analyse de l'ampleur et de la nature de ces changements au niveau macro-local de l'ile. Sont également analyses les facteurs socioculturels influant sur les pratiques contraceptives, par l'étude au niveau micro-local de deux communautés des cités ouvrières. Nous concluons que les changements observes au cours de la période 1985 a 1992 ne sont pas, comme il avait été postule au départ, le signe d’un refus progressif des pratiques contraceptives. La continuité et les modalités des pratiques sont sujettes à des "interférences" ponctuelles entre trois types de facteurs : des cycles d'investissement dans la politique de population qui font fluctuer l'offre des prestations; les difficultés posées pour l'accès a la contraception par des conditions de vie quotidienne appauvries; l'influence des attitudes et les valeurs individuelles et communautaires a l'égard des pratiques de régulation des naissancesDuring the past twenty years, changes in contraceptive practices have arisen in Mauritius : a drop in prevalence levels and in the number of regular users; an increase in contraceptive drop-out rates. Our objective has been two-fold : to analyse the degree and type change at the macro-level of the total population; furthermore, to study the socio-culture al factors influencing practices, as observed at the micro-level of the community. We conclude that the changes observed are not, as might be considered, the indication of a growing resistance to contraception. We suggest that both the continuity and forms of such practices are influenced by the "interference" between three types of factors : cycles of investment in population policy influencing the supply of services; the problems posed for access to family planning services by poor living conditions : the influence upon contraceptive practices of individual and group values and attitudes concerning birth control
34
Justice, Elizabeth Anne. "The effect of oral contraceptives on the soprano voice: an exploratory study." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc798332/.
Full textAbstract:
Several researchers have suggested that fluctuating estrogen levels may be responsible for certain physiological changes in the female body. The purpose of this study was to determine whether significant changes in the soprano voice quality occur due to the use of oral contraceptives.
35
Kammen, Jessika Riemske van. "Conceiving contraceptives the involvement of users in anti-fertility vaccines development /." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2000. http://dare.uva.nl/document/55482.
Full text
36
Yamanaka, Jackie E. "The Effect of Oral Contraceptives on Women's Labor Force Participation Rates." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/270.
Full textAbstract:
The first oral contraceptive was introduced in the United States during the 1960s, and, subsequently, there was an increase in women’s labor force participation rates. Although the economic role of oral contraceptives is still highly debated by scholars, previous studies have found that the pill had a statistically significant impact on women’s labor force participation rates. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women, I will analyze how hours worked, hourly wages, weekly earnings and occupations for women were affected by oral contraceptives. By controlling for various governing statutes that affected the availability of the use and distribution of oral contraceptives in different states, I am able to provide evidence highlighting the extent of the pill’s significance. I find that early legal access (ELA) to oral contraceptives that resulted from residential states legalizing abortion before others positively and significantly affects women’s hours worked, hourly wages, weekly earnings and whether or not women entered into professional occupations.
37
Litchfield, Ruth Edson. "Oral contraceptives, weight control, and fat patterning in young college women." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16050.
Full text
38
Amsellem-Mainguy, Yaëlle. "La contraception d'urgence : analyse sociologiqe des pratiques contraceptives de jeunes femmes." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05H088.
Full textAbstract:
Trente ans après la légalisation de la contraception en France (Loi Neuwirth du 28 décembre 1967) la «pilule du lendemain» était autorisée à la vente (1998). La loi relative a l'interruption de grossesse et à la contraception promulguée en 2001 permet, notamment, que la contraception d'urgence soit vendue sans ordonnance, en pharmacie. Elle autorise en outre les mineures à accéder gratuitement et sans autorisation parentale à cette méthode. En tant que contraception post-coïtale, la "pilule du lendemain" permet aux femmes d'éviter la survenue d'une grossesse en cas de rapport non ou mal protégé. À partir du récit de 64 jeunes femmes âgées de 15 à 25 ans (entretiens comprehensifs) cette thèse de sociologie appréhende les enjeux sanitaires, relationnels et identitaires lies a l'utilisation des méthodes contraceptives. Elle questionne l'existence de domaines de compétences distincts en matière de gestion de la sexualité : la protection pour les hommes et la contraception pour les femmes. À travers les recours à la contraception d'urgence nous étudions les formes d'investissement du partenaire et saisissons combien son implication peut être révélatrice de 1 intensité du lien amoureux. À partir des pratiques et des stratégies de protections (imaginaires et identiaires) mises en œuvre par les jeunes femmes, l'intention de cette recherche est de mettre en évidence l'imbrication des biographies affectives et sexuelles pour comprendre les pratiques contraceptivesThirty years after the legalization of contraception in France (Neuwirth Law of December 28th 1967), the emergency contraception was allowed to sale (1998). The Law promulgated in 2001 about abortion and contraception lets one buy emergency contraception in chemist' s shop without prescription. It also allows minors to get free contraception without parental advisory. As a post-coital contraception, it prevents women from pregnancy in case of not well or unprotected sexual intercourse. Based on the accounts of 64 women between 15 and 25 years old, this sociology thesis deals with sanitary, relational and identity questions linked with the use of contraceptive. It also raises the issue of the of distinct abilities about sexual control: protection for men, and contraception for women. Through emergency contraception we will study the forms of the partner's investment and we will see that one's implication can reveal the intensity of the relationship. From the protection habits and strategies (imaginary and identity) applied by these young women, this research will ify to highlight the overlapping of emotive and sexual biographies to understand the contraceptive habits
39
Russ, Anne C. "Sex, Hormones, and Use of Contraceptives on Muscle Strength and Activation." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/161946.
Full textAbstract:
KinesiologyPh.D.
Women are more likely to sustain knee injuries (e.g., ACL tears) than their male counterparts. The mechanisms responsible for this disparity are unclear. However fluctuating hormones during the menstrual cycle may be an influencing factor since more ACL injuries have been observed preceding ovulation when estrogen levels increase. Previous research shows females to have increased muscle strength and altered neuromuscular activation prior to ovulation. These findings have not been replicated in females using oral contraceptives (OC). To date, no study has examined all of these factors simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sex, hormones, and contraceptive use on neuromuscular function at 3 points during a menstrual cycle. A prospective cohort design with independent variables of group [male (n=10), female no-OC (n=10), female OC (n=10)], and testing session (1,2,3) was used to assess knee function (i.e., tibial translation, isometric strength, vertical leg stiffness, and neuromuscular activation) on physically active college-aged participants. Three testing sessions were scheduled throughout a typical menstrual cycle. Tibial translation was measured at the start of each testing session to assess ACL laxity, for handgrip, knee extensors and knee flexors strength. Area EMG activity of the rectus femoris (representing quadriceps) and biceps femoris (representing hamstrings) was recorded over 3 46cm drop jumps, and vertical leg stiffness was calculated based on measurements obtained by a force plate. A 3 (group) x 3 (testing session) MANOVA (p ≤ 0.05) was used to assess knee function, as defined by tibial translation, strength, EMG activation and vertical leg stiffness. A significant difference was found with respect to strength, as males overall displayed greater strength than both female groups. No other significant differences were found. Although this study attempted to explain the effect of estrogen on strength and neuromuscular function with an improved design, no conclusive evidence was found to further explain this relationship. Future studies should use more sensitive and objective measures to explore this dynamic on a greater sample size over multiple menstrual cycle phases.
Temple University--Theses
40
Byamugisha, Josaphat Kayogoza. "Emergency contraception among young people in Uganda : user and provider perspectives /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-433-4/.
Full text
41
van, Rooijen Marianne. "Effects of combined oral contraceptives on hemostasis and biochemical risk indicators for venous thromboembolism and atherothrombosis /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-089-3/.
Full text
42
Sun, Xiaoxi. "Effects of mifepristone on the human endometrium and the fallopian tube during the luteal phase /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-346-9/.
Full text
43
Lo, Seen-tsing Sue, and 羅善清. "Novel use of emergency contraceptive pills in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48273570.
Full textAbstract:
Emergency contraception is an effective backup for contraceptive failure. In
Hong Kong, levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pill is a prescription drug.
In most developed countries, it is provided in advance or over-the-counter to
eliminate the barrier to access. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the
feasibility and acceptability of these novel delivery modes in Hong Kong. Four
studies were conducted to study pertinent subject matters.
A retrospective review on 11014 clinical records of The Family Planning
Association of Hong Kong on emergency contraception prescription between
2006 and 2008 was performed to delineate the characteristics of emergency
contraceptive users. One-year follow-up data was available in 4728 records,
with 89.4% used emergency contraception once and 8.5% used it twice. The
proportion of subjects not using ongoing contraceptives reduced from 20.6% at
the emergency contraception visit to 4.5% at post-treatment follow-up, 3.9% at
6th month and 3.3% at 12th month. Young age was not associated with not
using ongoing contraceptives and repeat use of emergency contraceptives.
A randomized controlled trial with 1030 women was conducted to compare the
behavior of those given three courses of levonorgestrel emergency
contraceptive pills in advance against those who had to get them from clinics
when needed. After one year, 29.9% of women in the advanced provision
group had used the pills versus 12.9% in the control group (odds ratio 2.87,
95% confidence interval 2.07-3.97). The advanced provision group used three
times more pills than the control group (278 versus 95 courses, p<0.001). The
median coitus-treatment interval in the advanced provision group was
significantly shorter than the control group (11 h versus 20 h; p<0.001). Most
women used condoms before (90%) and during (89%) the study. In both
groups, consistency of use was higher after emergency contraception (65%)
than before (60%) (p<0.001). This study confirmed that advanced provision
increased the utilization of emergency contraceptive pill, facilitated its early
use and did not hamper ongoing contraceptive use.
A questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate the acceptability of novel
use of emergency contraceptive pill among women practicing contraception.
Of the 1405 questionnaires analyzed, 46.3% of women supported more
advertising on emergency contraception; 48.7% supported advanced provision
of emergency contraceptive pill and 25.7% supported over-the-counter
provision. Another questionnaire survey assessed the attitude of physicians
who provide family planning services. Half (54.2%) of them supported
advanced provision of emergency contraceptive pill; 32.5% supported
advanced provision to girls aged 16 and below and 40.2% supported over-thecounter
provision. Among 352 physicians who provided emergency
contraception, only 21.7% of private family physicians and 15.9% of private
obstetrician-gynaecologists prescribed emergency contraceptive pills in
advance.
In conclusion, local women used emergency contraception responsibly and
remained vigilant with ongoing contraception even when they got pills in
advance. Minority of physicians practice advanced provision. The acceptance
of advanced provision, among women and physicians who do not know much
about it, is around 50%. It is thus possible to improve when more education on
advanced provision is provided. The support for over-the-counter provision
was too weak to boost.published_or_final_version
Medicine
Master
Doctor of Medicine
44
Marions, Lena. "Endometrial receptivity and development of new contraceptive methods /." Stockholm, 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-628-4836-4/.
Full text
45
Johannesson, Ulrika. "Combined oral contraceptives - impact on the vulvar vestibular mucosa and pain mechanisms /." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-279-8/.
Full text
46
Tanis, Baaltje Cornelia. "Arterial thrombosis in young women : role of oral contraceptives and coagulation factors /." [S.n.] : [s.l.], 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400224981.
Full text
47
Petersen, Tyler Daniel. "Efficacy comparison of antibiotics or oral contraceptives for treatment of acne vulgaris." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/21237.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.) PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.Acne vulgaris is an extremely common disease, affecting large numbers of adolescents and adults, with substantial physical and psychosocial impacts. Antibiotics have been used for many years in the anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory treatment of acne, and have generated reasonable success rates. In recent years, along with a growing popularity of oral contraceptives to reduce unwanted pregnancies, they have also been applied in acne treatment because of their overall anti-androgenic effects. Very little direct comparisons between these two methods have been published, and this study serves as a preliminary measure for the effectiveness of both treatments against each other. Using an extensive literature search of PUBMED and MEDLINE for randomized clinical trials involving antibiotics or oral contraceptives, data were taken and used in an analysis to assess efficiency of both drug groups in the reduction of lesion counts and percentage reduction in inflammatory acne lesions, non-inflammatory lesions, and total lesions based off original baseline counts in each study. A total of 15 studies were used in the analysis. Antibiotics, oral contraceptives, and placebo treatment groups were evaluated at three months’ time, while oral contraceptives and placebo treatments were also continued out to six months to reflect longer trial durations. In all cases, antibiotics were superior to placebo at three months. Oral contraceptives were also superior to all placebo arms at both three and six months, except for in the average percent reduction of total lesions where the placebo at six months is not significantly different than the contraceptives at three months. Antibiotics and contraceptives showed no significant difference between each other at three or six months times, except for the lesion number reduction at three months for inflammatory lesions compared to antibiotics. All comparisons used the average percentage or number reduction, and 95% confidence intervals to determine significance. After three months, antibiotics showed a 45.40% weighted mean reduction in total lesion counts, compared to 36.41% for oral contraceptives at three months and 43.76% at six months. With the confidence intervals, the ranges for significance are 38.40%-52.40%, 31.92%-40.90%, and 33.87%-53.64% respectively, corresponding to an insignificant difference between all three treatments. Percentage changes for both inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesion reductions were also similar in their confidence intervals overlapping. The study showed a surprising similarity between antibiotics and contraceptives in their ability to treat acne, in both inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions. With the exception of the three month antibiotics out-performing the oral contraceptives at three months’ time for reduction of inflammatory lesions, the percentage reduction was not significantly different, indicating discrepancies with starting numbers. Overall, both treatments were effective in the treatment of acne lesions, but the limitations of oral contraceptives including their utility is confined to women, and the relatively short recommended treatment time for oral antibiotics each have their drawbacks. Oral contraceptives seem to represent a better long term treatment plan for women who are comfortable taking birth control.
2031-01-01
48
Mohn, Kirsten Roman Spiers Mary. "Long-term oral contraceptive use in healthy young women : neuropsychological and electrophysiological changes /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/1557.
Full text
49
Sharman, D. A. "The interaction of polymers with cervical mucus." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234199.
Full text
50
Fraser, Joanne Louise. "Influence of synthetic progestogens on platelet aggregation and arrhythmias associated with myocardial ischaemia." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343753.
Full text