Relevant bibliographies by topics / Contraceptive drugs Toxicology

Academic literature on the topic 'Contraceptive drugs Toxicology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Contraceptive drugs Toxicology"

1

D'Arcy, P. F. "Drug Interactions with Oral Contraceptives." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 20, no. 5 (May 1986): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808602000504.

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In the very rare cases where a pregnancy occurs during oral contraceptive use, the blame is usually laid against the patient for having forgotten to take the pill. Evidence has started to accumulate to suggest that neither the patient nor the pill is at fault in some contraceptive failures. It may be because the patient is taking other medicines and these may be preventing the pill from suppressing ovulation. Most drug interactions reducing or negating contraceptive activity are due to concomitant use of drugs having microsomal enzyme-inducing activity (e.g., some antibiotics, especially rifampicin, and anticonvulsants, including phenobarbital, Phenytoin, and primidone. Other antibiotics (e.g., tetracycline) may also interact by interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of contraceptive steroids. Less well appreciated, oral contraceptive steroids may themselves modify the metabolism and pharmacological activity of various other drugs (e.g., anticoagulants, benzodiazepines, β-blockers, caffeine, corticosteroids, and tricyclic antidepressants); in this respect the oral contraceptives are acting as enzyme inhibitors. Contraceptive steroids may also interact with drugs that cause enzyme inhibition and this delays the metabolism of the hormonal agents. Interactions of this type would be expected to potentiate the action of the contraceptive steroids. It is suggested that the effects of such interaction might be presented in terms of increased incidence of side effects, including water retention, diabetogenic effects, hypertension, and an increased risk of thromboembolic disorders. The spectrum of interactions with oral contraceptives is presented in three tables.
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2

SHAMY, Magdy Youssef, Osama El-Sayed SOLIMAN, Hassan Ahmed OSMAN, and Ragaa Mohammed EL-GAZZAR. "Biological Monitoring of Occupational Exposure to Contraceptive Drugs." INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 34, no. 3 (1996): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.34.267.

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3

Venter, Gerda, Carien L. van der Berg, Francois H. van der Westhuizen, and Elardus Erasmus. "Health Status Is Affected, and Phase I/II Biotransformation Activity Altered in Young Women Using Oral Contraceptives Containing Drospirenone/Ethinyl Estradiol." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 10, 2021): 10607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010607.

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Combined oral contraceptive (COC) use has been associated with various adverse effects. Formulations containing drospirenone (DRSP) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) are generally regarded as milder COCs. Whether long term use of these pills indeed has a low health risk remains questionable. COC use may affect the biotransformation balance by increasing the toxic load or by interfering with the pharmacokinetics of other drugs. This may negatively impact overall health via the production of toxic biotransformation metabolites and induction of oxidative stress. Although individual enzymes involved in biotransformation are known to be regulated by COCs, the effect of COC use on the overall liver biotransformation efficiency has not been reported. Here, we evaluated the general subjective health status and overall liver biotransformation efficiency of healthy young women who were either long term chronic users of COCs containing DRSP/EE, or who were not using any hormonal products. COC users suffered from moderate to severe fatigue and reported more health-related symptoms. Furthermore, phase I (CYP1A2) activity was reduced whereas phase II conjugation reactions (glucuronide conjugation and glycine conjugation) were increased in COC users. Finally, serum peroxide levels were markedly elevated and antioxidant capacity of plasma was reduced in COC users. COCs containing DRSP/EE may, therefore, adversely affect health status and disturb the balance between phase I and II biotransformation reactions. These effects may be mediated by oxidative stress.
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4

Toczek, Jakub, Żaneta Jastrzębska-Stojko, Rafał Stojko, and Agnieszka Drosdzol-Cop. "Endometriosis: New Perspective for the Diagnosis of Certain Cytokines in Women and Adolescent Girls, as Well as the Progression of Disease Outgrowth: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 4726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094726.

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Endometriosis is a common chronic gynecological disorder that undoubtedly impacts on quality of life, and is one of the more complex and mysterious illnesses of our century, which is associated with the improper growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity. This pathologically implanted tissue can be found most frequently in the minor pelvis, but also in the peritoneal cavity, and can affect many organs, leading to chronic pelvic pain syndrome, infertility, and dysmenorrhea. Endometrial tissue is a particularly dynamic tissue that has a direct impact on the progression of the disease, with altered immunity, as well as cytokine storms within the metaplastic endometriotic site, as possible key factors. Currently, diagnosis of this mysterious chronic illness relies on performing a laparoscopic procedure with tissue sampling. One of the most troublesome outcomes of this unintended progression is that we lack any specific, sensitive, non-invasive diagnostic tools. Currently, the vast majority of regime stewardship options rely on anti-contraceptive drugs, or other remedies that suppress the release of estrogen through the gonads—although in most clinical trials, endometriosis is a chronic progressive disorder that depends mostly on the high concentration of estrogen. Moreover, many specific trials have demonstrated that the eutopic endometrial cells in individuals with endometriosis remain much more resistant to the immunological annihilation process caused by certain elements of the immune system. Nevertheless, eutopic endometrial cells have the potential to similarly escalate the expression of aromatase receptors on the surface of the pathological cells, which in the final cascade cause an increase in the concentration of estrogen, as well as other inflammatory proteins that contribute to pathological outgrowth. Data reveal occurrence among first-degree relatives, suggesting that the specific cascade could be related to inherited as well as epigenetic (acquired) mechanisms. In women with the disease, confirmed by laparoscopic procedures, diagnosis of endometriosis can be established also via detection by gene polymorphism in the genes which are responsible for responsible for the detoxification phase of estrogen receptors and other immunomodulator components. A recent publication aims to reveal a new prospect for the non-invasive diagnosis, detection, and estimation of certain biomarkers for much more specific investigation of the disease’s progression.
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5

Ahn, HK, JS Choi, JY Han, MH Kim, JH Chung, HM Ryu, MY Kim, et al. "Pregnancy outcome after exposure to oral contraceptives during the periconceptional period." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 4 (April 2008): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108092290.

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To evaluate whether periconceptional exposure to oral contraceptives (OCs) increased adverse pregnancy outcomes, 136 pregnant women taking OCs within the periconceptional period were identified at the Korean Motherisk Program. Of them, 120 pregnant women accepted to participate in their study and were followed up until completion of the pregnancy. A control group of 240 age- and gravidity-matched pregnant women exposed to non-teratogen drugs for at least 1 month before pregnancy was also included. The median gestational age at delivery was 39.1 (27.0–41.0) weeks in the exposed group and 39.3 (27.4–42.0) weeks in the control group ( P = 0.19). In the exposed group, 7.1% of babies were born with low birth weight versus 2.6% in the control group ( P = 0.068). The number of preterm deliveries or babies born large for gestational age did not differ between the two groups. In the exposed group, the rate of birth defects was 3.2% ( n = 3/99) versus 3.6% ( n = 7/193) in the control group ( P = 1.0). There were 15 women who took high doses of progesterone (emergency contraception) and no adverse fetal outcomes were observed. In conclusion, periconceptional exposure to OCs does not appear to increase the risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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6

Bolt, H. M. "Interactions between clinically used drugs and oral contraceptives." Environmental Health Perspectives 102, suppl 9 (November 1994): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.94102s935.

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7

Salas Herrera, I. G., R. M. Pearson, and P. Turner. "Quantitation of Albumin and Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein in Human Cervical Mucus." Human & Experimental Toxicology 10, no. 2 (March 1991): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719101000209.

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1 Concentrations of albumin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) in human cervical mucus have been measured by a radial immunodiffusion technique. 2 The cervical mucus samples were obtained from women on combined oral contraceptives (Group A) and from women not taking this medication (Group B). In group A the mean level of albumin was 75.6 (range 22-198) mg 1-1 and for AGP 6.5 (range 3-12) mg 1-1. In group B the mean level of albumin was 72.9 (range 22-148) mg 1-1 and for AGP 6.6 (range 3-14) mg 1 -1. 3 The levels of albumin and AGP in cervical mucus were less than 1% of the concentration in serum and were not affected by combined oral contraceptives. 4 The clinical and toxicological consequences of these observations, in terms of the disposition of drugs and other chemicals in the female genital tract, await elucidation.
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8

Thomas, John A. "Drugs and Chemicals that Affect the Endocrine System." International Journal of Toxicology 17, no. 2 (February 1998): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158198226666.

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The mammalian endocrine system is very dynamic, and undergoes frequent physiological fluctions due to diurnal variations and cyclical hormonal feedback systems. Both hormonal modulations and chemicall drug perturbations can affect the reproductive systems in males and females. An endocrine disrup-tor, a contemporary term that has been used to define an agent that disrupts the endocrine system, is a hormone or antihormone mimic that can modulate endocrine signaling pathways. Unfortunately, this terminology is confusing and ambiguous and fails to account for the ever-changing endogenous hormonal milieu. The endocrine system can be disrupted or modulated by many physiologic events (e.g., exercise, menstruation, pregnancy), by pharm acologic intervention (e.g., oral contraceptives, antithyroidal medication), and by nutritional states (e.g., iodine deficiencies, vitamin deficiencies and malnutrition). Seasonal changes (e.g., light and temperature) can also modulate endocrine events. Phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens (e.g., chlorinated pesticides) can also affect the dynamics of the endocrine system. Heavy metals and certain anti-cancer agents can interfere with testicular and ovarian function and may cause sterility. Several sites of action can be involved between a drug/chemical and the endocrine system, including the central nervous system, specific target organs or subpopulation of cells, hormone-transporting proteins, and xenobi-otic-m etabolizing enzymes in the liver. At the endocrine target organ level, mechanism(s) of action may involve competition for a cell receptor or affect non-receptor-mediated actions. Some drug!chemicals may act as hormone agonists (i.e., mimic) or conversely act as hormone antagonists (i.e., an antihormone); other agents may act as partial agonists or partial antagonists. Clearly, there are many internal and external factors that can modulate the endocrine system, yet the paracrine and autocrine regulation of specific target organs is finely regulated, and, importantly, is very resilient to drugl chemical perturbation.
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9

Wiseman, H. M., K. Guest, V. S. G. Murray, and G. N. Volans. "Accidental Poisoning in Childhood: A Multicentre Survey. 1. General Epidemiology." Human Toxicology 6, no. 4 (July 1987): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718700600406.

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1 As background to a study of the effectiveness of packaging in preventing childhood poisoning, the National Poisons Information Service coordinated a prospective survey, in which 9 Accident and Emergency (A & E) departments and 5 paediatric departments, between July 1982 and February 1984, recorded 2043 cases of suspected accidental poisoning in children aged 0-60 months. 2 The products implicated were drugs (59%), household products (37%) and plants (3%). The drugs most frequently implicated were analgesics, anxiolytics, cough medicines, oral contraceptives and drugs to supplement diet or treat dietary disorders. The most frequently implicated household products were cleaners such as bleach, detergent and disinfectant, and petroleum distillate. 3 Seventy-five per cent of the children were 2 and 3-year-olds. Fifty-six per cent were male. 4 Only 22% of the children had signs or symptoms on admission. In only 2 cases were these serious. Treatment other than ipecacuanha and/or oral fluids was seldom required. Of the cases where outcome was recorded, 56% were discharged from A & E. The rest were admitted to a ward; only 7 children were admitted to intensive care units. No child died. 5 Comparison with HASS and other epidemiological surveys shows that these results are representative of national trends.
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10

Vesell, Elliot S. "Implications for Risk Assessment of Host Factors Causing Large Pharmacokinetic Variations." Toxicology and Industrial Health 1, no. 4 (October 1985): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378500100409.

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Normal human subjects vary widely in their capacity to eliminate many drugs and environmental chemicals. These variations range in magnitude from fourfold to fortyfold depending on the drug and the population studied. Pharmacogenetics deals with only one of many host factors responsible for these large pharmacokinetic differences. Age, sex, diet and exposure to other drugs and chemicals, including oral contraceptives, ethanol and cigarette smoking, can alter the genetically determined rate at which a particular subject eliminates drugs and environmental chemicals. These elimination rates, therefore, are dynamic and change even in the same subject with time and condition. Regulatory legislation has only recently begun to recognize this very broad spectrum of human susceptibility and the existence of multiple special subgroups of particularly sensitive subjects. In setting standards for environmental chemicals, EPA and NIOSH have attempted to protect the most sensitive humans and should be encouraged to continue this policy. For some drugs and environmental chemicals, the commonly used safety factor of 100 may be too low; for these chemicals large, interindividual pharmacokinetic variations produced by pharmacogenetic and other host factors may make a safety factor of 400 or 500 more adequate.
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Books on the topic "Contraceptive drugs Toxicology"

1

T, Gregoire A., Blye Richard P, United States. Food and Drug Administration. Fertility and Maternal Health Drugs Advisory Committee., and Workshop on Animal Testing Requirements for New Generation Steroidal Contraceptives (1983 : National Institutes of Health), eds. Contraceptive steroids: Pharmacology and safety. New York: Plenum Press, 1986.

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2

Gregoire, A. T. Contraceptive Steroids: Pharmacology and Safety. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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3

Gregoire, A. T. Contraceptive Steroids: Pharmacology and Safety. Springer, 2013.

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4

Contraceptive Steroids : Pharmacology and Safety (Reproductive Biology). Springer, 1986.

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5

Hunter, Miranda. Sexually transmitted infections. 2014.

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