Journal articles on the topic 'Continuum specification'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Continuum specification.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Continuum specification.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Tay, Louis, and Andrew T. Jebb. "Establishing Construct Continua in Construct Validation: The Process of Continuum Specification." Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 1, no. 3 (July 12, 2018): 375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515245918775707.
Full textAbstract:
Many areas of psychological science rely heavily on theoretical constructs, such as personality traits, attitudes, and emotions, and many of these measured constructs are defined by a continuum that represents the different degrees of the attribute. However, these continua are not usually considered by psychologists during the process of scale development and validation. Unfortunately, this can lead to numerous scientific problems, such as incomplete measurement of the construct, difficulties in distinguishing between constructs, and compromised evidence for validity. The purpose of the current article is to propose an approach for carefully considering these issues in psychological measurement. This approach, which we term continuum specification, is a two-stage process in which the researcher defines and then properly operationalizes the target continuum. Defining the continuum involves specifying its polarity (i.e., the meaning of its poles, or ends) and the nature of its gradations (i.e., the quality that separates high from low scores). Operationalizing the continuum means using this definition to develop a measure that (a) sufficiently captures the entire continuum, (b) has appropriate response options, (c) uses correct procedures for assessing dimensionality, and (d) accounts for the underlying response process. These issues have significant implications for psychological measurement.
2
Parry, G. P. "Discrete structures in continuum descriptions of defective crystals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2066 (April 28, 2016): 20150172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0172.
Full textAbstract:
I discuss various mathematical constructions that combine together to provide a natural setting for discrete and continuum geometric models of defective crystals. In particular, I provide a quite general list of ‘plastic strain variables’, which quantifies inelastic behaviour, and exhibit rigorous connections between discrete and continuous mathematical structures associated with crystalline materials that have a correspondingly general constitutive specification.
3
Cordeiro, Welington, and Maria José Pacífico. "Continuum-wise expansiveness and specification for set-valued functions and topological entropy." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 144, no. 10 (June 17, 2016): 4261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/proc/13168.
Full text
4
Keaveny, Tony M., and Wilson C. Hayes. "A 20-Year Perspective on the Mechanical Properties of Trabecular Bone." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 115, no. 4B (November 1, 1993): 534–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2895536.
Full textAbstract:
We have reviewed highlights of the research in trabecular bone biomechanics performed over the past 20 years. Results from numerous studies have shown that trabecular bone is an extremely heterogeneous material—modulus can vary 100-fold even within the same metaphysis—with varying degrees of anisotropy. Strictly speaking, descriptions of the mechanical properties of trabecular bone should therefore be accompanied by specification of factors such as anatomic site, loading direction, and age. Research efforts have also been focused on the measurement of mechanical properties for individual trabeculae, improvement of methods for mechanical testing at the continuum level, quantification of the three-dimensional architecture of trabecular bone, and formulation of equations to relate the microstructural and continuum-level mechanical properties. As analysis techniques become more sophisticated, there is now evidence that factors such as anisotropy and heterogeneity of individual trabeculae might also have a significant effect on the continuum-level properties, suggesting new directions for future research. Other areas requiring further research are the time-dependent and multiaxial failure properties at the continuum level, and the stiffness and failure properties at the lamellar level. Continued research in these areas should enhance our understanding of issues such as age-related bone fracture, prosthesis loosening, and bone remodeling.
5
Pailhous, Jean, Elodie Varraine, and Mireille Bonnard. "Is the brain specified?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 2 (April 2001): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01433942.
Full textAbstract:
How to conceive the place of the brain in the specification of the animal environment relation? Reality is a continuum between external physical energies and brain energy. The global array concept linked to the physical world and its physical energies could be transposed to the brain as a physical object and a dynamical system.
6
KONDRATIEV, YURI, TANJA PASUREK, and MICHAEL RÖCKNER. "GIBBS MEASURES OF CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS: AN ANALYTIC APPROACH." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 24, no. 10 (November 2012): 1250026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x12500262.
Full textAbstract:
We present a new method to prove existence and uniform a priori estimates for Gibbs measures associated with classical particle systems in a continuum. The method is based on the choice of appropriate Lyapunov functionals and on corresponding exponential bounds for the local Gibbs specification. Extensions to infinite range and multibody interactions are included.
7
Kochovski, Petar, Uroš Paščinski, Vlado Stankovski, and Mojca Ciglarič. "Pareto-Optimised Fog Storage Services with Novel Service-Level Agreement Specification." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 3308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073308.
Full textAbstract:
(1) Background: Cloud storage is often required for successful operation of novel smart applications, relying on data produced by the Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Big Data processing tasks and management operations for such applications require high Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees, requiring an Edge/Fog computing approach. Additionally, users often require specific guarantees in the form of Service Level Agreements (SLAs) for storage services. To address these problems, we propose QoS-enabled Fog Storage Services, implemented as containerised storage services, orchestrated across the Things-to-Cloud computing continuum. (2) Method: The placement of containerised data storage services in the Things-to-Cloud continuum is dynamically decided using a novel Pareto-based decision-making process based on high availability, high throughput, and other QoS demands of the user. The proposed concept is first confirmed via simulation and then tested in a real-world environment. (3) Results: The decision-making mechanism and a novel SLA specification have been successfully implemented and integrated in the DECENTER Fog and Brokerage Platform to complement the orchestration services for storage containers, thus presenting their applicable value. Simulation results as well as practical experimentation in a Europe-wide testbed have shown that the proposed decision-making method can deliver a set of optimal storage nodes, thus meeting the SLA requirements. (4) Conclusion: It is possible to provide new smart applications with the expected SLA guarantees and high QoS for our proposed Fog Storage Services.
8
Carrasco, Marine, and Jean-Pierre Florens. "GENERALIZATION OF GMM TO A CONTINUUM OF MOMENT CONDITIONS." Econometric Theory 16, no. 6 (December 2000): 797–834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466600166010.
Full textAbstract:
This paper proposes a version of the generalized method of moments procedure that handles both the case where the number of moment conditions is finite and the case where there is a continuum of moment conditions. Typically, the moment conditions are indexed by an index parameter that takes its values in an interval. The objective function to minimize is then the norm of the moment conditions in a Hilbert space. The estimator is shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. The optimal estimator is obtained by minimizing the norm of the moment conditions in the reproducing kernel Hilbert space associated with the covariance. We show an easy way to calculate this estimator. Finally, we study properties of a specification test using overidentifying restrictions. Results of this paper are useful in many instances where a continuum of moment conditions arises. Examples include efficient estimation of continuous time regression models, cross-sectional models that satisfy conditional moment restrictions, and scalar diffusion processes.
9
Wilson, Denise L., Gilbert G. Kuperman, Eric G. Ramsey, and William A. Perez. "A Signal Detection Paradigm for Color Display Specification." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 19 (October 1988): 1329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803201904.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this research was to demonstrate the validity of signal detection theory to the assessment (visual discrimination) of displayed color symbology. The area of application of the research results is in the design specification of color coded symbology to be overlayed on moving map, situational awareness displays. A symbol detection experiment was designed to determine how far apart, in CIE/UCS color space, symbol and background color must be in order for observers to detect that a symbol is present against the background. Six trained observers viewed a number of systematically varied symbol/background color combinations and were required to make one of six responses along a continuum from “symbol definitely present” to “symbol definitely not present”. The analyses of the d' and Beta signal detection measures yielded different patterns of results, suggesting that this paradigm was successful in separating the cognitive and sensory/perceptual factors associated with color-on-color target detection. In addition, the shape of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves indicated that the assumptions underlying the signal detection paradigm were met.
10
Sytnyk, Yevhen. "CONTINUUM OF TRANSACTION ACTIONS AND SPECIFICATION OF THE TERMS OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE FIRM." European Journal of Economics and Management 8, no. 4 (2022): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46340/eujem.2022.8.4.3.
Full text
11
Pakenham, Kenneth I. "Specification of social support behaviours and network dimensions along the HIV continuum for gay men." Patient Education and Counseling 34, no. 2 (June 1998): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0738-3991(97)00104-3.
Full text
12
Dolan, Tara E., Wesley S. Patrick, and Jason S. Link. "Delineating the continuum of marine ecosystem-based management: a US fisheries reference point perspective." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 4 (December 28, 2015): 1042–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv242.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Ecosystem management (EM) suffers from linguistic uncertainty surrounding the definition of “EM” and how it can be operationalized. Using fisheries management as an example, we clarify how EM exists in different paradigms along a continuum, starting with a single-species focus and building towards a more systemic and multi-sector perspective. Focusing on the specification of biological and other systemic reference points (SRPs) used in each paradigm and its related regulatory and governance structures, we compare and contrast similarities among these paradigms. We find that although EM is a hierarchical continuum, similar SRPs can be used throughout the continuum, but the scope of these reference points are broader at higher levels of management. This work interprets the current state of the conversation, and may help to clarify the levels of how EM is applied now and how it can be applied in the future, further advancing its implementation.
13
Johnson, E. "Optimal water meter sizing and maintenance system (OSMS)." Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2003): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0089.
Full textAbstract:
Water meters operating outside their performance specifications can contribute to non-physical water losses as well as to financial losses of a water authority. The aim of this project was to develop and test a computerised system providing a continuum of methods for selecting water meters varying from pure theoretical to semi-empirical and then to a wholly empirical process. The theoretical process relies on water demands derived from local and international design codes and standards in the selection of new water meters for buildings or water management areas. The first estimate for the selection of a water meter can be based on both records of billing data as well as on theoretically determined peak and minimum water demands. Empirically measured water demand profiles can be processed and analysed by OSMS to establish the best match for a particular water meter’s specification. Field trials in South Africa and Brazil were instrumental in identifying additional features that enhanced the development of OSMS, as well as emphasised the usefulness of the software. A literature review and a pilot study indicate a previous trend of installing over-sized meters. Replacement meters that are optimally selected can finance the costs of such investments.
14
Mazalov, Vladimir, and Elena Konovalchikova. "Hotelling’s Duopoly in a Two-Sided Platform Market on the Plane." Mathematics 8, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8060865.
Full textAbstract:
Equilibrium in a two-sided market represented by network platforms on the plane and heterogeneous agents is investigated. The advocated approach is based on the duopoly model which implies a continuum of agents of limited size on each side of the market and examines the agents’ heterogeneous utility with the Hotelling specification. The exact values were found for the equilibrium in the case of duopoly in a two-sided market with two platforms on the plane. The dependence of the platforms’ benefits on network externalities was investigated. The problem of the optimal location of platforms in the market was considered.
15
Le, Justin, Vi Luan Ha, Fan Li, Virginia Camacho, Sweta Patel, Rob S. Welner, and Chintan Parekh. "Single Cell Transcriptome Mapping of Human Thymopoiesis Reveals a Continuum of Cell States during T-Lineage Specification and Commitment." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-129886.
Full textAbstract:
The initial stages of thymopoiesis are characterized by the induction of T-lineage genes (specification) and the repression of alternative lineage genes (commitment). Multilineage (Thy1 and Thy2) and committed (Thy3) populations representing successive differentiation stages have been defined within CD34+ progenitor cells in the human thymus by the expression of CD7 and CD1a. However, due to intra-population heterogeneity and unstudied transitional states between populations, our understanding of the transcriptional programs that launch human thymopoiesis remains incomplete. Also, the interpretation of species specific gene expression profiles seen in these populations is confounded by species related differences in progenitor immunophenotypes. To our knowledge, whole transcriptome profiles of human thymic CD34+ progenitors at single cell resolution have not been reported. To resolve the transcriptional landscape of the initial stages of thymopoiesis, we performed single cell RNA-Seq (sRNA-Seq) of FACS sorted unfractionated human thymic CD34+CD4-CD8- cells from 3 donors using 10X (1 thymus, 5000 cells), Indrop (1 thymus, 2000 cells), or BD genomics (1 thymus, 192 index sorted cells) sequencing Averaged sRNA-Seq expression profiles recapitulated previous bulk RNASeq data validating our sRNA-Seq pipeline. Transcriptomes of index sorted cells mapped appropriately to those predicted to be Thy1,Thy2, or Thy3 cells from CD34, CD7, and CD1a RNA levels in the 10x and indrops data indicating the validity of identifying Thy1-3 cells by RNA levels. Seurat clustering showed that CD34+ thymocytes consist of a continuum of cell states rather than discrete populations. Nine cell states marked by gradual changes in CD2, CD44, CD7, CD1A, and CD34 RNA levels were seen: state 1 (Thy1), states 2-6 (Thy2), and states 7-9 (Thy3). Thy2 and Thy3 cells spanned several previously undescribed states with distinct expression profiles. Single cells co-expressing stem and T-lineage genes were seen in state 1 indicating an early onset of T-lineage priming that occurs prior to downregulation of stem cell genes. Within Thy2 cells, high expression of stem and alternative lineage genes was mostly restricted to states 2 and 3, which represent novel Thy2 subpopulations. State 2 cells co-expressed T-cell and high levels of innate immune genes, particularly IRF8. State 3 cells showed low CD2 expression and co-expressed T-cell and stem, myeloid, B-cell, and/ or NK genes. These results indicate concomitant priming of multiple lineage transcriptional programs rather than just the presence of unilineage gene program expressing subpopulations in the earliest thymic progenitor cells. In preliminary experiments, FACS sorted CD2 low Thy2 cells generated T-cells as well as a higher output of alternative lineage cells than CD2 high Thy2 cells. States 7-9 showed committed profiles with upregulated T-cell genes and silenced stem and alternative lineage genes. While state 9 (late Thy3) showed high RAG1 expression and cell cycle arrest, most Thy3 cells (states 7 and 8) were cycling indicating that commitment, which precedes T-cell receptor rearrangement, is not associated with proliferation arrest. Monocle pseudotime analysis finely resolved expression profiles along the differentiation trajectory within Thy1-3 populations: e.g. genes repressed earlier (e.g. MEIS1) vs later (e.g. DTX1). BCL11B, a key T-cell commitment gene was one of the earliest transcription factors (TF) to be induced during human thymopoiesis, and upregulation of TCF7 and BCL11B occurred concurrently. In contrast, in mice induction of Bcl11b occurs later after Tcf7 is fully upregulated. Thus, the initial stages of thymopoiesis are characterized by a continuum of multilineage transcriptional priming followed by a gradual transition to a T-lineage restricted gene program, a process similar to that recently described for lineage commitment of bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors but not previously reported in the thymus. SRNA-Seq yielded expression profiles along numerous data-points on the differentiation trajectory within heterogenous populations, providing high transcriptional resolution not possible with bulk data. We found differences in key TF expression profiles that could imply species specific regulatory mechanisms. Our data are a resource for elucidating transcriptional networks in T-cell development and T-cell leukemias. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
16
Feng, Zhenhua, Таосин Лиу, Владимир Мазалов, Vladimir Mazalov, and Jie Zheng. "Pricing of Platforms in Two-Sided Markets with Heterogeneous Agents and Limited Market Size." Mathematical Game Theory and Applications 10, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/mgta1_5.
Full textAbstract:
We study a two-sided market represented by network platforms and heterogeneous agents. Our setup departs from Armstrong (2006)’s monopoly model by assuming both (1) a continuum of agents of limited size on each side of the market and (2) heterogeneous utility of agents with Hotelling specification. We show that the monopoly’s optimal pricing strategy always results in a corner solution in terms of the equilibrium market share. We also solve for the social planner’s optimization problem and obtain a similar corner solution result. In addition, the exact values for the equilibrium in the case of duopoly for a two-sided market on two platforms are obtained.
17
Prihatni, Yuli, Kumaidi Kumaidi, and Mundilarto Mundilarto. "PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN DIAGNOSTIK KOGNITIF PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPA DI SMP." Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan 20, no. 1 (June 21, 2016): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/pep.v20i1.7524.
Full textAbstract:
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menghasilkan instrumen diagnostik kognitif pada mata pelajaran IPA materi kalor berdasarkan learning continuum, (2) menemukan karakteristik instrumen diagnostik kognitif pada mata pelajaran IPA materi kalor, berdasarkan learning continuum. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode pengembangan tes diagnostik. Penelitian didahului dengan penyusunan learning continum, kisi-kisi tes, hierarki materi prasyarat dan spesifikasi item pada materi IPA konsep kalor yang ditelaah melalui Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Uji coba dilaksanakan dengan subjek uji sebanyak 484 siswa kelas VII SMP di Kabupaten Sleman. Seleksi butir tes untuk mendapatkan fit tes menggunakan program Quest dan Program M Plus untuk uji kecocokan/kesesuaian model atribut dengan matriks Q. Hasil penelitian menunjukan: (1) instrumen yang berhasil dikembangkan berbentuk tes pilihan ganda dengan alasan, berjumlah 28 butir soal dan menghasilkan tujuh Q matrik; (2) analisis dengan program Quest diperoleh butir fit dengan model dan program M Plus menemukan besarnya probabilitas pada setiap latent class pada tujuh Q matriks yang tersusun.Kata kunci: instrumen, diagnostik kognitif, IPA DEVELOPING THE INSTRUMENTS OF COGNITIVE DIAGNOSTIC FOR SCIENCE SUBJECT IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLAbstractThe study aimed at: (1) producing cognitive diagnostic instruments for science subjects of heat topic based on learning continuum (2) finding the characteristics of the instrument developed The method used in this research is the development of diagnostic tests. The research was preceded by the preparation of learning continuum, test blueprint , hierarchy of prerequisite materials and test specification on materials of science concept which were examined through Focus Group Discussion (FGD).The test trial was implemented with 484 students of class VII SMP in Sleman as subjects. Selection of test items to get fit tests used Quest program and M Plus program to test the suitability/fitness model with the attribute matrix Q. The results show: (1) the instruments developed in the form of a multiple choice test with reason, totaling 28 items and seven Q matrix; (2) analysis using Quest program finds item fit with the model ,and program M Plus find the probability in each latent class on seven Q matrix composed.Keywords: instruments, cognitive diagnostic, science
18
Zhou, Zhenwei, and Jiaming Wu. "Low to Middle Vibro-Acoustic Noise Prediction in Ship Cabin by Using Plate-Cavity Coupling Model." Polish Maritime Research 25, s2 (August 1, 2018): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2018-0086.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A plate-cavity coupling method based on modal expansion technique in the closed sound cavity was introduced, aiming at ship cabin structural noise. Using this method, a coupled equation was established. The structural vibration acceleration of the target cabin was extracted from a ship vibration response calculation, applied to the model. Then the target cabin noise value was obtained through numerical calculation. The effectiveness and reliability of the method were validated through experiments. The coupled model predicts noise in the cabin does not require fluid finite element model of the cabin air, thus greatly reducing the calculation time compared with the pure finite element method. It was shown that the method is suitable for the calculation of noise in a single ship cabin; the method has a high calculation efficiency. Furthermore, the calculated result is a continuum. On the one hand, it can be conveniently converted to an octave or 1/3 octave according to the specification. On the other hand, the form of the continuum also provides a corresponding response to the subsequent vibration and noise control.
19
Jasimuddin, Sajjad M., Jonathan H. Klein, and Con Connell. "The paradox of using tacit and explicit knowledge." Management Decision 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740510572515.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThis paper contrasts two perspectives on the distinction between tacit and explicit knowledge: on the one hand, the perspective that categorises knowledge as belonging to either one or the other class; and, on the other hand, the perspective that views knowledge type as a graded continuum.Design/methodology/approachThe paper explores the extensive literature on the topic, and from this literature engages in conceptual development.FindingsThe paper adopts the view that the continuum perspective, in which knowledge in a particular context has both tacit and explicit characteristics, is of particular value when considering the knowledge strategy of an organisation. Whereas the former perspective presents a well‐known dilemma, the continuum perspective permits the specification of a strategy in which the advantages of both tacit and explicit knowledge can, in principle, be obtained. One such strategy might be one that renders organisational knowledge as internally explicit, but externally tacit.Originality/valueThe paper develops a view of the explicit/tacit dilemma that leads to a possible way forward in resolving the dilemma for organisations.
20
Li, Jun, and Martin Ostoja-Starzewski. "Fractal solids, product measures and fractional wave equations." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 465, no. 2108 (June 4, 2009): 2521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2009.0101.
Full textAbstract:
This paper builds on the recently begun extension of continuum thermomechanics to fractal porous media that are specified by a mass (or spatial) fractal dimension D , a surface fractal dimension d and a resolution length scale R . The focus is on pre-fractal media (i.e. those with lower and upper cut-offs) through a theory based on a dimensional regularization, in which D is also the order of fractional integrals employed to state global balance laws. In effect, the governing equations are cast in forms involving conventional (integer order) integrals, while the local forms are expressed through partial differential equations with derivatives of integer order but containing coefficients involving D , d and R . This procedure allows a specification of a geometry configuration of continua by ‘fractal metric’ coefficients, on which the continuum mechanics is subsequently constructed. While all the derived relations depend explicitly on D , d and R , upon setting D =3 and d =2, they reduce to conventional forms of governing equations for continuous media with Euclidean geometries. Whereas the original formulation was based on a Riesz measure—and thus more suited to isotropic media—the new model is based on a product measure, making it capable of grasping local fractal anisotropy. Finally, the one-, two- and three-dimensional wave equations are developed, showing that the continuum mechanics approach is consistent with that obtained via variational energy principles.
21
Speedie, Jessica, Richard A. Booth, and Ruobing Dong. "Observing Planet-driven Dust Spirals with ALMA." Astrophysical Journal 930, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac5cc0.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) continuum observations of thermal emission from the dust component of protoplanetary disks have revealed an abundance of substructures that may be interpreted as evidence for embedded planets, but planet-driven spiral arms—perhaps one of the most compelling lines of evidence—have proven comparatively elusive. In this work, we test the capabilities of ALMA to detect the planet-driven spiral signal in continuum emission. Carrying out hydrodynamic simulations and radiative transfer calculations, we present synthetic Band 7 continuum images for a wide range of disk and observing conditions. We show that thermal mass planets at tens of astronomical units typically drive spirals detectable within a few hours of integration time, and the detectable planet mass may be as low as ∼Neptune mass (0.3 M th). The grains probed by ALMA form spirals morphologically identical to the underlying gas spiral. The temperature of the dust spiral is crucial in determining its contrast, and spirals are easier to detect in disks with an adiabatic equation of state and longer cooling times. Resolving the spiral is not necessary for its detection; with the help of residual maps, the optimal beam size is a few times the spiral width at a constant noise level. Finally, we show how the presence of gaps and rings can impair our ability to recognize colocated spirals. Our work demonstrates the planet-finding potential of the current design specification of ALMA, and suggests that observing capability is not the bottleneck in searching for spirals induced by thermal mass planets.
22
Gavrikov, V. A. "Review of Kikhney, L. (2017). Under the sign of acmeism: Collected articles. Moscow: Azbukovnik. 608 pages." Voprosy literatury, no. 6 (February 7, 2019): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2018-6-384-389.
Full textAbstract:
The main goal of the collection is to define the specific character of Acmeism as a separate trend inside Russian Modernism. This specification is derived through a series of basic categories like space and time continuum, the philosophy of the written word, and poetic semantics, etc. The collection is divided into several sections. The first, a summary of the general theory about the subject, discusses the significance of Acmeism in the Silver Age semantic paradigm. The second section is devoted to O. Mandelstam’s poetry, and in particular his logos concept. The third centres on A. Akhmatova’s poetics, with particular attention to her world view. It also includes several papers on A Poem Without a Hero [Poema bez geroya]. The fourth section covers various aspects of works by acmeists N. Gumilyov, V. Narbut, and M. Zenkevich.
23
Zibetti, Cristina. "Deciphering the Retinal Epigenome during Development, Disease and Reprogramming: Advancements, Challenges and Perspectives." Cells 11, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11050806.
Full textAbstract:
Retinal neurogenesis is driven by concerted actions of transcription factors, some of which are expressed in a continuum and across several cell subtypes throughout development. While seemingly redundant, many factors diversify their regulatory outcome on gene expression, by coordinating variations in chromatin landscapes to drive divergent retinal specification programs. Recent studies have furthered the understanding of the epigenetic contribution to the progression of age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. The knowledge of the epigenomic mechanisms that control the acquisition and stabilization of retinal cell fates and are evoked upon damage, holds the potential for the treatment of retinal degeneration. Herein, this review presents the state-of-the-art approaches to investigate the retinal epigenome during development, disease, and reprogramming. A pipeline is then reviewed to functionally interrogate the epigenetic and transcriptional networks underlying cell fate specification, relying on a truly unbiased screening of open chromatin states. The related work proposes an inferential model to identify gene regulatory networks, features the first footprinting analysis and the first tentative, systematic query of candidate pioneer factors in the retina ever conducted in any model organism, leading to the identification of previously uncharacterized master regulators of retinal cell identity, such as the nuclear factor I, NFI. This pipeline is virtually applicable to the study of genetic programs and candidate pioneer factors in any developmental context. Finally, challenges and limitations intrinsic to the current next-generation sequencing techniques are discussed, as well as recent advances in super-resolution imaging, enabling spatio-temporal resolution of the genome.
24
Yokomizo, Tomomasa, Naoki Watanabe, Terumasa Umemoto, Junichi Matsuo, Ryota Harai, Yoshihiko Kihara, Eri Nakamura, et al. "Hlf marks the developmental pathway for hematopoietic stem cells but not for erythro-myeloid progenitors." Journal of Experimental Medicine 216, no. 7 (May 10, 2019): 1599–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20181399.
Full textAbstract:
Before the emergence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), lineage-restricted progenitors, such as erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMPs), are detected in the embryo or in pluripotent stem cell cultures in vitro. Although both HSCs and EMPs are derived from hemogenic endothelium, it remains unclear how and when these two developmental programs are segregated during ontogeny. Here, we show that hepatic leukemia factor (Hlf) expression specifically marks a developmental continuum between HSC precursors and HSCs. Using the Hlf-tdTomato reporter mouse, we found that Hlf is expressed in intra-aortic hematopoietic clusters and fetal liver HSCs. In contrast, EMPs and yolk sac hematopoietic clusters before embryonic day 9.5 do not express Hlf. HSC specification, regulated by the Evi-1/Hlf axis, is activated only within Hlf+ nascent hematopoietic clusters. These results strongly suggest that HSCs and EMPs are generated from distinct cohorts of hemogenic endothelium. Selective induction of the Hlf+ lineage pathway may lead to the in vitro generation of HSCs from pluripotent stem cells.
25
Le Guernic, Paul, Jean-Pierre Talpin, and Jean-Christophe Le Lann. "POLYCHRONY for System Design." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 12, no. 03 (June 2003): 261–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126603000763.
Full textAbstract:
Rising complexities and performances of integrated circuits and systems, shortening time-to-market demands for electronic equipments, growing installed bases of intellectual property (IP), requirements for adapting existing IP blocks with new services, all stress high-level design as a prominent research topic and call for the development of appropriate methodological solutions. In this aim, system design based on the so-called "synchronous hypothesis" consists of abstracting the nonfunctional implementation details of a system and lets one benefit from a focused reasoning on the logics behind the instants at which the system functionalities should be secured. With this point of view, synchronous design models and languages provide intuitive (ontological) models for integrated circuits. This affinity explains the ease of generating synchronous circuits and verify their functionalities using compilers and related tools that implement this approach. In the relational mathematical model behind the design language SIGNAL, this affinity goes beyond the domain of purely synchronous circuits, and embraces the context of complex architectures consisting of synchronous circuits and desynchronization protocols: globally asynchronous and locally synchronous architectures (GALS). The unique features of the relational model behind SIGNAL are to provide the notion of polychrony: the capability to describe circuits and systems with several clocks; and to support refinement: the ability to assist and support system design from the early stages of requirement specification, to the later stages of synthesis and deployment. The SIGNAL model provides a design methodology that forms a continuum from synchrony to asynchrony, from specification to implementation, from abstraction to concretization, from interfaces to implementations. SIGNAL gives the opportunity to seamlessly model circuits and devices at multiple levels of abstractions, by implementing mechanisms found in many hardware simulators, while reasoning within a simple and formally defined mathematical model. In the same manner, the flexibility inherent to the abstract notion of signal, handled in the synchronous-desynchronized design model of SIGNAL, invites and favors the design of correct by construction systems by means of well-defined transformations of system specifications (morphisms) that preserve the intended semantics and stated properties of the architecture under design. The aim of the present article is to review and summarize these formal, correct-by-construction, design transformations. Most of them are implemented in the POLYCHRONY tool-set, allowing for a mixed bottom–up and top–down design of an embedded hardware–software system using the SIGNAL design language.
26
Schmitt, Robert L., Jeffrey S. Russell, Awad S. Hanna, Hussain U. Bahia, and Galadriel A. Jung. "Summary of Current Quality Control/ Quality Assurance Practices for Hot-Mix Asphalt Construction." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1632, no. 1 (January 1998): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1632-03.
Full textAbstract:
State highway agencies and contractors have been implementing quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) specifications in recent years to advance the quality of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) construction. During their continued development, attributes of these QC/QA specifications have varied among states. The objective of this paper is to provide a compilation of state-of-the-practice in QC/QA for HMA construction and provide recommendations for state highway agencies and contractors when modifying or developing a QC/QA specification. Survey data from 42 state highway agencies and 61 contractors working within 14 states found that a majority of states are using contractor data for acceptance. A review of QC/QA specifications from 40 states found that most states are using plant-produced mix properties, density, and smoothness tests to determine overall quality and acceptance of HMA construction work. A larger number of states are using quality level analysis for specification compliance by estimating percent within limits or percent defective for mix properties and density. Consideration is given to key attributes of a QC/QA specification, including ( a) whether to use contractor or agency data for acceptance, ( b) use of quantity or time for lots, and ( c) testing frequency. State highway agencies and contractors may find this report useful for understanding the components of different QC/QA specifications and furnishing essential information as both parties collaborate during specification development.
27
Nikitina, Tatiana. "Logophoricity and shifts of perspective." Notes from the field on perspective-indexing constructions 27, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 78–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.20001.nik.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study presents a typology of existing approaches to logophoricity and discusses problems the different approaches face. It addresses, in particular, perspective-based accounts describing constructions with logophoric pronouns in terms of their intermediate position on the direct-indirect continuum (Evans 2013), and lexical accounts incorporating the idea of coreference with the reported speaker into the pronoun’s meaning, either through role-to-value mapping mechanisms (Nikitina 2012a, b), or through feature specification (Schlenker 2003a, b). The perspective-based approach is shown to be unsatisfactory when it comes to treating language-specific data in precise and cross-linguistically comparable terms. It fails to account, for example, for cross-linguistic differences in the behavior of logophoric pronouns, for their optionality, and for their close diachronic relationship to third person elements. Lexical accounts are better equipped to handle a variety of outstanding issues, but they, too, need to be revised to accommodate a variety of discourse phenomena associated with logophoricity, including alternation with first person pronouns. The proposed solution follows the lines of lexical approaches but aims at enriching the pronouns’ lexical representation with notions pertaining to narrative structure, such as the role of Narrator. A separate solution is proposed for treating conventionalized uses occurring outside speech and attitude reports.
28
Latham, J. P. "Assessment and specification of armourstone quality: from CIRIA/CUR (1991) to CEN (2000)." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 13, no. 1 (1998): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1998.013.01.06.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAs a typical by-product to normal quarrying, armourstone has many attributes that make its objective specification and testing less straightforward than most producers would wish. Neither, it appears, has the market forces principle and tendering practices in the UK construction industry, leading to minimal forward planning of armourstone testing, helped to enhance quality control of materials. The undoubted advances heralded by the standardizing approach of the CIRIA/CUR Manual on the Use of Rock in Coastal and Shoreline Engineering and its model specification have done much to rationalize a previously over-simplistic view of armourstone specification. However, recent practical experience with many coastal contracts which have adopted the CIRIA/CUR specification has exposed a number of problems with the detailed implementation of the rock quality testing part of the model specification. In particular, this experience draws attention to a lack of published correlation studies between the various abrasion tests and between strength tests. Rock suppliers are reporting that designers are continuing to specify using the BS812 suite of aggregate tests. The potential for bias in the taking and preparation of representative test portions has also remained a problem.The manual specification's rationale, its strengths and weaknesses, are outlined. Correlation analysis of new research data from a suite of rocks is presented. A re-examination of the manual specification's acceptance criteria for resistance to wear and to breakage is presented. A way forward is offered for the continued use of the manual specification until its supersedence by the European CEN specification for armourstone. Improvements in the 16th draft of the CEN standard are briefly discussed, and it is found that certain problems that the manual began to address remain unsolved.
29
Tavana, Hossein, and Hani S. Mahmassani. "Estimation and Application of Dynamic Speed-Density Relations by Using Transfer Function Models." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1710, no. 1 (January 2000): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1710-06.
Full textAbstract:
Deployment of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and availability of a vast amount of online data are opening new opportunities for researchers and practitioners. Many of the previously established methods and applications must be revisited in light of the availability of real-time data. Traffic flow models, particularly speed-density relations, lie at the core of a wide range of applications in almost all areas of traffic engineering and control. In simulation applications and continuum traffic flow models, first-order models use a steady-state or static speed-density relation, whereas higher-order models, with additional terms and parameters, are usually driven by the deviation of speed from this steady-state value. In calibrating speed-density relations using time series data, the existence of serial correlation and other dynamic effects in the data has largely been ignored in previous studies. In this study, transfer function methods (bivariate time series models) are used to specify and estimate dynamic speed-density relations from typical detector data from an advanced traffic management system control center. First the deviation of speed from an equilibrium static relation is estimated, and later the method is extended to directly estimate speed without explicit specification of an equilibrium speed-density relation. The robustness of the model temporally and spatially is investigated. In all cases considered, the method exhibits good performance and robustness in application. Furthermore, since the method is based on the use of online information, it has the capability of being adaptive and adjusting its parameters online.
30
Owen Raddats, Chris, and Jamie Burton. "Creating multi-vendor solutions: the resources and capabilities required." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 29, no. 2 (January 28, 2014): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-04-2012-0061.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the resources and capabilities required by manufacturers to develop and deliver multi-vendor solutions. Design/methodology/approach – A multi-case design comprising six UK-based manufacturers: two from each of the aerospace/defence, information technology and telecommunications sectors. Findings – Manufacturers can be characterized by their propensity to include products from other vendors in their solutions; single vendor solution providers (SVSPs) focus on solutions comprising their own products, while multi-vendor solution providers (MVSPs) fully embrace products from other manufacturers. Three capabilities were identified which distinguish MVSPs from SVSPs given the complexity of multi-vendor solutions (expertise specifying the solution, engineers trained in implementing/supporting the solution, partnerships with component suppliers of the solution). These capabilities are underpinned by both technical capability and impartiality in solution specification. Research limitations/implications – MVSPs need to be impartial when specifying customer solutions. They should be guided by the best interests of the customer rather than the interests of the product-based SBUs. Achieving impartiality can conflict with some manufacturers' product heritage. The research has focused on three sectors; further research is needed to test whether the findings are applicable beyond these sectors. Practical implications – Solutions are a valuable approach in creating market differentiation, although not all manufacturers will possess the resources/capabilities to be successful. Originality/value – A continuum of solution providers is proposed; SVSPs at one extreme and MVSPs at the other. The operant resource-based capability “impartiality” was identified as being particularly important to MVSPs in creating value for customers.
31
Justić, Dubravko, Villy Kourafalou, Giulio Mariotti, Songjie He, Robert Weisberg, Yannis Androulidakis, Christopher Barker, et al. "Transport Processes in the Gulf of Mexico Along the River-Estuary-Shelf-Ocean Continuum: a Review of Research from the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative." Estuaries and Coasts 45, no. 3 (October 4, 2021): 621–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-021-01005-1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractEstuarine and coastal geomorphology, biogeochemistry, water quality, and coastal food webs in river-dominated shelves of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) are modulated by transport processes associated with river inputs, winds, waves, tides, and deep-ocean/continental shelf interactions. For instance, transport processes control the fate of river-borne sediments, which in turn affect coastal land loss. Similarly, transport of freshwater, nutrients, and carbon control the dynamics of eutrophication, hypoxia, harmful algal blooms, and coastal acidification. Further, freshwater inflow transports pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, and oil into receiving estuaries and coastal systems. Lastly, transport processes along the continuum from the rivers and estuaries to coastal and shelf areas and adjacent open ocean (abbreviated herein as “river-estuary-shelf-ocean”) regulate the movements of organisms, including the spatial distributions of individuals and the exchange of genetic information between distinct subpopulations. The Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) provided unprecedented opportunities to study transport processes along the river-estuary-shelf-ocean continuum in the GoM. The understanding of transport at multiple spatial and temporal scales in this topographically and dynamically complex marginal sea was improved, allowing for more accurate forecasting of the fate of oil and other constituents. For this review, we focus on five specific transport themes: (i) wetland, estuary, and shelf exchanges; (ii) river-estuary coupling; (iii) nearshore and inlet processes; (iv) open ocean transport processes; and (v) river-induced fronts and cross-basin transport. We then discuss the relevancy of GoMRI findings on the transport processes for ecological connectivity and oil transport and fate. We also examine the implications of new findings for informing the response to future oil spills, and the management of coastal resources and ecosystems. Lastly, we summarize the research gaps identified in the many studies and offer recommendations for continuing the momentum of the research provided by the GoMRI effort. A number of uncertainties were identified that occurred in multiple settings. These include the quantification of sediment, carbon, dissolved gasses and nutrient fluxes during storms, consistent specification of the various external forcings used in analyses, methods for smooth integration of multiscale advection mechanisms across different flow regimes, dynamic coupling of the atmosphere with sub-mesoscale and mesoscale phenomena, and methods for simulating finer-scale dynamics over long time periods. Addressing these uncertainties would allow the scientific community to be better prepared to predict the fate of hydrocarbons and their impacts to the coastal ocean, rivers, and marshes in the event of another spill in the GoM.
32
Justić, Dubravko, Villy Kourafalou, Giulio Mariotti, Songjie He, Robert Weisberg, Yannis Androulidakis, Christopher Barker, et al. "Transport Processes in the Gulf of Mexico Along the River-Estuary-Shelf-Ocean Continuum: a Review of Research from the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative." Estuaries and Coasts 45, no. 3 (October 4, 2021): 621–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-021-01005-1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractEstuarine and coastal geomorphology, biogeochemistry, water quality, and coastal food webs in river-dominated shelves of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) are modulated by transport processes associated with river inputs, winds, waves, tides, and deep-ocean/continental shelf interactions. For instance, transport processes control the fate of river-borne sediments, which in turn affect coastal land loss. Similarly, transport of freshwater, nutrients, and carbon control the dynamics of eutrophication, hypoxia, harmful algal blooms, and coastal acidification. Further, freshwater inflow transports pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, and oil into receiving estuaries and coastal systems. Lastly, transport processes along the continuum from the rivers and estuaries to coastal and shelf areas and adjacent open ocean (abbreviated herein as “river-estuary-shelf-ocean”) regulate the movements of organisms, including the spatial distributions of individuals and the exchange of genetic information between distinct subpopulations. The Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) provided unprecedented opportunities to study transport processes along the river-estuary-shelf-ocean continuum in the GoM. The understanding of transport at multiple spatial and temporal scales in this topographically and dynamically complex marginal sea was improved, allowing for more accurate forecasting of the fate of oil and other constituents. For this review, we focus on five specific transport themes: (i) wetland, estuary, and shelf exchanges; (ii) river-estuary coupling; (iii) nearshore and inlet processes; (iv) open ocean transport processes; and (v) river-induced fronts and cross-basin transport. We then discuss the relevancy of GoMRI findings on the transport processes for ecological connectivity and oil transport and fate. We also examine the implications of new findings for informing the response to future oil spills, and the management of coastal resources and ecosystems. Lastly, we summarize the research gaps identified in the many studies and offer recommendations for continuing the momentum of the research provided by the GoMRI effort. A number of uncertainties were identified that occurred in multiple settings. These include the quantification of sediment, carbon, dissolved gasses and nutrient fluxes during storms, consistent specification of the various external forcings used in analyses, methods for smooth integration of multiscale advection mechanisms across different flow regimes, dynamic coupling of the atmosphere with sub-mesoscale and mesoscale phenomena, and methods for simulating finer-scale dynamics over long time periods. Addressing these uncertainties would allow the scientific community to be better prepared to predict the fate of hydrocarbons and their impacts to the coastal ocean, rivers, and marshes in the event of another spill in the GoM.
33
Bressloff, Paul C., Jack D. Cowan, Martin Golubitsky, Peter J. Thomas, and Matthew C. Wiener. "What Geometric Visual Hallucinations Tell Us about the Visual Cortex." Neural Computation 14, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 473–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976602317250861.
Full textAbstract:
Many observers see geometric visual hallucinations after taking hallucinogens such as LSD, cannabis, mescaline or psilocybin; on viewing bright flickering lights; on waking up or falling asleep; in “near-death” experiences; and in many other syndromes. Klüver organized the images into four groups called form constants: (I) tunnels and funnels, (II) spirals, (III) lattices, including honeycombs and triangles, and (IV) cobwebs. In most cases, the images are seen in both eyes and move with them. We interpret this to mean that they are generated in the brain. Here, we summarize a theory of their origin in visual cortex (area V1), based on the assumption that the form of the retino–cortical map and the architecture of V1 determine their geometry. (A much longer and more detailed mathematical version has been published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 356 [2001].) We model V1 as the continuum limit of a lattice of interconnected hypercolumns, each comprising a number of interconnected iso-orientation columns. Based on anatomical evidence, we assume that the lateral connectivity between hypercolumns exhibits symmetries, rendering it invariant under the action of the Euclidean group E(2), composed of reflections and translations in the plane, and a (novel) shift-twist action. Using this symmetry, we show that the various patterns of activity that spontaneously emerge when V1's spatially uniform resting state becomes unstable correspond to the form constants when transformed to the visual field using the retino-cortical map. The results are sensitive to the detailed specification of the lateral connectivity and suggest that the cortical mechanisms that generate geometric visual hallucinations are closely related to those used to process edges, contours, surfaces, and textures.
34
Pyliagina, G. "Differential diagnostic of self-destructive behaviour via structural-dynamic model." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.489.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesStructural-dynamic model (SDM) of self-destructive behaviour (SdB) is needed for differential diagnostic of numerous features of SdB. SDM is based on an awareness that self-destructiveness has different variants with diversity of psychophysical damage as its outcome. SDM describes whole continuum of SdB variations and helps to differentiate them, to assess risk of suicidal or non-suicidal activity and to do long-term prognosis for SdB development as well.MethodsSDM of SdB is a generalized conception, which is a result of consequent scientific researches. The clinical criteria by ICD-10 and semi-structured suicidological interview were used in all of the surveys. In general, we observed 860 patients with suicidal attempt, suicidal ideas and self-destructive injuries.ResultsOur researches proved that SDM of SdB determine suicidological diagnosis implementing all-round assessment of SdB features of patient using kinds, forms and clinical-pathogenetic types as main categories of this concept. The kinds of SdB are: self-aggressive behaviour, self-destructive behaviour (it includes non-suicidal or psychotic variants) and suicidal behaviour. Each kind of SdB helps to detect pathogenetic mechanisms and dynamic tendencies in development of it. The form of SdB discloses behavioural specification in each case. There are equivalent, internal and external forms. The clinical-pathogenetic types of SdB are: suicidal, parasuicidal, pseudosuicidal or asuicidal. Each of them discloses significant clinical characteristics of actual self-destructive episode (nosology, syndrome, psychological traits, situation peculiarities, etc.). The differential diagnostic of SdB by SDM concept will allow doctors to treat patients more accurately and effectively.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
35
De Grande, Linde A. C., Katleen Van Uytfanghe, Dries Reynders, Barnali Das, James D. Faix, Finlay MacKenzie, Brigitte Decallonne, et al. "Standardization of Free Thyroxine Measurements Allows the Adoption of a More Uniform Reference Interval." Clinical Chemistry 63, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 1642–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2017.274407.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract BACKGROUND The IFCC Committee for Standardization of Thyroid Function Tests intended to standardize free thyroxine (FT4) immunoassays. We developed a Système International d'Unités traceable conventional reference measurement procedure (RMP) based on equilibrium dialysis and mass spectrometry. We describe here the latest studies intended to recalibrate against the RMP and supply a proof of concept, which should allow continued standardization efforts. METHODS We used the RMP to target the standardization and reference interval (RI) panels, which were also measured by 13 manufacturers. We validated the suitability of the recalibrated results to meet specifications for bias (3.3%) and total error (8.0%) determined from biological variation. However, because these specifications were stringent, we expanded them to 10% and 13%, respectively. The results for the RI panel were reported as if the assays were recalibrated. We estimated all but 1 RI using parametric statistical procedures and hypothesized that the RI determined by the RMP was suitable for use by the recalibrated assays. RESULTS Twelve of 13 recalibrated assays had a bias, meeting the 10% specification with 95% confidence; for 7 assays, this applied even for the 3.3% specification. Only 1 assay met the 13% total error specification. Recalibration reduced the CV of the assay means for the standardization panel from 13% to 5%. The proof-of-concept study confirmed our hypothesis regarding the RI but within constraints. CONCLUSIONS Recalibration to the RMP significantly reduced the FT4 immunoassays' bias, so that the RI determined by the RMP was suitable for common use within a margin of 12.5%.
36
Lim, David, Sean Randall, Suzanne Robinson, Elizabeth Thomas, James Williamson, Aron Chakera, Kathryn Napier, et al. "Unlocking Potential within Health Systems Using Privacy-Preserving Record Linkage: Exploring Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes through Linked Data Modelling." Applied Clinical Informatics 13, no. 04 (August 2022): 901–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1757174.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health problem that affects approximately one in 10 adults. Up to 90% of individuals with CKD go undetected until its progression to advanced stages, invariably leading to death in the absence of treatment. The project aims to fill information gaps around the burden of CKD in the Western Australian (WA) population, including incidence, prevalence, rate of progression, and economic cost to the health system. Methods Given the sensitivity of the information involved, the project employed a privacy preserving record linkage methodology to link data from four major pathology providers in WA to hospital records, to establish a CKD registry with continuous medical record for individuals with biochemical specification for CKD. This method uses encrypted personal identifying information in a probability-based linkage framework (Bloom filters) to help mitigate risk while maximizing linkage quality. Results The project developed interoperable technology to create a transparent CKD data catalogue which is linkable to other datasets. This technology has been designed to support the aspirations of the research program to provide linked de-identified pathology, morbidity, and mortality data that can be used to derive insights to enable better CKD patient outcomes. The cohort includes over 1 million individuals with creatinine results over the period 2002 to 2021. Conclusion Using linked data from across the care continuum, researchers are able to evaluate the effectiveness of service delivery and provide evidence for policy and program development. The CKD registry will enable an innovative review of the epidemiology of CKD in WA. Linking pathology records can identify cases of CKD that are missed in the early stages due to disaggregation of results, enabling identification of at-risk populations that represent targets for early intervention and management.
37
Holder, Jourdan T., Erin M. Picou, Jill M. Gruenwald, and Todd A. Ricketts. "Do Modern Hearing Aids Meet ANSI Standards?" Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 27, no. 08 (September 2016): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.15027.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) provides standards used to govern standardization of all hearing aids. If hearing aids do not meet specifications, there are potential negative implications for hearing aid users, professionals, and the industry. Recent literature has not investigated the proportion of new hearing aids in compliance with the ANSI specifications for quality control standards when they arrive in the clinic before dispensing. Purpose: The aims of this study were to determine the percentage of new hearing aids compliant with the relevant ANSI standard and to report trends in electroacoustic analysis data. Research Design: New hearing aids were evaluated for quality control via the ANSI S3.22-2009 standard. In addition, quality control of directional processing was also assessed. Study Sample: Seventy-three behind-the-ear hearing aids from four major manufacturers, that were purchased for clinical patients were evaluated before dispensing. Data Collection and Analysis: Audioscan Verifit (version 3.1) hearing instrument fitting system was used to complete electroacoustic analysis and directional processing evaluation of the hearing aids. Frye’s Fonix 8000 test box system (Fonix 8000) was also used to cross-check equivalent input noise (EIN) measurements. These measurements were then analyzed for trends across brands and specifications. Results: All of the hearing aids evaluated were found to be out of specification for at least one measure. EIN and attack and release times were the measures most frequently out of specification. EIN was found to be affected by test box isolation for two of the four brands tested. Systematic discrepancies accounted for ˜93% of the noncompliance issues, while unsystematic quality control issues accounted for the remaining 7%. Conclusions: The high number of systematic discrepancies between the data collected and the specifications published by the manufacturers suggests there are clear issues related to the specific protocols used for quality control testing. These issues present a significant barrier for hearing aid dispensers when attempting to accurately determine if a hearing aid is functioning appropriately. The significant number of unsystematic discrepancies supports the continued importance of quality control measures of new and repaired hearing aids to ensure that the device is functioning properly before it is dispensed and to avoid future negative implications of fitting a faulty device.
38
Zeigler, Bernard P. "Extending the Hierarchy of System Specifications and Morphisms with SES Abstraction." Information 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14010022.
Full textAbstract:
This article works toward a unification of two related concepts that underpin system-theory-based modeling and simulation–the hierarchy of system specifications and morphisms and the System Entity Structure (SES). The hierarchy organizes system specification along levels ranging from behavior to structure capturing increasing knowledge of the system input/output processing and state dynamics. The SES is a constructive ontology describing compositions of modular components via coupling of input/output ports. Toward unification of these concepts, we propose an abstraction of the SES called the MetaSES that supports the construction of complex systems of systems with multiple components belonging to specified classes. Moreover, we place the MetaSES within a computational framework with the goal of making it easier to design and build complex hierarchical DEVS models and to communicate their structures and intended behaviors to foster continued reuse and development. We discuss several examples of applications to illustrate how the MetaSES-based enhancement of the hierarchy of system specifications and morphisms helps to push the boundaries of complexity management in the theory and practice of modeling and simulation. Research directions stemming from the proposed concepts are suggested.
39
Kilkenny, J. B. "Changes in quality specifications for different markets." BSAP Occasional Publication 14 (January 1990): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x0000210x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThere are three major markets for lamb — retail and catering domestic markets, and the export market. Most of the latter is within the European Community (EC) and as 1992 approaches the differences between the domestic and EC export markets will become less distinct. The basis of specifications for all of these markets, and sectors within them, is weight range, fatness and conformation. The majority of lamb is sold to the consumer (whether retail or catering) in a ‘bone-in’ form and weight range is therefore critical for many cuts, for example chops and leg joints, in determining either weight at sale (and price of pack) or portion size.In the domestic market major multiple supermarkets are gaining market share at the expense of independent butchers. With their purchasing power they can and do impose increasingly tight and sophisticated specifications. All, for their majority of ‘bone-in’ cuts, specify a carcass weight range of 16 to 20 kg. It is estimated by the Meat and Livestock Commission (MLC) that around 8% of lamb is now sold retail in a boneless form (boneless joints, lamb steaks, cubed lamb and minced lamb) and that this is a growing sector of the lamb market. Lamb is a small carcass unit (in comparison with beef and pork), has a high bone content and thus the cost of boning-out lamb carcasses is high. To reduce costs there is advantage in buying heavier lambs (but only if they are lean) and the premium specification for lambs for producing boneless cuts (and other forms of products) are increasingly in the range 20 to 24 kg.Fatness continues to be the primary consumer negative about lamb. For ‘bone-in’ cuts it is difficult to trim, for boneless cuts extra trimming is possible but at the cost of reduced yields. There is a common specification for fatness in terms of MLC carcass classification — fat class 2 or 3L with increasing preference for the former. Conformation is the least important aspect of domestic market specifications. Nevertheless, for ‘bone-in’ cuts, particularly the important leg joint, shape is considered by many meat buyers as being important and most will be specifying carcasses of at least average shape, i.e. carcass class R. The export market is more complicated in terms of basic specifications. For the major market in northern and central France the specification is more or less identical to that of the major supermarkets in the domestic market. In south Europe requirement is for a much lighter lamb, 8 to 12 kg, very lean, fat class 1 and 2, and shape is almost irrelevant. Belgium and Germany require heavier lambs (18 to 22 kg) and this reflects usage in catering and processing.There is growing interest in quality assurance schemes for lamb in the UK based on various carcass, slaughterhouse, storage and distribution factors.
40
Pruess, Karsten. "A Practical Method for Modeling Fluid and Heat Flow in Fractured Porous Media." Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 25, no. 01 (February 1, 1985): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/10509-pa.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A multiple interacting continua (MINC) method is presented, which is applicable for numerical simulation presented, which is applicable for numerical simulation of heat and multiphase fluid flow in multidimensional, fractured porous media. This method is a generalization of the double-porosity concept. The partitioning of the flow domain into computational volume elements is based on the criterion of approximate thermodynamic equilibrium at all times within each element. The thermodynamic conditions in the rock matrix are assumed to be controlled primarily by the distance from the fractures, which leads to the use of nested gridblocks. The MINC concept is implemented through the integral finite difference (IFD) method. No analytical approximations are made for coupling between the fracture and matrix continua. Instead, the transient flow of fluid and heat between matrix and fractures is treated by a numerical method. The geometric parameters needed in simulation are preprocessed from a specification of fracture spacings and apertures and geometry of the matrix blocks. The numerical implementation of the MINC method is verified by comparison with the analytical solution of Warren and Root. Illustrative applications are given for several geothermal reservoir engineering problems. Introduction In this paper, we present a numerical method for simulating transient nonisothermal, two-phase flow of water in fractured porous medium. The method is base on a generalization of a concept originally proposed by Barenblatt et al. and introduced into the petroleum literature by Warren and Root, Odeh, and others in the form of what has been termed the "double-porosity" model. The essence of this approach is that in a fractured porous medium, fractures are characterized by much porous medium, fractures are characterized by much larger diffusivities (and hence, much smaller response times) than the rock matrix. Therefore, the early system response is influenced by the matrix. In seeking to analytically solve such a system, all fractures were grouped into one continuum and all the matrix blocks into another, resulting in two interacting continua coupled through a mass transfer function determined by the size and shape of the blocks, as well as the local difference in potentials between the two continua. Later, Kazemi and Duguid and Lee incorporated the double-porosity concept into a numerical model. For a more detailed description of the concept and its application, see Refs. 6 through 8. Very little work has been done in investigating nonisothermal, two-phase fluid flow in fractured porous media. Moench and coworkers used the discrete fracture approach to study the behavior of fissured, vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs. The purpose of our work is first to generalize the double-porosity concept into one of many interacting continua. We then incorporate the MINC model into a simulator for nonisothermal transport of a homogeneous two-phase fluid (water and steam) in multidimensional systems. Our approach is considerably broader in scope and more general than any previous models discussed in the literature. The MINC previous models discussed in the literature. The MINC method permits treatment of multiphase fluids with large and variable compressibility and allows for phase transitions with latent heat effects, as well as for coupling between fluid and heat flow. The transient interaction between matrix and fractures is treated in a realistic way. Although the model can permit alternative formulations for the equation of motion, we shall assume that, macroscopically, each continuum obeys Darcy's law; in particular, we shall use the "cubic law" for the flow of particular, we shall use the "cubic law" for the flow of fluids in fracture. While the methodology presented in this paper is generally applicable to multiphase compositional thermal systems, our illustrative calculations were restricted to geothermal reservoir problems. The numerical method chosen to implement the MINC concept is the IFD method. In this method, all thermophysical and thermodynamic properties are represented by averages over explicitly defined finite subdomains, while fluxes of mass or energy across surface segments are evaluated through finite difference approximations. An important aspect of this method is that the geometric quantities required to evaluate the conductance between two communicating volume elements are provided directly as input data rather than having them generated from data on nodal arrangements and nodal coordinates. Thus, a remarkable flexibility is attained by which one can allow a volume element in any one continuum to communicate with another element in its own or any other continuum. Inasmuch as the interaction between volume elements of different continua is handled as a geometric feature, the IFD methodology does not distinguish between the MINC method and the conventional porous-medium type approaches to modeling. porous-medium type approaches to modeling. SPEJ p. 14
41
Andrii Oleksandrovych, HUTOROV. "THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL BASES OF THE INTEGRATION RELATIONS’ DEVELOPMENT IN THE AGRARIAN SECTOR OF ECONOMY." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-2-1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction. The strategic imperatives of guaranteeing food security of the state, preserving rural areas, increasing efficiency of agricultural production and its competitiveness in the context of globalization actualize economic and social problems, which can only be solved on the basis of integration relations, in the system of which all agricultural producers are involved. Purpose. The goal of the research is to form the theoretical and methodological bases for development of the integration relations in the agrarian sector of economy. Methods. During the study, the such methods were used: abstract-logical, monographic, generalization, system analysis and synthesis, graphic. Results. The theoretical bases of integration relations development in the agrarian sector of economy are disclosed. It is proved that the integration relations in the agrarian sector of the economy are the separate economic category, a metatype of the economic relations, which are integrally connected with the system of productive forces’ development. The methodological basis of the integration relations in the agrarian sector of economy is created by its formalized structuring, systematization, specification and verification of the principles, laws and regularities of development of the integration and quasiintegration relations, their system and organizational properties and functions of integration interaction. Scientific and practical approaches to estimation of the integration’s level in the agrarian sector of the economy are systematized. The model of economic growth in the agrarian sector of economy based on neoindustrial development of the integration relations is created. The theoretical and methodological principles of system strategic management of the integration relations in the agrarian sector of economy are improved. The concept of grocery integration development is proved, continuum of its strategy is developed, and the methodological basis of the strategic choice is specified. The mechanism of innovative and integration development of the agrarian sector of Ukrainian economy on the contract bases is improved. Models, organizational and economic principles of all economic operators’ involvement into the integration relations in the agrarian sector of economy, in particular based on production contracting, are developed. The strategic directions of regulating development of the integration relations in the agrarian sector of economy are justified and conceptual principles of rental policy in this system are disclosed. Keywords: integration; integration relations; development; agrarian sector of the economy; contracting; rent; neoindustrialization.
42
Donsante, Samantha, Biagio Palmisano, Marta Serafini, Pamela G. Robey, Alessandro Corsi, and Mara Riminucci. "From Stem Cells to Bone-Forming Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 3989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22083989.
Full textAbstract:
Bone formation starts near the end of the embryonic stage of development and continues throughout life during bone modeling and growth, remodeling, and when needed, regeneration. Bone-forming cells, traditionally termed osteoblasts, produce, assemble, and control the mineralization of the type I collagen-enriched bone matrix while participating in the regulation of other cell processes, such as osteoclastogenesis, and metabolic activities, such as phosphate homeostasis. Osteoblasts are generated by different cohorts of skeletal stem cells that arise from different embryonic specifications, which operate in the pre-natal and/or adult skeleton under the control of multiple regulators. In this review, we briefly define the cellular identity and function of osteoblasts and discuss the main populations of osteoprogenitor cells identified to date. We also provide examples of long-known and recently recognized regulatory pathways and mechanisms involved in the specification of the osteogenic lineage, as assessed by studies on mice models and human genetic skeletal diseases.
43
Manton, S. M. "Engineering for Quality." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Management and engineering manufacture 202, no. 2 (May 1988): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1988_202_049_02.
Full textAbstract:
Through continual improvement in the satisfaction of customer needs and expectations, Japanese manufacturers have set new standards in product specification, quality, and reliability and nowhere more so than in the international automotive markets where there is recognition of best-in-world status. In response to the challenge, manufacturing companies in the West and in particular those with international market perspectives, have initiated a process of change that commits to a different approach to quality. The reinforcement of quality control procedures driven by design specifications to which all manufacturing processes must be made to conform, is being displaced by the need for change in the operation of all functions within the company, including those less obviously associated with quality in the end product. Total quality is a philosophy that lays the ground for revisions to the management of the entire production process and creates the conditions for the establishment of a common purpose.
44
Borofsky, Samuel, Jay Karajgikar, Christopher Roth, and Sandeep Deshmukh. "Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Implications for Clinical Management." Digestive Disease Interventions 01, no. 02 (June 2017): 083–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1603562.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAs the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) continues to increase worldwide, the role imaging plays in management continues to gain clinical importance. Multiple entry points exist for patients in the scheme of diagnosis and treatment of HCC and non-HCC malignancies. Further complicating this scheme is the lack of standardization in the language used for diagnostic imaging and management recommendations. The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) was created to improve communication between clinicians and management teams. LI-RADS serves to standardize reports, improving physician satisfaction and aiding in management decisions across the continuum of care of these patients. Furthermore, LI-RADS provides technical specifications across multiple imaging modalities for screening and follow-up examinations, with the end goal of curing the disease or prolonging survival. In this review, the LI-RADS algorithm will be expanded upon, as well as its utility for various treatment options using the standardized LI-RADS lexicon. Additionally, pitfalls and non-HCC malignancies will also be addressed with resultant improvement in reproducibility of radiology reports that guide therapeutic management.
45
Khalili, Seyyed Mohammad Reza, and A. Haghbin. "The Effect of Nanotube Specifications on Multi-Scale Modeling of Nanocomposites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 1237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.1237.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of diameter, chirality and volume fraction of SWCNTs on the tensile behavior of nanocomposites is studied. Multi-scale material modeling is applied to assemble different RVEs composed of various SWCNTs embedded in polymer. Nanotubes are modeled in continuum mechanics, based on their atomic structures as space frame structures. Beam elements in this structure are defined based on carbon bonds characteristics in molecular mechanics. Polymer portion of the RVE is modeled as a linear elastic continuum material, with lower accuracy regarding to the multi-scale modeling technique. Attained stress-strain curves obtained from modeled nanocomposites revealed that using Armchair SWCNTs in RVEs makes nanocomposites tougher rather than Zigzags. Also, diameter of CNT has an inverse effect on the curves level. Moreover, the effect of diameter is more obvious at higher volume fraction of CNTs.
46
Brzezińska, Dorota, and Paul Bryant. "Risk Index Method—A Tool for Building Fire Safety Assessments." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 3566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083566.
Full textAbstract:
The use of fire safety engineering and performance-based techniques continues to grow in prominence as building design becomes more ambitious, increasing complexity. National fire safety enforcement agencies are tasked with evaluating and approving the resulting fire strategies, which have similarly continued to become more advanced and specialist. To assist with the evaluation of fire strategies, this paper introduces a methodology dedicated to sustainable building fire safety level simulations. The methodology derives from ideas originally introduced in British Standard Specification PAS 911 in 2007 and combines a visual representation of fire strategies with a semi-quantitative approach to allow for their evaluation. The concept can be applied to a range of industrial fire safety assessments and can be modified for specific needs relative to different industries.
47
Nair, Harikrishnan, H. Celik Ozyildirim, and Michael M. Sprinkel. "Development of a Specification for Low-Cracking Bridge Deck Concrete in Virginia." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2629, no. 1 (January 2017): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2629-11.
Full textAbstract:
Cracking continues to be the number one concern about bridge deck construction. Rarely is a deck without cracks constructed. Transverse cracking mainly attributable to drying shrinkage is common in bridge decks and has been observed in many bridge decks newly constructed by the Virginia Department of Transportation (DOT). Shrinkage-reducing admixtures (SRAs) in concrete reduce shrinkage and are one of the most effective ways of reducing shrinkage cracking. A low modulus of elasticity and high creep also help minimize cracking. Lightweight concrete (LWC) has a lower modulus of elasticity, higher inelastic strains, a lower coefficient of thermal expansion, a more continuous contact zone between the aggregate and the paste, and more water in the pores of aggregates for continued internal curing than normal weight concrete: all these factors help reduce cracking in LWC. Drying shrinkage can also be counteracted with the use of shrinkage-compensating concrete (SC). When properly restrained by reinforcement, SC can expand an amount equal to or slightly greater than the anticipated drying shrinkage. The research in this paper investigated the effectiveness of SC, LWC, and concrete with SRA in reducing cracks in bridge decks and to develop a low-cracking bridge deck specification for use in future Virginia DOT bridge decks. The study showed that bridges with fewer and narrower cracks could be constructed with SRA, LWC, and SC and that proper construction practices were needed to reduce bridge deck cracking. This study resulted in the Virginia DOT implementing a low-cracking bridge deck specification.
48
Prasetia, M. S., Ludfi Djakfar, Wisnumurti, and Akhmad Sabarudin. "Marshall Tests For Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course Asb Lawele Containing Capsule Calsium Alginate as Self-Healing Additive." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1117, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Self-healing on pavement is solution to reduce the handling of road damage without doing heavy construction. Calcium Alginate capsules are mixed in AC-WC (Asphalt Concrete Waring Coarse) Asb Lawele as an added ingredient to healing from cracks. Marshall Test specification is reference to assess the pavement can use pavement Asphalt Concrete. Optimum Asphalt Content of 6.2% is used to make AC-WC Modification Mix Asb Lawele with Calcium Alginate. AC-WC Asb Lawele contains 2% Asphalt from Buton Island and 4.2% Asphalt Pen.60/70. The percentage of Additive Addition of Calcium Alginate Capsules ranging from 1% to 2% of the combined weight with a different oil/water composition of each calcium alginate capsule. There is similarity of IR spectrum between asphalt binder and Calcium Alginate capsules, allowing strong bonding if reviewed from Nitrogen group. However, with the addition of calcium alginate capsules showed a decrease in Marshall Stability but still within the limits of fairness, it was proven that the higher the percentage of additive capsules the lower the marshall stability, but didn’t have a significant effect on flow, while the VMA and VIM continued to increase as the percentage of Additives increased so that VIM out of the specifications on AC-WC Asb Lawele.
49
Tilden, Virginia P., Anne M. Hirsch, and Christine A. Nelson. "The Interpersonal Relationship Inventory: Continued Psychometric Evaluation." Journal of Nursing Measurement 2, no. 1 (January 1994): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.2.1.63.
Full textAbstract:
For norm-referenced measures to be useful in social-behavioral research, investigators who develop measures face several psychometric challenges, including: (a) adequate domain specification; (b) adequate initial evidence of reliability and validity; and (c) ongoing evidence of psychometric quality. The Interpersonal Relationship Inventory (IPRI) was developed in response to gaps in measurement of social relationships, and contributed scales for reciprocity and conflict to a measure of social support. For the IPRI, the first two points were addressed during the period of instrument development. The measure now has been in use for 4 years. This article reports evidence addressing the third challenge: ongoing evidence of psychometric quality. Findings from 19 studies using the IPRI provide compelling evidence for internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the scales.
50
Kim, Ki-Wook, Stoyan Ivanov, and Jesse W. Williams. "Monocyte Recruitment, Specification, and Function in Atherosclerosis." Cells 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010015.
Full textAbstract:
Atherosclerotic lesions progress through the continued recruitment of circulating blood monocytes that differentiate into macrophages within plaque. Lesion-associated macrophages are the primary immune cells present in plaque, where they take up cholesterol and store lipids in the form of small droplets resulting in a unique morphology termed foam cell. Recent scientific advances have used single-cell gene expression profiling, live-cell imaging, and fate mapping approaches to describe macrophage and monocyte contributions to pro- or anti-inflammatory mechanisms, in addition to functions of motility and proliferation within lesions. Yet, many questions regarding tissue-specific regulation of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and the contribution of recruited monocytes at stages of atherosclerotic disease progression remain unknown. In this review, we highlight recent advances regarding the role of monocyte and macrophage dynamics in atherosclerotic disease and identify gaps in knowledge that we hope will allow for advancing therapeutic treatment or prevention strategies for cardiovascular disease.