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Journal articles on the topic 'Continuous green synthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Portilla Zuniga, Omar Miguel, Angel Gabriel Sathicq, Jose Jobanny Martinez Zambrano, and Gustavo Pablo Romanelli. "Green Synthesis of Pyrrole Derivatives." Current Organic Synthesis 14, no. 6 (September 28, 2017): 865–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179414666161206124318.

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Background: Pyrroles are organic cyclic compounds with an extensive and fascinating chemistry. These compounds have a wide structural variety and they are an important basis in technological development as they can be used as drugs, dyes, catalysts, pesticides, etc. Therefore, the production of these heterocyclic compounds by efficient clean methodologies is a great achievement in contemporary chemistry. In this paper, we show recent green procedures in the synthesis of pyrrole derivatives such as Hantzsch, Knorr and Paal- Knorr syntheses, as well as new eco-friendly synthetic procedures with high efficiency and low environmental impact. Objective: This work focusses on the recent advances in the pyrrole synthesis using clean techniques like ultrasound (US), microwaves (MW), high speed vibration milling (HSVM), catalysts use, solvent replace and other methodologies applied to common reactions to obtain the pyrrole core which follow the green chemistry principles. Conclusion: The main challenge of Green Chemistry is to gradually eliminate the generation of hazardous or harmful materials or replace them with less toxic and safer ones. However, this process must be driven by scientific developments. Its application in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds such as pyrrole derivatives involves multiple economic and social benefits due to the biological importance of these compounds and their direct impact on the pharmaceutical industry. Although many processes are still under investigation using novel methodologies of green activation such as microwaves, ultrasound and HSVM, as well as synthetic processes in continuous flow and processes at room temperature, promising results such as cost and waste reduction and greater efficiency are achieved.

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Xie, Xiaoxuan, Shitian Xie, Hongmiao Yao, Xin Ye, Zhiqun Yu, and Weike Su. "Green and catalyst-free synthesis of deoxyarbutin in continuous-flow." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 4, no. 5 (2019): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9re00084d.

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3

Kellici, Suela, John Acord, Nicholas P. Power, David J. Morgan, Paolo Coppo, Tobias Heil, and Basudeb Saha. "Rapid synthesis of graphene quantum dots using a continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis approach." RSC Advances 7, no. 24 (2017): 14716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra00127d.

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A rapid and environmentally benign synthesis of green fluorescent graphene quantum dots (GQD) with low cytotoxicity via Continuous Hydrothermal Flow Synthesis (CHFS) aided by calix[4]arene tetrasulfonic acid (SCX4) as a particle size limiting agent.

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4

Gericke, Dörthe, Denise Ott, Valentina G. Matveeva, Esther Sulman, Atte Aho, Dmitry Yu Murzin, Stefan Roggan, et al. "Green catalysis by nanoparticulate catalysts developed for flow processing? Case study of glucose hydrogenation." RSC Advances 5, no. 21 (2015): 15898–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra14559c.

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Heterogeneous catalysis, flow chemistry, continuous processing, green solvents, catalyst immobilization and recycling are some of the most relevant, emerging key technologies to achieve green synthesis.

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Feng, Yirong, Jie Wang, Haomiao Zhang, Jingdai Wang, and Yongrong Yang. "A 3D-printed continuous flow platform for the synthesis of methylaluminoxane." Green Chemistry 23, no. 11 (2021): 4087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc01015h.

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Abdullah, Johar Amin Ahmed, Mercedes Jiménez-Rosado, Víctor Perez-Puyana, Antonio Guerrero, and Alberto Romero. "Green Synthesis of FexOy Nanoparticles with Potential Antioxidant Properties." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 2449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142449.

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Iron oxide nanoparticles (FexOy-NPs) are currently being applied in numerous high-tech sectors, such as in chemical sectors for catalysis and in the medical sector for drug delivery systems and antimicrobial purposes, due to their specific, unique and magnetic properties. Nevertheless, their synthesis is under continuous investigation, as physicochemical methods are considered expensive and require toxic solvents. Thus, green nanotechnology has shown considerable promise in the eco-biogenesis of nanoparticles. In the current study, FexOy-NPs were synthesized by two different methods: via green synthesis through the use of polyphenols, which were extracted from Phoenix dactylifera L.; and via chemical synthesis, in which the reducing agent was a chemical (NaOH), and iron chloride was used as a precursor. Thus, polyphenol extraction and its ability to produce nanoparticles were evaluated based on the drying temperature used during the Phoenix dactylifera L. recollection, as well as the extraction solvent used. The results highlight the potential of polyphenols present in Phoenix dactylifera L. for the sustainable manufacture of FexOy-NPs. Finally, green and chemical syntheses were compared on the basis of physicochemical characteristics and functional properties.

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Zhou, Chen, Zhaocheng Wang, Andrew K. Marcus, and Bruce E. Rittmann. "Biofilm-enhanced continuous synthesis and stabilization of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs)." Environmental Science: Nano 3, no. 6 (2016): 1396–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6en00308g.

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Huang, Zhihai, Hao Jiang, Peidang Liu, Jianfei Sun, Dawei Guo, Jieling Shan, and Ning Gu. "Continuous synthesis of size-tunable silver nanoparticles by a green electrolysis method and multi-electrode design for high yield." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 5 (2015): 1925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta06782g.

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We report the green electrochemical synthesis of size-controlled AgNPs by tuning the flow velocity in a continuous flow system, and an improved multi-electrode design for increasing the synthesis yield in unit time.

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Han, Suyong, Malek Y. S. Ibrahim, and Milad Abolhasani. "Intensified recovery of switchable hydrophilicity solvents in flow." Chemical Communications 57, no. 86 (2021): 11310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc03819b.

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10

Hellstern, H. L., A. Mamakhel, M. Bremholm, and B. B. Iversen. "Core–shell nanoparticles by silica coating of metal oxides in a dual-stage hydrothermal flow reactor." Chemical Communications 52, no. 16 (2016): 3434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc09743f.

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11

Xia, Zhijun. "Benzenesulfonic Acid - an Green Efficient Esterification Catalysts for Continuous Synthesis of n-propyl Acetate." Revista de Chimie 72, no. 2 (May 7, 2021): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.21.2.8423.

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The esterification of acetic acid and n-propanol catalyzed by benzenesulfonic acid and its derivatives in the batch and continuous rectification tower was studied, in order to develop a new effective and green catalyst instead of the oxidative and corrosive sulfuric acid. A series of the comparison system with sulfuric acid was build for the targeted and fast evaluation of catalysts. The results showed that the catalytic esterification activity of p-phenolsulfonic acid and p-toluenesulfuric acid is very closed to sulfonic acid in the continuous rectification tower. Furthermore, the stability test for continuous esterification with p-toluenesulfuric acid presented that the high yield of n-propyl acetate could maintain 50 hours and stability. Therefore, p-phenolsulfonic acid and p-toluenesulfuric acid could be prospective substitutes for sulfuric acid for the continuous synthesis of n-propyl acetate in the rectification tower.

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12

Jing, Hong Hui, Fevzi Bardakci, Sinan Akgöl, Kevser Kusat, Mohd Adnan, Mohammad Jahoor Alam, Reena Gupta, et al. "Green Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties and Biomedical Applications." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 14, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010027.

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Carbon dots (CDs) are a new category of crystalline, quasi-spherical fluorescence, “zero-dimensional” carbon nanomaterials with a spatial size between 1 nm to 10 nm and have gained widespread attention in recent years. Green CDs are carbon dots synthesised from renewable biomass such as agro-waste, plants or medicinal plants and other organic biomaterials. Plant-mediated synthesis of CDs is a green chemistry approach that connects nanotechnology with the green synthesis of CDs. Notably, CDs made with green technology are economical and far superior to those manufactured with physicochemical methods due to their exclusive benefits, such as being affordable, having high stability, having a simple protocol, and being safer and eco-benign. Green CDs can be synthesized by using ultrasonic strategy, chemical oxidation, carbonization, solvothermal and hydrothermal processes, and microwave irradiation using various plant-based organic resources. CDs made by green technology have diverse applications in biomedical fields such as bioimaging, biosensing and nanomedicine, which are ascribed to their unique properties, including excellent luminescence effect, strong stability and good biocompatibility. This review mainly focuses on green CDs synthesis, characterization techniques, beneficial properties of plant resource-based green CDs and their biomedical applications. This review article also looks at the research gaps and future research directions for the continuous deepening of the exploration of green CDs.

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13

Len, Christophe, Sophie Bruniaux, and Denis Luart. "Continuous-Flow Reductive Alkylation: Synthesis of Bio-based Symmetrical and Disymmetrical Ethers." Synthesis 50, no. 09 (January 24, 2018): 1849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591861.

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For the first time, a reductive alkylation process in continuous flow has been elaborated for the conversion of bio-based alcohols and aldehydes into symmetrical and dissymmetrical high-value-added ethers for industrial companies. The developed method is an etherification associating liquid, solid and gas phases under green conditions (continuous flow, catalysis, bio-based starting materials).

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14

Xu, Jia, Zhao Yang, Jiawei Hua, Yang Lin, Mixue Bian, Yuguang Li, Chengkou Liu, Wei He, Zheng Fang, and Kai Guo. "The continuous-flow electrosynthesis of 4-(sulfonylmethyl)isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones from N-alkyl-N-methacryloyl benzamides under metal-free and oxidant-free conditions." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 7, no. 20 (2020): 3223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qo00909a.

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An efficient and green electrochemical continuous flow approach has been developed for the synthesis of 4-(sulfonylmethyl)isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones through sulfonylation of alkenes under metal-free and oxidant-free conditions.

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15

Pandey, Sunil, Mukeshchand Thakur, Abou Talib, M. Shahnawaz Khan, Mukesh Lavkush Bhaisare, Shou-Mei Wu, and Hui-Fen Wu. "Laser-assisted synthesis of multi-colored protein dots and their biological distribution in experimental mice using a dye tracking method." RSC Advances 5, no. 6 (2015): 4051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra09815c.

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We report a novel method for the synthesis of ultra-bright green and red colored protein dots (Pr-dots) using continuous and pulse lasers (λ = 534 and 1064 nm) with lysozyme as a precursor in ethanol.

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16

Zhou, Liang-liang, Wen-bo Wang, Meng-cheng Du, De-long Ma, and Xiao-lai Zhang. "Synthesis of insoluble sulfur and development of green technology based on Aspen Plus simulation." Green Processing and Synthesis 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 886–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-0076.

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Abstract The continuous process for the production of insoluble sulfur (IS) has been developed to overcome the disadvantages associated with the traditional batch process, such as low automation, discontinuous production, and high consumption of sulfur and CS2. The consumption of CS2 in the continuous process is lower than that in the batch process. The recovery of solvent facilitates the recycling of CS2 and N2 in addition to the closed circulation of the entire system. The key process and recovery parameters of the IS synthesis were simulated using Aspen Plus. Sulfur was completely recovered after high-temperature pyrolysis, and the utilization ratio of sulfur atoms was increased from approximately 50% to more than 95%. Tail gas was comprehensively utilized through compression and cryogenic green treatment. Based on the developed green synthesis process and simulated process parameters, the continuous production of IS was evaluated on an industrial scale of 10,000 metric tonnes. Owing to the continuous characteristics of the production process, the air tightness of the production process was significantly improved, and the quality of the product was more stable than that of the product obtained by the current domestic batch process. The unconverted sulfur could be recycled after recovery, without low-grade sulfur as a by-product. The amount of sulfur used as raw material per unit product was reduced; the comprehensive conversion rate of sulfur to IS exceeded 95%, which significantly improved the utilization rate of sulfur atoms. Through the compression and condensation of the tail gas, the recovery efficiency of CS2 was considerably improved at the same temperature, and compressed N2 could be simultaneously obtained. The liquefaction rate of CS2 approached 91.78%, which was characterized by obvious greening.

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17

Li, Jianlong, Lanting Zeng, Yinyin Liao, Dachuan Gu, Jinchi Tang, and Ziyin Yang. "Influence of Chloroplast Defects on Formation of Jasmonic Acid and Characteristic Aroma Compounds in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaves Exposed to Postharvest Stresses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051044.

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Characteristic aroma formation in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves during the oolong tea manufacturing process might result from the defense responses of tea leaves against these various stresses, which involves upregulation of the upstream signal phytohormones related to leaf chloroplasts, such as jasmonic acid (JA). Whether chloroplast changes affect the formation of JA and characteristic aroma compounds in tea leaves exposed to stresses is unknown. In tea germplasms, albino-induced yellow tea leaves have defects in chloroplast ultrastructure and composition. Herein, we have compared the differential responses of phytohormone and characteristic aroma compound formation in normal green and albino-induced yellow tea leaves exposed to continuous wounding stress, which is the main stress in oolong tea manufacture. In contrast to single wounding stress (from picking, as a control), continuous wounding stress can upregulate the expression of CsMYC2, a key transcription factor of JA signaling, and activate the synthesis of JA and characteristic aroma compounds in both normal tea leaves (normal chloroplasts) and albino tea leaves (chloroplast defects). Chloroplast defects had no significant effect on the expression levels of CsMYC2 and JA synthesis-related genes in response to continuous wounding stress, but reduced the increase in JA content in response to continuous wounding stress. Furthermore, chloroplast defects reduced the increase in volatile fatty acid derivatives, including jasmine lactone and green leaf volatile contents, in response to continuous wounding stress. Overall, the formation of metabolites derived from fatty acids, such as JA, jasmine lactone, and green leaf volatiles in tea leaves, in response to continuous wounding stress, was affected by chloroplast defects. This information will improve understanding of the relationship of the stress responses of JA and aroma compound formation with chloroplast changes in tea.

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18

Gyulasaryan, Harutyun, Astghik Kuzanyan, Aram Manukyan, and Alexander S. Mukasyan. "Combustion Synthesis of Magnetic Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications." Nanomaterials 13, no. 13 (June 21, 2023): 1902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13131902.

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Combustion synthesis is a green, energy-saving approach that permits an easy scale-up and continuous technologies. This process allows for synthesizing various nanoscale materials, including oxides, nitrides, sulfides, metals, and alloys. In this work, we critically review the reported results on the combustion synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles, focusing on their properties related to different bio-applications. We also analyze challenges and suggest specific directions of research, which lead to the improvement of the properties and stability of fabricated materials.

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19

Chen, Lijun, Xin Zhang, Cuifeng Zhang, Zhongbin Bao, and Tingting Xu. "Synthesis and characterisation of fluorine-silicon acrylate latex emulsified by novel green surfactants." Pigment & Resin Technology 47, no. 3 (May 8, 2018): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-03-2017-0025.

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Purpose Motivated by the globally increasing concern over environmental protection, the interest of a large part of the scientific community focuses on the development of green surfactants aiming to replace traditional toxic surfactants-based alternatives. The purpose of this paper is to prepare acrylate copolymer latex modified with fluorine and silicone monomer, which is emulsified with the green surfactants of sodium rosinate and alkyl polyglycoside (APG). Design/methodology/approach A series of acrylic copolymer latexes containing fluorine–silicon have been prepared by semi-continuous seed emulsion polymerisation of mixed monomers of methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), hexafluorobutylmethacrylate (HFMA) and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) and emulsified by green mixed surfactants of sodium rosinate and APG. Findings The optimum recipe of preparing the emulsion is as follows: the amount of emulsifiers is 6 per cent and the mass ratio of sodium rosinate to APG is 1:3. The amount of initiator is 0.4 per cent, and the amounts of the silicon monomer and fluorine monomer are 5 and 7 per cent, respectively. In comparison with the acrylate latex prepared without fluorine monomer and silicon monomer, the thermal stability and the water resistance of the film of the resultant latex clearly improved. Practical implications The acrylic copolymer latexes containing fluorine–silicon emulsified with green surfactants can be used in the coatings, adhesives, finishing agents and so on. Originality/value The acrylic copolymer latexes containing fluorine–silicon have been prepared by semi-continuous seed emulsion polymerisation. The green mixed surfactants of sodium rosinate and APG have been used as the emulsifiers to replace traditional toxic surfactants-based alternatives.

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20

Du, Li-Hua, Rui-Jie Long, Miao Xue, Ping-Feng Chen, Meng-Jie Yang, and Xi-Ping Luo. "Continuous-Flow Synthesis of β-Amino Acid Esters by Lipase-Catalyzed Michael Addition of Aromatic Amines." Catalysts 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10040432.

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A continuous-flow procedure for the synthesis of β-amino acid esters has been developed via lipase-catalyzed Michael reaction of various aromatic amines with acrylates. Lipase TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus was first used to catalyze Michael addition reaction of aromatic amines. Compared with other methods, the salient features of this work include green reaction conditions (methanol as reaction medium), short residence time (30 min), readily available catalyst and a reaction process that is easy to control. This enzymatic synthesis of β-amino acid esters performed in continuous-flow microreactors is an innovation that provides a new strategy for the fast biotransformation of β-amino acid esters.

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Lerin, L. A., M. Catani, D. Oliveira, A. Massi, O. Bortolini, A. Cavazzini, and P. P. Giovannini. "Continuous ion-exchange resin catalysed esterification of eugenol for the optimized production of eugenyl acetate using a packed bed microreactor." RSC Advances 5, no. 94 (2015): 76898–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08457a.

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Alfano, Antonella Ilenia, Angela Zampella, Ettore Novellino, Margherita Brindisi, and Heiko Lange. "Harnessing interrupted Fischer in continuous flow: sustainable synthesis of (spiro)indolenine and (spiro)indoline privileged scaffolds." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 5, no. 11 (2020): 2091–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0re00329h.

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23

van Schie, Morten M. C. H., Tiago Pedroso de Almeida, Gabriele Laudadio, Florian Tieves, Elena Fernández-Fueyo, Timothy Noël, Isabel W. C. E. Arends, and Frank Hollmann. "Biocatalytic synthesis of the Green Note trans-2-hexenal in a continuous-flow microreactor." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (March 26, 2018): 697–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.58.

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The biocatalytic preparation of trans-hex-2-enal from trans-hex-2-enol using a novel aryl alcohol oxidase from Pleurotus eryngii (PeAAOx) is reported. As O2-dependent enzyme PeAAOx-dependent reactions are generally plagued by the poor solubility of O2 in aqueous media and mass transfer limitations resulting in poor reaction rates. These limitations were efficiently overcome by conducting the reaction in a flow-reactor setup reaching unpreceded catalytic activities for the enzyme in terms of turnover frequency (up to 38 s−1) and turnover numbers (more than 300000) pointing towards preparative usefulness of the proposed reaction scheme.

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Qin, Hong, Chengkou Liu, Niuniu Lv, Wei He, Jingjing Meng, Zheng Fang, and Kai Guo. "Continuous and green microflow synthesis of azobenzene compounds catalyzed by consecutively prepared tetrahedron CuBr." Dyes and Pigments 174 (March 2020): 108071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2019.108071.

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Reinsch, Helge, Steve Waitschat, Sachin M. Chavan, Karl Petter Lillerud, and Norbert Stock. "A Facile “Green” Route for Scalable Batch Production and Continuous Synthesis of Zirconium MOFs." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2016, no. 27 (June 16, 2016): 4490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201600295.

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Liu, Bo. "Analysis of Green Chemical Industry in Synthesis and Application of Polymer Materials." Insight - Material Science 3, no. 2 (October 23, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/ims.v3i2.350.

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<p>With the continuous improvement of economic level and living standard in recent years, people’s concept of environmental protection has become stronger and stronger. Developing green production in an all-round way will improve the contradiction between environmental protection and economic development. For the chemical industry, its production activities are a very critical link for the society, but at the same time, it is also the link that produces the most “three wastes”. However, in the future development process of the chemical industry, green industry will be the most important development direction.</p>

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Osorio-Tejada, Jose, Francesco Ferlin, Luigi Vaccaro, and Volker Hessel. "Life cycle assessment of multistep benzoxazole synthesis: from batch to waste-minimised continuous flow systems." Green Chemistry 24, no. 1 (2022): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc03202j.

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A comprehensive life cycle assessment of different 2-aryl benzoxazoles routes was performed to a flow chemistry approach, its batch equivalent, and other batch approaches to show how innovations in green chemistry and circularity result in real sustainability benefits.

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Kumar, Vivek, Abhay Kumar, and Rajesh Kumar. "Lemon Juice Catalysed Green Synthesis of Triazole Based Schiff Base, Its Physico-Chemical & Spectral Characterisation and Determination of its Binding Stoichiometry with Cu2+ ion." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 758–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40379.

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Abstract: In the recent years Environmental Pollution has emerged as a major challenge for human society. Since the start of Industrial Revolution in England, the amount of chemical waste and toxic substances are increasing exponentially in the environment. The traditional synthesis of chemical substances is accompanied by use of large amount of energy, harmful solvents and release of toxic substances in environment. The green synthesis aims to minimise the release and use of harmful toxic material in synthesis. In the present paper we have prepared a triazole derivative, 4-[(E)-Benzylideneamino]-5-methyl-2,4- dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione through green synthetic route. The reaction was catalysed by lemon juice and it was carried out in solvent-free condition through mechano-chemical stirring method. The physico-chemical properties were studied. The FT-IR spectral analysis confirmed the structure of Schiff base. The stoichiometry of binding with Cu2+ was determined through Method of Continuous Variation. The Schiff base- metal ratio was found to be 1:1. Keywords: Green Synthesis, Mechano-Chemical Stirring Method, Triazole, Schiff Base, Lemon Juice, Physico-Chemical Properties, Job’s Plot, Stoichiometry of Binding.

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Zhu, Yuanzheng, Seiichi Takami, Gimyeong Seong, Mehdi Dejhosseini, Muhammad Zamir Hossain, Takio Noguchi, Daisuke Hojo, Nobuaki Aoki, Tsutomu Aida, and Tadafumi Adschiri. "Green solvent for green materials: a supercritical hydrothermal method and shape-controlled synthesis of Cr-doped CeO 2 nanoparticles." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2057 (December 28, 2015): 20150012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0012.

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This paper describes a supercritical hydrothermal synthesis method as a green solvent process, along with products based on this method that can be used as green materials that contribute to solving environmental problems. The first part of this paper summarizes the basics of this method, including the mechanism of the reactions, specific features of the supercritical state for nanoparticle synthesis, the continuous flow-type reactor and applications; this provides a better understanding of the suitability of this method to synthesize green materials. The second part of the paper describes the method used to synthesize Cr-doped CeO 2 nanoparticles, which show an extremely high oxygen storage capacity, suggesting their high potential as an environmental catalyst. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscope images showed octahedral Cr-doped CeO 2 nanoparticles with sizes of 15–30 nm and cubic Cr-doped CeO 2 nanoparticles with sizes of 5–8 nm. Octahedral Cr-doped CeO 2 nanoparticles exposing (111) facets and cubic Cr-doped CeO 2 nanoparticles exposing (100) facets were determined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction. The X-ray diffraction peaks shifted to a high angle because the radius of the Cr ion is smaller than that of the Ce ion.

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Alipour, Shohreh, Sara Kalari, Mohammad Hossein Morowvat, Zahra Sabahi, and Ali Dehshahri. "Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles by Cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis (abdf2224): Cultivation Condition Quality Controls." BioMed Research International 2021 (May 29, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6635297.

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Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are well-known bioactive compounds. Various chemical and biological methods have been applied to SeNP synthesis. Spirulina platensis is a widely used blue-green microalgae in various industries. In this study, the biosynthesis of SeNPs using sodium selenite and Spirulina platens has been developed. The SeNP synthesis was performed at different cultivation condition including pH and illumination schedule variation. The SeNPs were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, size, and zeta potential measurements, and the antioxidant activities of selected SeNPs were evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assays. FT-IR analysis showed the production of SeNPs. The 12 h dark/12 h light cycles and continuous light exposure at pH 5 led to the production of stable SeNPs with sizes of 145 ± 6 and 171 ± 13 nm, respectively. Antioxidant activity of selected SeNPs was higher than sodium selenite. It seems that green synthesis is a safe method to produce SeNPs as well as a convenient method to scale-up this production.

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Hemmati, Shohreh, Michael T. Harris, and Dale P. Barkey. "Polyol Silver Nanowire Synthesis and the Outlook for a Green Process." Journal of Nanomaterials 2020 (February 29, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9341983.

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Silver nanowires (AgNWs) have a broad range of applications including nanoelectronics, energy conversion, health care, solar cells, touch screens, sensors and biosensors, wearable electronics, and drug delivery systems. As their characteristics depend strongly on their size and morphology, it is essential to find the optimal and most cost-effective synthesis method with precise control over the size and morphology of the wires. Various methods for AgNW synthesis have been reported along with process optimization and novel techniques to increase the yield and aspect ratios of synthesized AgNWs. The most promising processes for synthesis of AgNWs are wet chemical techniques, in which the polyol process is low cost and simple and provides high yield compared to other chemical methods. Reaction mechanism is one of the most important factors in strategies to control the process. Our purpose here is to provide an overview on the main findings regarding synthesis, preparation, and characterization of AgNWs. Recent efforts in the polyol synthesis of AgNWs are summarized with respect to product morphology and size, reaction conditions, and characterization techniques. The effect of essential factors such as reagent concentration and preparation, temperature, and reaction atmosphere that control the size, morphology, and yield of synthesized AgNWs is reviewed. Moreover, a review on the novel modified polyol process and reactor design such as continuous millifluidic and flow reactors to increase the yield of synthesized AgNWs on large scales is provided. The most recent proposed growth mechanisms and kinetics behind the polyol process are addressed. Finally, comparatively few available studies in green and sustainable development of 1D silver nanostructures through the application of natural products with inherent growth termination, stabilization, and capping characteristics are reviewed to provide an avenue to natural synthesis pathways to AgNWs. Future directions in both chemical and green synthesis approaches of AgNWs are addressed.

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Scotti, Nicola, Nicoletta Ravasio, Federica Zaccheria, Adrian Irimescu, and Simona Silvia Merola. "Green pathway to a new fuel extender: continuous flow catalytic synthesis of butanol/butyl butyrate mixtures." RSC Advances 10, no. 6 (2020): 3130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra00198h.

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Wildermann, Angela, Yann Foricher, Thomas Netscher, and Werner Bonrath. "New application of indium catalysts: A novel and green concept in the fine chemicals industry." Pure and Applied Chemistry 79, no. 11 (January 1, 2007): 1839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200779111839.

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New industrially important catalytic processes for application in the fine chemicals industry (e.g., synthesis of vitamins and key-intermediates) are presented. Protocols with indium catalysts provide the advantages of high selectivity and low catalyst loading for Friedel-Crafts-type alkylation, Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, and acylation reactions. The transformations discussed could be carried out in a continuous manner.

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Laumann, Andreas, Martin Bremholm, Peter Hald, Michael Holzapfel, Karl Thomas Fehr, and Bo Brummerstedt Iversen. "Rapid Green Continuous Flow Supercritical Synthesis of High Performance Li4Ti5O12Nanocrystals for Li Ion Battery Applications." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 159, no. 2 (2011): A166—A171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.084202jes.

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Gioria, Esteban, Francisco Wisniewski, and Laura Gutierrez. "Microreactors for the continuous and green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: Enhancement of the catalytic properties." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 7, no. 3 (June 2019): 103136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103136.

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36

Kaabipour, Sina, and Shohreh Hemmati. "Continuous, green, and room-temperature synthesis of silver nanowires in a helically-coiled millifluidic reactor." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 659 (February 2023): 130806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130806.

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Todea, Anamaria, Diana Maria Dreavă, Ioana Cristina Benea, Ioan Bîtcan, Francisc Peter, and Carmen G. Boeriu. "Achievements and Trends in Biocatalytic Synthesis of Specialty Polymers from Biomass-Derived Monomers Using Lipases." Processes 9, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040646.

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New technologies for the conversion of biomass into high-value chemicals, including polymers and plastics, is a must and a challenge. The development of green processes in the last decade involved a continuous increase of the interest towards the synthesis of polymers using in vitro biocatalysis. Among the remarkable diversity of new bio-based polymeric products meeting the criteria of sustainability, biocompatibility, and eco-friendliness, a wide range of polyesters with shorter chain length were obtained and characterized, targeting biomedical and cosmetic applications. In this review, selected examples of such specialty polymers are presented, highlighting the recent developments concerning the use of lipases, mostly in immobilized form, for the green synthesis of ε-caprolactone co-polymers, polyesters with itaconate or furan units, estolides, and polyesteramides. The significant process parameters influencing the average molecular weights and other characteristics are discussed, revealing the advantages and limitations of biocatalytic processes for the synthesis of these bio-based polymers.

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Fanelli, Flavio, Giovanna Parisi, Leonardo Degennaro, and Renzo Luisi. "Contribution of microreactor technology and flow chemistry to the development of green and sustainable synthesis." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (March 14, 2017): 520–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.51.

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Microreactor technology and flow chemistry could play an important role in the development of green and sustainable synthetic processes. In this review, some recent relevant examples in the field of flash chemistry, catalysis, hazardous chemistry and continuous flow processing are described. Selected examples highlight the role that flow chemistry could play in the near future for a sustainable development.

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Benković, Maja, Davor Valinger, Tamara Jurina, Jasenka Gajdoš Kljusurić, and Ana Jurinjak Tušek. "Biocatalysis as a Green Approach for Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles—Batch and Microflow Process Comparison." Catalysts 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13010112.

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There is a growing need for production of iron particles due to their possible use in numerous systems (e.g., electrical, magnetic, catalytic, biological and others). Although severe reaction conditions and heavy solvents are frequently used in production of nanoparticles, green synthesis has arisen as an eco-friendly method that uses biological catalysts. Various precursors are combined with biological material (such as enzymes, herbal extracts, biomass, bacteria or yeasts) that contain chemicals from the main or secondary metabolism that can function as catalysts for production of nanoparticles. In this work, batch (“one-pot”) biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles is reviewed, as well as the possibilities of using microfluidic systems for continuous biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles, which could overcome the limitations of batch synthesis.

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Popovics-Tóth, Nóra, and Erika Bálint. "Multicomponent Synthesis of Potentially Biologically Active Heterocycles Containing a Phosphonate or a Phosphine Oxide Moiety." Acta Chimica Slovenica 69, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 735–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2022.7648.

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Several multicomponent synthetic approaches were elaborated for plenty of novel nitrogen or oxygen heterocycles containing a phosphonate or a phosphine oxide moiety. All multicomponent reactions were optimized through a model reaction in respect of the heating mode, molar ratio of the starting materials, atmosphere, catalyst, temperature, reaction time and solvent applied, and then, the extended preparation of small libraries of structurally-related compounds was performed. Most of the reactions could be considered as “green syntheses”, as they were carried out in the absence of any catalyst and/or solvent using microwave (MW) irradiation or even at ambient temperature. The scaling-up of a MW-assisted synthesis was also elaborated in a continuous flow MW system. Altogether more than 150 heterocyclic organophosphorus compounds were synthesized, among them several derivatives showed moderate or promising activity against the HL-60 cell line and Bacillus subtilis bacteria.

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Santi, Micol, Luca Sancineto, Vanessa Nascimento, Juliano Braun Azeredo, Erika V. M. Orozco, Leandro H. Andrade, Harald Gröger, and Claudio Santi. "Flow Biocatalysis: A Challenging Alternative for the Synthesis of APIs and Natural Compounds." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22030990.

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Biocatalysts represent an efficient, highly selective and greener alternative to metal catalysts in both industry and academia. In the last two decades, the interest in biocatalytic transformations has increased due to an urgent need for more sustainable industrial processes that comply with the principles of green chemistry. Thanks to the recent advances in biotechnologies, protein engineering and the Nobel prize awarded concept of direct enzymatic evolution, the synthetic enzymatic toolbox has expanded significantly. In particular, the implementation of biocatalysts in continuous flow systems has attracted much attention, especially from industry. The advantages of flow chemistry enable biosynthesis to overcome well-known limitations of “classic” enzymatic catalysis, such as time-consuming work-ups and enzyme inhibition, as well as difficult scale-up and process intensifications. Moreover, continuous flow biocatalysis provides access to practical, economical and more sustainable synthetic pathways, an important aspect for the future of pharmaceutical companies if they want to compete in the market while complying with European Medicines Agency (EMA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and green chemistry requirements. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the use of flow biocatalysis for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), pharmaceuticals and natural products, and the advantages and limitations are discussed.

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Hegarty, Eimear, and Francesca Paradisi. "Implementation of Biocatalysis in Continuous Flow for the Synthesis of Small Cyclic Amines." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 74, no. 11 (November 25, 2020): 890–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2020.890.

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Significant progress has been made in establishing transaminases as robust biocatalysts for the green and scalable synthesis of a diverse range of chiral amines. However, very few examples on the amination of small cyclic ketones have been reported. Cyclic ketones are particularly challenging for transaminase enzymes because they do not display the well-defined small and large substituent areas that are characteristic for the bio- catalytic mechanism. In this work, we exploited the broad substrate scope of the (S)-selective transaminase from Halomonas elongata (HeWT) to develop an efficient biocatalytic system in continuous flow to generate a range of small cyclic amines which feature very often in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. [3] Tetrahydrofuran-3-one and other challenging prochiral ketones were rapidly (5–45 min) transformed to their corresponding amines with excellent molar conversion (94–99%) and moderate to excellent ee.

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Chen, Jingzhu, Wei Zhao, Yongzheng Fang, Yufeng Liu, Zhifu Liu, Langping Dong, and Jingshan Hou. "Continuous production of K2SiF6:Mn4+ red phosphor by green route synthesis method for warm WLEDs application." Optical Materials 132 (October 2022): 112781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2022.112781.

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Thomas, Bejoy, Jino George, and S. Sugunan. "Synthesis of Benzoxazole via the Beckmann Rearrangement of Salicylaldoxime on Protonated Zeolites: A Green Continuous Process." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48, no. 2 (January 21, 2009): 660–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie800913q.

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Jolhe, P. D., B. A. Bhanvase, V. S. Patil, and S. H. Sonawane. "Green Route for Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis by Raphanus Sativus Extract in a Continuous Flow Tubular Microreactor." International Journal of Nanoscience 16, no. 01 (February 2017): 1650019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x16500198.

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The present work deals with the investigation of the greener route for the production of silver nanoparticles using Raphanus sativus (R. sativus) bioextract in a continuous flow tubular microreactor. The parameters affecting the particle size and distribution were investigated. From the results obtained it can be inferred that the ascorbic acid (reducing agent) present in the R. sativus bioextract is responsible for the reduction of silver ions. At optimum condition, the particle size distribution of nanoparticles is found between 18[Formula: see text]nm and 39[Formula: see text]nm. The absorbance value was found to be decreased with an increase in the diameter of the microreactor. It indicates that a number of nuclei are formed in the micrometer sized (diameter) reactor because of the better solute transfer rate leading to the formation of large number of silver nanoparticles. The study of antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles shows effective inhibitory activity against waterborne pathogens, Shegella and Listeria bacteria.

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Wan, Qilong, Jine Qian, and Maomao Yu. "Analysis of Green Financial Policy Utility: A Policy Incentive Financial Mechanism Based on State Space Model Theory Algorithm." Journal of Sensors 2022 (July 30, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5978122.

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In recent years, in the context of “double carbon” and innovation-driven synthesis, the volume of green finance has been growing year by year, and the intensity of environmental regulation has been stabilizing. As green financial technology innovation cannot be separated from the support of financial market and government policies, how to promote green financial technology innovation with green finance and environmental regulation has become a hot issue. How to control the appropriate strength of environmental regulations to promote green financial technology innovation is a matter of continuous exploration by local governments. The research of this paper is about the utility analysis of green finance policy: a policy incentive financial mechanism based on the state space model theory algorithm. Therefore, this paper introduces the theory of green finance based on the state space model algorithm and neural network model algorithm to study China’s green finance policy incentive mechanism, profoundly study the current situation of domestic green finance development, and put forward further strengthen the leading role of the government in green financial innovation. At the same time, suggestions for achieving coordinated regional development were made in terms of giving full play to the role of financial markets in promoting green technology innovation.

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Erdmenger, Tina, Renzo M. Paulus, Richard Hoogenboom, and Ulrich S. Schubert. "Scaling-up the Synthesis of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride under Microwave Irradiation." Australian Journal of Chemistry 61, no. 3 (2008): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch07345.

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Ionic liquids are considered to be ‘green’ solvents on account of their non-volatility and non-flammability – which are results of their negligible vapour pressures – as well as reusability. On the basis of ecological concerns, ionic liquids seem to be an attractive alternative to conventional volatile organic solvents. In the present work, the reaction conditions for the synthesis of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride were optimized on a small scale (~2 mL, 10 mmol) using a single-mode microwave system. The conditions obtained were subsequently transferred to various microwave reactors, both batch and continuous flow, as well as mono-mode and multi-mode, for the direct scale-up of the synthesis from 0.01 to 1.15 mol.

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Shaukat, S., M. A. Hassani, M. Y. Yadgari, S. Ullah, M. S. Iqbal, F. Khan, S. D. Bibi, et al. "Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its application towards As(V) removal from aqueous systems." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 17, no. 4 (December 22, 2022): 1385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2022.174.1385.

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Arsenic (As) contamination in one of the most serious water quality concern due to its toxic effects and worldwide availability. To avoid its poisoning effects, especially in the form of As(V), it is important to develop new techniques for its treatment. The current study was conducted to investigate the As(V) removal from aqueous systems using silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). The Ag NPs were synthesized through a simple method by using Vernonia Anthelmintica (L.) plant extract and characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The removal of As(V) was tested with respect to time, optimum dose, effect of light and pH, treatment with ultra-sonication and continuous flow process. The results showed that Ag NPs can effectively remove As(V) from aqueous systems in the presence of sunlight (100%), ultra-sonication process (100%), neutral pH (100%), and continuous flow (71.6%). While the same NPs could not show effective removal of As(V) with respect to low dose (15%), darkness (38.9%), low pH of 3.4 (21.4%) and high pH of 11 (11.1%). Using Ag NPs can reduce As(V) to the permissible limits set by World health organization (WHO). Moreover, the Ag NPs work efficiently in sunlight and in the neutral pH range, therefore adjustment of pH is not required to activate these NPs.

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Abdullah, Johar Amin Ahmed, Mercedes Jiménez-Rosado, Antonio Guerrero, and Alberto Romero. "Effect of Calcination Temperature and Time on the Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Green vs. Chemical Method." Materials 16, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16051798.

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Nowadays, antioxidants and antibacterial activity play an increasingly vital role in biosystems due to the biochemical and biological reactions that involve free radicals and pathogen growth, which occur in many systems. For this purpose, continuous efforts are being made to minimize these reactions, including the use of nanomaterials as antioxidants and bactericidal agents. Despite such advances, iron oxide nanoparticles still lack knowledge regarding their antioxidant and bactericidal capacities. This includes the investigation of biochemical reactions and their effects on nanoparticle functionality. In green synthesis, active phytochemicals give nanoparticles their maximum functional capacity and should not be destroyed during synthesis. Therefore, research is required to establish a correlation between the synthesis process and the nanoparticle properties. In this sense, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the most influential process stage: calcination. Thus, different calcination temperatures (200, 300, and 500 °C) and times (2, 3, and 5 h) were studied in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using either Phoenix dactylifera L. (PDL) extract (green method) or sodium hydroxide (chemical method) as the reducing agent. The results show that calcination temperatures and times had a significant influence on the degradation of the active substance (polyphenols) and the final structure of iron oxide nanoparticles. It was found that, at low calcination temperatures and times, the nanoparticles exhibited small sizes, fewer polycrystalline structures, and better antioxidant activities. In conclusion, this work highlights the importance of green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles due to their excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

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Verbič, Anja, Martin Šala, Ivan Jerman, and Marija Gorjanc. "Novel Green In Situ Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles on Cotton Using Pomegranate Peel Extract." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 4472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164472.

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This work presents the novel and entirely green in situ synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) on cotton fabric. Pomegranate peel extract was used as a reducing agent and wood ash extract was used as an alkali source for the formation of ZnO-NP from zinc acetate. Four different synthesis methods, which varied in drying between immersion of fabric in the active solutions for synthesis and the use of padding and ultrasonication, were investigated to evaluate the most suitable one to achieve excellent ultraviolet (UV) protective properties of the functionalized textile. For comparison, the cotton fabrics were also functionalized with each active solution separately or in a combination of two (i.e., Zn-acetate and plant extract). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirm the successful formation of ZnO-NP on cotton. Among the synthesis methods, the method that included continuous drying of the samples between immersion in the active solutions for synthesis (Method 4) was found to be the most suitable to deliver uniformly impregnated cotton fibers with numerous small ZnO wurtzite structured crystals and excellent UV protection, with a UV protection factor of 154.0. This research presents an example of a green circular economy where a bio-waste material can be used to produce ZnO-NP directly on cotton at low temperatures and short treatment times without the addition of chemicals and enables the production of cellulosic fabrics with excellent UV protection.

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