Relevant bibliographies by topics / Continuous-Discrete observers

Academic literature on the topic 'Continuous-Discrete observers'

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Published: 7 July 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Continuous-Discrete observers":

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Dorfler, Florian, Fabio Pasqualetti, and Francesco Bullo. "Continuous-Time Distributed Observers With Discrete Communication." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing 7, no. 2 (April 2013): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2013.2245300.

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Ahmed-Ali, Tarek, Romain Postoyan, and Françoise Lamnabhi-Lagarrigue. "Continuous–discrete adaptive observers for state affine systems." Automatica 45, no. 12 (December 2009): 2986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2009.09.005.

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Goffaux, G., A. Vande Wouwer, and O. Bernard. "Continuous - discrete interval observers for monitoring microalgae cultures." Biotechnology Progress 25, no. 3 (May 2009): 667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/btpr.167.

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Byrski, Jędrzej, and Witold Byrski. "State estimators and observers for continuous and discrete linear systems. Part 1. Differential asymptotic state estimators." Science, Technology and Innovation 3, no. 2 (December 27, 2018): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8169.

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In the paper an overview of state estimators and state observers used in linear systems, will be presented. The state estimators and observers can be used in many applications like the state reconstruction for the control purposes or for the diagnosis and fault detection in technical processes or for the virtual measurements of inaccessible variables of the system as well as for the best filtration of the differential equation solution. As the standard most commonly the Kalman filter and Luenberger type observers are used. Although the Kalman filter guarantees optimal filtering quality of the state, reconstructed from the noisy measurements, both Kalman filter and the Luenberger observer guarantee only asymptotic quality of the real state changes and tracking, basing on the current measurements of the system output and input signals. Unfortunately, the value of the estimation error at any moment of time cannot be calculated. The discussion on differences between continuous and two types of discrete Kalman Filter will be presented. This paper is plan to be the introduction to presentation of the another type of the state observers which have the structure given by the integral operators. Based on measurements of the system output and input signals on some predefined finite time interval, they can reconstruct, after this interval, the observed state exactly.
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Byrski, Jędrzej, and Witold Byrski. "State estimators and observers for continuous and discrete linear systems. Part 2. Integral observers for exact state reconstruction." Science, Technology and Innovation 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2871.

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In the paper, the exact state observers will be presented. The state estimators and observers can be used in technical processes for many purposes like the fault detection and diagnosis, the implementation of the state controllers, and soft reconstruction of inaccessible for measurements variables of the system. As the standard, for continuous systems the differential estimators of Kalman filter or Luenberger type observer are commonly used. However, if the initial conditions of the real state are unknown, both estimators guarantee only an asymptotic quality of the real state tracking. The paper presents another type of the state observers, which for continuous system have the structure given by two integral operators. Based on measurements of the system input and output signals on some predefined finite time interval T, they can reconstruct the initial state exactly. In on-line version, the exact state reconstruction is performed continuously for every t, based on special procedure executed within two moving windows of width T, on sliding time interval [t-T, t].
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Harrigan, Jinni A., John R. Kues, and Joseph G. Weber. "Impressions of Hand Movements: Self-Touching and Gestures." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 2 (October 1986): 503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.503.

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Two studies addressed the question of observers' impressions of physicians and patients who displayed self-touching, a behavior reported to indicate negative affect. In Study 1 self-touching was regarded as more Expressive and Warm, while control scenes were viewed as more Calm. The results of Study 2 showed that observers judged hand gestures most positively, followed by self-touching, and control scenes on Expressive, Sincere, Natural, and Warm. Control scenes were seen as most Calm. These findings confirm earlier results and represent a perspective on self-touching that has not been previously examined, the observer's viewpoint. It is the observer who tends to be most influenced by the display of self-touching. Discussion is focused on discrete and continuous self-touching, the effect of type and context of self-touching, and the need for considering other functions (i.e., serving information-processing demands) of self-touching than indicating states of anxiety, tension, or hostility.
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Astorga, C. M., N. Othman, S. Othman, H. Hammouri, and T. F. McKenna. "Nonlinear continuous–discrete observers: application to emulsion polymerization reactors." Control Engineering Practice 10, no. 1 (January 2002): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0661(01)00100-9.

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Shouse, K. R., and D. G. Taylor. "Discrete-time observers for singularly perturbed continuous-time systems." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 40, no. 2 (1995): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/9.341780.

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Mazenc, Frédéric, Vincent Andrieu, and Michael Malisoff. "Design of continuous–discrete observers for time-varying nonlinear systems." Automatica 57 (July 2015): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2015.04.016.

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Mazenc, Frédéric, and Emilia Fridman. "Predictor-based sampled-data exponential stabilization through continuous–discrete observers." Automatica 63 (January 2016): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2015.10.016.

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Journal articles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Continuous-Discrete observers":

1

Bouchama, Fawzia. "Synthèse d’observateurs continus-discrets pour les systèmes non linéaires : Application au Train Autonome." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Valenciennes, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPHF0005.

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Ce travail de thèse contribue au projet collaboratif "Train de Fret Autonome'' porté par la SNCF et a pour but d’automatiser la conduite du train de Fret afin de garantir une conduite autonome fiable et sécurisée dans toutes conditions environnementales. Dans ce contexte, nos contributions concernent le développement d’estimateurs permettant de reconstruire avec précision la position et la vitesse longitudinale du train dans des conditions variables d’adhérence roue-rail. La difficulté majeure provient du fait que les capteurs odométriques embarqués fournissent une mesure de la rotation des roues au niveau des essieux mais ne détectent pas directement le phénomène de glissement des roues, ce qui entraîne une grande imprécision au niveau de l’estimation de la vitesse longitudinale du train. Pour faire face à ce problème, il est nécessaire de faire un recalage précis en utilisant la position du train mesurée par des radio-balises installées sur le rail. Néanmoins, cette mesure est discrète avec une période d’échantillonnage variable. L’un des challenges est de considérer les mesures du train qui combinent à la fois des mesures considérées continues et des mesures apériodiquement échantillonnées. Ainsi, la principale contribution théorique de cette thèse est la conception d’un observateur continu-discret pour une classe de systèmes multi-entrées/multi-sorties avec des sorties continues entachées de bruits de mesures et des sorties apériodiquement échantillonnées. Cet observateur est conçu pour répondre au cahier de charge du projet ``Train de Fret Autonome'' afin d’estimer la vitesse du train dans des conditions variables d’adhérence. Les performances de cet observateur sont montrées en simulation et comparées avec d’autres approches d’estimation de la vitesse du train puis ensuite validées expérimentalement via une campagne d’essais réalisée au Centre d’Essai Ferroviaire de Tronville-en-Barrois
This thesis contributes to the collaborative project "Train de Fret Autonome'' led by the SNCF and aims to control autonomous freight trains in order to guarantee reliable and safe autonomous driving in all environmental conditions. In this context, our contributions concern the development of estimators for accurately reconstructing the train position and longitudinal speed under variable wheel-rail adhesion conditions. The major difficulty arises from the fact that on-board odometric sensors provide a measurement of wheel rotation at axle level, but do not directly detect the phenomenon of wheel slippage, resulting in inaccurate estimation of the longitudinal speed of the train. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to make a precise recalibration using the position of the train measured by radio beacons installed on the rail. Nevertheless, this measurement is discrete with a variable sampling period. One of the challenges is to consider train measurements that combine both continuous and aperiodically sampled measurements. Thus, the main theoretical contribution of this thesis is the design of a continuous-discrete observer for a class of multi-input/multi-output systems with continuous noisy outputs and aperiodically sampled outputs. This observer is designed to meet the specifications of the "Autonomous Freight Train" project, in order to estimate train speed under variable adhesion conditions. The performance of this observer is shown in simulation and compared with other approaches to train speed estimation, then validated experimentally via an experimental test program carried out at the Centre d'Essai Ferroviaire of Tronville-en-Barrois
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Boizot, Nicolas. "Adaptative high-gain extended Kalman filter and applications." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00559107.

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The work concerns the "observability problem"--the reconstruction of a dynamic process's full state from a partially measured state-- for nonlinear dynamic systems. The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is a widely-used observer for such nonlinear systems. However it suffers from a lack of theoretical justifications and displays poor performance when the estimated state is far from the real state, e.g. due to large perturbations, a poor initial state estimate, etc. . . We propose a solution to these problems, the Adaptive High-Gain (EKF). Observability theory reveals the existence of special representations characterizing nonlinear systems having the observability property. Such representations are called observability normal forms. A EKF variant based on the usage of a single scalar parameter, combined with an observability normal form, leads to an observer, the High-Gain EKF, with improved performance when the estimated state is far from the actual state. Its convergence for any initial estimated state is proven. Unfortunately, and contrary to the EKF, this latter observer is very sensitive to measurement noise. Our observer combines the behaviors of the EKF and of the high-gain EKF. Our aim is to take advantage of both efficiency with respect to noise smoothing and reactivity to large estimation errors. In order to achieve this, the parameter that is the heart of the high-gain technique is made adaptive. Voila, the Adaptive High-Gain EKF. A measure of the quality of the estimation is needed in order to drive the adaptation. We propose such an index and prove the relevance of its usage. We provide a proof of convergence for the resulting observer, and the final algorithm is demonstrated via both simulations and a real-time implementation. Finally, extensions to multiple output and to continuous-discrete systems are given.
3

Dinh, Ngoc Thach. "Observateur par intervalles et observateur positif." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112335/document.

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Cette thèse est construite autour de deux types d'estimation de l'état d'un système, traités séparément. Le premier problème abordé concerne la construction d'observateurs positifs basés sur la métrique de Hilbert. Le second traite de la synthèse d'observateurs par intervalles pour différentes familles de systèmes dynamiques et la construction de lois de commande robustes qui stabilisent ces systèmes.Un système positif est un système dont les variables d'état sont toujours positives ou nulles lorsque celles-ci ont des conditions initiales qui le sont. Les systèmes positifs apparaissent souvent de façon naturelle dans des applications pratiques où les variables d'état représentent des quantités qui n'ont pas de signification si elles ont des valeurs négatives. Dans ce contexte, il parait naturel de rechercher des observateurs fournissant des estimées elles aussi positives ou nulles. Dans un premier temps, notre contribution réside dans la mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode de construction d'observateurs positifs sur l'orthant positif. L'analyse de convergence est basée sur la métrique de Hilbert. L'avantage concurrentiel de notre méthode est que la vitesse de convergence peut être contrôlée.Notre étude concernant la synthèse d'observateurs par intervalles est basée sur la théorie des systèmes dynamiques positifs. Les observateurs par intervalles constituent un type d'observateurs très particuliers. Ce sont des outils développés depuis moins de 15 ans seulement : ils trouvent leur origine dans les travaux de Gouzé et al. en 2000 et se développent très rapidement dans de nombreuses directions. Un observateur par intervalles consiste en un système dynamique auxiliaire fournissant un intervalle dans lequel se trouve l'état, en considérant que l'on connait des bornes pour la condition initiale et pour les quantités incertaines. Les observateurs par intervalles donnent la possibilité de considérer le cas où des perturbations importantes sont présentes et fournissent certaines informations à tout instant
This thesis presents new results in the field of state estimation based on the theory of positive systems. It is composed of two separate parts. The first one studies the problem of positive observer design for positive systems. The second one which deals with robust state estimation through the design of interval observers, is at the core of our work.We begin our thesis by proposing the design of a nonlinear positive observer for discrete-time positive time-varying linear systems based on the use of generalized polar coordinates in the positive orthant. For positive systems, a natural requirement is that the observers should provide state estimates that are also non-negative so they can be given a physical meaning at all times. The idea underlying the method is that first, the direction of the true state is correctly estimated in the projective space thanks to the Hilbert metric and then very mild assumptions on the output map allow to reconstruct the norm of the state. The convergence rate can be controlled.Later, the thesis is continued by studying the so-called interval observers for different families of dynamic systems in continuous-time, in discrete-time and also in a context "continuous-discrete" (i.e. a class of continuous-time systems with discrete-time measurements). Interval observers are dynamic extensions giving estimates of the solution of a system in the presence of various type of disturbances through two outputs giving an upper and a lower bound for the solution. Thanks to interval observers, one can construct control laws which stabilize the considered systems
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Zhang, Tingting. "Finite Memory Observer Design for Continuous-Time Nonlinear Systems with Discrete-Time Measurements : application to diagnosis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourges, INSA Centre Val de Loire, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ISAB0006.

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L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer un observateur non linéaire pour un outil de diagnostic pour des systèmes non linéaires à temps continu et à mesures discrètes. Ce mémoire débute par l’étude de notions d’observabilité faisant le point sur l’observation de ces systèmes. Nous enchaînons ensuite par l’analyse d’observateurs non linéaires obtenu par optimisation, puis nous présentons les méthodes de diagnostic à l'aide d'observateurs. Un observateur à mémoire finie est ensuite synthétisé pour détecter et localiser les défauts capteurs et actionneurs d’une classe de systèmes non linéaires en présence à la fois de bruit de processus et de bruit de mesures. De plus, un observateur non linéaire est également construit sur un modèle augmenté pour estimer simultanément les états du système et les entrées inconnues. Une étude de robustesse vis à vis des divers bruits a été menée, ainsi que l'étude de la définition des défaut d'amplitude minimale pour la détection. L'utilisation de l'algorithme EWMA a également été introduit pour ses performance en détection. Le cas de multiple défauts simultanés ont été détectés et identifiés dans cette partie. À la fin de cette thèse, un observateur à mémoire finie est développé pour les systèmes non linéaires à temps variants
The aim of this thesis is to design a nonlinear observer as a diagnostic tool for continuous-time nonlinear systems with discrete-time measurements. We begin with the study of some observability notions concerning the considered nonlinear systems, following by the presents of three typical optimization-based nonlinear observers and observer-based diagnostic methods. Inspired by the existing approaches, a finite memory observer is then designed for a class of nonlinear systems in the presence of both process and measurement noises in order to perform fault detection and isolation of sensor and actuator faults. In the second part, a nonlinear observer based on augmented model is then designed to simultaneously estimate both system states and unknown inputs. The robustness with respect to the diverse noises is studied, as well as the study of the minimum amplitude of fault for the detection. The EWMA algorithm was also introduced and analyzed for its performance in detection. Multiple simultaneous faults are also detected and identified in this part. At the end of this thesis, a finite memory observer is designed for the nonlinear time-varying systems on the basis of the fundamental synthesis for linear time-varying systems
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Hernandez, Gonzalez Omar. "Synthèse d'οbservateurs pοur des classes de systèmes nοn linéaires avec des sοrties échantillοnnées et retardées." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC202/document.

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Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse s’articulent autour de la synthèse d’observateurs de type grand gain pour des classes de systèmes non linéaires. Une classe de systèmes multi-entrées/multi-sorties non uniformément observables a tout d’abord été considérée et un observateur dont le gain est issu de la résolution d’une équation différentielle ordinaire de Lyapunov a été proposé. La convergence exponentielle de l’erreur d’observation sous-jacente a été établie sous une condition d’excitation persistante bien appropriée. La synthèse de l’observateur proposé a été ensuite reconsidérée pour prendre en compte l’échantillonnage et la présence de retard sur la sortie. L’observateur résultant de la resynthèse a une structure en cascade avec des systèmes en chaîne où le premier système de la cascade estime l’état retardé tandis que l’état du dernier système est une estimation de l’état instantané du système. La deuxième classe de systèmes considérée dans cette thèse est une forme normale observable multi-sorties comportant des incertitudes et dont la sortie est échantillonnée et retardée. Un observateur en cascade a été proposé pour l’estimation de l’état instantané du système. Les performances des différents observateurs proposés ont été illustrées à travers plusieurs exemples en simulation tout au long de de la thèse
The results given in this thesis deal with the design of high gain observers forsome classes on nonlinear systems. A class of multi-inputs/multi-output non uniformlyobservable systems has been first considered and an observer the gain of which is issuedfrom the resolution of a Lyapunov ordinary differential equation has been proposed. Theexponential convergence of the underlying observation error has been established underan appropriate persistent excitation condition. The design of the proposed observerhas then been reconsidered in order to account for the sampling and delay processeswhich may occur on the output. The redesigned observer assumes a cascade structurewith chained systems where the head of the cascade is an observer for the delayedstate while the state of the last system in the cascade constitutes an estimation ofthe system actual state. The second class of systems considered in this thesis is amulti-outputs observable normal form involving some uncertainties and with a delayedsampled output. A cascade observer allowing the estimation of the system actual statehas been proposed. The performance and main properties of the proposed observershave been illustrated in simulation by considering many examples throughout thisthesis

Book chapters on the topic "Continuous-Discrete observers":

1

Farza, Mondher, Mohammed M’Saad, and Krishna Busawon. "Continuous–Discrete-Time Observers for a Class of Uniformly Observable Systems." In Hybrid Dynamical Systems, 261–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10795-0_10.

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Mazenc, Frederic, Vincent Andrieu, and Michael Malisoff. "Continuous-Discrete Observers for Time-Varying Nonlinear Systems: A Tutorial on Recent Results." In 2015 Proceedings of the Conference on Control and its Applications, 181–88. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611974072.26.

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Starbuck, Craig. "Analysis of Differences." In The Fundamentals of People Analytics, 149–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28674-2_9.

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AbstractThis chapter examines parametric tests and nonparametric alternatives for testing whether statistical differences are observed in data measured on discrete and continuous scales. Methods of quantifying the magnitude of observed differences are also reviewed.
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Vaidyanathan, Sundarapandian. "General Observer Design for Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Nonlinear Systems." In Advances and Applications in Nonlinear Control Systems, 81–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30169-3_5.

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Salinas Ruíz, Josafhat, Osval Antonio Montesinos López, Gabriela Hernández Ramírez, and Jose Crossa Hiriart. "Elements of Generalized Linear Mixed Models." In Generalized Linear Mixed Models with Applications in Agriculture and Biology, 1–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32800-8_1.

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AbstractLinear models are commonly used to describe and analyze datasets from different research areas, such as biological, agricultural, social, and so on. A linear model aims to best represent/describe the nature of a dataset. A model is usually made up of factors or a series of factors that can be nominal or discrete variables (sex, year, etc.) or continuous variables (age, height, etc.), which have an effect on the observed data. Linear models are the most commonly used statistical models for estimating and predicting a response based on a set of observations.
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Salinas Ruíz, Josafhat, Osval Antonio Montesinos López, Gabriela Hernández Ramírez, and Jose Crossa Hiriart. "Generalized Linear Mixed Models for Proportions and Percentages." In Generalized Linear Mixed Models with Applications in Agriculture and Biology, 209–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32800-8_6.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we will review generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) whose response can be either a proportion or a percentage. For proportion and percentage data, we refer to data whose expected value is between 0 and 1 or between 0 and 100. For the remainder of this book, we will refer to this type of data only in terms of proportion, knowing that it is possible to change it to a percentage scale only when multiplying it by 100. Proportions can be classified into two types: discrete and continuous. Discrete proportions arise when the unit of observation consists of N distinct entities, of which individuals have the attribute of interest “y. ”N must be a nonnegative integer and “y” must be a positive integer; here, y ≤ N. Therefore, the observed proportion must be a discrete fraction, which can take values $$ \frac{0}{N},\frac{1}{N},\cdots, \frac{N}{N} $$ 0 N , 1 N , ⋯ , N N . A binomial distribution is the sum of a series of m independent binary trials (i.e., trials with only two possible outcomes: success or failure), where all trials have the same probability of success. For binary and binomial distributions, the target of inference is the value of the parameter such that $$ 0\le E\left(\frac{y}{N}\right)=\pi \le 1 $$ 0 ≤ E y N = π ≤ 1 . Continuous proportions (ratios) arise when the researcher measures responses such as the fraction of the area of a leaf infested with a fungus, the proportion of damaged cloth in a square meter, the fraction of a contaminated area, and so on. As with the binomial parameter π, the continuous rates (fractions) take values between 0 and 1, but, unlike the binomial, the continuous proportions do not result from a set of Bernoulli tests. Instead, the beta distribution is most often used when the response variable is in continuous proportions. In the following sections, we will first address issues in modeling when we have binary and binomial data. When the response variable is binomial, we have the option of using a linearization method (pseudo-likelihood (PL)) or the Laplace or quadrature integral approximation (Stroup 2012).
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Manamanni, Noureddine, Mohamed Djemai, and Jean Pierre Barbot. "On the Observation Analysis and Observer Design for a Class of Hybrid Continuous-Discrete Dynamic System." In Hybrid Dynamical Systems, 129–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10795-0_5.

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Lindsey, J. k. "Fitting distributions." In Modelling Frequency and Count Data, 125–49. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198523314.003.0006.

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Abstract Categorical data models have traditionally been used to study nominal, and ordinal, response variables. However, empirically, ‘continuous’ variables are also always observed as discrete categories, defined by the precision of the measuring instrument. Thus, log linear modelling techniques can be applied to such data, at least if the frequencies for the categories are reasonably large.
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Dastur, Arshan Homi, and Soubhik Chakraborty. "STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SUCCESSIVE OVER-RELAXATION METHOD." In Futuristic Trends in Contemporary Mathematics & Applications Volume 3 Book 2, 203–19. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bkcm2p7ch2.

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In numerical analysis, the successive over-relaxation method, an iterative technique that is a variation of the Gauss-Seidel technique, is applied to determine the solutions of systems of linear equations Ax=b. The main purpose of this study is to statistically analyze this method by filling the coefficient matrix A and the vector b with random numbers from different probability distributions- uniform inputs - both discrete uniform U[1, 2, 3,…,k] and continuous uniform U[0, θ] inputs are considered and non-uniform inputs, random numbers simulated from the binomial B(n, p) distribution. The values of the parameters are gradually varied during the course of the study. We also changed the size of the matrix as well to see if that has any effect on the overall outcome. There is nothing in the data to suggest that the number of iterations depends upon the parameter in case of uniform inputs, whether discrete or continuous. However, in the case of binomial distribution, a definite trend is observed when the value of parameter p is fixed and n is varied, and also when n is fixed and p is varied. Regression analysis further shows that the number of iterations can be estimated by a third degree polynomial in p for fixed n and another third degree polynomial in n when p is fixed.
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Callaghan, Paul T. "Introductory Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." In Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy, 25–92. Oxford University PressOxford, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198539445.003.0002.

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Abstract Atomic nuclei are characterized by states which are inherently quantum mechanical in their behaviour. This means in effect that the properties we observe for a single nucleus belong to one of a discrete set of possibilities. When performing nuclear magnetic resonance, however, we deal with exceedingly large numbers of nuclei acting largely independently, so that at the macroscopic level the collection of particles appears continuous, the so-called ‘ensemble’ behaviour. We shall be mainly concerned with spin-½ nuclei. For these, all states of the ensemble may be characterized by a simple vector quantity which is referred to as the nuclear magnetization. Having established this point we may embark on a classical explanation of the nuclear magnetic resonance phenomenon.

Conference papers on the topic "Continuous-Discrete observers":

1

"On stabilization using continuous-discrete observers." In Proceedings of the 1999 American Control Conference. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.1999.786276.

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Mazenc, Frederic, and Thach Ngoc Dinh. "Continuous-discrete interval observers for systems with discrete measurements." In 2013 IEEE 52nd Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2013.6759978.

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Ahmed-Ali, Tarek, Romain Postoyan, and Francoise Lamnabhi-Lagarrigue. "Continuous-discrete adaptive observers for state affine systems." In 2007 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2007.4434579.

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Mazenc, Frederic, and Michael Malisoff. "Continuous-Discrete Sequential Observers under Sampling and Input Delays." In 2018 Annual American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.2018.8431518.

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Mazenc, Frederic, and Emilia Fridman. "Predictor-based sampled-data stabilization via continuous-discrete observers." In 2014 IEEE 53rd Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2014.7039630.

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Alessandri, A., and P. Coletta. "Switching observers for continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems." In Proceedings of American Control Conference. IEEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2001.946132.

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Mazenc, F., M. Kieffer, and E. Walter. "Interval observers for continuous-time linear systems with discrete-time outputs." In 2012 American Control Conference - ACC 2012. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2012.6314646.

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Vinco, Gian Marco, Philipp Braun, and Luca Zaccarian. "A modular architecture for mobile robots equipped with continuous-discrete observers." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics (ICM). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icm46511.2021.9385612.

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Dinh, Thach Ngoc, and Hiroshi Ito. "Interval observers for continuous-time bilinear systems with discrete-time outputs." In 2016 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecc.2016.7810488.

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Farza, M., M. M'Saad, M. L. Fall, E. Pigeon, O. Gehan, and R. Mosrati. "Continuous-discrete time observers for a class of MIMO nonlinear systems." In 2013 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2013.6669356.

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Reports on the topic "Continuous-Discrete observers":

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Tan, Peng, and Nicholas Sitar. Parallel Level-Set DEM (LS-DEM) Development and Application to the Study of Deformation and Flow of Granular Media. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/kmiz5819.

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Abstract:
We present a systematic investigation of computational approaches to the modeling of granular materials. Granular materials are ubiquitous in everyday life and in a variety of engineering and industrial applications. Despite the apparent simplicity of the laws governing particle-scale interactions, predicting the continuum mechanical response of granular materials still poses extraordinary challenges. This is largely due to the complex history dependence resulting from continuous rearrangement of the microstructure of granular material, as well as the mechanical interlocking due to grain morphology and surface roughness. X-Ray Computed Tomography (XRCT) is used to characterize the grain morphology and the fabric of the granular media, naturally deposited sand in this study. The Level-Set based Discrete Element Method (LS-DEM) is then used to bridge the granular behavior gap between the micro and macro scale. The LS-DEM establishes a one-to-one correspondence between granular objects and numerical avatars and captures the details of grain morphology and surface roughness. However, the high-fidelity representation significantly increases the demands on computational resources. To this end a parallel version of LS-DEM is introduced to significantly decrease the computational demands. The code employs a binning algorithm, which reduces the search complexity of contact detection from O(n2) to O(n), and a domain decomposition strategy is used to elicit parallel computing in a memory- and communication-efficient manner. The parallel implementation shows good scalability and efficiency. High fidelity LS avatars obtained from XRCT images of naturally deposited sand are then used to replicate the results of triaxial tests using the new, parallel LS-DEM code. The result show that both micro- and macro-mechanical behavior of natural material is well captured and is consistent with experimental data, confirming experimental observation that the primary source of peak strength of sand is the mechanical interlocking between irregularly shaped grains. Specifically, triaxial test simulations with a flexible membrane produce a very good match to experimentally observed relationships between deviatoric stress and mobilized friction angle for naturally deposited sand. We then explore the viability of modeling dynamic problems with a new formulation of an impulse based LS-DEM. The new formulation is stable, fast, and energy conservative. However, it can be numerically stiff when the assembly has substantial mass differences between particles. We also demonstrate the feasibility of modeling deformable structures in the rigid body framework and propose several enhancements to improve the convergence of collision resolution, including a hybrid time integration scheme to separately handle at rest contacts and dynamic collisions. Finally, we extend the impulse-based LS-DEM to include arbitrarily shaped topographic surfaces and exploit its algorithmic advantages to demonstrate the feasibility of modeling realistic behavior of granular flows. The novel formulation significantly improves performance of dynamic simulations by allowing larger time steps, which is advantageous for observing the full development of physical phenomena such as rock avalanches, which we present as an illustrative example.

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