Relevant bibliographies by topics / Continuous Crystallization System

Academic literature on the topic 'Continuous Crystallization System'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Continuous Crystallization System"

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TAHARA, Kohei. "Spherical Crystallization for Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing System." Hosokawa Powder Technology Foundation ANNUAL REPORT 25 (2017): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14356/hptf.15111.

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Loren, Bradley P., Michael Wleklinski, Andy Koswara, Kathryn Yammine, Yanyang Hu, Zoltan K. Nagy, David H. Thompson, and R. Graham Cooks. "Mass spectrometric directed system for the continuous-flow synthesis and purification of diphenhydramine." Chemical Science 8, no. 6 (2017): 4363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sc00905d.

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Yang, Xiaochuan, David Acevedo, Adil Mohammad, Naresh Pavurala, Huiquan Wu, Alex L. Brayton, Ryan A. Shaw, et al. "Risk Considerations on Developing a Continuous Crystallization System for Carbamazepine." Organic Process Research & Development 21, no. 7 (July 8, 2017): 1021–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00130.

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Tahara, Kohei, Marcus O’Mahony, and Allan S. Myerson. "Continuous Spherical Crystallization of Albuterol Sulfate with Solvent Recycle System." Crystal Growth & Design 15, no. 10 (September 17, 2015): 5149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5b01159.

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Chan, V. A., and H. M. Ang. "A laboratory continuous crystallization system for aluminium hydroxide precipitation studies." Journal of Crystal Growth 166, no. 1-4 (September 1996): 1009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(96)00061-9.

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Žáček, Stanislav, and Jaroslav Nývlt. "Continuous Precipitation of Lead Iodide." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 59, no. 7 (1994): 1503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19941503.

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Lead iodide was precipitated from aqueous solutions of 0.015 - 0.1 M Pb(NO3)2 and 0.03 - 0.2 M KI in the equimolar ratio using a laboratory model of a stirred continuous crystallizer at 22 °C. After reaching the steady state, the PbI2 crystal size distribution was measured sedimentometrically and the crystallization kinetics was evaluated based on the mean particle size. Both the linear crystal growth rate and the nucleation rate depend on the specific output of the crystallizer. The system crystallization constant either points to a significant effect of secondary nucleation by the mechanism of contact of the crystals with the stirrer blade, or depends on the concentrations of the components added due to the micromixing mechanism.
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Mack, Corin, Johannes Hoffmann, Jan Sefcik, and Joop H. ter Horst. "Phase Diagram Determination and Process Development for Continuous Antisolvent Crystallizations." Crystals 12, no. 8 (August 6, 2022): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081102.

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The development of an antisolvent crystallization process requires the construction of an accurate phase diagram for this ternary system of compound, solvent and antisolvent, preferably as a function of temperature. This study gives an efficient methodology to systematically determine such antisolvent phase diagrams, exemplified with four model compounds: Sodium bromate, DL-Asparagine Monohydrate, Mefenamic acid and Lovastatin. Using clear point temperature measurements, single solvent and mixed solvent-antisolvent solubilities are obtained, showing strongly non-linear solubility dependencies as well as more complex solubility behaviour as a function of antisolvent fraction. A semi-empirical model equation is used to describe the phase diagram of the antisolvent crystallization system as a function of both temperature and antisolvent fraction. The phase diagram model then allows for the identification of condition ranges for optimal productivity, yield, and suspension density in continuous antisolvent crystallization processes.
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Nordquist, Kyle, Tiffany Kinnibrugh, Kevin Scaab, and Andrew Bond. "Use of enhanced nucleation surfaces in a continuous flow crystallization system." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 75, a1 (July 20, 2019): a55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767319099446.

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Cui, Yuqing, Marcus O’Mahony, Juan J. Jaramillo, Torsten Stelzer, and Allan S. Myerson. "Custom-Built Miniature Continuous Crystallization System with Pressure-Driven Suspension Transfer." Organic Process Research & Development 20, no. 7 (June 27, 2016): 1276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00113.

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Lai, Tsai-Ta C., Steven Ferguson, Laura Palmer, Bernhardt L. Trout, and Allan S. Myerson. "Continuous Crystallization and Polymorph Dynamics in the l-Glutamic Acid System." Organic Process Research & Development 18, no. 11 (July 16, 2014): 1382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/op500171n.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Continuous Crystallization System"

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Sultana, Mahmooda. "Microfluidic systems for continuous crystallization of small organic molecules." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59879.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis presents one of the first demonstrations of continuous crystallization in microfluidic devices, and illustrates their use for various applications related to crystallization of small organic molecules. Crystallization is an important process in a number of industries, including specialty chemicals, food, cosmetics, nutraceuticals and, most importantly, pharmaceuticals. Most small molecule pharmaceuticals are isolated in crystalline form, and more than ninety percent of all pharmaceutical products are formulated in particulate, mainly crystalline form. However, crystallization is not a completely understood process. The sensitivity of the process to synthesis conditions gives rise to serious reproducibility issues. The traditional batch crystallizers suffer from non-uniform process conditions across the reactor, and chaotic, poorly controlled mixing of the reagents, often resulting in polydisperse crystal size distribution and impure polymorphs. This makes it difficult to obtain reliable information on the process kinetics that can be used for scale-up, as well as to study the fundamentals of the process. Microfluidic systems offer a unique toolset for crystallization because of well-defined laminar flow profiles, enhanced heat and mass transfer, better control over the contact mode of the reagents, and optical access for in situ characterization. The better control over the synthesis conditions gives rise to the potential for controlling the crystal size, as well as the polymorphic form. In addition, low consumption of reagents makes it an attractive research tool for expensive pharmaceutical compounds. Some of the advantages of microfluidics have been demonstrated for crystallization in micro-batches, but so far not in continuous devices. Continuous crystallization is difficult to achieve in microchannels as uncontrolled nucleation, crystal growth, agglomeration and sedimentation of crystals easily clog the small channels. The interaction of crystals with channel walls may also contribute to channel plugging in these devices. This thesis has developed microfluidic devices for continuous crystallization of small organic molecules for the first time. We have decoupled nucleation and growth, the two key steps of crystallization, using reaction engineering principles, and have developed two separate continuous devices, one for each of these two processes. We have used seeded crystallization and reactor design to achieve controlled growth, as well as to suppress secondary nucleation, agglomeration and sedimentation of crystals. In addition, we have eliminated any significant interaction of crystals with channel walls by controlling the properties of channel surfaces. We have also integrated microscopy and spectroscopy tools with the device for in-situ characterization of crystal size and polymorphic form. We have illustrated the use of these devices to extract growth kinetics data for crystals of various shapes, including high aspect ratio systems such as that with acicular or plate-like habits. The reproducibility and control in our devices have allowed us to elucidate the growth mechanism and fundamentals of the growth process for difficult crystal systems. In addition, we have demonstrated that continuous microfluidic devices offer a unique advantage over the current state-of-the art technology to measure the size, size distribution and growth kinetics of high aspect ratio crystal systems more accurately. Moreover, we have demonstrated the use of microfluidic devices for understanding crystal habit modification in the presence of impurities. We take advantage of the high spatiotemporal resolution of microfluidic devices to study the evolution of crystal habit over time, and to obtain information on the kinetics of habit modification in the presence of different impurities. We have developed an understanding of the habit modification mechanism for alpha glycine in the presence of alpha amino acids. Such information may not only provide insights into impurity-crystal interactions, but also serve as a powerful tool for the design of impurities that can be deliberately added to improve the crystallization process. Furthermore, we have designed and developed a second microfluidic device for continuous supercritical crystallization for the first time. Using supercritical fluid as an antisolvent, we have demonstrated continuous spontaneous nucleation of acetaminophen. We have shown the ability to produce micron-sized crystals, which may be useful for increasing the bioavailability of drugs with lower solubility, as well as for inhalable and highly potent drugs with stringent size requirements. The developed platform can also be used as a high-throughput device for safely screening crystallization conditions in the supercritical domain. We have demonstrated such use by screening the effects of pressure and various solvents on the habit, size and polymorphic form of acetaminophen crystals.
by Mahmooda Sultana.
Ph.D.
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Books on the topic "Continuous Crystallization System"

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Ducruix, Arnaud, and Richard Giegé, eds. Crystallization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199636792.001.0001.

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Crystallography is the major method of determining structures of biological macromolecules yet crystallization techniques are still regarded as difficult to perform. This new edition of Crystallization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins: A Practical Approach continues in the vein of the first edition by providing a detailed and rational guide to producing crystals of proteins and nucleic acids of sufficient quantity and quality for diffraction studies. It has been thoroughly updated to include all the major new techniques such as the uses of molecular biology in structural biology (maximizing expression systems, sequence modifications to enable crystallization, and the introduction of anomalous scatterers); diagnostic analysis of prenucleation and nucleation by spectroscopic methods; and the two- dimensional electron crystallography of soluble proteins on planar lipid films. As well as an introduction to crystallogenesis, the other topics covered are: Handling macromolecular solutions, experimental design, seeding, proceeding from solutions to crystals Crystallization in gels Crystallization of nucleic acid complexes and membrane proteins Soaking techniques Preliminary characterization of crystals in order to tell whether they are suitable for diffraction studies. As with all Practical Approach books the protocols have been written by experienced researchers and are tried an tested methods. The underlying theory is brought together with the laboratory protocols to provide researchers with the conceptual and methodological tools necessary to exploit these powerful techniques. Crystallization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins: A Practical Approach 2e will be an invaluable manual of practical crystallization methods to researchers in molecular biology, crystallography, protein engineering, and biological chemistry.
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Furas, Yoni. Educating Palestine. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856429.001.0001.

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Educating Palestine tells the story of an emergent educational and historical discourse in Mandate Palestine as a space of negotiation between colonial administrators, pedagogues, teachers and students, one of essential importance to the formation of the Palestinian and Zionist (imagined) national self-portrait. It traces and delineates a genealogy of Palestinian pedagogic and historical knowledge through a combination of oral history, students’ journals and extensive archival work in the Zionist, Israeli State and Hagana archives. It intimately portrays its protagonists, teachers and students, emphasizing the encounter between them and the written text and the encounter between them and the national Other.Through an analysis of history textbooks, history syllabi and the history lesson, Educating Palestine investigates the way in which the old-new politics of identity in turbulent Palestine wrote itself into the past and literally change history. The incorporation of Arabic and Hebrew sources and a juxtaposition of the two education systems allows to highlight the reciprocal relations between the two. The book explores the continuous scrutiny and imagination of the national Other of both Hebrew and Palestinian pedagogues and its role in the crystallization of their national pedagogy. It argues that the evolution of education in Palestine stems from this interdependency.
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Book chapters on the topic "Continuous Crystallization System"

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Nishio, S., T. Terado, H. Iwata, and M. Takeuchi. "Effects of Urinary Macromolecules on Calcium Oxalate Crystallization Studied by Continuous Flow System and Fresh Undiluted Urine." In Urolithiasis 2, 205–7. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2556-1_65.

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Kawashima, Yoshiaki. "Future Perspectives of PLGA Nanospheres for Advanced DDSs and Continuous Preparation Systems for Spherical Crystallizers." In Spherical Crystallization as a New Platform for Particle Design Engineering, 107–18. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6786-1_8.

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Wang, Jiayuan, and Richard Lakerveld. "Integrated Solvent and Process Optimization Using PC-SAFT for Continuous Crystallization with Energy-intensive Solvent Separation for Recycling." In 13th International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering (PSE 2018), 1051–56. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-64241-7.50170-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Continuous Crystallization System"

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Washiya, Tadahiro, Toshimitsu Tayama, Kazuhito Nakamura, Kimihiko Yano, Atsuhiro Shibata, Kazunori Nomura, Takahiro Chikazawa, Masanobu Nagata, and Toshiaki Kikuchi. "Continuous-Operation Test at Engineering Scale Uranium Crystallizer System." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75339.

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Uranium crystallization based on solubility difference is one of the remarkable technologies which can provide simple process to separate uranium in nitric acid solution since the process is mainly controlled by temperature and concentration of solute ions. Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) and Mitsubishi Materials Corporation (MMC) are developing the crystallization process for elemental technology of FBR fuel reprocessing.[1–3] The uranium (U) crystallization process is a key technology for New Extraction System for TRU Recovery (NEXT) process that was evaluated as the most promising process for future FBR reprocessing.[4–6] We had developed an innovative crystallizer and carried out several fundamental investigations. On the basis of the results, we fabricated an engineering-scale crystallizer and have carried out continuous operation test to investigate the stability of the equipment at steady and non-steady state conditions by using depleted uranium. As for simulating typical failure events in the crystallizer, crystal accumulation and crystal blockage were occurred intentionally, and monitoring method and resume procedure were tried and selected in this work. As the test results, no significant phenomenon was observed in the steady state test. And in the non-steady state test, process fluctuation could be detected by monitoring of screw torque and liquid level in the crystallizer, and all failure events are proven to be recovered by appropriate resumed procedures.
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Washiya, Tadahiro, Toshiaki Kikuchi, Atsuhiro Shibata, Takahiro Chikazawa, and Shunji Homma. "Development of Crystallizer for Advanced Aqueous Reprocessing Process." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89292.

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Crystallization is one of the remarkable technologies for future fuel reprocessing process that has safety and economical advantages. Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) (former Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute), Mitsubishi Material Corporation and Saitama University have been developing the crystallization process. In previous study, we carried out experimental studies with uranium, MOX and spent fuel conditions, and flowsheet analysis was considered. [1, 2, 3] In association with these studies, an innovative continuous crystallizer and its system was developed to ensure high process performance. From the design study, an annular type continuous crystallizer was selected as the most promising design, and performance was confirmed by small-scale test and engineering scale demonstration at uranium crystallization conditions. In this paper, the design study and the demonstration test results are described.
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Glebov, L., and V. Smirnov. "Periodic structures in photo-thermo-refractive glasses induced by homogeneous UV irradiation." In Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.jsue.15.

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Samples of photo-thermo-refractive glasses were exposed to a homogeneous collimated beam of a He-Cd laser at 325 nm. A refractive index change is observed in the exposed glass upon thermodevelopment due to photoinduced crystallization. A periodic structure was observed inside this exposed area by optical microscopy. This structure is a system of parallel continuous aligned filaments having widths of ten's of microns oriented along the direction of light propagation. Variation of incident light polarization direction does not effect the resulting structure.
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Schmalenberg, Mira, Fabian Sallamon, Christian Haas, and Norbert Kockmann. "Temperature-Controlled Minichannel Flow-Cell for Non-Invasive Particle Measurements in Solid-Liquid Flow." In ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2020-1062.

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Abstract Solid-liquid suspension flow is often involved in the production of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. In these fields, working with continuous small-scale equipment in order to save costs and resources is of increasing interest. Therefore, it is also important to enable process control for small-scale apparatus, which requires the development of new concepts to observe and control crystallization processes in minichannel equipment. The particles and crystals should be detected and measured with as low impact as possible because contact between process medium and the sensors can often lead to the incrustation of the sensor, disturb the particle size and shape, or contaminate the system. For the observation of crystallizing processes in minichannel crystallizers, a non-invasive, temperature-controlled flow-cell is designed in this work. In particular, this flow cell has been designed to examine crystals in a fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) tube with an inner diameter of 1.6 mm. Crystals can be investigated using a standard optical camera and microscope. An image processing routine enables the evaluation of crystal size. This is crucial for the assessment of the process and crystal size distribution, which is often a quality criterion in the crystallization process. The contribution will show how the flow-cell for two-phase flow is constructed and the evaluation routine is implemented. Based on experimental data, the applicability of the equipment and the evaluation method are described.
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Schmalenberg, Mira, Lukas Hohmann, and Norbert Kockmann. "Miniaturized Tubular Cooling Crystallizer With Solid-Liquid Flow for Process Development." In ASME 2018 16th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2018-7660.

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Production of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals often includes solid-liquid suspension flow. For continuous cooling a tubular crystallizer was designed based on the coiled flow inverter (CFI) concept, providing a narrow residence time distribution (RTD) of the liquid phase. Counter-current cooling allows for a smooth adjustment of the axial temperature profile. Successful operation of up to 50 g min−1 in a prototype with 4 mm inner diameter was scaled down to a tube-in-tube CFI crystallizer (CFIC) with an inner diameter of 1.6 mm and varying length from 7.8 to 54.6 m. This leads to a significantly lower consumption of chemicals in process development with lower total mass flow rates of 15–20 g min−1. Due to modular design, mean residence time (3.8 to 6.9 min) and mean cooling rate (0.6 to 1.4 K·min−1) were varied at constant mass flow rate. Crystallization growth rate and yield are analyzed with the L-alanine/water test system and seed crystals of 125–180 μm.
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Yang, Yang, and Zoltan K. Nagy. "Application of nonlinear model predictive control in continuous crystallization systems." In 2015 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2015.7172002.

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Vlassov, Anatoly S., Felix A. Akopov, Evgeny S. Lukin, Vladimir N. Mineev, and Oleg M. Traktuev. "Sacrificial Layer Composition Optimization for Immobilization of Radioactive Waste in Nuclear Reactor External Catcher." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1326.

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Abstract Results of the analysis of influence sacrificial layer (SL) composition on the base of titanate ceramics on the processes in external core catcher are submitted. It was being supposed that SL not only have to mitigate action of corium on refractory layer but then immobilize high level radioactive wastes (HLW). Titanate ceramics was selected as a SL material for this purpose. This ceramics is formed during interaction zirconium and zirconia from corium with refractory concrete of SL on the base of calcium aluminate and barium aluminate with filler from TiO2. The composition of indurated melt represents such well-known compounds as rutile TiO2, perovskite CaTiO3, zirconolite CaZrTi2O7 and phase hollandite type BaTi6Al2O16 which produce Synroc. Minimization quantity material SL for their total deployment in under reactor space was made leaded. For immobilization of uranium there may be used zirconia from corium (55,5 t) and SL (21,5 t) and zirconolite as uranium yields a continuous range of solid solutions with these substances. Crystallization processes of the model compositions without uranium oxide were studied. It was determined that perovskite, zirconolite, hollandite and after that crystallization eutectic systems were formed depending on melt crystallization velocity.
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Vinson, J. E., and M. J. Dion. "ESD Effects on Electromigration Performance of Aluminum Metallization Systems." In ISTFA 2000. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2000p0189.

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Abstract The semiconductor industry continues to challenge designer’s ability to provide adequate protection for ESD by scaling to ever-smaller geometries. The metal lines used to connect these circuit elements are also scaled. The effect of non-destructive ESD events on aluminum metal lines is investigated showing a reduction in electromigration lifetime for ESD events close to the failure threshold of the metal. The mechanism contributing to the reduction is a change in the microstructure of the metal resulting in void formation similar to traditional electromigration damage rather than melting and crystallization into smaller grains.
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Masalova, Irina, and Alexander Ya Malkin. "Tube Transportation of Highly Concentrated Emulsions." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98342.

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Tube transportation of highly concentrated emulsions is an important technological process in mining works. Emulsions used for this particular type of application are so-called “liquid explosives” — highly concentrated dispersions of aqueous droplets in a continuous oil phase. The concentration of droplets reaches 96w. %. The width of the inter-phase layers in such a multi-phase system is of the order of nano-level. The length of tube transportation in a real manufacturing process can be of the order of several miles. Hence, the design of the transportation line is of primary technical interest. The practical calculations are based upon comprehensive studies of the rheological properties of highly concentrated emulsions, including an understanding of the role of droplet size, concentration of disperse phase, temperature and time effects (stability of emulsions). Direct measurements were carried out in a wide shear rate range. The results of the measurements indicated that the emulsions under study are rheopectic liquids (viscosity increases over time at a constant shear rate). Their steady flow curve is typical for a visco-plastic medium and is well fitted by the Hershel-Bulkley model. The yield stress is of the order of several tens Pa. The choice of a rheological model is however not crucial for application, since transportation in real technological regimes takes place at high flow rates where the power-type model of flow curves dominates. Systematic studies demonstrated that wall slip is absent over the entire range of the shear stresses under study. This type of rheological behavior was then used for tube transportation design. A more careful examination (based on rheological as well as direct optical observations) also showed that inflation could be observed on the flow curve. It was proven that this type of rheological behavior is related to the two-step mechanism of the flow of a multi-phase liquid. Measurements of normal stresses in shear flows are in accordance with this model of flow. Aqueous droplets in the emulsions under study are super-cooled water solutions of nitrate salts, with the concentration of the latter being of the order of 85%. This system is thermodynamically unstable. The study of time effects (“aging”) showed that slow crystallization in dispersed droplets takes place. This leads to the evolution of the rheological properties of emulsions that can be treated as an emulsion-to-suspension transition. The work was carried out in the Flow Process Research Center, Engineering Faculty, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.
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Mighri, Frej, Luc Nguyen, and Said Elkoun. "Development and Characterization of Conductive Materials for PEMFC Bipolar Plates." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33091.

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The aim of this work was to develop and characterize electrically conductive bipolar plates (BPPs) used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). These BPPs were made from highly conductive blends of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), as matrix phase. The conductive materials were developed from carefully formulated blends composed of conductive carbon black powder (CB) mixed with pure PET, PVDF, or with PVDF/PET systems. They were first developed by twin screw extrusion (TSE) process then compression molded to give BPP final shape. Focus was made on the effect of crystallization of PVDF and PET polymers on the electrical through-plane resistivity of BPPs. It was observed that lower resistivity was obtained with PVDF/CB blends due to the higher interfacial energy between the PVDF matrix and CB and also the higher density and crystallinity of PVDF, compared to those of PET. For the different systems studied, slow cooling rates helped to attain the lowest values of through-plane resistivity since higher PET crystallinity led to smaller amorphous region in which CB was more concentrated. In addition, BPPs made from (PVDF/PET)/CB blends led to lower through-plane resistivity when the PVDF/PET phase had a co-continuous morphology. This is mainly due to the selective localization of the CB in the PET phase leading to a denser conductive carbon network. The lowest through-plane resistivity was around 0.3 Ohm.cm obtained with a (50/50 PVDF/PET)/CB filled with 30 wt% CB.
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