Journal articles on the topic 'Continuous cropping cycles'
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1
MALLANO, Ali I., Xianli ZHAO, Yanling SUN, Guangpin JIANG, and Huang CHAO. "Continuous monocropping highly affect the composition and diversity of microbial communities in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, no. 4 (November 17, 2021): 12532. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49412532.
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Continuous cropping systems are the leading cause of decreased soil biological environments in terms of unstable microbial population and diversity index. Nonetheless, their responses to consecutive peanut monocropping cycles have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, the structure and abundance of microbial communities were characterized using pyrosequencing-based approach in peanut monocropping cycles for three consecutive years. The results showed that continuous peanut cultivation led to a substantial decrease in soil microbial abundance and diversity from initial cropping cycle (T1) to later cropping cycle (T3). Peanut rhizosphere soil had Actinobacteria, Protobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes as the major bacterial phyla. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota were the major fungal phylum, while Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota were the most dominant phyla of archaea. Several bacterial, fungal and archaeal taxa were significantly changed in abundance under continuous peanut cultivation. Bacterial orders, Actinomycetales, Rhodospirillales and Sphingomonadales showed decreasing trends from T1>T2>T3. While, pathogenic fungi Phoma was increased and beneficial fungal taxa Glomeraceae decreased under continuous monocropping. Moreover, Archaeal order Nitrososphaerales observed less abundant in first two cycles (T1&T2), however, it increased in third cycle (T3), whereas, Thermoplasmata exhibit decreased trends throughout consecutive monocropping. Taken together, we have shown the taxonomic profiles of peanut rhizosphere communities that were affected by continuous peanut monocropping. The results obtained from this study pave ways towards a better understanding of the peanut rhizosphere soil microbial communities in response to continuous cropping cycles, which could be used as bioindicator to monitor soil quality, plant health and land management practices.
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Nasiruddin, Nasiruddin, Yu Zhangxin, Ting Zhao Chen Guangying, and Minghui Ji. "Allelopathic and Medicinal plant. 26. Millettia speciosa." Allelopathy Journal 51, no. 2 (November 2020): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26651/allelo.j/2020-51-2-1295.
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We grew cucumber in pots in greenhouse for 9-successive cropping cycles and analyzed the rhizosphere Pseudomonas spp. community structure and abundance by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR. Results showed that continuous monocropping changed the cucumber rhizosphere Pseudomonas spp. community. The number of DGGE bands, Shannon-Wiener index and Evenness index decreased during the 3rd cropping and thereafter, increased up to the 7th cropping, however, however, afterwards they decreased again. The abundance of Pseudomonas spp. increased up to the 5th successive cropping and then decreased gradually. These findings indicated that the structure and abundance of Pseudomonas spp. community changed with long-term cucumber monocropping, which might be linked to soil sickness caused by its continuous monocropping.
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Gao, H., M. K. Rahman, P. L. Qiao, F. Z. Wu, and X. G. Zhou. "Effects of long-term continuous monocropping on community structure and abundance of Pseudomonas spp. in cucumber rhizosphere." Allelopathy Journal 51, no. 2 (November 2020): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26651/allelo.j/2020-51-2-1297.
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We grew cucumber in pots in greenhouse for 9-successive cropping cycles and analyzed the rhizosphere Pseudomonas spp. community structure and abundance by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR. Results showed that continuous monocropping changed the cucumber rhizosphere Pseudomonas spp. community. The number of DGGE bands, Shannon-Wiener index and Evenness index decreased during the 3rd cropping and thereafter, increased up to the 7th cropping, however, however, afterwards they decreased again. The abundance of Pseudomonas spp. increased up to the 5th successive cropping and then decreased gradually. These findings indicated that the structure and abundance of Pseudomonas spp. community changed with long-term cucumber monocropping, which might be linked to soil sickness caused by its continuous monocropping.
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Crème, Alexandra, Cornelia Rumpel, Sparkle L. Malone, Nicolas P. A. Saby, Emmanuelle Vaudour, Marie-Laure Decau, and Abad Chabbi. "Monitoring Grassland Management Effects on Soil Organic Carbon—A Matter of Scale." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10122016.
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Introduction of temporary grasslands into cropping cycles could be a sustainable management practice leading to increased soil organic carbon (SOC) to contribute to climate change adaption and mitigation. To investigate the impact of temporary grassland management practices on SOC storage of croplands, we used a spatially resolved sampling approach combined with geostatistical analyses across an agricultural experiment. The experiment included blocks (0.4- to 3-ha blocks) of continuous grassland, continuous cropping and temporary grasslands with different durations and N-fertilizations on a 23-ha site in western France. We measured changes in SOC storage over this 9-year experiment on loamy soil and investigated physicochemical soil parameters. In the soil profiles (0–90 cm), SOC stocks ranged from 82.7 to 98.5 t ha−1 in 2005 and from 81.3 to 103.9 t ha−1 in 2014. On 0.4-ha blocks, the continuous grassland increased SOC in the soil profile with highest gains in the first 30 cm, while losses were recorded under continuous cropping. Where temporary grasslands were introduced into cropping cycles, SOC stocks were maintained. These observations were only partly confirmed when changing the scale of observation to 3-ha blocks. At the 3-ha scale, most grassland treatments exhibited both gains and losses of SOC, which could be partly related to soil physicochemical properties. Overall, our data suggest that both management practices and soil characteristics determine if carbon will accumulate in SOC pools. For detailed understanding of SOC changes, a combination of measurements at different scales is necessary.
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Ashworth, Amanda J., Fred L. Allen, Arnold M. Saxton, and Donald D. Tyler. "Long-Term Cotton Yield Impacts from Cropping Rotations and Biocovers under No-Tillage." Journal of Cotton Science 20, no. 2 (2016): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/dtex2014.
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Sustaining crop yields assumedly entails crop rotations and biocovers. To test this, cropping sequences and biocover effects on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yields were assessed under long-term no-tillage. Main plots were eight cropping sequences of cotton, corn (Zea mays L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.) on a Loring silt loam at the Research and Education Center at Milan, TN. Sequences were repeated in 4-yr cycles (i.e., Phases I, II, and III) from 2002 to 2013. Split-plots were biocovers, which consisted of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L. sativum var. arvense), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), poultry litter, and fallow control. Continuous cotton had greater yield than cotton grown in rotations [3.1 and 2.8 Mg ha-1, respectively; p = 0.02 (averaged across biocovers and phases)]. Biocover did not increase yield in continuous cotton (p > 0.05). However, various cropping sequences did result in higher yield than continuous cotton within 4-yr cycles. Specifically, corn-corn-soybean-cotton rotations were highest yielding during Phase II (4.0 Mg ha-1), which was equivalent to cotton-corn-cotton-soybean (3.5 and 3.8 Mg ha-1, respectively); and cotton-corn-cotton-corn during Phases II and III (3.6 and 3.8 Mg ha-1, respectively). All aforementioned rotations increased yield above continuous cotton during Phases I and III (p < 0.05). Results indicate increasing cropping diversity with one and two years of soybean or corn, respectively, in a 4-yr cycle maintains cotton seed yield long-term.
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Alvarez, J., L. E. Datnoff, and R. T. Nagata. "Crop Rotation Minimizes Losses from Corky Root in Florida Lettuce." HortScience 27, no. 1 (January 1992): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.1.66.
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The severity of corky root disease (Rhizomonas suberifaciens Van Bruggen et al.) increases with continuous lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cropping and exerts a negative impact on the quantity and quality of the lettuce produced. Experimental data from commercial fields were used to analyze profitability outcomes resulting from various management strategies, including cultivars, locations, and field cropping history, to control corky root. Regardless of the field cropping history, net returns were not negatively affected when resistant cultivars were planted. For susceptible cultivars, even when considering land development costs, producers maximize net returns by planting lettuce following sugarcane in land not previously cropped to lettuce. After the first crop of lettuce following sugarcane, yields slowly decreased but remained profitable for three to four crop cycles.
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Datnoff, L. E., and R. T. Nagata. "Relationship between Corky Root Disease and Yield of Crisphead Lettuce." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 1 (January 1992): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.1.54.
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The effects of corky root (CR) disease, caused by Rhizomonas suberifaciens(van Bruggen, Jochimsen, and Brown) on fresh and marketable weights of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were assessed during the 1988 and 1989 cropping seasons in several commercial lettuce fields. The resistant crisphead cultivars Raleigh and South Bay and the susceptible cultivars Ithaca and Shawnee produced similar yields in fields either planted in lettuce for the first time or in continuous lettuce production for three cropping cycles. Average yields of the resistant cultivars, from two fields cropped for six cycles naturally infested with CR, ranged from 875 to 1062 g/head fresh weight and 674 to 907 g/head marketable weight. The average yields of the susceptible cultivars in these infested fields ranged from 419.8 to 668.7 g/head fresh weight (37% to 52% yield loss) and 317.5 to 488.2 g/head marketable weight (46% to 53% yield loss). CR severity ratings were highly negatively correlated with root dry matter accumulation and whole and marketable head weights of-lettuce.
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Mathison, Camilla, Andrew J. Challinor, Chetan Deva, Pete Falloon, Sébastien Garrigues, Sophie Moulin, Karina Williams, and Andy Wiltshire. "Implementation of sequential cropping into JULESvn5.2 land-surface model." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 437–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-437-2021.
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Abstract. Land-surface models (LSMs) typically simulate a single crop per year in a field or location. However, actual cropping systems are characterized by a succession of distinct crop cycles that are sometimes interspersed with long periods of bare soil. Sequential cropping (also known as multiple or double cropping) is particularly common in tropical regions, where the crop seasons are largely dictated by the main wet season. In this paper, we implement sequential cropping in a branch of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) and demonstrate its use at sites in France and India. We simulate all the crops grown within a year in a field or location in a seamless way to understand how sequential cropping influences the surface fluxes of a land-surface model. We evaluate JULES with sequential cropping in Avignon, France, providing over 15 years of continuous flux observations (a point simulation). We apply JULES with sequential cropping to simulate the rice–wheat rotation in a regional 25 km resolution gridded simulation for the northern Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and four single-grid-box simulations across these states, where each simulation is a 25 km grid box. The inclusion of a secondary crop in JULES using the sequential cropping method presented does not change the crop growth or development of the primary crop. During the secondary crop growing period, the carbon and energy fluxes for Avignon and India are modified; they are largely unchanged for the primary crop growing period. For India, the inclusion of a secondary crop using this sequential cropping method affects the available soil moisture in the top 1.0 m throughout the year, with larger fluctuations in sequential crops compared with single-crop simulations even outside the secondary crop growing period. JULES simulates sequential cropping in Avignon, the four India locations and the regional run, representing both crops within one growing season in each of the crop rotations presented. This development is a step forward in the ability of JULES to simulate crops in tropical regions where this cropping system is already prevalent. It also provides the opportunity to assess the potential for other regions to implement sequential cropping as an adaptation to climate change.
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Wang, Lifang, Shijie Liu, Geng Ma, Chenyang Wang, and Jutao Sun. "Soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage under a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)—maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system in northern China was modified by nitrogen application rates." PeerJ 10 (June 30, 2022): e13568. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13568.
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Field cultivation practices have changing the carbon and nitrogen cycles in farmland ecosystem, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were the important parameters in maintaining soil quality and increasing agricultural productivity, however, N application’s effects on the SOC and TN storage capacity under intensive wheat-maize cropping system remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics and relationships of SOC and TN for wheat-maize cropping system under nitrogen treatments. In doing so, continuous applications of four nitrogen application rates were examined: 0, 180, 240 and 300 kg ha−1 (N0, N180, N240 and N300, respectively). Wheat yields under N180 and N240 were significantly higher than that under N300, while the maize yields under N180, N240 and N300 were significantly higher than that under N0 by 79.79, 85.23 and 86.85%, respectively; the TN content and storage were significantly higher under N240 than that under other N levels in 40–60 cm soil layer after wheat growing season; the SOC content and storage under N180 and N240 were significant higher than that under N300 in 20–40 cm after maize growing season. The correlations between SOC and TN contents (or storage) were stronger after wheat planting than maize planting. These findings provide a basis for further studies on the effect of long-term N application on SOC and TN storage, crop quality and nitrogen use efficiency under wheat-maize cropping systems.
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Hati, K. M., A. Swarup, D. Singh, A. K. Misra, and P. K. Ghosh. "Long-term continuous cropping, fertilisation, and manuring effects on physical properties and organic carbon content of a sandy loam soil." Soil Research 44, no. 5 (2006): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05156.
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Effects of continuous cropping, fertilisation, and manuring on soil organic carbon content and physical properties such as particle size distribution, bulk density, aggregation, porosity, and water retention characteristics of a Typic Ustochrept were examined after 31 cycles of maize–wheat–cowpea (fodder) crop rotation. Five contrasting nutrient treatments from a long-term fertiliser experiment were chosen for this study: control (no fertiliser or manure); 100% (optimum dose) nitrogen (N) fertiliser; 100% nitrogen and phosphorus (NP); 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK); 100% NPK + farmyard manure (NPK+FYM). The NPK+FYM treatment significantly improved soil organic carbon (SOC) content in 0–0.15 m soil compared with the other 4 treatments; the NPK treatment resulted in significantly more SOC than the control and N treatments (P < 0.05). The SOC in NPK and NPK+FYM treatments was 38.6 and 63.6%, respectively, more than the initial level of SOC (4.4 g/kg) after 31 cycles of cropping. The control and N treatments maintained the SOC status of the soil at the initial value. NPK+FYM significantly improved soil aggregation, soil water retention, microporosity, and available water capacity and reduced bulk density of the soil at 0–0.30 m depth. Greater crop growth under the NPK treatment resulted in increased organic matter content of soil, which improved aggregate stability, water retention capacity, and microporosity compared with the control. The effects were more conspicuous with the NPK+FYM treatment and at the surface soil (0–0.15 m). Application of imbalanced inorganic fertiliser (N and NP treatments) did not have a deleterious effect on the physical properties of the soil compared with the control. SOC content showed a highly significant and positive correlation with mean weight diameter (0.60), % water-stable macro-aggregates (0.61), and soil water retention at –0.033 MPa (0.75) and –1.5 MPa (0.72), and negative correlation with bulk density (–0.70) for the surface 0–0.15 m soil. The study thus suggests that application of balanced mineral fertilisers in combination with organic manure sustains a better soil physical environment and higher crop productivity under intensive cultivation.
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Elmi, Abdirashid, You Jiao, Hicham Benslim, Ali Mawof, Shiv O. Prasher, and Joann K. Whalen. "Fertilizing with composted cattle manure to meet agro-environmental targets in continuous corn and corn–soybean agroecosystems in southern Quebec." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 101, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 480–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0013.
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Balancing nutrient inputs from manure and supplemental inorganic fertilizers with crop requirements should achieve crop yield goals and agro-environmental targets. We asked if composted dairy cattle manure, alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers, could sustain the corn and soybean yields, without increasing the residual soil nitrogen (N) and soil phosphorus (P) saturation of a sandy-loam soil in southern Quebec, Canada. Cropping systems were continuous silage corn and corn–soybean rotation, with each phase of the rotation grown every year, for 5 yr. Cropping systems were amended with compost at rates of 0, 15, 30, and 45 Mg (wet weight)·ha−1, and they received supplemental inorganic fertilizer to supply 200 kg N·ha−1·yr−1 to corn while assuring that corn and soybean received 45 kg P·ha−1·yr−1 and 125 kg potassium (K)·ha−1·yr−1 from compost and inorganic fertilizer. Crop yields were similar in compost-amended and inorganically fertilized plots. Corn yield was limited by N availability, and there was no P or K limitation in corn and soybean. Soil P saturation in the 0–15 cm layer exceeded the agro-environmental limit of 13.1% P/Al for a sandy-loam soil in Quebec, indicating that the P input exceeded crop uptake. Residual soil N concentration was affected more by the crop than the fertilizer source, with greater residual soil N in plots with higher grain production. Crop-induced priming can explain how N fertilizer cycles through the soil microbial community and is gradually mineralized during the growing season, and why crop senescence may trigger residual soil N release after harvest.
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Tanvir, Aimon, Muhammad Fahim Khokhar, Zeeshan Javed, Osama Sandhu, Tehreem Mustansar, and Asadullah Shoaib. "Spatiotemporal Evolution of Atmospheric Ammonia Columns over the Indo-Gangetic Plain by Exploiting Satellite Observations." Advances in Meteorology 2019 (July 1, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7525479.
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This study was aimed at presenting a continuous and spatially coherent picture of ammonia (NH3) distribution over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) by exploiting satellite observations. Atmospheric columns of ammonia were mapped over South Asia by using TES observations on board NASA’s Aura satellite. Monthly mean data were used to identify emission sources of atmospheric ammonia across the South Asian region. Data were analysed to explore temporal trends, seasonal cycles, and hot spots of atmospheric ammonia within the study area. The results show that the IGP region has the most ammonia concentrations in terms of column densities, and hence this region has been identified as an ammonia hot spot. This is attributed majorly to extensive agricultural activity. Time series showed a slight increase in ammonia column densities over the study area from 2004 to 2011. Different seasonal cycles were identified across the IGP region with maximum NH3 columns observed during the month of July in most of the subregions. Seasonality in an ammonia column is driven by different cropping patterns and meteorological conditions in the IGP subregions. Global emission inventories of atmospheric ammonia were largely overestimating as compared to satellite observations.
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Young, Frank L., Mark E. Thorne, and Douglas L. Young. "Nitrogen Fertility and Weed Management Critical for Continuous No-Till Wheat in the Pacific Northwest." Weed Technology 20, no. 3 (September 2006): 658–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-05-133r.1.
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No-till cropping is an option for growers needing to reduce soil erosion in the Palouse annual-cropped region of the Pacific Northwest, which is well suited for wheat production. A 6-yr field study was conducted to determine optimum levels of fertilizer and herbicide inputs in a no-till continuous wheat crop production system. Three levels of nitrogen (N) and two weed management levels (WML) were compared in a spring wheat (SW)–winter wheat (WW)–WW rotation through two rotation cycles. The high WML reduced weed densities about 50% compared with the low WML. In general, herbicide treatments were more effective on broadleaf weeds and may have facilitated a shift toward grass weeds. The high WML reduced grass weed biomass only at the reduced N levels, whereas the high WML reduced broadleaf weed density at all N levels. Variable environmental conditions affected wheat yield; however, yield tended to be highest where winter wheat immediately followed spring wheat. Nitrogen had little effect on weed density but increased crop yield about 13% with each increased N level. Crop yield was greater at the high versus low WML at each N level, even though weed density and biomass were reduced least between WMLs at the highest N level. The highest crop yield and net returns were obtained with the highest N and WML; however, none of the N and WML combinations were profitable.
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Larkin, Robert P., C. Wayne Honeycutt, Timothy S. Griffin, O. Modesto Olanya, John M. Halloran, and Zhongqi He. "Effects of Different Potato Cropping System Approaches and Water Management on Soilborne Diseases and Soil Microbial Communities." Phytopathology® 101, no. 1 (January 2011): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-10-0100.
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Four different potato cropping systems, designed to address specific management goals of soil conservation, soil improvement, disease suppression, and a status quo standard rotation control, were evaluated for their effects on soilborne diseases of potato and soil microbial community characteristics. The status quo system (SQ) consisted of barley underseeded with red clover followed by potato (2-year). The soil-conserving system (SC) featured an additional year of forage grass and reduced tillage (3-year, barley/timothy–timothy–potato). The soil-improving system (SI) added yearly compost amendments to the SC rotation, and the disease-suppressive system (DS) featured diverse crops with known disease-suppressive capability (3-year, mustard/rapeseed–sudangrass/rye–potato). Each system was also compared with a continuous potato control (PP) and evaluated under both irrigated and nonirrigated conditions. Data collected over three potato seasons following full rotation cycles demonstrated that all rotations reduced stem canker (10 to 50%) relative to PP. The SQ, SC, and DS systems reduced black scurf (18 to 58%) relative to PP; SI reduced scurf under nonirrigated but not irrigated conditions; and scurf was lower in DS than all other systems. The SQ, SC, and DS systems also reduced common scab (15 to 45%), and scab was lower in DS than all other systems. Irrigation increased black scurf and common scab but also resulted in higher yields for most rotations. SI produced the highest yields under nonirrigated conditions, and DS produced high yields and low disease under both irrigation regimes. Each cropping system resulted in distinctive changes in soil microbial community characteristics as represented by microbial populations, substrate utilization, and fatty acid methyl-ester (FAME) profiles. SI tended to increase soil moisture, microbial populations, and activity, as well result in higher proportions of monounsaturated FAMEs and the FAME biomarker for mycorrhizae (16:1 ω6c) relative to most other rotations. DS resulted in moderate microbial populations and activity but higher substrate richness and diversity in substrate utilization profiles. DS also resulted in relatively higher proportions of FAME biomarkers for fungi (18:2 ω6c), actinomycetes, and gram-positive bacteria than most other systems, whereas PP resulted in the lowest microbial populations and activity; substrate richness and diversity; proportions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FAME classes; and fungal, mycorrhizae, and actinomycete FAME biomarkers of all cropping systems. Overall, soil water, soil quality, and soilborne diseases were all important factors affecting productivity, and cropping systems addressing these constraints improved production. Cropping system approaches will need to balance these factors to achieve sustainable production and disease management.
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Regnier, Emilie E. "Teaching Seed Bank Ecology in an Undergraduate Laboratory Exercise." Weed Technology 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00022867.
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The study of weed life cycles, reproductive strategies, and the soil seed bank is emphasized in the undergraduate weed science course at Ohio State University as central to an understanding of the survival of weeds in the environment. A laboratory exercise was conducted every spring and fall academic quarter from 1991 to 1993 to demonstrate the effects of long-term cropping and soil disturbance histories on weed seed banks and aboveground weed communities. Five sites with diverse histories of culture were sampled; these included a field cultivated in vegetables under continuous conventional tillage for 59 yr, a field cultivated in field corn under continuous no-tillage for 11 yr, a 24 yr-old turfgrass research farm, a 70 yr-old forest, and a section of the forest border. Students conducted a survey of the weeds growing at the sites and separated and identified seeds from soil samples over a 3-wk period in weekly 2-h laboratory periods. Students wrote reports interpreting the data based on their knowledge of the site histories, weed life cycles, and weed seed production and longevity characteristics. The data were consistent over academic quarters as well as with published research, indicating that the survey and soil sampling techniques provided a reasonably accurate representation of the weed flora and soil seed populations. Weeds found growing at the sites were primarily summer annuals at the vegetable site, and a mix of summer and winter annuals, biennials, and perennials at the remaining sites. Annual weeds dominated the seed banks of all sites with common lambsquarters, pigweed spp., and common purslane being the most commonly found seeds. The presence of most seeds in the soil could be explained by a combination of species seed production and seed longevity characteristics and species abundance in the standing community. Interpretation of the data required students to integrate and apply lecture material and provided an excellent thinking exercise.
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THIERFELDER, C., and P. C. WALL. "ROTATION IN CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS OF ZAMBIA: EFFECTS ON SOIL QUALITY AND WATER RELATIONS." Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 3 (June 9, 2010): 309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447971000030x.
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SUMMARYConservation agriculture (CA) systems are based on minimal soil disturbance, crop residue retention and crop rotation. Although the capacity of rotations to break pest and disease cycles is generally recognized, other benefits of crop rotations in CA systems are seldom acknowledged and little understood. We monitored different conventional and CA cropping systems over the period from 2005 to 2009 in a multi-seasonal trial in Monze, southern Zambia. Both monocropped maize and different maize rotations including cotton and the green manure cover crop sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) were compared under CA conditions, with the aim of elucidating the effects of crop rotations on soil quality, soil moisture relations and maize productivity. Infiltration, a sensitive indicator of soil quality, was significantly lower on conventionally ploughed plots in all cropping seasons compared to CA plots. Higher water infiltration rate led to greater soil moisture content in CA maize treatments seeded after cotton. Earthworm populations, total carbon and aggregate stability were also significantly higher on CA plots. Improvements in soil quality resulted in higher rainfall use efficiency and higher maize grain yield on CA plots especially those in a two- or three-year rotation. In the 2007/08 and 2008/2009 season, highest yields were obtained from direct-seeded maize after sunnhemp, which yielded 74% and 136% more than maize in the conventionally ploughed control treatment with a continuous maize crop. Even in a two-year rotation (maize-cotton), without a legume green manure cover crop, 47% and 38% higher maize yields were recorded compared to maize in the conventionally ploughed control in the two years, respectively. This suggests that there are positive effects from crop rotations even in the absence of disease and pest problems. The overall profitability of each system will, however, depend on markets and prices, which will guide the farmer's decision on which, if any, rotation to choose.
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Soon, Y. K., and G. W. Clayton. "Effects of eight years of crop rotation and tillage on nitrogen availability and budget of a sandy loam soil." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, no. 5 (November 1, 2003): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s03-001.
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The effects of tillage and crop rotations on soil N availability and economy were evaluated over two rotation cycles to address the paucity of such information. From 1993 through 2000, soil was sampled to 120 cm in the autumn from four crop rotations : (i) continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), (ii) field pea (Pisum sativum L.)-wheat-canola (Brassica rapa L.)-wheat, (iii) red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) green manure-wheat-canola-wheat/red clover, (iv) fallow-wheat-canola-wheat, and analysed for KCl-extractable N. The rotations were managed under a conventional tillage (CT) or a no-till (NT) system, and were fertilized based on soil test results. A N budget was constructed for each cropping system comprising N added in seed and fertilizers, and by symbiotic fixation and N exported in the grain. More nitrate accumulated under CT than NT, resulting in lower N fertilizer application rates for CT plots. Soil mineralizable N was higher under NT than CT, and was not influenced by crop rotations. The trend for residual soil nitrate among crop rotations was: fallow rotation > green manure rotation > continuous wheat > field pea rotation, due mostly to residual nitrate following the first phase of the rotations. There was no interaction of tillage with rotation. The continuous wheat and field pea rotation maintained a balanced N budget. The red clover rotation resulted in net N import in each rotation cycle of approximately 25 kg ha-1 under CT and 37 kg ha-1 under NT; net N export from the fallow rotation was 30 kg ha-1 under NT and 46 kg ha-1 under CT. Key words: Field pea, fallow, red clover, N economy, tillage, wheat
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Panettieri, Marco, Denis Courtier-Murias, Cornelia Rumpel, Marie-France Dignac, Gonzalo Almendros, and Abad Chabbi. "Land-use perturbations in ley grassland decouple the degradation of ancient soil organic matter from the storage of newly derived carbon inputs." SOIL 6, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 435–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-435-2020.
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Abstract. In a context of global change, soil has been identified as a potential carbon (C) sink, depending on land-use strategies. To detect the trends in carbon stocks after the implementation of new agricultural practices, early indicators, which can highlight changes in short timescales, are required. This study proposes the combined use of stable isotope probing and chemometrics applied to solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra to unveil the dynamics of the storage and mineralization of soil carbon (C) pools. We focused on light organic matter fractions isolated by density fractionation of soil water stable aggregates because they respond faster to changes in land use than the total soil organic matter (SOM). Samples were collected from an agricultural field experiment with grassland, continuous maize cropping, and ley grassland under temperate climate conditions. Our results indicated contrasting aggregate dynamics depending on land-use systems. Under our experimental conditions, grassland returns larger amounts of C as belowground inputs than maize cropping, evidencing a different distribution of light C fractions between aggregate classes. Coarse aboveground inputs from maize contributed mostly to larger macroaggregates. Land-use changes with the introduction of ley grassland provoked a decoupling of the storage and/or degradation processes after the grassland phase. The newly derived maize inputs were barely degraded during the first 3 years of maize cropping, whereas grassland-derived material was depleted. As a whole, results suggest large microbial proliferation as shown by 13C NMR under permanent grassland, then reduced within the first years after the land-use conversion, and finally restored. The study highlighted a fractal structure of the soil, determining a scattered spatial distribution of the cycles of storage and degradation of soil organic matter related to detritusphere dynamics. As a consequence, vegetal inputs from a new land use are creating new detritusphere microenvironments that may be disconnected from the dynamics of C cycle of the previous land use. The formation of those different and unconnected microenvironments may explain the observed legacy effect of the previous land use, since each microenvironment type contributes separately to the overall soil C cycle. The effects of the new land use on the soil C cycle are delayed until the different detritusphere microenvironments remain unconnected, and the ones from the previous land use represent the predominant microenvironment type. Increasing knowledge of the soil C dynamics at a fine scale will be helpful in refining the prediction models and land-use policies.
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Singla, Ankit, Hirokuni Iwasa, and Kazuyuki Inubushi. "Effect of biogas digested slurry based-biochar and digested liquid on N2O, CO2 flux and crop yield for three continuous cropping cycles of komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis)." Biology and Fertility of Soils 50, no. 8 (August 10, 2014): 1201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-014-0950-7.
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MOHAMMAD, SHAIK. "Long-term effects of fertilizers and integrated nutrient supply systems in intensive cropping on soil fertility, nutrient uptake and yield of rice." Journal of Agricultural Science 133, no. 4 (December 1999): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699007157.
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The long-term effect of fertilizers and an integrated nutrient supply system was studied in a rice–rice sequence for 8 years at Hyderabad in India from 1988/89 to 1995/96. Nutrient uptake and seed yield improved with increase in fertilizers up to the recommended dose of 120, 60, 40 kg/ha, N, P2O5 and K2O in the rainy and post-rainy seasons during the 8 years sequence cycles. The soil became enriched in organic carbon (OC) and maintained the available P while K concentration was reduced from medium to low status after 8 years. Integrated nutrient supply by incorporating glyricidia or FYM 15 days before transplanting the rice thereby substituting 25% nitrogen in the rainy season and application of only 75% of the recommended fertilizers in the post-rainy season maintained the overall mean yield at a level equal to that from the continuous application of the recommended fertilizer dose. The practice saved 30 kg N, 15 kg P2O5 and 10 kg K2O/ha in every season and improved the OC% and available P of the soil. The overall mean production of rice grain following the substitution of 50% nitrogen with glyricidia in the rainy season and fertilizer application at the recommended dose in the post-rainy season was also equal to that given by the application of the recommended fertilizer dose applied in every season and increased the OC% and available P of the soil. This procedure reduced the fertilizer dose in the rainy season by 60 kg N, 30 kg P2O5 and 20 kg K2O/ha.
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Armstrong, R. D., K. McCosker, G. Millar, and M. E. Probert. "Fluxes of nitrogen derived from plant residues and fertiliser on a cracking clay in a semi-arid environment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 3 (1998): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97069.
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The feasibility of using legume leys to redress declining levels of soil nitrogen (N) fertility on the heavy clay Vertisols of the northern Australian grain belt depends partly on the ability of plant residues to supply N directly to subsequent cereal crops. An alternative is the use of fertiliser N in continuous cereal cropping. Two experiments were conducted (one in the field, the other under polyhouse conditions) to compare the uptake of N from either plant residues or ammonium sulfate fertiliser that had been labelled with 15N. In a field trial, 15N-labelled shoots of grain sorghum and Desmanthus virgatus and ammonium sulfate were applied to micro-plots and the flux of the added N between different soil pools and a wheat crop was followed over 219 days. Only small amounts of residue-derived N (<5%) were recovered in the mineral N of the soil at a depth of 0-10 cm, whereas over 88% of the fertiliser N was present as mineral N soon after adding the fertiliser. Soil microbial biomass-N was increased following addition of residues. Recovery of added 15N in the wheat crop was much higher from the fertiliser (35%) than from the 2 residue sources (<5%). The pot trial compared a wider range of 15N-labelled residues (shoot and root residues of Desmanthus virgatus, Lablab purpureus, and sorghum) with several rates of ammonium sulfate, applied in the presence and absence of non-labelled grain sorghum residues, over 4 cropping cycles. Dry matter production and N uptake were increased by application of fertiliser N, although the response was reduced in the presence of non-labelled sorghum residues; responses to residue N were much smaller than those to fertiliser N. In the first crop following residue application <7% of residue N was recovered, increasing to 12-23% over the 4 crops. Recovery of fertiliser N by the crops increased with the rate of application, and also depended on whether it was applied together with residues. A feature of the results, in both the field and pot experiments, was the large proportion of applied 15N that could not be accounted for in either the soil or the crops, and these losses have been attributed to denitrification.
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Larkin, Robert P., Timothy S. Griffin, and C. Wayne Honeycutt. "Rotation and Cover Crop Effects on Soilborne Potato Diseases, Tuber Yield, and Soil Microbial Communities." Plant Disease 94, no. 12 (December 2010): 1491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-10-0172.
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Seven different 2-year rotations, consisting of barley/clover, canola, green bean, millet/rapeseed, soybean, sweet corn, and potato, all followed by potato, were assessed over 10 years (1997–2006) in a long-term cropping system trial for their effects on the development of soilborne potato diseases, tuber yield, and soil microbial communities. These same rotations were also assessed with and without the addition of a fall cover crop of no-tilled winter rye (except for barley/clover, for which underseeded ryegrass was substituted for clover) over a 4-year period. Canola and rapeseed rotations consistently reduced the severity of Rhizoctonia canker, black scurf, and common scab (18 to 38% reduction), and canola rotations resulted in higher tuber yields than continuous potato or barley/clover (6.8 to 8.2% higher). Addition of the winter rye cover crop further reduced black scurf and common scab (average 12.5 and 7.2% reduction, respectively) across all rotations. The combined effect of a canola or rapeseed rotation and winter rye cover crop reduced disease severity by 35 to 41% for black scurf and 20 to 33% for common scab relative to continuous potato with no cover crop. Verticillium wilt became a prominent disease problem only after four full rotation cycles, with high disease levels in all plots; however, incidence was lowest in barley rotations. Barley/clover and rapeseed rotations resulted in the highest soil bacterial populations and microbial activity, and all rotations had distinct effects on soil microbial community characteristics. Addition of a cover crop also resulted in increases in bacterial populations and microbial activity and had significant effects on soil microbial characteristics, in addition to slightly improving tuber yield (4% increase). Thus, in addition to positive effects in reducing erosion and improving soil quality, effective crop rotations in conjunction with planting cover crops can provide improved control of soilborne diseases. However, this study also demonstrated limitations with 2-year rotations in general, because all rotations resulted in increasing levels of common scab and Verticillium wilt over time.
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Gan, Yantai, Chantal Hamel, H. Randy Kutcher, and Lee Poppy. "Lentil enhances agroecosystem productivity with increased residual soil water and nitrogen." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 32, no. 4 (July 13, 2016): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170516000223.
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AbstractLentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) may have a potential to enhance the productivity of agroecosystems in dry areas where water and nutrients are limited. This study quantified soil water, residual soil nitrogen (N), and crop yields in lentil-based systems in comparison with continuous cereal and conventional summerfallow systems. A 3-yr cropping sequence study was conducted for three cycles in Saskatchewan (50.28°N, 107.79°W) from 2007 to 2011. On average, soil retained 187, 196 and 337 mm of water in the 0–1.2 m depth at crop harvest in 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively. Summerfallow contained the same amounts of water as the cropped treatments at the harvest in 2009 and 2010. However, in 2008, summerfallow contained more soil water than the cropped treatments. The effect of lentil cultivar on soil water conservation varied with years; the cultivars Glamis, Laird and Sedley conserved highest amounts of soil water by the planting time of 2009 and 2010, but no differences were found among cultivars in 2011. Soil available N (NO3− + NH4+) at spring planting time was 50.4 kg ha−1 in the preceding lentil treatments, which was 44% higher compared with preceding barley or flax, but was 25% lower compared with preceding summerfallow. Lentil cultivars had a similar amount of soil residual N. Grain production in the 3-yr rotation averaged 6.3 t ha−1 per rotation for the wheat–lentil–durum system and 6.8 t ha−1 for the wheat–cereal–durum monoculture, averaging 36% greater compared with wheat–summerfallow–durum system. The lentil system increased total grain production through the access of residual soil water and biologically fixed N, whereas continuous cereal system relies on inorganic fertilizer input for yield. Summerfallow system relies on ‘mining’ the soil for nutrients. We conclude that the adoption of lentil systems will enhance grain production through the use of residual soil water and available N.
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Law, Eugene P., Sandra Wayman, Christopher J. Pelzer, Steven W. Culman, Miguel I. Gómez, Antonio DiTommaso, and Matthew R. Ryan. "Multi-Criteria Assessment of the Economic and Environmental Sustainability Characteristics of Intermediate Wheatgrass Grown as a Dual-Purpose Grain and Forage Crop." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 3548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063548.
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Kernza® intermediate wheatgrass [IWG; Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & Dewey] is a novel perennial cool-season grass that is being bred for use as a dual-purpose grain and forage crop. The environmental benefits of perennial agriculture have motivated the development of IWG cropping systems and markets for perennial grain food products made with Kernza, but the economic viability and environmental impact of IWG remain uncertain. In this study, we compared three-year cycles of five organic grain production systems: an IWG monoculture, IWG intercropped with medium red clover, a continuous winter wheat monoculture, a wheat–red clover intercrop, and a corn–soybean–spelt rotation. Economic and environmental impacts of each cropping system were assessed using enterprise budgets, energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and emergy indices as indicators. Grain and biomass yields and values for production inputs used in these analyses were obtained from experimental data and management records from two separate field experiments conducted in New York State, USA. Grain yield of IWG averaged 478 kg ha−1 yr−1 over three years, equaling approximately 17% of winter wheat grain yield (2807 kg ha−1 yr−1) over the same period. In contrast, total forage harvested averaged 6438 kg ha−1 yr−1 from the IWG systems, approximately 160% that of the wheat systems (4024 kg ha−1 yr−1). Low grain yield of IWG greatly impacted economic indicators, with break-even farm gate prices for Kernza grain calculated to be 23% greater than the current price of organic winter wheat in New York. Energy use and GHG emissions from the IWG systems were similar to the annual systems when allocated per hectare of production area but were much greater when allocated per kg of grain produced and much lower when allocated per kg of biomass harvested inclusive of hay and straw. Emergy sustainability indices were favorable for the IWG systems due to lower estimated soil erosion and fewer external inputs over the three-year crop cycle. The results show that the sustainability of IWG production is highly dependent on how the hay or straw co-product is used and the extent to which external inputs can be substituted with locally available renewable resources. Integrated crop–livestock systems appear to be a viable scenario for the adoption of IWG as a dual-use perennial grain and forage crop.
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Brainard, Daniel C., Robin R. Bellinder, Russell R. Hahn, and Denis A. Shah. "Crop Rotation, Cover Crop, and Weed Management Effects on Weed Seedbanks and Yields in Snap Bean, Sweet Corn, and Cabbage." Weed Science 56, no. 3 (June 2008): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-07-107.1.
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Three major hypotheses were examined in this study: (1) the density of summer annual weeds is reduced in crop rotation systems that include winter wheat compared to those with strictly summer annual crops, (2) the integration of a red clover in cropping systems reduces weed seedbank densities, and (3) changes in weed seedbanks due to crop rotation system have greater impact on future crops that are managed with cultivation alone, compared to those managed with herbicides. To test these hypotheses, five 3-yr rotation sequences were examined in central New York state: continuous field corn (FC); field corn with red clover (FC + CL); field corn–oats–wheat (FC/O/W); sweet corn–peas–wheat (SC/P/W), and SC/P/W with red clover (SC/P/W + CL). In the fourth year, sweet corn, snap beans, and cabbage were planted in subplots with three levels of weed management as sub-subplots: cultivation alone, reduced-rate herbicides (1/2×), and full-rate herbicides (1×). The trial was carried out in two separate cycles, from 1997 to 2000 (cycle 1) and from 1998 to 2001 (cycle 2). Crop rotations with strictly summer annual crops (FC) did not result in consistently higher weed seedbank densities of summer annual weeds compared to rotations involving winter wheat (FC/O/W; SC/P/W; SC/P/W + CL). Integration of red clover in continuous field corn resulted in higher weed seedbanks (cycle 1) or emergence (cycle 2) of several summer annual weeds compared to field corn alone. In contrast, integration of red clover in the SC/P/W rotation led to a 96% reduction in seedbank density of winter annuals in cycle 1, although this effect was not detected in cycle 2. Observed changes in weed seedbank density and emergence due to crop rotation resulted in increased weed biomass in the final year in only one case (sweet corn, cycle 2), and did not result in detectable differences in crop yields. In contrast, final year weed management had a strong effect on weed biomass and yield; cultivation alone resulted in yield losses for sweet corn (32 to 34%) and cabbage (0 to 7%), but not snap beans compared to either 1/2× or 1× herbicides.
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Rajashekhar Rao, B. K. "Kinetics of potassium release in sweet potato cropped soils: a case study in the highlands of Papua New Guinea." Solid Earth 6, no. 1 (February 17, 2015): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-6-217-2015.
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Abstract. The present study attempts to employ potassium (K) release parameters to identify soil-quality degradation due to changed land use patterns in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) farms of the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Rapid population increase in the region increased pressure on the land to intensify subsistence production mainly by reducing fallow periods. Such continuous cropping practice coupled with lack of K fertilization practices could lead to a rapid loss of soil fertility and soil-resource degradation. The study aims to evaluate the effects of crop intensification on the K-release pattern and identify soil groups vulnerable to K depletion. Soils with widely differing exchangeable and non-exchangeable K contents were sequentially extracted for periods between 1 and 569 h in 0.01 M CaCl2, and K-release data were fitted to four mathematical models: first order, power, parabolic diffusion and Elovich equations. Results showed two distinct parts in the K-release curves, and 58–80% of total K was released to solution phase within 76 h (first five extractions) with 20–42% K released in the later parts (after 76 h). Soils from older farms that were subjected to intensive and prolonged land use showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower cumulative K-release potential than the farms recently brought to cultivation (new farms). Among the four equations, first-order and power equations best described the K-release pattern; the constant b, an index of K-release rates, ranged from 0.005 to 0.008 mg kg−1 h−1 in the first-order model and was between 0.14 and 0.83 mg kg−1 h−1 in the power model for the soils. In the non-volcanic soils, model constant b values were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the volcanic soils, thus indicating the vulnerability of volcanic soils to K deficiency. The volcanic soils cropped for several crop cycles need immediate management interventions either through improved fallow management or through mineral fertilizers plus animal manures to sustain productivity.
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Singh, Vinod, Brahma Dwivedi, Rajendra Mishra, Arvind Shukla, Jagadish Timsina, Pravin Upadhyay, Kapila Shekhawat, Kaushik Majumdar, and Azad Panwar. "Yields, Soil Health and Farm Profits under a Rice-Wheat System: Long-Term Effect of Fertilizers and Organic Manures Applied Alone and in Combination." Agronomy 9, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9010001.
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The rice-wheat system (RWS), managed over 10.5 Mha in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India suffers from production fatigue caused by declining soil organic matter, multi-nutrient deficiencies and diminishing factor productivity. We, therefore, conducted a long-term field experiment (1998–1999 to 2017–2018) in Modipuram, India to study the effect of continuous use of farmyard manure (FYM) as an organic fertilizer (OF), mineral fertilizers applied alone (RDF) and their combination (IPNS), as well as the inclusion of forage berseem (IPNS+B) or forage cowpea (IPNS+C) on crop yield, soil health and profits. The long-term yield trends were positive (p < 0.05) in all treatments except the control (unfertilized) in rice, and the control and RDF in wheat. Although the yields of rice, wheat and RWS were highest under IPNS treatments (IPNS, IPNS+B, IPNS+C), the maximum annual yield increase in rice (9.2%) and wheat (13.7%) was obtained under OF. A linear regression fitted to the yield data under different IPNS options revealed a highly significant (p < 0.001) annual yield increase in rice (5.1 to 6.6%) and wheat (6.8 to 7.7%) crops. Continuous rice-wheat cropping with RDF brought an increase in soil bulk density (Db) over the initial Db at different soil profile depths, more so at depths of 30–45 cm, but inclusion of forage cowpea or berseem in every third year (IPNS+B or C) helped to decrease Db, not only in surface (0–15 cm) but also in sub-surface (15–30 and 30–45 cm depth) soil. Whereas soil organic carbon (SOC) increased under OF, IPNS and IPNS + legume (B or C) treatments, it remained unaffected under RDF after 20 RW cycles. The inclusion of legumes along with IPNS not only helped to trap the NO3–N from soil layers below 45 cm but also increased its retention in the upper soil (0–15 cm depth). On the other hand, RDF had a higher NO3–N content in the lower layers (beyond 45 cm depth), indicating downward NO3–N leaching beyond the root zone. A build-up of Olsen-P was noticed under RDF at different time intervals. The soil exchangeable K and available S contents were maximal under OF and IPNS options, whereas a decline in DTPA extractable-Zn was recorded under OF. Overall, RWS economics revealed that OF treatment involved the maximum cost of cultivation (US$1174 ha−1) with the least economic net return (US$1211 ha−1). Conversely, IPNS + legume (B or C) had lowest cost of cultivation (US$707 to 765 ha−1) and a significantly higher (p < 0.05) net return (US$2233 to 2260 ha−1). The study, thus, underlines the superiority of IPNS over RDF or OF; the inclusion of legumes gives an added advantage in terms of production sustainability and soil health. Further studies involving IPNS ingredients other than FYM is needed to develop location-specific IPNS recommendations.
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CLAUS, S., F. TAUBE, B. WIENFORTH, N. SVOBODA, K. SIELING, H. KAGE, M. SENBAYRAM, et al. "Life-cycle assessment of biogas production under the environmental conditions of northern Germany: greenhouse gas balance." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, S1 (October 11, 2013): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000683.
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SUMMARYA considerable expansion of biogas production in Germany, paralleled by a strong increase in maize acreage, has caused growing concern that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during crop substrate production might counteract the GHG emission saving potential. Based on a 2-year field trial, a GHG balance was conducted to evaluate the mitigation potential of regionally adapted cropping systems (continuous maize, maize-wheat-Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass ley), depending on nitrogen (N) level and N type. Considering the whole production chain, all cropping systems investigated contributed to the mitigation of GHG emissions (6·7–13·3 t CO2 eq/ha), with continuous maize revealing a carbon dioxide (CO2) saving potential of 55–61% compared with a fossil energy mix reference system. The current sustainability thresholds in terms of CO2 savings set by the EU Renewable Energy Directive could be met by all cropping systems (48–76%). Emissions from crop production had the largest impact on the mitigation effect (⩾50%) unless the biogas residue storage was not covered. The comparison of N fertilizer types showed less pronounced differences in GHG mitigation potential, whereas considerable site effects were observed.
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Tang, Chaochen, Bingzhi Jiang, Asif Ameen, Xueying Mo, Yang Yang, and Zhangying Wang. "Life-Cycle Energy, Economic, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Diversified Sweet-Potato-Based Cropping Systems in South China." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 2340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102340.
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Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a promising food and industrial crop that plays an important role in China’s agricultural poverty relief strategy. Selecting an appropriate cropping system for sweet-potato production could simultaneously achieve energy, economic, and environmental benefits. Therefore, the comprehensive assessment of diversified sweet-potato-based cropping systems (i.e., sweet potato monoculture (SP), continuous sweet potato cropping (SPSP), sweet potato–rice (SPRI), sweet potato–maize (SPMA), and sweet potato–potato (SPPO)) in South China was conducted with a field survey and life-cycle assessment. The data were collected quantitatively using a questionnaire for face-to-face interviewing of 70 farmers. The results indicated that the annual crop yield (sweet potato equivalent yield) of five cropping systems was in increasing order as SPPO > SPSP > SPMA > SPRI > SP. The SPMA system exhibited the highest net energy (499.09 GJ/ha) and energy rate (7.77). The SPSP system performed better in energy efficiency (0.90 kg/MJ), net return (140,284 CNY/ha), benefit to cost rate (3.20), and eco-efficiency (45 CNY/kg CO2-eq). The annual greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions of five cropping systems ranked from lowest to highest as follows: SP < SPRI < SPSP < SPMA < SPPO. With comprehensive consideration, extended rotation systems (e.g., SPMA, SPRI, and SPSP) are proposed because they could effectively reduce GHG emissions while maintaining or even increasing the system’s productivity (ensuring food safety) in South China.
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Slattery, W. J., D. G. Edwards, L. C. Bell, D. R. Coventry, and K. R. Helyar. "Soil acidification and the carbon cycle in a cropping soil of north-eastern Victoria." Soil Research 36, no. 2 (1998): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96095.
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Changes in soil organic matter were determined for a long-term (1975–95) experiment at the Rutherglen Research Institute in north-eastern Victoria. The crop rotations in this experiment were continuous lupins (LL) and continuous wheat (WW). The soil at this site was a solodic or Yellow Dermosol with a soil pH of 6·08 (pH in 0·01 М CaCl2 1 : 5) in 1975 in the surface 10 cm, which had declined by 0·8 and 1·5 pH units for WW and LL, respectively, in the 0–20 cm soil zone by 1992. Acidification rates decreased with increasing soil depth. The acidification rate in the 0–60 cm soil zone was 12·5 kmol(H+)/ha·year for the LL rotation and 4·6 kmol(H+)/ha·year for the WW rotation. The amount of CaCO3 required to neutralise the acidification of wheat-lupin rotations as calculated in this paper was up to 3·8 t/ha ·10 years for a WLWL rotation or 3 ·3 t/ha ·10 years for a WWL rotation; these amounts are significantly higher than previously reported rates. In this paper, we calculate the impact of changes in soil carbon (C) status over time, and therefore soil buffering, on the rates of acidification in incremental soil layers to a depth of 60 cm. Total organic C for these rotations in 1992 was 1·12% for WW and 1·17% for LL in the 0–10 cm soil zone. An investigation of the humic and fulvic acid fractions of these 2 rotations to a depth of 60 cm showed that the LL rotation had significantly higher (P < 0·05) C at depth than the WW rotation. Acidification due to the net decrease in soil C over the 15-year study period plus acidification due to the alkali removed in the seed was calculated to be –4·88 kmol(H+)/ha·year for the LL rotation and –6·52 kmol(H+)/ha·year for the WW rotation.
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Areghan, K., Sunday Ebonka Nwajei, and Anthony Uhunomwan Omoregie. "Effects of continous cropping and NPK fertilizer on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) grown on soils from different management systems." Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, September 18, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-v0n0-art2076.
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Studies were conducted to investigate the effect of continuous cropping and NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) grown on soils from different management systems. The investigations were carried out in two parts. The first dealt with the effect of continuous cropping while the other focused on the effect of NPK fertilizer on cowpea. Representative soil samples were obtained at 0-15 cm depth from land which had been continuously cropped, under forest tree fallow, and secondary bush fallow. These were bulked, processed, and analyzed. Six (6) kg of each type of soil were weighed into 25 x 22 cm polybag of 500 gauge. The continuous cropping experiment involved three cropping cycles of 35days each of cowpea on the same soils from 3 cropping systems. In the second experiment, a 2 x 3 factorial involving 2 levels of fertilizers (0, 40 kg NPK/ha) and 3 sources of soil were carried out to test their effects on cowpea. The growth parameters measured were plant height, number of leaves/plant and number of branches/plant. Number of nodules/plant, number of pods/plant, dry matter and grain yield were also estimated. Successive cropping of soils significantly reduced cowpea growth. Cowpea plants grown on soils from continuously cropped land had the least growth performance. Number of nodules/plant increased with successive cropping. Higher dry matter yield was obtained from the continuously cropped land. A significant (r = +0.55) positive correlation was found between soil P and dry matter yield of cowpea. NPK fertilization had only significant effect on plant height at 10 WAP but not on other growth parameters measured. The highest grain yield was obtained from unfertilized secondary bush fallow soil. Sources of soil (soil management system) had significant effect on some of the agronomic characters of cowpea.
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Lu, Yaoxiong, Peng Gao, Yunsheng Wang, Wei Li, Xinwei Cui, Jiamin Zhou, Fuyuan Peng, and Liangying Dai. "Earthworm activity optimized the rhizosphere bacterial community structure and further alleviated the yield loss in continuous cropping lily (Lilium lancifolium Thunb.)." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (October 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99597-y.
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AbstractThe soil microbial community plays a vital role in the biogeochemical cycles of bioelements and maintaining healthy soil conditions in agricultural ecosystems. However, how the soil microbial community responds to mitigation measures for continuous cropping obstacles remains largely unknown. Here we examined the impact of quicklime (QL), chemical fungicide (CF), inoculation with earthworm (IE), and a biocontrol agent (BA) on the soil microbial community structure, and the effects toward alleviating crop yield decline in lily. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene from the lily rhizosphere after 3 years of continuous cropping was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The results showed that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Gemmatimonadetes were the dominant bacterial phyla, with a total relative abundance of 86.15–91.59%. On the other hand, Betaproteobacteriales, Rhizobiales, Myxococcales, Gemmatimonadales, Xanthomonadales, and Micropepsales were the dominant orders with a relative abundance of 28.23–37.89%. The hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and available phosphorus (AP) were the key factors affecting the structure and diversity of the bacterial community. The yield of continuous cropping lily with using similar treatments decreased yearly for the leaf blight, but that of IE was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than with the other treatments in the same year, which were 17.9%, 18.54%, and 15.69% higher than that of blank control (CK) over 3 years. In addition, IE significantly (p < 0.05) increased organic matter (OM), available nitrogen (AN), AP, and available potassium (AK) content in the lily rhizosphere soil, optimized the structure and diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial community, and increased the abundance of several beneficial bacterial taxa, including Rhizobiales, Myxococcales, Streptomycetales and Pseudomonadales. Therefore, enriching the number of earthworms in fields could effectively optimize the bacterial community structure of the lily rhizosphere soil, promote the circulation and release in soil nutrients and consequently alleviate the loss of continuous cropping lily yield.
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Du, Guoming, Longcheng Yao, and Dawei Hou. "The spatio-temporal changes of cropping patterns in the black soil area of China: Lessons from Wangkui County." Frontiers in Environmental Science 10 (October 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.981721.
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A reasonable planting crop pattern can effectively contribute to maintaining soil fertility and ensuring stable crop growth in the black soil regions of China. This study aimed to analyze the evolution of cropping patterns in Wangkui County between 2002 and 2021. By using ArcGIS and ENVI software, during which visual interpretation was applied, we interpreted three crop rotation cycles based on the classification data of remote-sensing inversion crops for 2002–2005, 2010–2013, and 2018–2021. Our results indicated that maize, rice, and soybean were the three major crops which accounted for a total of 87.02% of the farmland during our study period, while the cropping pattern was dominated by continuous maize cultivation (31.25%), mixed cultivation (29.01%), and continuous maize–soybean cultivation (24.48%). Specifically, the continuous maize cultivation was mainly distributed in the south-central and west-central parts, whereas continuous rice cultivation spread from the northwest to the southwest. In addition, the rice–soybean rotation tended to gather in the southwest and north and spread to the central part, and the rice–maize rotation presented a tendency of radiation diffusion from the county’s northwest region to the surrounding areas. This study could provide a practical basis for establishing high-yield and efficient planting models in the black soil areas of China.
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Mukhi, Sujit Kumar, Kumbha Karna Rout, Ranjan Kumar Patra, Abhiram Dash, Amulya Kumar Parida, and Sugyata Shivhare. "Sub-soil Properties as Influenced by Long-Term Manuring and their Relationship with Yield and Sustainability of a Rice-Rice Production System in Eastern India." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, July 27, 2022, 795–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i2131334.
Full textAbstract:
Investigation was made to study the impact of long-term fertilizer and manure application on the sub-soil properties of an acidic Inceptisol under continuous rice-rice cropping system. For this purpose, a long-term fertilizer experiment commenced from 2005-06, rabi season in the Central Farm of Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar under aegis of ICAR, New Delhi was used. The experiment had 12 manurial treatments whose impact has been assessed after 20 cropping cycles. The initial soil was acidic (pH 5.8) with low soil organic carbon (4.3 g kg -1) and CEC of 3.75 cmol (p+) kg-1. After 20 cropping cycles there was decrease in surface soil pH in all the fertilized treatments by 0.16 - 0.96 units except high yielding FYM amended treatments (NPK+FYM and NPK+FYM+lime) that resisted the drop. The pH, however increased to alkaline level (7.72-8.44) down the layers irrespective of treatments. More accumulation of salt was found at 60-75 cm layer with highest (0.418 dSm-1) recorded in 100% NPK + FYM+lime treatment. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content increased in all the fertilized treatments in the surface layer and with depth it decreased sharply from 15-30 cm to 30-45 cm layer. The high yielding NPK+FYM treatment had highest content of SOC in all the layers. Among the parameters studied, SOC of all the layers, pH & EC of 15-30 cm layer could explain maximum variation in both yield and sustainability. Lower layer properties particularly of 15-30 cm layer had strong correlation with the surface layer. The SOC of layers up to 75 cm could explain 64.1 - 85.8% variation in productivity and 53.0 to 78.7 % variation in sustainability. The pH and EC of 15-30 cm layer also explained 75.6 and 47.9 % variation in productivity and 75.4 and 62.3 % in sustainability, respectively. Thus, lower layers also contribute to soil fertility of surface layer and in turn the productivity and sustainability of wet land rice-rice cropping system in sub -tropical ecosystem.
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Rao, Demin, Fangang Meng, Xiaoyan Yan, Minghao Zhang, Xingdong Yao, Kyung Seok Kim, Jing Zhao, Qiang Qiu, Futi Xie, and Wei Zhang. "Changes in Soil Microbial Activity, Bacterial Community Composition and Function in a Long-Term Continuous Soybean Cropping System After Corn Insertion and Fertilization." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (April 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.638326.
Full textAbstract:
Corn-soybean rotation and fertilization are common practices improving soil fertility and crop yield. Their effects on bacterial community have been extensively studied, yet, few comprehensive studies about the microbial activity, bacterial community and functional groups in a long-term continuous soybean cropping system after corn insertion and fertilization. The effects of corn insertions (Sm: no corn insertion, CS: 3 cycles of corn-soybean rotations and CCS: 2 cycles of corn-corn-soybean rotations) with two fertilization regimes (No fertilization and NPK) on bacterial community and microbial activity were investigated in a long-term field experiment. The bacterial communities among treatments were evaluated using high-throughput sequencing then bacterial functions were predicted based on the FaProTax database. Soil respiration and extracellular enzyme activities were used to assess soil microbial activity. Soil bacterial community structure was significantly altered by corn insertions (p < 0.01) and fertilization (p < 0.01), whereas bacterial functional structure was only affected by corn insertion (p < 0.01). The activities of four enzymes (invertase, β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, and β-D-1,4-cellobiohydrolase) involved in soil C cycling were enhanced by NPK fertilizer, and were also enhanced by corn insertions except for the invertase and β-xylosidase under NPK fertilization. NPK fertilizer significantly improved soil microbial activity except for soil metabolic quotient (qCO2) and the microbial quotient under corn insertions. Corn insertions also significantly improved soil microbial activity except for the ratio of soil induced respiration (SIR) to basal respiration (BR) under fertilization and the qCO2 was decreased by corn insertions. These activity parameters were highly correlated with the soil functional capability of aromatic compound degradation, which was the main predictors of bacterial functional structure. In general, the combination of soil microbial activity, bacterial community and corresponding functional analysis provided comprehensive insights into compositional and functional adaptations to corn insertions and fertilization.
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Mukhi, Sujit Kumar, Kumbha Karna Rout, Prasanna Kumar Samant, Ranjan Kumar Patra, Abhiram Dash, Amulya Kumar Parida, Sugyata Shivhare, and Soumyajeet Pradhan. "Sub-soil Nitrogen Content as Influenced by Long-term Manuring and Its Relationship with Nitrogen Availability and Productivity of a Rice-rice Cropping System in Eastern India." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, August 8, 2022, 1304–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2022/v12i1131109.
Full textAbstract:
Investigation was made to study the impact of long-term fertilizer and manure application on the sub-soil nitrogen (N) fertility of an acidic Inceptisol under continuous rice-rice cropping system. For this purpose, a long-term fertilizer experiment commenced from 2005-06, rabi season in the Central Farm of Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar under aegis of ICAR, New Delhi was used. The experiment had 12 manurial treatments whose impact on sub-soil N fertility up to 75 cm depth and its relation with surface soil N fertility was studied. N uptake and crop yield has been assessed after 20 cropping cycles. The initial soil was acidic (pH 5.8) with low soil organic carbon (4.3 g kg -1) and CEC of 3.75 cmol (p+) kg-1, mineralizable N of 187 kg ha-1 and total N of 1280 kg ha-1. After 20 cropping cycles, the soil organic carbon (SOC) content increased in all the fertilized treatments in the surface layer and with depth it decreased sharply from 15-30 cm to 30-45 cm layer. Treatments with balanced nutrition registered higher content of total N, organic N, mineralizable N and inorganic N both in surface soil and sub-soil. Not only the surface soil but also the sub-soil contents of total N, organic N and mineralizable N are significantly influenced by long-term use of fertilizer nutrients and manure under wet land intensive rice production system. Sub-soil contents of total N, organic N, mineralizable N, inorganic N, ammonium N and nitrate N have strong positive correlation with those of surface layer. SOC, total N, mineralizable N and inorganic N are strongly correlated with each other in the same layer. Correlation of organic N and total N with nitrate N was however, significant up to 30 cm depth and beyond that there was no correlation at 30-45 cm layer. From the results, it is concluded that application of nutrient in balanced and integrated manner (NPK + FYM) not only increased grain yield and sustainability of rice but also improved various pools of N in surface as well as sub-soil up to 75 cm depth of a wet land rice-rice production system under subtropical climatic situation.
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Reddy, G. Kiran, S. H. K. Sharma, K. Chandra Shaker, P. Ravi, Muneshwar Singh, and W. Ravi. "Long Term Effect (17 Years) of Different Nutrient Management Practices on Crop Yield Trends, Soil Productivity and Sustainability in Rice-rice Cropping System under Semi Arid Tropical Climatic Condition in an Inceptisol of India." International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, November 6, 2019, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2019/v20i330135.
Full textAbstract:
A long term fertilizer experiment was initiated at PJTSAU sub campus, Jagtial, Telangana state, during rainy season of the year 2000-01 in rice-rice continuous cropping system. The experiment was conducted in a fixed plan layout with 11 treatments (and 1 fallow) which included various combinations of inorganic and organic fertilizers and was replicated 4 times under randomized block design. At the initiation of Experiment the soil properties were clay texture with pH 8.22, organic carbon 7.9 g/kg, Available Nitrogen (N) 107.6 kg/ha, Available Phosphorus (P) 19.6 kg/ha and Available Potassium (K) 364 kg/ha. The study was conducted over a period of 17 years comprising of 34 cropping cycles, in rainy season where all treatments received optimum dose (100% NPK), super optimum dose (150% NPK) and integrated treatments (100% NPK + FYM 5 t/ha) (FYM – farm yard manure) gave onpar yields. However in the post rainy season, 150% NPK treatment gave superior yield compared to all treatments except NPK+ FYM 5 t/ha. NPK + FYM 5 t/ha and 150% NPK treatments recorded the most sustainable yield index (SYI) of 0.65 in rainy and post rainy season respectively. Over all mean SYI, was highest for NPK + FYM 5 t/ha and 150% NPK i.e., 0.63 and the least was observed in 100% N alone 0.50. There was an increase in organic carbon, Available N, Available P and Available K in NPK + FYM 5 t/ha and 150% NPK treatments compared with other treatments. Treatment receiving N alone i.e. imbalance nutrient supply retrogress the crop yields and soil productivity in long run.
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Trébuil, Guy, Cécile Barnaud, François Bousquet, Panomsak Promburom, Francis Turkelboom, and Annemarie van Paassen. "Comprendre et agir : Diagnostic agronomique et modélisation d’accompagnement pour limiter le risque d’érosion dans un bassin versant montagnard subtropical." Agronomie, environnement & sociétés 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.54800/tld875.
Full textAbstract:
An on-farm agronomic survey was carried out, at the field, farm and catchment levels, to understand the dynamics of the risk of soil erosion in a watershed displaying a rapid diversification of cropping systems and differentiation of family farms. The results were integrated into a researcher agent-based model linked to a geographic information system to represent dynamically the combined impacts of topography, rainfall and technical practices on erosion risk and its spatial distribution. A simpler version of this model was implemented as a role-playing game associated to a second agent-based model playing the game in silico, to share the researchers’ point of view on soil erosion dynamics to local farmers. They found these simulation tools relevant and Companion Modelling (ComMod) activities where launched with them to stimulate exchanges of experiences, build a shared diagnosis of the problem, and encourage collective action to limit soil degradation and the vulnerability of resource-poor holdings. The successive cycles of ComMod activities necessitated to complete the initial agronomic diagnosis by examining a series of farmer selected key questions. Gradually, local stakeholders moved towards directions not yet proposed by development agencies. The activities produced multiple effects related to awareness, self-confidence and communication, learning, change in practices and self-organization. The limited durations of successive training projects were not adapted to accompany local actors up to collective action at the catchment level, but new irrigation water and farm product processing infrastructures emerged a few years later in the village. The institutionalization of the approach would allow a more continuous companionship, facilitate the dissemination of results, and a move towards a more distributed governance of renewable resources.
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Ku, Yongli, Wenqiang Li, Xueli Mei, Xiangna Yang, Cuiling Cao, Huimei Zhang, Le Cao, and Minglei Li. "Biological Control of Melon Continuous Cropping Obstacles: Weakening the Negative Effects of the Vicious Cycle in Continuous Cropping Soil." Microbiology Spectrum, October 27, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01776-22.
Full textAbstract:
The soil environment, crop growth and fruit quality of melons are negatively affected by long-term continuous cropping. It is important to study the mechanism of continuous cropping obstacles and their biological control.