Books on the topic 'Continued adoption'
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1
Wünderlich, Nancy V. Acceptance of remote services: Perception, adoption, and continued usage in organizational settings. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2009.
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2
Bagnoli, Carlo, and Eleonora Masiero. L’impresa significante fra tradizione e innovazione. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-572-8.
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This study explores the idea of a significant business, framing it through the key concepts that define it and illustrating it through a case study that narrates the evolution of a century-old company. Born as an intellectual response to the economic and financial crisis of 2008, the significant business is conceived as an entity capable of enduring over time through the creation of value and its distribution within the community in which it operates. The significant business should be also aware of its own identity and of the need to innovate itself over time considering the synergies and the collaborations that the territory offers, to continue to create wealth. This contribution is part of a series of works that, resulting from numerous action-research projects coordinated by Professor Carlo Bagnoli, have seen as protagonists the companies and their strategic innovation. The starting point of many of these projects is the Manifesto of the Significant Company (Bagnoli et al. 2015), which aims at imagining a business model able to explore and innovate the company to increase its competitiveness, and also to restore meaning to the company itself, through the definition of its own identity. Contributing to previous works, this book explores the idea of significant enterprise by adopting a business and a historical perspective. The first part of the book deals with the business perspective, to introduce the value model commonly used in action research studies undertaken by the spin-off Strategy Innovation of Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, and to describe the specific model of a significant business. The second part of the book narrates the story of a centuries-long business, Barovier&Toso, exploring its evolutions. Focusing on the different perspectives that shaped the key concepts and narrating the path followed by a centenary company, this work hopes to shed further light on this fascinating theme together with the reader.
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Bryant, Patrick, Peter D. Hurd, and Ardis Hanson. Evidence-Based Practice and Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190238308.003.0012.
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The most difficult step of evidence-based medicine (EBM) and evidence-based public health (EBPH) is to link the evidence with current clinical knowledge and experience, especially with the continued focus on using evidence in decision-making. Standards of care and clinical practice guidelines are now established and reported using nationally and globally recognized protocols to ensure standard nomenclature and clinical crosswalks. This chapter examines relevant background issues, including concepts underlying EBM, EBPH, and definitions of evidence; describes key analytic tools to enhance the adoption of evidence-based decision-making; and finishes with challenges and opportunities for implementation in public health practice.
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Nieman, Donald G. Promises to Keep. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190071639.001.0001.
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This book examines the influence of race in the development of the US Constitution and argues that African Americans have had a powerful influence creating constitutional rights. It examines the debate over slavery in the Revolutionary era and at the Constitutional Convention and how antislavery advocates, black and white, created constitutional ideas that promoted equality, and their role in ending slavery, securing adoption of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, and establishing civil rights protections during Reconstruction. By 1900, southern whites had reversed most of these changes through disfranchisement, segregation, and sharecropping, but African Americans continued to resist. Through organizations like the National Association for the Advancement for Colored People, they challenged segregation, discriminatory criminal justice, lynching, and disfranchisement. After World War II, the civil rights movement triumphed through legal victories (e.g., Brown v. Board of Education), legislation (the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act), and mass protest. Civil rights advocates won victories in the 1970s and 1980s challenging institutionalized racism, even though conservative political strength grew. However, from the 1980s to the 2010s, a conservative Supreme Court invoked color-blind constitutional principles to weaken civil rights protections. Continued economic disparities between blacks and whites as well as the war of drugs and mass incarceration undermined gains made by the civil rights movement, although new social movements like Black Lives Matter continued the quest for equal justice.
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Brinton, Louise A., Mia M. Gaudet, and Gretchen L. Gierach. Breast Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0045.
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Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, with annual estimates of 1.7 million newly diagnosed cases and 522,000 deaths. Although more breast cancers are diagnosed in economically developed than in developing countries, the reverse is true for mortality, reflecting limited screening and less effective treatments in the latter. Breast cancer incidence has been on the rise in the United States for many years, but in recent years this is restricted to certain subgroups, while internationally there have been continued generalized increases, likely reflecting adoption of more Westernized lifestyles. Breast cancer is widely recognized as being hormonally influenced, with most of the established risk factors believed to reflect the influence of cumulative exposure of the breast to stimulatory effects of ovarian hormones—leading to increased cellular proliferation, which in turn can result in genetic errors during cell division.
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Tyler, Amanda L. Suspension. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199856664.003.0003.
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The crowning of William and Mary and the Glorious Revolution witnessed the restoration of a Protestant monarchy, the continued rise of parliamentary supremacy, and the adoption of the Declaration of Rights. It did not, however, bring a settled peace. Despite their king having fled, James II’s supporters remained eager to engineer his return. It was to defeat the plotting of the Jacobites that Parliament invented suspension for setting aside the very protections for which it had provided in the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679. This chapter details the many suspensions that followed during the Jacobite Wars and war with France, while also detailing how bills of attainder similarly empowered Parliament to work around the constraints of the Habeas Corpus Act. The chapter concludes by highlighting the important legal distinctions drawn in English law during this period between prisoners of war and traitors.
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The Buryat Journey Continues Overland: Siberian Pearls at Culture Camp. Baltimore, USA: PublishAmerica, 2009.
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Terblanche, Marius, and Damon C. Scales. Evidence-based practice in critical care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0023.
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Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the integration of the best available evidence with clinical expertise to make decisions about the care of individual patients. This chapter explains how EBP can benefit patients by introducing new treatments, reducing the harm associated with necessary treatments, and questioning the continued use of ineffective or harmful therapies. To practice EBP, clinicians should become acquainted with techniques, and stay up-to-date with current and new publications, and research findings. When high quality evidence is unavailable to answer specific clinical questions, practitioners of EBP still rely on clinical judgment and expertise to decide upon the best treatment strategies for their patients. However, they should be wary of the potential harms of unproven therapies. The controversy that has accompanied the adoption of EBP is discussed, including debate about potential limitations and unintended consequences. Suggestions on how to implement EBP into your own practice are provided.
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Boyer, George R. The Winding Road to the Welfare State. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691178738.001.0001.
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How did Britain transform itself from a nation of workhouses to one that became a model for the modern welfare state? This book investigates the evolution of living standards and welfare policies in Britain from the 1830s to 1950 and provides insights into how British working-class households coped with economic insecurity. The book examines the retrenchment in Victorian poor relief, the Liberal Welfare Reforms, and the beginnings of the postwar welfare state, and it describes how workers altered spending and saving methods based on changing government policies. From the cutting back of the Poor Law after 1834 to Parliament's abrupt about-face in 1906 with the adoption of the Liberal Welfare Reforms, the book offers new explanations for oscillations in Britain's social policies and how these shaped worker well-being. The Poor Law's increasing stinginess led skilled manual workers to adopt self-help strategies, but this was not a feasible option for low-skilled workers, many of whom continued to rely on the Poor Law into old age. In contrast, the Liberal Welfare Reforms were a major watershed, marking the end of seven decades of declining support for the needy. Concluding with the Beveridge Report and Labour's social policies in the late 1940s, the book shows how the Liberal Welfare Reforms laid the foundations for a national social safety net. A sweeping look at economic pressures after the Industrial Revolution, this book illustrates how British welfare policy waxed and waned over the course of a century.
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Fontana, Biancamaria. Raising the Stakes. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691169040.003.0009.
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This chapter analyzes how Staël believed that the enforcement of political equality and popular sovereignty was the natural consequence of the progress of modern societies. But for a country like France, accustomed to centuries of royal absolutism, the transition to this new state of affairs had been too abrupt, proving traumatic and profoundly disruptive. The adoption of these new principles was not in itself a guarantee that French society would continue to flourish, rather than disintegrating altogether, or possibly sinking into a kind of “democratic stagnation.” For it to succeed, other conditions had to be satisfied: the adoption of rigorous standards of public morality, the promotion of intellectual and artistic excellence, and the emergence of men capable of conferring on the republic a distinctive grandeur, able to match and surpass that of the old monarchy.
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Nishime, Leilani. Aliens. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038075.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the visual exclusion of multiracial Asians. It also looks at television and film's overt use of multiracial tropes to signal utopic/dystopic futures. The science-fiction television series Battlestar Galactica follows the logic of post-race, wherein racial differences are acknowledged but then ignored. The show's narrative hinges upon the survival of a child, Hera, the bi-species and multiracial child of the cyborg Athena (Korean American actress Grace Park) and the human Helo (Euro-American actor Tahmoh Penikett). Hera's representation resonates with images of the multiracial children of servicemen from the Korean War and Vietnam War, images that tie Asian adoption to concerns about the role of the United States as global citizens and global police. Yet as the story continues, attention moves from the adoptive child to the interracial relationship of her parents. This movement mimics similar shifts in the ways the United States imagines itself in relation to Asia, and how it rewrites its neocolonialism through the celebration of gender-normative heterosexual romance. Hera's role in the series requires her to be symbolically present but physically absent to give coherence to a story that evolves from one of conflict and colonialism to a tale of highly gendered immigration and assimilation.
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Clyne, Mindy, Amy Kennedy, and Muin J. Khoury. Using Precision Medicine to Improve Health and Healthcare. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0033.
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Implementation science can be incorporated within genomics precision medicine research across the cancer care continuum. Cancer is at the forefront of precision medicine. To move the field forward, the use of implementation science frameworks, theories, models, strategies, and outcome measures is essential so that we can consistently explore how precision medicine discoveries are optimally integrated into care delivery systems. Learning health care systems are model systems for adoption, uptake, and sustainability of precision medicine throughout the cancer care continuum, with both systematic processes in place for research to inform practice, and capacity for a multilevel research agenda, including the utilization of implementation strategies across and among multiple levels. This chapter explores precision medicine across the cancer care continuum and describes implementation science challenges and opportunities.
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Thomson, Jennifer. GM Crops and the Global Divide. CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486312665.
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Attitudes to GM crops continue to generate tension, even though they have been grown commercially for over 20 years. Negative sentiment towards their development limits their adoption in Western countries, despite there being no evidence of harm to human health. These unfounded concerns about genetically modified crops have also inhibited uptake in many countries throughout Africa and Asia, having a major impact on agricultural productivity and preventing the widespread cultivation of potentially life-saving crops.
GM Crops and the Global Divide traces the historical importance that European attitudes to past colonial influences, aid, trade and educational involvement have had on African leaders and their people. The detrimental impact that these attitudes have on agricultural productivity and food security continues to be of growing importance, especially in light of climate change, drought and the potential rise in sea levels – the effects of which could be mitigated by the cultivation of GM and gene-edited crops.
Following on from her previous books Genes for Africa, GM Crops: The Impact and the Potential and Food for Africa, Jennifer Thomson unravels the reasons behind these negative attitudes towards GM crop production. By addressing the detrimental effects that anti-GM opinions have on nutrition security in developing countries and providing a clear account of the science to counter these attitudes, she hopes to highlight and ultimately bridge this global divide.
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Bryan H, Druzin. Part I How Practices Become Norms: The Continued Development of Shipping Law, 4 Spontaneous Standardization and the New Lex Maritima. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the processes whereby shipping law may converge internationally in the absence of state intervention. It outlines a theory explaining such convergence through the operation of network effects. The theory is based on the argument that because legal standards are instruments that facilitate interaction with a larger group, the inherent value of a legal standard as a means to that end increases with the number of other people who also subscribe to and employ the same legal standard. Therefore, a particular standard emerges as the dominant standard as it becomes more widely used for such interactions, and the number of people adopting it in turn also increases. The chapter argues that shipping law is especially susceptible to network effects because it exhibits particularly high levels of interaction across the globe. These effects therefore form a good explanation for standardization of shipping norms.
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Stoneman, Paul, Eleonora Bartoloni, and Maurizio Baussola. The Diffusion of Product Innovations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816676.003.0009.
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This chapter explores the patterns of adoption and use of original and new-to-market product innovations. Three levels of diffusion are identified: (i) the spreading of first use across countries (the extensive margin); (ii) the spreading of first use across users within countries (the intensive margin); and (iii) increasing intensity of use by adopters (firms or households). The principal finding is that diffusion often takes a considerable period of time, both across and within countries. Movement on the intensive margin continues for many years after diffusion on the extensive margin is completed. Intra-firm or household diffusion is also time-intensive, differs by industry sector, country, and technology, and continues even after inter-firm or household diffusion is complete. In addition, the diffusion of the production of product innovations may eventually mean that countries that were early producers are eventually replaced by countries that were late producers.
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Integrated Management Strategy for Arboviral Disease Prevention and Control in the Americas. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275120491.
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In recent years, conditions in the Region of the Americas have been highly favorable for the introduction and spread of arthropod-borne viral infections (arboviral diseases). Although dengue has been circulating for over 400 years, the number of cases reported since the year 2000 represents an unprecedented increase, with four serotypes in circulation. Since that year, 19.6 million cases of dengue have been reported to PAHO/WHO, including more than 800,000 severe cases and over 10,000 deaths. In 2015 and 2016 alone, more than 4.8 million cases were reported, 17,000 of them severe, resulting in 2,000 deaths. Despite a 23% reduction in the dengue case-fatality rate in the last six years (from 0.069% to 0.053%), the continued risk of severe disease and even death poses a serious public health problem in the Americas. Today, arboviruses present an extremely complex and unstable epidemiological situation, given the simultaneous epidemic circulation of three arboviral diseases and the risk that others could become epidemics, for example, Mayaro fever. Countries are aware that this complex situation can only be addressed with a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. The development of IMS-arbovirus is part of a history of technical cooperation between PAHO/WHO and the countries and territories of the Americas. It is based on the lessons learned during the development and implementation of national IMS-dengue programs in recent years. This history of cooperation is not new. It dates back to October 1947, with the adoption of Resolution CD1.R1 during the first Directing Council of PAHO. This resolution stated that the solution to the problem of urban yellow fever would be the eradication of Ae. aegypti in the entire hemisphere. The success of that campaign was demonstrated in 1962, with the eradication of this vector in 18 countries in the Region and several Caribbean islands.
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Chinnici, Joseph P. American Catholicism Transformed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197573006.001.0001.
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American Catholicism Transformed examines the intellectual vibrancy of the Catholic Church in the United States in the context of the political and social changes of the postwar world and the Second Vatican Council. Committed to the papacy’s struggle against totalitarianism and its adoption of Cold War containment patterns, the American bishops emphasized the immutability of natural law, the acceptance of nuclear deterrence, the idealization of family life, and an argument for the compatibility of Catholic faith with US political tradition. This emphasis engendered fears of a growing secularism. Adopting different strategies, Catholic bishops, clergy, and laity publicly diversified into positions on the right and on the left. Deep intellectual and political divisions predated the Council, even as the civil rights movement shifted the balance of the public debate. At the Council itself, American participants actively influenced and personally adopted major conciliar values: the people of God, collegiality, the primacy of scripture, liturgical reform, religious freedom, and openness to the contemporary world. This thrust of the Council developed a new public language for the expression of the faith, one that would dominate the first phase of conciliar reception. As the geopolitics of the papacy changed and the struggle against communism emerged, a more contained vision of the faith would once again enter into public battle with the splitting conciliar forces for change. These long-term interactive patterns continue to shape contemporary American Catholicism in a pluriform direction. A new engagement with an American Catholicism Transformed is now needed.
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Wampler, Brian, Stephanie McNulty, and Michael Touchton. Participatory Budgeting in Global Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897756.001.0001.
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Participatory Budgeting (PB) incorporates citizens directly into budgetary decision-making. It continues to spread across the globe as government officials and citizens adopt this innovative program in the hopes of strengthening accountability, civil society, and well-being. Governments often transform PB’s rules and procedures to meet local needs, thus creating wide variation in how PB programs function. Some programs retain features of radical democracy, others focus on community mobilization, and yet other programs seek to promote participatory development. This book provides a theoretical and empirical explanation to account for widespread variation in PB’s adoption, adaptation, and impacts. The book first develops six “PB types,” then, to illustrate patterns of change across the globe, four empirical chapters present a rich set of case studies that illuminate the wide differences among these programs. The empirical chapters are organized regionally, with chapters on Latin America, Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and North America. The empirical chapters demonstrate that there are temporal, spatial, economic, and organizational factors that produce different programs across regions but similar programs within each region. A key finding is that the change in PB rules and design is now leading to significant differences in the outcomes these programs produce. We find that some programs successfully promote accountability, expand civil society, and improve well-being, but, that we continue to lack evidence that might demonstrate if PB leads to significant social or political change elsewhere.
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Mathiesen, Amber, and Kali Roy. Pregnancy Management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681098.003.0007.
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This chapter describes a patient’s pregnancy options and subsequent care after a pregnancy becomes “high risk” due to a known genetic condition or birth defect. It reviews the reproductive options available, including continuation of pregnancy, adoption, and pregnancy termination. The timing of pregnancy termination is described, including methods used during the first and second trimesters, as well as later term. This chapter also reviews the possible management referrals that may be made if the patient chooses to continue the pregnancy, including perinatology, specialized imaging, cardiology, neonatology, fetal surgery and interventions, pediatric surgery, pediatric subspecialties, pathology, and palliative care. It also discusses referrals for further support.
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Saas Architecture Adoption And Monetization Of Saas Projects Using Best Practice Service Strategy Service Design Service Transition Service Operation And Continual Service Improvement Processes. Emereo Pty Ltd, 2008.
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Lynas, Mark, and Sarah Davidson Evanega. The Dialectic of Pro-Poor Papaya. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.33.
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The development and rapid adoption of genetically engineered, virus-resistant papaya for Hawaii was an early, rare successful case of a small-scale horticultural crop improved for farmers of mostly modest means by the public sector. Demand was potentially great because the technology addressed a crop-destroying disease for which there were—and are—no alternative solutions. The developers of the technology promoted diffusion with a philanthropic spirit of public-sector universities and personal commitment. Success in Hawaii demonstrated that the technology could benefit papaya growers world-wide. To replicate that success, Thailand was among the first countries to work to adapt the technology. The greatest challenge facing those charged with introducing virus-resistant transgenic papaya into Thailand turned out not to be a technical but political one as Greenpeace targeted virus-resistant papaya as the likely first GE crop to be grown in the country and thus, a gateway for other GE crops. The subsequent anti-GE papaya campaigns foiled biotechnology in Thailand and throughout Southeast Asia, which is puzzling because many biotech crops being developed in that region have similar potential to benefit smallholder farmers, impact the environment positively, and address major nutritional challenges. Many are developed by the public sector. Had Thailand successfully promoted transgenic papaya despite opposition from Greenpeace, governments and scientific agencies across Southeast Asia might have been encouraged by the success story and continued to use the tools of biotechnology in their own agricultural sectors to confront rapidly mounting global agricultural challenges. That this best-case scenario for biotechnology—a pro-poor papaya developed in the public sector without multinational property claims—has not reached resource-poor farmers in the developing world almost twenty years after its release in Hawaii offers lessons larger than a minor crop. The case aids in understanding the reasons for the limited spread of biotechnology for small farmers globally and the dimensions of opposition and reasons for success of opposition to all transgenics technologies.
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Mone, Thomas. Organ donation. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0277.
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Kidney transplantation has been and continues to be dependent on the apparently unscientific and decidedly personal act of organ donation. In the best-performing regions of the world, 75–95% of those who are medically suitable actually become donors upon their deaths, but because of increasing rates of organ failure, even in these high-performing areas, waiting lists continue to grow. Deceased organ donation performance is highly variable even among medically developed countries, and it is especially challenged in countries with cultural, legal, ethical or religious, economic, clinical, or organizational practices that limit donation. Recognizing these challenges, the transplantation community has collaborated to identify and promulgate international best practices and to foster innovation in the management of deceased donation. The goal of this effort is to clarify the organizational structures, social change interventions, and medical practices necessary to maximize both living and deceased donation. Although donation practice differs significantly across countries, successful organ donation programmes share certain traits and practices that can be modified to fit varied medical delivery reimbursement and social systems and structures. The world’s best-performing donation programmes have focused on increasing the public’s and healthcare professionals’ trust in the donation process, ensuring equitable access to transplantation, and they have built donation organizations that borrow from the theory and practice of business and healthcare management systems. The critical processes, essential functions, job roles, and foundational principles of successful donation programmes require the use of the tools that have been shown to improve donation and increase transplantation, thereby reducing (or, ideally, ending) deaths on the waiting lists. The wider adoption of these tools by countries with fledgling or struggling organ donation would increase organ availability and its exploitation of the poor who in many countries become organ ‘vendors’ rather than donors.
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Cerna, Lucie. European High-Skilled Migration Policy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815273.003.0005.
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The chapter argues that while Europe needs high-skilled immigrants to fill labour shortages and respond to ageing populations, it continues to struggle recruiting these immigrants due to incre asing political tensions over immigration, which can also affect the highly skilled. These tensions are visible in the varying national policies and Blue Card versions at the EU level. The chapter analyses demographic, economic, and political challenges in Europe and traces high-skilled immigration policy developments over the last decade, both in terms of national policies and the adoption of the EU Blue Card. To demonstrate the variation in Blue Card versions, the chapter presents a newly developed Blue Card Index (BCI) and compares it with an existing index of national high-skilled immigration policies. The indices highlight considerable variation in national policies and Blue Card versions. This has important policy implications, which are discussed in the concluding section.
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Lazer, David, and Stefan Wojcik. Political Networks and Computational Social Science. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.9.
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The last half century has witnessed the digitization of human life, with a sharp inflection point being the widespread adoption of the Internet. In the wake of this digitization the phrase “big data” has been coined. Because many big data are explicitly or implicitly relational, this digitization of humanity has been critical in the increase in the study of networks. Further, since this digitization process continues not only forward but backward (e.g., through the scanning of millions of books and news periodicals going back for centuries), it is likely that the social sciences will be recentered over the next generation around computational approaches to data emphasizing (1) the relational aspects of human behavior, (2) phenomena that exist on societal scales rather than just individual ones, and (3) the dynamics of human behavior. This chapter discusses, in particular, the potential transformation of political science in these directions.
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Loretta, Malintoppi, and Yap Alvin. Part II Guide to Key Preliminary and Procedural Issues, 8 Challenges of Arbitrators in Investment Arbitration: Still Work in Progress? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0008.
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The independence and impartiality of arbitrators continue to be an actively debated issue, partly due to the perceived opaqueness and inconsistency of challenge decisions and the standards to be applied to those challenges. This has in turn elicited responses on three fronts, each of which is addressed in this chapter. First, arbitral institutions have recently either revised their rules and practices or introduced more innovative approaches to challenges of arbitrators. This is mirrored by the adoption of dedicated guidelines by professional associations on issues relating to conflicts of interests of arbitrators. Second, some States have introduced their own codes of conduct for arbitrators in bilateral and multilateral investment treaties and in the investment chapters of free trade agreements, which are designed to take precedence over the institutional rules governing the arbitration. Third, changes in the way challenges are being decided by arbitrators and appointing authorities have also emerged.
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Michael J, Moser, and Choong John. 8 Hong Kong. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199655717.003.0009.
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This chapter evaluates the merits of Hong Kong as a venue for international arbitration proceedings. Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). British rule ended in 1997, with the PRC assuming sovereignty under the ‘one country, two systems’ principle. Hong Kong has long been one of the leading arbitral seats in Asia. Its prominence as a leading arbitral seat is due in large part to the establishment of the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC) in 1985 and adoption in 1990 of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. Arbitration law and practice has remained unaffected by the handover to the PRC. Today Hong Kong continues to be widely regarded as one of the leading arbitral venues in Asia, particularly for China-related disputes. In addition, Hong Kong is also increasingly seen as one of the leading international arbitration seats worldwide.
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Alexandra, Xanthaki. Part III Rights to Culture, Ch.10 Culture: Articles 11(1), 12, 13(1), 15, and 34. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673223.003.0011.
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This chapter examines the rights to culture in Articles 11(1), 12, 13(1), and 34. The freedom of indigenous peoples to have their indigenous identities and cultures respected has been the main incentive for their struggle and one of the main reasons for the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). The recognition of indigenous cultural rights is deeply rooted in the principle of respect of the diversity and richness of their identities, the end of historical injustices committed against them, and the principle of self-determination, all of which are incorporated in the preamble of the Declaration. Unfortunately, patterns of expropriation of indigenous religious and cultural objects and neglect, even destruction of indigenous cultural manifestations, still continue. In addition, new waves of tourism beyond ‘the beaten truck’ commodify important indigenous historical and archaeological sites. It is therefore of no surprise that the protection of culture is so important in the whole text of the Declaration.
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McQuinn, Kieran, and Karl Whelan. Europe’s Long-Term Growth Prospects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821878.003.0011.
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Even before the financial crisis of 2007/8, there were questions about Europe’s long-term growth prospects. Since the mid-1990s, Euro area productivity growth had been falling behind that of the United States. Using data for the period 1970–2006, authors identified declining European rates of total factor productivity growth and weaker capital accumulation as areas for concern. Updating this earlier analysis, authors find that growth prospects for the euro area have deteriorated further; that Europe’s demographics are also contributing to a decline in the workforce. Thus a long-term projection for euro area GDP based on unchanged policies is provided and there is discussion about the possible impacts of certain structural reforms including unemployment rates, pensions, and the successful implementation of a significantly wider programme of regulatory reform aimed at boosting growth. Even with the successful adoption of these measures, the European economy is still likely to continue to grow at a slower pace.
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Abernethy, Amy P. The principles of evidence-based medicine. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0192.
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Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has transformed clinicians’ approach to the practice of medicine. In most disciplines, EBM is the fundamental component of decision-making driving expectations of the care received by patients and families. To improve outcomes, EBM blends science and compassion to provide personalized, effective treatments, and consistent application of interventions. The ever-increasing demand for palliative care will continue unabated due to longer lifespans and a shift in the approach to disease from primarily acute illnesses to predominantly chronic conditions. The adoption of EBM by palliative care providers will advance the knowledge and practice base, elevating its position amongst other medical disciplines that have adopted EBM as the dominant paradigm. The framework of EBM informs a systematic and manageable approach to the overwhelming amount of available evidence. Patients will benefit from EBM practices when palliative care practitioners provide the most effective and personalized care tailored each patient’s needs, characteristics, and preferences.
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Gunderson, Anna. Captive Market. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197624135.001.0001.
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The development of the modern private prison industry since the 1980s has been a continual source of controversy and debate, as Americans struggle to reconcile the principles of profit and justice. While there are many explanations proffered for the adoption of this policy—including partisanship, economic stress, unionization, and lobbying efforts by private prison firms—none fully explain why states privatize their prisons. Captive Market proposes a novel explanation for why states adopt this policy: to limit legal and political accountability for inmate lawsuits, an unintended consequence of the legal rights revolution for prisoners. Evidence from an original data set and interviews with private prison companies, government officials, and advocacy groups suggest that growing prisoner lawsuits are a significant driver of prison privatization in the United States. With over 160,000 inmates currently held in private facilities across the country, it is vital to understand the causes of its rise and the nuances of private prison policy, with significant consequences for the American criminal legal system.
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Snow, K. Mitchell. A Revolution in Movement. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066554.001.0001.
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A Revolution in Movement is the first book to illuminate how collaborations between dancers and painters shaped Mexico’s postrevolutionary cultural identity. K. Mitchell Snow traces this relationship throughout nearly half a century of developments in Mexican dance—the emulation of Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes in the 1920s, the adoption of U.S.-style modern dance in the 1940s, and the creation of ballet-inspired folk dance in the 1960s. Snow describes the appearances in Mexico by Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova and Spanish concert dancer Tortóla Valencia, who helped motivate Mexico to express its own national identity through dance. He discusses the work of muralists and other visual artists in tandem with Mexico’s theatrical dance world, including Diego Rivera’s collaborations with ballet composer Carlos Chávez; Carlos Mérida’s leadership of the National School of Dance; José Clemente Orozco’s involvement in the creation of the Ballet de la Ciudad de México; and Miguel Covarrubias, who led the “golden age” of Mexican modern dance. Snow draws from a rich trove of historical newspaper accounts and other contemporary documents to show how these collaborations produced an image of modern Mexico that would prove popular both locally and internationally and continues to endure today.
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Rubio-Marín, Ruth, and Will Kymlicka, eds. Gender Parity and Multicultural Feminism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829621.001.0001.
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Around the world, we see a ‘participatory turn’ in the pursuit of gender equality, exemplified by the adoption of gender quotas in national legislatures to promote women’s role as decision-makers. We also see a ‘pluralism turn’, with increasing legal recognition given to the customary law or religious law of minority groups and indigenous groups. To date, the former trend has primarily benefitted majority women, and the latter has primarily benefitted minority men. Neither has effectively ensured the participation of minority women. In response, multicultural feminists have proposed institutional innovations to strengthen the voice of minority women, both at the state level and in decisions about the interpretation and evolution of cultural and religious practices. This volume explores the connection between gender parity and multicultural feminism, both at the level of theory and in practice. The authors explore a range of cases from Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa, in relation to state law, customary law, religious law, and indigenous law. While many obstacles remain, and many women continue to suffer from the paradox of multicultural vulnerability, these innovations in theory and practice offer new prospects for reconciling gender equality and pluralism.
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Tusiani-Eng, Paula, and Bea Tusiani. Borderline Personality Disorder and Advocacy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199997510.003.0023.
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Self-advocacy, the belief that individuals with mental illness could act on their own behalf and have agency over their treatment, has become a universally accepted principle. This idea has been supported by new nonprofit organizations, mental health professional associations, and government agencies that support reforms in the treatment of mental illness. Advocacy for individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), however, is a relatively new concept in the United States. Efforts to empower and mobilize individuals with BPD are still in their infancy, but trends on social media and by BPD organizations demonstrate hopeful new directions for future growth. By reframing their stigmatized narratives and adopting a more empowering framework, individuals with BPD and their family members will continue to evolve as agents of change, affecting a myriad of initiatives at the individual, organizational, clinical, and policy levels of society.
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Gauthier, Ryan. Competition Law, Free Movement of Players, and Nationality Restrictions. Edited by Michael A. McCann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190465957.013.26.
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This chapter examines restrictions that professional sports leagues and governing bodies place on the freedom of movement of professional players—both negotiated and imposed—and how these restrictions fit within the antitrust/competition and labor law regimes. This chapter engages in a comparison of the North American and European “models” of restrictions and finds that the North American “model” is more likely to withstand antitrust/competition law scrutiny. The North American model falls under the protections offered to collectively bargained agreements, while the European model currently faces scrutiny for potential violations of European competition law. Nevertheless, this chapter suggests that these two models are likely to converge as the internationalization of sport continues. European governing bodies may be pushed to negotiate with players more in the future, while North American leagues are already adopting “European” practices in regard to facilitating player movement among other professional leagues.
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Albaugh, Ericka A., and Kathryn M. de Luna. Toward an Interdisciplinary Perspective on Language Movement and Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657543.003.0001.
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This chapter begins the multidisciplinary conversation that will continue through the volume, beginning with the perspectives of political science and history on language movement and change. Political scientists view language alternatively through the lens of policy, as a variable affecting other outcomes, as a product of history and individual choice, or as a normative right. Historians view language as an entity and an identity, as well as a repertoire of speech and belonging. These varying but intersecting approaches demonstrate that adopting an interdisciplinary perspective forces scholars to hold multiple views at the same time: language as an object and a subject for research, speakers as victims and agents, and language as fixed and fragmented. The volume is organized around this latter tension. Common themes that run through the volume are the counting of data, the construction of boundaries, the pace of change, and the impact of power.
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Cynthia, Roberts, Leslie Armijo, and Saori Katada. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697518.003.0001.
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This chapter uses international relations theory to conceptualize the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) as a club emulating the incumbent world powers. The BRICS operate as an informal club to increase their bargaining power and influence global economic governance. They are motivated by their common aversions to the dominant power of the G7, particularly the United States, and challenges to their autonomy. These five countries press to have a greater voice within existing multilateral institutions, including the major international financial institutions, while pursuing the outside option of founding parallel multilateral institutions. Given China’s disproportionate strength within this club, this asymmetry of capabilities among the members has enabled China to dominate their internal decisions. Nonetheless, the other members continue to find value in their collaboration with China. In adopting this stance, China within the BRICS presents some echoes of the role played by the United States within the G7.
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Pouillaude, Frédéric. Artaud: Presence and Ritual. Translated by Anna Pakes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199314645.003.0008.
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This chapter considers to what extent the desire for presence is destined from the beginning to impossibility and unrealizability. It ponders how much this presence can reproduce, alongside the empiricity of the stage, an absence of works, in a process of unworking. Assuming that this presence—always pure and never redoubled—can be realized, the chapter questions to what extent it can be displayed, via the distancing of the stage, without once again adopting and legitimizing its double, and without confirming the ineluctable necessity of representation. In the context of such doubts, Derrida’s commentary on Antonin Artaud’s writings is discussed here. For Derrida, re-presentation is (via a continual reversal of origin and supplement) the very condition of presence, and all attempts to evade its closure would only confront an unmediated contradiction.
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Detterman, Robin, Jenny Ventura, Lihi Rosenthal, and Ken Berrick. Unconditional Education. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886516.001.0001.
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After decades of reform, America's public schools continue to fail particular groups of students; the greatest opportunity gaps are faced by those whose achievement is hindered by complex stressors, including disability, trauma, poverty, and institutionalized racism. When students' needs overwhelm the neighborhood schools assigned to serve them, they are relegated to increasingly isolated educational environments. Unconditional Education (UE) offers an alternate approach that transforms schools into communities where all students can thrive. It reduces the need for more intensive and costly future remediation by pairing a holistic, multi-tiered system of supports with an intentional focus on overall culture and climate, and promotes systematic coordination and integration of funding and services by identifying gaps and eliminating redundancies to increase the efficient allocation of available resources. This book is an essential resource for mental health and educational stakeholders (i.e., school social workers, therapists, teachers, school administrators, and district-level leaders) who are interested in adopting an unconditional approach to supporting the students within their schools.
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ter Haar, Barend J. Guan Yu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803645.001.0001.
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Guan Yu was a minor general in his own day, who supported one of numerous claimants to the throne in the early third century CE. He was captured and executed by enemy forces in 219. He eventually became one the most popular and influential deities of imperial China under the name Lord Guan or Emperor Guan, of the same importance as the Buddhist bodhisattva Guanyin. This is a study of his cult, but also of the tremendous power of oral culture in a world where writing became increasingly important. The book follows the rise of the deity through his earliest stage as a hungry ghost, his subsequent adoption by a prominent Buddhist monastery during the Tang (617–907) as its miraculous supporter, and his recruitment by Daoist ritual specialists during the Song dynasty (960–1276) as an exorcist general. It continues on with his subsequent roles as a rain god, protector against demons and barbarians, and, eventually, moral paragon and almost messianic saviour. Throughout his divine life, the physical prowess of the deity, more specifically Lord Guan’s ability to use violent action for doing good, remained an essential dimension of his image. Most research ascribes a decisive role in the rise of his cult to the literary traditions of the Three Kingdoms, best known from the famous novel by this name. This book argues that the cult arose from oral culture and spread first and foremost as an oral practice.
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Norrie, Kenneth McK. A History of Scottish Child Protection Law. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474444170.001.0001.
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This book explores the development of Scottish child protection law from its earliest days in the poor law, tracing the changing assumptions that underlay child protection processes, and the radical shift of emphasis from private (charitable) endeavour to public (local authority) duty. This book looks at the developing legal processes for removing children from abusive or neglectful environments, explores how child offenders and child victims came to be dealt with in the same processes, and examines the reasons why Scots law has managed to continue to cleave its own procedural path in the contemporary world. It explores both processes and outcomes, explaining how the juvenile court evolved into the children’s hearing, and it examines the substantive continuities between the various orders that could be made over children. The regulation of boarding out and fostering of children is compared with the regulation of institutional care, and the evolution of aftercare provisions is explained. The book also offers an analysis of the (dubious) legal basis for the Imperial practice of sending troubled children to the colonies, as part of a deliberate policy of spreading British “stock” across the world. The final chapter traces the origins and statutory control of the practice of adoption of children, from its days as an informal arrangement through its early manifestation as a minor action changing status to its present position as the most radical order that a court of law can make.
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Mittelbach, Gary G., and Brian J. McGill. Community Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835851.001.0001.
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Community Ecology provides a broad, up-to-date coverage of ecological concepts at the community level and is suitable for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and ecological researchers. The field of community ecology has undergone a transformation in recent years, from a discipline largely focused on processes occurring within a local area to a discipline encompassing a much richer domain of study, including the linkages between communities separated in space (metacommunity dynamics), niche and neutral theory, the interplay between ecology and evolution (eco-evolutionary dynamics), and the influence of historical and regional processes in shaping patterns of biodiversity. To fully understand these new developments, however, students continue to need a strong foundation in the study of species interactions, and how these interactions are assembled into community modules and ecological networks. Trait-based assembly rules are presented as another approach to understanding community assembly, especially for real-world communities that may contain hundreds of species. This new edition fulfils the book’s original aims, both as a much-needed up-to-date and accessible introduction to modern community ecology, and in identifying the important questions that are yet to be answered. This research-driven textbook introduces state-of-the-art community ecology to a new generation of students, adopting reasoned and balanced perspectives on as-yet-unresolved issues. Pictures and graphics throughout the text allow students to visualize advanced concepts.
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Whatmore-Thomson, Helen J. Nazi Camps and their Neighbouring Communities. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789772.001.0001.
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Across Europe the Nazis established their concentration camps close to local communities. These communities were not perpetrators like the Nazis or victims like the internees. Yet they did not simply stand by aloof, untouched by the presence of such institutions. During the war local populations interacted with their nearby camps, willingly and unwillingly facilitating operations for the perpetrators as well as aiding inmates. Afterwards, the camps were often reused as internment camps, then as prisons, military compounds, or housing encampments. Over time, many were transformed into sites of memory to mark Nazi persecution. The fates of camps were often determined by governments and groups of survivors, but the steps taken to achieve those ends occurred on local territory and had direct implications for localized communities. Locals, therefore, continued to interact with camp legacies. Adopting a micro-historical comparative approach, this book examines how local populations evolved to live with ‘their’ Nazi camps. Using three case studies of major camps in Western Europe—Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, and Vught—it evaluates the different sorts of locality–camp relationships that developed in France, Germany, and the Netherlands during wartime, and how these played out in post-war scenarios of reuse and memorialization. It traces the contested developments of these camp sites in the changing political climates of the post-war years, and explores the interrelationships between local and national memory. These local communities were commonly scarred by their proximity to atrocity, but the nature of their involvements in the aftermath of the camps has varied significantly.
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Cordonier Segger, Marie-Claire. Crafting Trade and Investment Accords for Sustainable Development. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831341.001.0001.
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International law guides globalization and the future of the world economy, affecting all people and our planet. Rules governing trade and investment could continue to be represented only by Hermes, the Greek god of thieves and commerce, or also draw inspiration from Athena, representing justice, wisdom and craftsmanship. This volume explores how economic treaties could be better crafted to foster—rather than frustrate—sustainable development. It explains how leading actors identify potential social and environmental impacts of shifting capital, goods and services, and pilot new economic instruments to enhance sustainability. Based on a review of World Trade Organisation (WTO) debates and over 110 other economic accords, the volume highlights innovative measures adopted by States from a selection of regional and bilateral trade and investment accords, exploring their implications for a new generation of economic agreements, including the United Kingdom’s next steps and the proposed Agreement on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainability (ACCTS). The author, an award-winning expert jurist and renowned professor of international law, examines how sustainability and justice commitments can be operationalized in treaty texts themselves, steering vital trade, investment and finance towards the world’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Adopting a ground-breaking, inter-actional and systematic approach, with examples spanning several decades of experimentation and experience, she proposes carefully crafting of legal principles and rules to contribute to sustainability. By integrating social, environmental and economic priorities, she argues, States and stakeholders can weave new rules for our common future, towards a more inclusive, greener global economy.
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Chankseliani, Maia. What Happened to the Soviet University? Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849847.001.0001.
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Abstract This monograph explores how one of the largest geopolitical changes of the twentieth century—the dissolution of the Soviet Union—triggered and inspired the reconfiguration of the Soviet university. The reader is invited to engage in a historical and sociological sensemaking of radical and incremental changes affecting 69 former Soviet universities since the early 1990s. The monograph departs from traditional deficit-oriented, internalist explanations of change and illustrates how global flows of ideas, people, and finances have impacted higher education transformations in this region. It also identifies areas of persistence. The processes of marketisation, internationalisation, and academic liberation are analysed to show that universities have maintained certain traditions while adopting and internalising new ways of fulfilling their education and research functions. Soviet universities have survived chaotic processes of post-Soviet transformations and have self-stabilised with time. Most of them remain flagship institutions with large numbers of students and relatively high research productivity. At the same time, the majority of these universities operate in a top-down, one-man management environment with limited institutional autonomy and academic freedom. As the homes of intellectuals, universities represent a duality of opportunity and threat. Universities can nurture collective possibilities, imagining and bringing about a different future. At the same time, or perhaps because of this, the probability is high that universities will continue to be perceived as threats to governments with authoritarian inclinations. One message to take away from this monograph is that the time is ripe for former Soviet universities to loosen their last remaining chains.
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Hodgson, Jacqueline S. The Metamorphosis of Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199981427.001.0001.
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The focus of this book is the potentially radical and fundamental changes that are taking place within criminal justice in Britain and in France and the ways that these are driven by wider domestic, European, or international concerns. This metamorphosis away from established values and practices is eroding what were once regarded as core rights and freedoms in the name of efficiency, security, and justice to victims. Beginning with a comparative analysis of adversarial and inquisitorial procedural values and traditions, and an examination of broad trends in domestic and European criminal justice, the book then discusses how the roles of prosecution and defense have been reshaped in different ways in both jurisdictions—both in the text of the law and in their practices. The final part considers how systems within different procedural traditions adapt to address, or provide a remedy for, systemic flaws that produce wrongful convictions and, in particular, the role of the defense in these procedures. By adopting a comparative approach with France, the study explores the nature and reach of these trends, the ways that they challenge and disrupt criminal processes and values, and the contrasting responses that they provoke. It reveals how criminal justice traditions continue to be shaped in different ways by broader policy and political concerns; how different systems adapt, change, and distort when faced with (sometimes conflicting) pressures domestically and externally; and how different procedural values may serve to structure or limit reform, and so work to facilitate or resist change.
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Linarelli, John, Margot E. Salomon, and Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah. The Misery of International Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753957.001.0001.
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Bringing together three international law scholars, this book addresses how international law and its regimes of trade, investment, finance, and human rights promote poverty, inequality, and dispossession. It addresses how international law is implicated in the construction of misery; how it is producing, reproducing, and embedding injustice and narrowing the alternatives that might really serve humanity. Adopting a pluralist approach, this work confronts unconscionable dimensions of the global economic order, the false premises upon which they are built, and the role of international law in constituting and sustaining them. Combining insights from radical critiques, political philosophy, history, and critical development studies, the book explores the pathologies at work in international economic law today. It challenges conventional justifications of economic globalization and eschews false choices. It is not about whether one is ‘for’ or ‘against’ international trade, foreign investment, or global finance. The issue is to resolve how, if we are to engage in trade, investment, and finance, we do so in a manner that is accountable to persons whose lives are affected by international law. The deployment of human rights for their part must be considered against the ubiquity of neoliberal globalization under law, and not merely as a discrete, benevolent response to it. Before we can understand how human rights can create more just societies, we must first expose the ways in which they reflect capitalist society and how they assist in reproducing the underlying terms of immiseration that will continue to create the need for human rights protection. This is a book of critique and not of prescription, but among its aims is to compel the reader to think beyond existing assumptions and structures to usher in the possibility of reconstituting the brutal world, if international law can be made to accommodate that undertaking.
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Esteban Salvador, María Luisa, Gonca Güngör Göksu, Tiziana Di Cimbrini, and Emilia Fernandes. Multidisciplinary perspectives on equality and diversity in sports 2022. Universidad de Zaragoza, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/uz.978-84-18321-44-3.
Full textAbstract:
Albeit some exceptions, athletes, practitioners, decision and policymakers, and sports spectators are predominantly men. In this sense, gender segregation and discrimination are present in multiple aspects of sports, and are socially normalised and accepted through a discourse that essentialises the embodied sexual differences between genders. This gender discourse legitimises the exclusion of women in some sports modalities considered masculine and traped them to those considered as predominantly feminine and feminized It traps female bodies in socio-cultural constructions as less able to exercise and engage in sport or as the second and weaker version of the ideal masculine body. Sports and its management continue to be a field where men and masculinity strongly prevail. The International Congress on Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Equality and Diversity in Sport (ICMPEDS) aimed to investigate the complexities of the following questions: What does gender openness mean in the context of sport in the 21st century? What persists as gender closure in the same context? What are the gender cultures that signify sport continuing to be defined by regimes that resort to dominant masculinity embodied in a strong and male athletic body? Which factors are assessed as the driving forces of these gender cultures that reveal male dominance in the sports field? However, there are significant signs that the context of sport may be changing. The European Union and some national governments have efforted to promote gender equality and diversity by fostering the adoption of gender equality codes/policies in various modalities, and international and local sports organizations. These new policies aim to increase female participation and recognition in sports, their access to leadership positions and involvement in the decision-making in sport structures. Additionally, the number of women practising non-competitive sports and as sports spectators have started growing. This improvement leads to new representations of sports and challenges the roles of women in such a context. Different body constructions and the emergence of alternative embodied femininities and masculinities are also challenging how athletes of both genders experience their bodies and sports practice. Nevertheless, the research on the impacts of these changes/challenges in sports is scarce. This book focuses on mapping gender relations in sports and its management by considering the different modalities, contexts, institutional policies, organizational structures and actors. It treats sports and its management as one avenue where gender segregation and inequality occur, but it also adopts such a space that presents an opportunity for change and a widely applicable topic whose traits and culture are reflected in organizations and work more broadly.
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Esteban-Salvador, Maria Luisa, ed. The International Conference on Multidisciplinary Per- pectives on Equality and Diversity in Sports (ICMPEDS). 14th to the 16th of july 2021 . Book of abstracts. Universidad de Zaragoza, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/uz.978-84-18321-32-0.
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The International Conference on Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Equality and Diversity in Sports (ICMPEDS) is organized by GESPORT with the support of the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union from the 14th to the 16th of July 2021. The conference is an excellent forum for academics, researchers, practitioners, athletes, man- agers and professionals of federations, associations and sport organizations, and those other- wise involved in sport to share and exchange ideas in different areas of sport related equality worldwide. We will keep you informed by email and post the latest information on this matter on the GESPORT website and social media. Sport and its management continues to be a field where men and masculinity strongly prevail. This conference aims to investigate the complexities attached to the following questions: What does gender openness mean in the context of sport in the 21st century? What persists as gen- der closure in the same context? What are the gender cultures that signify sport continuing to be defined by regimes that resort to a dominant masculinity embodied in a strong and athletic male body? Moreover, and albeit some exceptions, athletes, practitioners, decision and policy makers, and sports spectators are predominantly men. In this sense, gender discrimination and segregation are present in multiple aspects of sport. Some illustrations include: a) male athletes have high salaries, more career opportunities, and get more recognition by society than female athletes; b) management and leadership positions in sports organizations are mainly occupied by men, including in sports traditionally considered as feminine and which have become feminised (e.g. gymnastics and dance); c) masculinised sports and its male athletes have much more attention and recognition from the media than female athletes; d) sports journalism continues to be predominantly produced and managed by men; e) some sports spectatorships cultures are marked by rituals and interactions that resort to masculine tribalism, often leading to aggressive and violent behaviours. Gender discrimination in sport is somehow socially normalised and accepted through a dis- course that essentialises the embodied sexual differences between genders. This gender dis- course legitimises the exclusion of women in some sports modalities and traps female bodies in sociocultural constructions as less able to exercise and engage in sport, or as the second and weaker version of the ideal masculine body. However, there are signs that the context of sport may be changing. The European Union and some national governments have made an effort to promote gender equality and diversity by fostering the adoption of gender equality codes/policies in different modalities and in in- ternational and local sports organizations. These new policies aim to increase female partic- ipation and recognition in sport, their access to leadership positions and involvement in the decision-making in sport structures. Additionally, the number of women practising non-com- petitive sport and as sports spectators have started growing, leading to new representations of sport and challenging the role of women in such a context. Finally, different body constructions and the emergence of alternative embodied femininities and masculinities are also challeng- ing how athletes of both genders experience their bodies and sports practice. Yet, research is scarce about the impact of these changes/challenges in the sports context. This conference will focus on mapping gender relations in sport and its management by taking into account the different modalities, contexts, institutional policies, organizational structures and actors (e.g. athletes, spectators, media professionals, sport decision makers and man- agers). It will treat sport and its management as one avenue where gender segregation and inequality occurs, but also adopt such as a space that presents an opportunity for change and does so as a widely applicable topic whose traits and culture are reflected in organizations and work more broadly. In this sense, the conference is interested in theoretical and empirical research work that may explore, but are not limited to the following issues: • Women representativeness in sports modalities and in sport organizational structures in different countries; • Women and management accounting in sport organizations; • The gender regimes that (re)produce different sports policies, modalities, and institu- tions in sport; • The stories of resistance/conformity of women that already occupy different roles in sport contexts; • The challenges and impact of conventional and new body representations in sports institutions and including athletes of both genders; • The discourses of masculinities in sport and its effect on women and men athletes; • The emergence of nationalism and populist discourses in political and governments states and their impact on the (re)shaping of masculinity and femininity constructions in sport; • The gendered transformations of the spectators’ gaze in what concerns different sports modalities; • The effects of new groups of sports spectators on gender relations in sport; • The discourses in media and its participation in the sports gender (in)equality; • The impact of new technologies, and new practices of training/coaching in the body- work and identities of athletes of both genders.