Journal articles: 'Contingency'

1

Leuenberger, Stephan. "The Contingency of Contingency." Journal of Philosophy 112, no. 2 (2015): 84–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphil201511226.

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Herrick, Clare. "Global Health, Geographical Contingency, and Contingent Geographies." Annals of the American Association of Geographers 106, no. 3 (April 6, 2016): 672–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2016.1140017.

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Hassan, Mohammed Osman, and Israa Salih Alajab. "Sudan National Grid Contingency Ranking Through Fuzzy Logic Approach." International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Nano Technology 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijaent.c0468.049422.

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The effect of the line outage when rest of system is stable is called contingency study. The outage on the system may be for single line (N-1) contingency or for multiple lines (N-m) contingency where N the total number of lines and m the number of lines out the service. The study of contingency is essential process in planning, operating and control of power systems. The main thrust of contingency studies carried out in power system control centers is to determine the steady state effects of outages. Large power systems require the analysis of all the credible contingence within a very short time so as to exercise the control in the short time available for corrective action. Generally, the system continues to operate in the contingency condition for a considerable duration of time, on occurrence of a line outage. The altered voltage stability margins of all the load buses for the various contingency conditions are to be known prior to monitor and initiate emergency control action to avoid voltage collapse. This study suggests an intelligent technique using fuzzy logic control system to assist in ranking the single contingency (N-1) which occur in the system. The suggested fuzzy logic approach was taken into consideration and applied to the national Sudanese grid.

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Huoranszki, Ferenc. "The Contingency of Physical Laws." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 23, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2019v23n3p487.

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The purpose of this paper is to explain the sense in which laws of physics are contingent. It argues, first, that contemporary Humean accounts cannot adequately explain the contingency of physical laws; and second, that Hume’s own arguments against the metaphysical necessity of causal connections are not applicable in this context. The paper concludes by arguing that contingency is an essentially emergent, macroscopic phenomenon: we can understand the contingency of fundamental physical laws only through their relation to the distribution of macroscopic modal properties in the manifest world.

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Choi, Jounghwa, Yoojin Chung, Hye Eun Lee, and Michael Prieler. "Gender and Cultural Differences in the Relationships between Self-Esteem Contingency, Body Talk, and Body Esteem." Children 8, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8111009.

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This study analyzed the positive and negative body talk of male and female adolescents cross-culturally with an emphasis on the role of appearance-contingent and others’ approval-contingent self-worth. A cross-national survey in Austria, Belgium, Spain, and South Korea among 12- to 16-year-olds (982 female and 993 male) found that (1) positive body talk was positively related and negative body talk was negatively related to body esteem; (2) appearance contingency was positively related to negative body talk; (3) appearance contingency increased positive body talk among girls (except Korean girls); and (4) contingency on other’s approval increased positive body talk among boys in all four countries. Overall, gender differences were more prominent than cultural differences and positive body talk was instrumental in promoting adolescents’ body esteem.

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Evers, Dirk. "Contingency." Philosophy, Theology and the Sciences 2, no. 2 (2015): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/219597715x14369486568293.

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Wilhelmus, Tom, Iain Sinclair, Stephen Dobyns, James Dickey, John Hawkes, Reynolds Price, and Mary Gordon. "Contingency." Hudson Review 47, no. 1 (1994): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3852171.

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8

Seligmann-Silva, Márcio. "Contingency." Theory, Culture & Society 23, no. 2-3 (May 2006): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276406023002114.

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Forrin, Noah D., and Colin M. MacLeod. "Contingency proportion systematically influences contingency learning." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 80, no. 1 (October 3, 2017): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-017-1424-4.

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Alloa, Emmanuel. "Coronavirus: A Contingency that Eliminates Contingency." Critical Inquiry 47, S2 (January 1, 2021): S73—S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/711440.

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Westergaard, J. M. "Contingency Planning: Preparation of Contingency Plans." Zoonoses and Public Health 55, no. 1 (January 14, 2008): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01088.x.

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12

Kennedy, Kevin. "System and/as Contingency: Quentin Meillassoux and the Ethics of Chance." Irish Journal of French Studies 17, no. 1 (December 2, 2017): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7173/164913317822236174.

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In recent years, the relation between contingency and systematic claims to the absolute has again come to play an important role in Continental philosophy. This essay takes a closer look at how this relation is developed in the works of French philosopher Quentin Meillassoux. It argues that a specific demand for systematic knowledge underlies not only Meillassoux's ontology, but also his ethics, which come into conflict with his own systematic aspirations in certain key areas, most notably in his attempt to derive an ethico-political model of subjectivity from his theory of contingency. The essay furthermore explores whether Meillassoux's monism of chance, by systematizing contingency and declaring it a universal principle, does not in fact deprive the contingent of its contingent character, introducing a reductive stability that condemns the subject to a passive waiting ultimately lacking in ethical significance.

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Sundar, S. Shyam, Saraswathi Bellur, Jeeyun Oh, Haiyan Jia, and Hyang-Sook Kim. "Theoretical Importance of Contingency in Human-Computer Interaction." Communication Research 43, no. 5 (May 22, 2014): 595–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650214534962.

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A critical determinant of message interactivity is the presence of contingency, that is, the messages we receive are contingent upon the messages we send, leading to a threaded loop of interdependent messages. While this “conversational ideal” is easily achieved in face-to-face and computer-mediated communications (CMC), imbuing contingency in human-computer interaction (HCI) is a challenge. We propose two interface features—interaction history and synchronous chat—for increasing perceptions of contingency, and therefore user engagement. We test it with a five-condition, between-participants experiment ( N = 110) on a movie search site. Data suggest that interaction history can indeed heighten perceptions of contingency and dialogue, but is perceived as less interactive than chatting. However, the chat function does not appreciably increase perceived contingency or user engagement, both of which are shown to mediate the effects of message interactivity on attitudes toward the site. Theoretical implications for interactivity research and practical implications for interaction design are discussed.

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Sato, Maki. "Between the Authentic and Artificial: From the Perspective of Contingency." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1292, no. 1 (October 1, 2023): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1292/1/012023.

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Abstract How to deal with a contingency? A contingent situation plays a vital role in challenges with uncertainty and unpredictability. This is because contingency requires the subject to be adaptive and flexible in the given condition. Regarding the development of robotics, soft robotics is highly anticipated to be more adaptable and flexible to contingency with its bodily inputs. In contrast, material-wise, conventional hard robotics may fit more for fixed, stable, static, or predictable situations. The latest development in new materials has opened a window for more usable and useful artificial body parts as advanced tools. This short article first highlights the types of artificial body parts and summarises the role of contingency in robotics development. In addition, it analyses the various phases of the concept of the embodied mind in link with contingency. Additionally, for further discussion, it questions ethical, moral, and legal aspects regarding the future development of artificial body parts.

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15

Engberg-Pedersen, Anders. "Wallenstein's Contingency Media." Romanticism 24, no. 3 (October 2018): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/rom.2018.0383.

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In the history of warfare various media and technologies have been devised both to enable contingent events in the form of scenarios and simulations and to reign them in and bring the proliferation of possible futures under control. War games, horoscopes, astrolabes, celestial and topographical maps have in different ways served as ‘contingency media’, i.e. tools that enable strategic thought and action under conditions of uncertainty. Through the prism of Schiller's Wallenstein from 1799, this essay examines the development of military contingency media from the 17th to the early 19th century. Delving into the disagreements between Johannes Kepler and the historical Wallenstein about the reach and power of astrological star charts and horoscopes, the essay analyzes Schiller's late Enlightenment critique of astrological contingency media as well as his transformation of them into productive poetic devices. Finally, it situates the play in the context of military theory around 1800 in which contingency emerged as a central factor of large-scale warfare. A historically complex document, Wallenstein serves as an archive of the shifting conceptions of war and of the media devised to manage its uncertain futures.

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BLAKEMORE, S. J., Y. SARFATI, N. BAZIN, and J. DECETY. "The detection of intentional contingencies in simple animations in patients with delusions of persecution." Psychological Medicine 33, no. 8 (October 30, 2003): 1433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703008341.

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Background. It has been proposed that delusions of persecution are caused by the tendency to over-attribute malevolent intentions to other people's actions. One aspect of intention attribution is detecting contingencies between an agent's actions and intentions. Here, we used simplified stimuli to test the hypothesis that patients with persecutory delusions over-attribute contingency to agents' movements.Method. Short animations were presented to three groups of subjects: (1) schizophrenic patients; (2) patients with affective disorders; and (3) normal control subjects. Patients were divided on the basis of the presence or absence of delusions of persecution. Participants watched four types of film featuring two shapes. In half the films one shape's movement was contingent on the other shape. Contingency was either ‘intentional’: one shape moved when it ‘saw’ another shape; or ‘mechanical’: one shape was launched by the other shape. Subjects were asked to rate the strength of the relationship between the movement of the shapes.Results. Normal control subjects and patients without delusions of persecution rated the relationship between the movement of the shapes as stronger in both mechanical and intentional contingent conditions than in non-contingent conditions. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the ratings of patients with delusions of persecution for the conditions in which movement was animate. Patients with delusions of persecution perceived contingency when there was none in the animate non-contingent condition.Conclusions. The results suggest that delusions of persecution may be associated with the over-attribution of contingency to the actions of agents.

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17

Standley, Jayne M. "A Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Music as Reinforcement for Education/Therapy Objectives." Journal of Research in Music Education 44, no. 2 (July 1996): 105–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3345665.

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This meta-analysis evaluated 208 variables derived from 98 studies incorporating I music as a contingency for education and therapeutic objectives. Variables were converted to effect sizes (ES) via statistical formulae and compared for determination of characteristics affecting reinforcement value of music. The overall benefits attributable to contingent music were almost three standard deviations greater than control/baseline conditions (ES= 2.90). Results demonstrate that contingent music was more effective than contingent nonmusic stimuli used in these studies and more effective than continuous music. Pairing other stimuli such as food, approval, or visual stimulation with the music decreased its effectiveness as a reinforcer. Uniquely, music functioned as a reinforcer and simultaneously as subject matter, and there was evidence of generalized benefit to other academic and social behaviors that were measured but were not contingently reinforced with music.

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18

Weeseman, Yvonne, Michael Scherer-Rath, Nirav Christophe, Henny Dörr, Zarah M. Bood, Mirjam A. G. Sprangers, Esther Helmich, and Hanneke W. M. van Laarhoven. "Co-creative art processes with patients: A theoretical framework and qualitative study among artists." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): e0266401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266401.

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A cancer diagnosis may be experienced as a contingent life event. Co-creation—in which artists together with patients create a work of art reflecting on aspects of the patients’ life story—may be used to support patients to integrate such a contingent life event into their life story. We conducted a qualitative study in which we interviewed 10 professional artists to explore if co-creative art processes could facilitate integration of experiences of contingency in patients. Template analyses were performed in AtlasTi. We identified co-creation as a specific form of support to the process of integration of experiences of contingency. In the formation of a new life narrative, patients transcend the boundaries of their previous life narrative by changing their perspective. Self-transcendence forms a pivotal point in co-creation, which may be helpful for patients to integrate experiences of contingency into their life narratives.

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19

Bellemare, Marc, Joel Veness, and Michael Bowling. "Investigating Contingency Awareness Using Atari 2600 Games." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 864–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8321.

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Contingency awareness is the recognition that some aspects of a future observation are under an agent's control while others are solely determined by the environment. This paper explores the idea of contingency awareness in reinforcement learning using the platform of Atari 2600 games. We introduce a technique for accurately identifying contingent regions and describe how to exploit this knowledge to generate improved features for value function approximation. We evaluate the performance of our techniques empirically, using 46 unseen, diverse, and challenging games for the Atari 2600 console. Our results suggest that contingency awareness is a generally useful concept for model-free reinforcement learning agents.

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20

Lai, Chun, Fei Fei, and Robin Roots. "Contingency of Recasts and Noticing." CALICO Journal 26, no. 1 (January 14, 2013): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cj.v26i1.70-90.

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Recasts are an important type of implicit negative feedback that has attracted much attention in both L1 research and SLA research. The utility of recasts in face-to-face interaction has been empirically established, and the contingency of recasts is argued to be the key. However, the efficacy of recasts in computer-mediated communication (CMC), text-based online chatting in particular, remains questionable due to the possible violation of this contingency factor in the "split negotiation routines" commonly observed in CMC discourse. This study used a repeated-measure design to examine the potential impact of the contingency of recasts on noticing as well as some contextual factors that might mediate the contingency effect on the noticing of recasts. In this study, 17 ESL learners were invited to chat with one researcher on two dyadic communication tasks, one preceded by prewriting and the other without. Think aloud protocols and stimulated recalls were used to measure the noticing of recasts. It was found that participants noticed contingent recasts significantly more often than noncontingent recasts. Furthermore, working memory and prewriting were found to mediate the contingency effect, and learner proficiency level was found neither pertinent to the noticing of recasts nor mediative of the contingency effect.

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21

García Ramírez, Eduardo. "Rigidity and Contingency." Análisis. Revista de investigación filosófica 6, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 15–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_arif/a.rif.201913187.

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At least since Kripke (1980) it has been generally accepted that true identity statements involving proper names are necessarily true. This view is allegedly supported by our most ordinary, pretheoretic intuitions according to which ordinary proper names are rigid designators. This paper challenges the established status of this view. Section 1 develops the context of the debate by presenting the intuitions of rigidity and of contingency of identity found among competent speakers. Section 2 shows how the latter constitute a serious problem for the received view, one that cannot be easily ignored. Section 3 considers three available proposals intended to solve the problem and shows why they fail. Section 4 briefly describes a way to make compatible the intuitions of rigidity and of contingency, a consequence of which is the acceptance of the possibility of contingently true identity statements. Finally, section 5 considers some philosophical consequences of accepting such a view.

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22

Twyman, Janet S., Happy Johnson, Jennifer D. Buie, and C. Michael Nelson. "The Use of a Warning Procedure to Signal a More Intrusive Timeout Contingency." Behavioral Disorders 19, no. 4 (August 1994): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874299401900407.

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The effects of a warning procedure signaling exclusionary timeout as a consequence for inappropriate behavior during contingent observation timeout was evaluated for nine elementary students with emotional and behavioral disabilities. During baseline conditions, students exhibiting inappropriate contingent observation timeout behavior received three warnings before exclusionary timeout was implemented. During intervention conditions, exclusionary timeout was contingent upon the first occurrence of inappropriate contingent observation behavior (with no warnings given). Data were collected on the frequency of (a) contingent observation directions, (b) “calls” for appropriate contingent observation behavior (which served as warnings for the exclusionary timeout contingency), and (c) exclusionary timeouts. An ABAB design (A = warning, B = no warning) established that substantially fewer inappropriate contingent observation timeout behaviors occurred under the no-warning condition. The number of exclusionary timeouts given remained relatively stable across all conditions. The use of warnings was associated with a decrease in appropriate contingent observation timeout behaviors, though not to the point where the more intrusive contingency was implemented. These findings suggest that use of the warning procedure actually resulted in more negative interactions (calls) between the staff and the students.

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23

Schmidt, James R., Carina G. Giesen, and Klaus Rothermund. "Contingency learning as binding? Testing an exemplar view of the colour-word contingency learning effect." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 5 (February 28, 2020): 739–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820906397.

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The learning of contingent regularities between events is fundamental for interacting with our world. We are also heavily influenced by recent experiences, as frequently studied in the stimulus-response binding literature. According to one view (“unitary view”), the learning of regularities across many events and the influence of recent events on current performance can coherently be explained with one high-learning rate memory mechanism. That is, contingency learning effects and binding effects are essentially the same thing, only studied at different timescales. On the other hand, there may be more to a contingency effect than just the summation of the influence of past events (e.g., an additional impact of learned regularities). To test these possibilities, the current report reanalyses a number of datasets from the colour-word contingency learning paradigm. It is shown that the weighted sum of binding effects accumulated across many previous trials (with especially strong influence of very recent events) does explain a large chunk of the contingency effect, but not all of it. In particular, the asymptote towards which the contingency effect decreases by accounting for an increasing number of previous-trial binding effects is robustly above zero. On the other hand, we also observe evidence for higher-order interactions between binding effects at differing lags, suggesting that a mere linear accumulation of binding episodes might underestimate their influence on contingency learning. Accordingly, focusing only on episodic stimulus-response binding effects that are due to the last occurrence of a stimulus rendered contingency learning effects non-significant. Implications for memory models are discussed.

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24

Binini, Irene. "Abelard’s Treatment of Logical Determinism in Its Twelfth-Century Context." Vivarium 58, no. 1-2 (December 18, 2019): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685349-12341377.

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AbstractThis article investigates Abelard’s defence of the compatibility between universal bivalence and the existence of future contingent events. It first considers the standard strategy put forward by twelfth-century commentators to solve Aristotle’s dilemma in De Interpretatione 9, which fundamentally relies on Boethius’ distinction between definite and indefinite truth values. Abelard’s own position on the dilemma is then introduced, focusing on a specific deterministic argument considered in his logical works that aims to demonstrate that, given the determinacy of present-tense propositions such as ‘“that Socrates will eat tomorrow” is true’, future contingent events such as that Socrates will eat tomorrow are determinate in advance. In addition to presenting Abelard’s reply to the argument, the article offers an analysis of his notions of contingency, determinacy, and future events, and a comparison between Abelard’s position and other twelfth-century discussions on future contingents.

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Bohn, Einar Duenger. "Divine Contingency." European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 6, no. 3 (September 23, 2014): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v6i3.160.

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Pilbeam, David, and Bernard Wood. "Contingency rules." Journal of Human Evolution 166 (May 2022): 103167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103167.

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Massie, Pascal. "Saving Contingency." Epoché 8, no. 2 (2004): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/epoche20048210.

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Turner, Wayne. "Contingency Planning." Energy Engineering 107, no. 6 (October 2010): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01998595.2010.10132366.

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Marks, S. "False Contingency." Current Legal Problems 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clp/62.1.1.

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Brown, Kenneth E., and Pat Mirenda. "Contingency Mapping." Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 8, no. 3 (July 2006): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10983007060080030401.

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Eisner, Joseph. "Contingency Budgeting." Bottom Line 4, no. 3 (March 1991): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb025297.

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Kim, Sungmoon. "Abating contingency." Philosophy & Social Criticism 42, no. 3 (August 27, 2015): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453715601465.

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Myers, Ched. "Prophetic Contingency." Tikkun 25, no. 6 (November 2010): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/08879982-2010-6008.

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Hoch, Theodore A., Roberta L. Babbitt, David A. Ccoe, Daniel M. Krell, and Lucianne Hackbert. "Contingency Contacting." Behavior Modification 18, no. 1 (January 1994): 106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01454455940181007.

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CURTIN, LEAH L. "Contingency Plans." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 26, no. 12 (December 1995): 51???53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-199512000-00019.

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Loveridge, Catherine E. "Contingency Theory." JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration 18, no. 6 (June 1988): 22???25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005110-198806010-00007.

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Karim, Farhan. "Confining Contingency." International Journal of Islamic Architecture 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijia.8.2.263_2.

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Bourne, Debra. "Contingency planning." Companion Animal 25, no. 2 (March 2, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2020.0020.

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Downing, Joyce Anderson. "Contingency Contracts." Intervention in School and Clinic 26, no. 2 (November 1990): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105345129002600208.

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Reeves, Daniel. "Contingency exigency." ACM SIGecom Exchanges 10, no. 3 (December 2011): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2325702.2325711.

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Stanger, Catherine, and Alan J. Budney. "Contingency Management." Pediatric Clinics of North America 66, no. 6 (December 2019): 1183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.007.

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Erwin, Douglas H. "Evolutionary contingency." Current Biology 16, no. 19 (October 2006): R825—R826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.076.

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Hardy, K. G. "Contingency planning." Long Range Planning 26, no. 1 (February 1993): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(93)90286-o.

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Gallistel, C. R., Andrew R. Craig, and Timothy A. Shahan. "Temporal contingency." Behavioural Processes 101 (January 2014): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2013.08.012.

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Pinder, Brian. "Contingency planning." Computer Law & Security Review 1, no. 5 (January 1986): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(86)90011-7.

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Hyman, William A. "Contingency Instructions." Biomedical Safety & Standards 43, no. 21 (December 2013): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.bmsas.0000438303.44776.a7.

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Strydom, Piet. "Triple contingency." Philosophy & Social Criticism 25, no. 2 (March 1999): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019145379902500201.

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Ben‐Menahem, Yemima. "Historical Contingency." Ratio 10, no. 2 (September 1997): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9329.00032.

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Lindahl, Hans. "Enduring Contingency." Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy 52, no. 1 (February 2023): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/njlp/221307132023052001003.

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Rouwendal, Pieter L. "Synchronic Contingency." Journal of Reformed Theology 17, no. 3-4 (December 18, 2023): 298–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15697312-bja10058.

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Abstract Since the concept of synchronic contingency has received attention in historical theology in recent decades, I want to argue in this article that the concept has value for systematic theology as well. I explore the broader consistency of the concept with Reformed theology by relating it to a number of Reformed doctrines, and I check its consistency with Reformed theology by discussing the relevant criticisms and questions raised by Paul Helm.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Contingency'

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