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Published: 4 June 2021
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1

Burger, Kenneth Kehr Jonathan Wobensmith Brian. "Contingency contracting." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FBurger%5FKehr%5FWobensmith%5fManual.pdf.

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[Thesis (M.B.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003.]
[MBA professional report] [Thesis advisor(s): R. Marshall Engelbeck, Rob B. Tudor.] [Authors: Kenneth Burger, Jonathan Kehr, Brian Wobensmith.] Also available online.
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2

Chen, Richard Li-Yang, Neng Fan, Ali Pinar, and Jean-Paul Watson. "Contingency-constrained unit commitment with post-contingency corrective recourse." SPRINGER, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623036.

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We consider the problem of minimizing costs in the generation unit commitment problem, a cornerstone in electric power system operations, while enforcing an -- reliability criterion. This reliability criterion is a generalization of the well-known - criterion and dictates that at least fraction of the total system demand (for ) must be met following the failure of or fewer system components. We refer to this problem as the contingency-constrained unit commitment problem, or CCUC. We present a mixed-integer programming formulation of the CCUC that accounts for both transmission and generation element failures. We propose novel cutting plane algorithms that avoid the need to explicitly consider an exponential number of contingencies. Computational studies are performed on several IEEE test systems and a simplified model of the Western US interconnection network. These studies demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods relative to current state-of-the-art.
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3

Johnson, Ellsworth K. III, Bryan H. Paton, Edward W. Threat, and Lisa A. Haptonstall. "Joint contingency contracting." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34229.

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The purpose of this Master of Business Administration (MBA) Professional Report is to investigate and analyze the means by which Contingency Contracting Officers (CCO) can effectively operate in a Joint contingency environment and to validate the Defense Contract Management Agency's (DCMA) entry and exit criteria for contingency contracting missions. Joint contingencies encompass regional conflicts, humanitarian and peacekeeping missions, and international or domestic disaster relief missions supported with the immediate deployment of military forces. This research was accomplished by reviewing the current guidance, policies, and doctrine pertinent to contingency contracting operations and conducting personal interviews. The researchers conducted interviews with representatives of the Joint Staff, J4 (Logistics), each Service Component's acquisition headquarters, U.S. Central Command's J4 (Logistics), U.S. Pacific Command's J4 (Logistics, Engineering, and Security Assistance), and the DCMA to explore how contingency contracting operations are planned and executed; current issues and lessons learned; and understand the current structure/organization of Service Component and Combatant Command for accomplishing contingency contracting. Conclusions and recommendations address perceived shortfalls in the methodologies the Services use to plan, communicate, integrate and execute contingency contracting operations. Three possible solutions to these shortfalls include adoption of the Yoder Three-Tier Model, establishment of the Joint Contingency Contracting Command (JCCC), and the creation of universal language for conducting contracting in contingencies.
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4

Pippa, Stefano. "Althusser and contingency." Thesis, Kingston University, 2015. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/35854/.

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This thesis argues that the concept of contingency plays a central role in Althusser's recasting of Marxist philosophy and in his attempt to free the Marxist conception of history from concepts such as teleology, necessity and origin. It is critically placed both against those readings that see the emergence of the problematic of contingency only in the late Althusserm and to the most recent attempts to establish a straightforward continuity in Althusser's work. Drawing on published and unplublished material and covering the entirety of Althusser's philosophical itinerary, the thesis seeks both to unearth the latent presence of this problematic, and its various implications, at each stage in the development of his work. It seeks to clarify, in a systematic way, the conceptual consequences of Althusser's commitment to contingency to the received understanding of his conceptions of structural change, ideology and political action. In particular, it argues that the standpoint of contingency allows us to locate in Althusser's 'Structural Marxism' the emergence of a 'logic of irruption' and structurally under-determined development of becoming. By emphasising this logic of contingency, it then seeks to produce a more nuanced assessment of his theory of ideology through the introduction of the concept of 'overinterpellation'. It finally attempts to distinguish two moments in the emergence (from the early 1970s onward) of a materialism of contingency, first political and then philosophical; the problematic coexistence of these two aspects helps to account for the unstable charactoer of Althusser's late philosophical project.
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5

Johnson, Ellsworth K., Bryan H. Paton, Edward W. Threat, and Lisa A. Haptonstall. "Joint contingency contracting." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/460.

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Acquisition research (Graduate School of Business & Public Policy)
MBA Professional Report
The purpose of this Master Business Administration (MBA) Professional Report is to investigate and analyze the means by which Contingency Contracting Officers (CCO) can effectively operate in a Joint contingency environment and to validate the Defense Contract Management Agency's (DCMA) entry and exit criteria for contingency contracting missions. Joint contingencies encompass regional conflicts, humanitarian and peacekeeping missions, and international or domestic disaster relief missions supported with the immediate deployment of military forces. This research was accomplished by reviewing the current guidance, policies, and doctrine pertinent to contingency contracting operations and conducting personal interviews. The researchers conducted interviews with representatives of the Joint Staff, J4 (Logistics), each Service Component's acquisition headquarters, U.S. Central Command's J4 (Logistics), U.S. Pacific Command's J4 (Logistics, Engineering, and Security Assistance), and the DCMA to explore how contingency contracting operations are planned and executed; current issues and lessons learned; and understand the current structure/organization of Service Component and Combatant Command for accomplishing contingency contracting. Conclusions and recommendations address perceived shortfalls in the methodologies the Services use to plan, communicate, integrate and execute contingency contracting operations. Three possible solutions to these shortfalls include adoption of the Yoder Three-Tier Model, establishment of the Joint Contingency Contracting Command (JCCC), and the creation of universal language for conducting contracting in contingencies.
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6

Bouvrie, Jacob V. "Multi-source contingency clustering." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33122.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-96).
This thesis examines the problem of clustering multiple, related sets of data simultaneously. Given datasets which are in some way connected (e.g. temporally) but which do not necessarily share label compatibility, we exploit co-occurrence in- formation in the form of normalized multidimensional contingency tables in order to recover robust mappings between data points and clusters for each of the individual data sources. We outline a unifying formalism by which one might approach cross-channel clustering problems, and begin by defining an information-theoretic objective function that is small when the clustering can be expected to be good. We then propose and explore several multi-source algorithms for optimizing this and other relevant objective functions, borrowing ideas from both continuous and discrete optimization methods. More specifically, we adapt gradient-based techniques, simulated annealing, and spectral clustering to the multi-source clustering problem. Finally, we apply the proposed algorithms to a multi-source human identification task, where the overall goal is to cluster grayscale face images according to identity, using additional temporally connected features. It is our hope that the proposed multi-source clustering framework can ultimately shed light on the problem of when and how models might be automatically created to account for, and adapt to, novel individuals as a surveillance/recognition system accumulates sensory experience.
by Jacob V. Bouvrie.
M.Eng.
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7

Lutz, Thomas, Michael Garrett, and William Hunt. "Contingency Contracting Officer Proficiency Assessment Test Development for Construction, Architect-Engineer, and Contingency Contracting." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/32858.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
In September 2011, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) published a proficiency training guide titled, 51C/1102 Proficiency Guide for Construction, Architect-Engineer, & Contingency Contracting, for military contingency contracting officers (MCCOs) and 1102 interns within USACE. The training guide groups contracting tasks into four subject areas encompassing 45 separate contracting tasks in all. The research team of this report supplemented the USACE training by providing a Proficiency Assessment Test (PAT) based on the 51C/1102 Proficiency Guide to assist mentors of MCCOs/1102 interns with a tool for standardizing a way for MCCOs/1102s to demonstrate proficiency of individual tasks. Objectives of the project include the development and implementation of a pilot PAT of select contracting tasks followed by a comprehensive written proficiency assessment test used as a tool to measure proficiency for each of the 45 individual tasks. The research team vetted questions through experienced USACE MCCOs and subject matter experts. Further, these experts assisted the team by providing valuable feedback from participating in the pilot PAT. After incorporating feedback from the sponsor, the research team provided USACE a final PAT that encompassed nearly 800 questions to measure proficiency of the 45 individual tasks.
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8

Brink, Anton Meredith. "Bayesian analysis of contingency tables." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8948.

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9

Schneider, Luke Aaron. "Non-contingency learning in humans /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpss3583.pdf.

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10

Kehr, Jonathan R., Kenneth Burger, Brian Wobensmith, and Jonathan R. Kehr. "Marine Corps contingency contracting MCI." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9816.

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MBA Professional Report
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
MBA Professional Report
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Contingency contracting is the process where vital supplies and services needed to maintain deployed forces are obtained on behalf of the United States Government. These actions are used for emergencies, such as, disaster relief from hurricanes or from terrorist activities that occur within the United States or for actions that occur outside of the United States in order to support the deployed units. Due to the current trend in the DoD to contract out more products and services on the battlefield, an increase demand has been placed on contingency contract personnel. The purpose of this MBA Project is to develop and publish a Contingency Contracting MCI to assist the Marine Corps in training its contract personnel in preparation for deployment to a contingency operation. Currently there is not a requirement for the contracting specialist to attend a formal school prior to supporting a contingency operation. Furthermore, there are limited spaces for Marines to attend CON 234. The Contingency Contracting MCI will aid the contracting personnel with the training needed to be successful in a contingency environment and efficiently and effectively support Marine Corps units abroad. This project was sponsored by Headquarters Marine Corps, Installation and Logistics, Logistics Branch in conjunction with the Marine Corps Institute (MCI). The MBA Report has identified several problems in the current ability of the Marine Corps to train contracting personnel in contingency contracting and provides recommendations for further study. A draft Contingency Contracting MCI is included in the report.
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11

Vutsinas, Megan. "Contingency analysis using synchrophasor measurements." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1233080600/.

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12

Sundequist, Blomdahl Karl. "Contingency Plans for Air Traffic Management." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Information Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129470.

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We present two heuristics based on constraint technology that solve the problem of generating air traffic management contingency plans, which are used in the case of a catastrophic infrastructure failure within EUROCONTROL, the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation. Of the heuristics presented, one is based on constraint-based local search and tabu search, and the other one is a constraint programming and large neighbourhood search hybrid algorithm. The heuristics show that it is feasible to automate the development of contingency plans, which is currently done by human experts; this is desirable for several reasons, for example it would allow the contingency plans to be generated with an increased frequency. The generated plans were evaluated, by EUROCONTROL, to be at least as good as the human-made ones.

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13

Murphy, Robin A. J. "Relative contingency learning in Pavlovian conditioning." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0026/NQ50226.pdf.

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14

Matthews, Cushla Emilja. "Drought contingency planning in Ontario muncipalities." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ61925.pdf.

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15

Swaminathan, Raji. "Contingency planning models for government agencies /." Electronic version, 1996. http://adt.lib.uts.edu.au/public/adt-NTSM20030707.112749/index.html.

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16

Samusenko, Pavel. "Nonparametric criteria for sparse contingency tables." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130218_142205-74244.

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In the dissertation, the problem of nonparametric testing for sparse contingency tables is addressed. Statistical inference problems caused by sparsity of contingency tables are widely discussed in the literature. Traditionally, the expected (under null the hypothesis) frequency is required to exceed 5 in almost all cells of the contingency table. If this condition is violated, the χ2 approximations of goodness of fit statistics may be inaccurate and the table is said to be sparse . Several techniques have been proposed to tackle the problem: exact tests, alternative approximations, parametric and nonparametric bootstrap, Bayes approach and other methods. However they all are not applicable or have some limitations in nonparametric statistical inference of very sparse contingency tables. In the dissertation, it is shown that, for sparse categorical data, the likelihood ratio statistic and Pearson’s χ2 statistic may become noninformative: they do not anymore measure the goodness-of-fit of null hypotheses to data. Thus, they can be inconsistent even in cases where a simple consistent test does exist. An improvement of the classical criteria for sparse contingency tables is proposed. The improvement is achieved by grouping and smoothing of sparse categorical data by making use of a new sparse asymptotics model relying on (extended) empirical Bayes approach. Under general conditions, the consistency of the proposed criteria based on grouping is proved. Finite-sample behavior of... [to full text]
Disertacijoje sprendžiami neparametrinių hipotezių tikrinimo uždaviniai išretintoms dažnių lentelėms. Problemos, susijusios su retų įvykių dažnių lentelėmis yra plačiai aptartos mokslinėje literatūroje. Yra pasiūlyta visa eilė metodų: tikslieji testai, alternatyvūs aproksimavimo būdai parametrinė ir neparametrinė saviranka, Bayeso ir kiti metodai. Tačiau jie nepritaikomi arba yra neefektyvūs neparametrinėje labai išretintų dažnių lentelių analizėje. Disertacijoje parodyta, kad labai išretintiems kategoriniams duomenims tikėtinumo santykio statistika ir Pearsono χ2 statistika gali pasidaryti neinformatyviomis: jos jau nėra tinkamos nulinės hipotezės ir duomenų suderinamumui matuoti. Vadinasi, jų pagrindu sudaryti kriterijai gali būti net nepagrįsti net tuo atveju, kai egzistuoja paprastas pagrįstas kriterijus. Darbe yra pasiūlytas klasikinių kriterijų patobulinimas išretintų dažnių lentelėms. Siūlomi kriterijai remiasi išretintų kategorinių duomenų grupavimu ir glodinimu naudojant naują išretinimo asimtotikos modelį, kuris remiasi (išplėstine) empirine Bayeso metodologija. Prie bendrų sąlygų yra įrodytas siūlomų kriterijų, naudojančių grupavimą, pagrįstumas. Kriterijų elgesys baigtinių imčių atveju tiriamas taikant Monte Carlo modeliavimą. Disertacija susideda iš įvado, 4 skyrių, literatūros sąrašo, bendrų išvadų ir priedo. Įvade atskleidžiama nagrinėjamos mokslinės problemos svarba, aprašomi darbo tikslai ir uždaviniai, tyrimo metodai, mokslinis naujumas, praktinė gautų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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17

Smith, Pieter Retief. "A contingency view of consolidation systems." Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/74/.

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A consolidation system is a type of an accounting information system that aims to facilitate the consolidation process of organisations that are comprised of a collection of entities, but that are required to produce one set of consolidated financial statements. Contingency theory postulates that organisational sub-systems should be designed in accordance with the contextual variables and that performance will result if a match is achieved between these contextual variables and the characteristics of the sub-systems. The aim of this research is to explain variations in the performance of the consolidation system of listed companies in terms of the relationships between a contingency variable and the characteristics of the consolidation system. The contingency variable that was used by this research is the extent of company decentralisation, while the characteristics of the consolidation system are integration; formalisation; and sophistication. The performance of the consolidation system has been measured by means of the number of accountant days that are required to complete the consolidation at the financial year-end. The quantitative data was collected by means of self-completion questionnaires. Four hypotheses were assessed by means of Pearson correlation coefficients and a research model was evaluated by means of a structural equation model. The qualitative data collected by means of semi-structured interviews provided a more in-depth view of the manner in which consolidation systems are used at an organisational level. It was shown that organisational decentralisation is positively related to consolidation system integration, sophistication and formalisation. It is contended that the findings of this research provide some support for contingency theory‘s central tenet of no universally appropriate consolidation system. The structural equation model that was developed fits the quantitative data very well, but the results were not entirely consistent with theoretical expectations, with only the system integration shown to influence the resources that are required to complete the year-end consolidation. This research extended contingency theory to this relatively new type of system and provided practitioners with evidence regarding the type of consolidation system that is appropriate to different organisations.
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18

Boiko, Olga. "Double contingency and dental clinical encounters." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500238.

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19

Garcia, Michael J., and Curt R. LaRose. "Analysis of navy joint contingency contracting." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10608.

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Joint Applied Project
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
At the turn of the century and with the end of the cold war traditional twentieth century combat methods underwent a radical change. Armies no longer faced off over strategic pieces of land, but fought asymmetrical battles involving small-scale raids against one another in urban environments. This change required a smaller, more agile force that could respond to small-scale insurgent attacks. In order to achieve this smaller force, the services started to contract out auxiliary services, freeing up soldiers for combat. With the rise of contracted auxiliary support came the need for experienced and qualified contracting personnel who could deploy with combat troops around the world to quickly provide the needed auxiliary support. In response to this need, Congress mandated the implementation of joint contingency contracting policies for combat operations in January 2008 (10 USC 2333). With the new role of Navy personnel as Individual Augmentees (IA) supporting combat ground forces for Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) in Iraq, the need for experienced and qualified Navy Contracting Officers has increased. This report examines to what extent the Navy has implemented 10 USC 2333 and the impact it is having on Navy contracting officers.
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20

Kubali, Volkan C. (Volkan Cevat). "Task and contingency planning under uncertainty." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35032.

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21

Ee, Juliana Soh-Chiew. "Judgment of Contingency in Hospitalized Depressives." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278583/.

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Numerous investigations with college students have found that mild depressives perceive environmental contingencies more accurately than do nondepressives. The present study explores this 'depressive realism' phenomenon in a hospitalized sample.
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22

Munkert, Joel, and Johan Sunbring. "Fastighetsbolags investeringsprocess vid nybyggnation av hyresrätter." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Företagsekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-31023.

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Denna uppsats behandlar fastighetsbolags investeringsprocess vid nybyggnation av hyresrätter i flerbostadshus. Genom komparativ undersökningsdesign och kvalitativ forskningsmetod har tre fastighetsbolags intervjuats. Deras svar har analyserats utifrån det teoretiska ramverket som utgått ifrån contingency teori och tidigare forskning av investeringsprocessen. Forskargruppens slutsats är att flera faktorer i den omgivande kontexten påverkar investeringsprocessen, särskilt tydlig är bristen på byggbar mark i storstadsregionerna som försvårar initiering av investeringsprocess. Forskargruppens slutsats innehåller även en contingency modell vid nybyggnation av flerbostadshus av hyresrätter: Identifiering av alternativ → Utvärdering av alternativ → Beslut → Genomförande med löpande uppföljning → Långsiktig uppföljning.
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Arzu, Juan Castro Beire Mack Brian. "Contingency contracting officer proficiency assessment test development." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/MBAPR/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FArzu%5FMBA.pdf.

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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010."
Advisor(s): Rendon, Rene G. ; Yoder, E. Cory. "June 2010." "MBA Professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Contingency Contracting, Proficiency Assessment Test, SMCT, 51C, Soldier's Manual of Common Tasks, Contracting, individual assessment, Training Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-76). Also available in print.
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Gossman, Stephanie Mizzell. "A new proposed method of contingency ranking." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34667.

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Security analysis of a power system requires a process called contingency analysis that analyzes results from all possible single contingencies (i.e. outages) in the system. The process of contingency analysis requires the definition of a parameter that is used to monitor a certain aspect of the system, which is called a performance index. The performance index definitions used traditionally have been highly nonlinear, and the results have not accurately predicted the outcome of the performance index in some cases. These incorrect results are referred to as misrankings since the contingency results are usually placed in order of severity so that the most severe cases are evident. This thesis considers a new definition of contingency ranking using a more linearized definition of the performance index. The construction of both the new, proposed definition and the classic definition both consider the current loading of circuits in the system as compared to their rated values. Specifically, the parameter measured by the proposed definition measures the difference, while the more nonlinear definition uses a ratio of the two quantities, which is then raised to a higher power. A small, four bus test system is used to demonstrate the benefits of the new, more linearized definition. The average percent error for all single line contingencies of the system decreased by over 9.5% using the proposed definition as compared to the previous one. This decrease in error allows this performance index to monitor a similar parameter (comparing current loading and current rating of the lines) and achieve a higher degree of accuracy. Further linearization of this proposed definition also shows a reduction in the average percent error by an additional 22% so that when compared to the original, highly nonlinear definition, the average error is reduced by almost 30%. By linearizing the definition of the performance index, the results are more accurate and misrankings are less likely to occur from the security analysis process.
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25

Linton, Gabriel. "Entrepreneurial orientation : reflections from a contingency perspective." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-46894.

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Entrepreneurship has been argued to be a key driver of the economy by creating jobs, turning inventions to innovations, and also improving the overall standard of life. A firm’s entrepreneurial orientation (EO) indicates the degree to which a firm is entrepreneurial. However, there are several different approaches to conceptualizing the EO concept and its sub-dimensions, frequently described as innovativeness, risk taking, and proactiveness. The role of the sub-dimensions is not quite clear in the EO literature. Furthermore, many studies claim that firms can increase their performance simply by increasing their EO, while this thesis draws upon contingency theory to argue that EO needs to be aligned with—‘fit’ the internal and external context, if the firm is to perform well. Thus, this thesis aims to advance the conceptualization of EO by problematizing the core construct and also discussing how EO can fit with context. The thesis consists of four papers in which the EO concept is elaborated on and contingency theory is applied to construct conceptual models of the interaction between EO and different contexts, which are also empirically investigated. Furthermore, the sub-dimensions of EO are discussed in terms of their meanings and measurement to point out their individual impact on the EO. The overall findings indicate that EO is not as simple a concept as often portrayed in the EO literature. Rather, EO is more complex in the ways that it can fit with internal and external context and, on these bases, it is suggested that ideal types of EO and context is a way forward for research in the area. Additionally, it is argued that EO as a theoretical construct may not only be conceptualized as an overall entrepreneurial attribute (which is common in the extant literature), but also as a complex and granular attribute.
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Tseng, Shih-Chiang. "Study of Chinese constancy and contingency management." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31131.

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As we rush headlong into the 21st century, with science and technology making new and almost daily shocks, how do we deal with making decisions - 'How will we manage the future'; 'Is the past of any use to us any more'. This thesis puts managerial techniques into a historical perspective and investigates methods created by Chinese people. Most importantly it shows how the economic future can be confidently addressed by reference to one of the oldest of Chinese classic texts, I-Ching, the Book of Changes. Combining the two apparently conflicting concepts of "Change" and "No Change" I-Ching is shown by the author to have manifold and vital applications in the real world of organisational management. This thesis illustrates the way that any institution can be divided into three levels of management and Jiow these levels can combine with the three basic concepts of Heaven, Humanity and Earth (life) in a way that, in coordination with the "change, no change" awareness of I-Ching, can resolve the problems of any organisation. According to the theory of Change and No Change, "No Change" is to represent the unchanged basic principle. In Chinese style management "No Change" means "to settle other people down", "Change" must be made according to the principles and be regulated. All managerial activities such as planning, organising, leading, control, and training, are considered in detail in the theories of "Change" and "No Change". This thesis posits a managerial approach and understanding that will bring success to an organisation, not only for today but also for tomorrow that awaits us.
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Allen, Dean E., Martin P. Plys, and Vinson B. Morris. "Analysis of contemporary contingency contracting educational resources." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10481.

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MBA Professional Report
This research project examines the problem caused by an inefficient matriculation process for contingency contracting officers that is more ad hoc than it is deliberate. The report specifically analyzes the fundamental differences among educational resources that are available to the contemporary contingency contracting officer: the Defense Acquisition University's CON 234 and CON 334, the Naval Postgraduate School's MN 3318, and the U.S. Army's Soldier's Manual of Common Tasks (51C). We examined three factors that influence how these courses prepare acquisition professionals: the relative similarities and differences among the four courses; the extent to which each course benefits contingency contracting officers of varying targeted levels of proficiency; and whether the intent of each course is met in relation to its course description and targeted audience. The analysis incorporated the use of a benchmark hierarchical model, the Yoder Three-tier Model, to differentiate the four courses' learning objectives and target audiences. Additionally, we assisted the Army's Expeditionary Contracting Command in the fielding and validation of a Proficiency Assessment Test for contingency contracting officers. Our research efforts in this regard included conducting market research of Web-based test solutions, designing the user interface, inputting over 1,400 test questions, and analyzing examinee results.
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Arzu, Juan, Brian Mack, and Beire Castro. "Contingency contracting officer proficiency assessment test development." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10512.

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The establishment and standardization of training tasks by the Expeditionary Contracting Command (ECC) for Contingency Contracting Officers (CCOs) in the MOS 51C SMCT, in accordance with Army training doctrine, has helped subordinate units and individual CCOs within the ECC to focus their training efforts prior to deployment. This body of knowledge is a significant step in standardizing the pre-deployment training for CCOs and preparing them for their mission once deployed. To supplement this training, an appropriate performance-assessment tool is needed to measure performance of these 36 tasks. Currently, the ECC lacks a standardized method of measuring individual skill and task proficiency in its CCOs. This research developed the questions for a written proficiency test based on the 36 tasks listed in the SMCT in accordance with conditions, standards, and performance steps for each of the 36 tasks in the SMCT. The research team vetted each of the scenarios and accompanying questions through experienced CCO focus groups within the ECC. Upon completion of the test, the research team provided a written Contracting Officer Proficiency-Assessment Test, encompassing over 1,100 questions covering each of the 36 tasks listed in the SMCT, to the Expeditionary Contracting Command.
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AZEVEDO, FLORA MUNIZ TUCCI DE. "THE CONCEPTION OF CONTINGENCY IN RICHARD RORTY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=10499@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
A dissertação A Concepção de Contingência em Richard Rorty pretende apresentar a concepção de contingência no pensamento de Richard Rorty, que é especialmente desenvolvida em seu livro Contingência, Ironia e Solidariedade (1989). O primeiro capítulo será sobre a contingência da linguagem; o segundo, sobre a contingência do indivíduo, e o terceiro, sobre a contingência de uma comunidade liberal. Partindo desse estudo, o quarto capítulo será constituído pela apresentação de algumas reflexões e críticas em relação à compreensão sobre a contingência, com o objetivo de traçar um diálogo com o autor, buscando trazer maior esclarecimento sobre o tema. As questões estarão relacionadas aos valores defendidos pelo autor em sua comunidade liberal utópica, ao questionar se de fato podem ser deduzidos da sua compreensão de contingência da linguagem e de indivíduo.
The dissertation The conception of contingency in Richard Rorty intends to present the conception of contingency in Richard Rorty's thought, which is especially developed in his book Contingency, Irony and Solidarity (1989). The first chapter will discuss the contingency of language, the second, the contingency of selfhood, and the third, the contingency of a liberal community. From this point, the fourth chapter will comprise the presentation of some reflections and criticisms concerning the comprehension of contingency. Our goal is to outline a discussion with the author to lead to a better understanding on the issue. Thus the questions will be related to the values defended by Rorty in his liberal utopia, and analyze if we can in fact deduce them from the comprehension of contingency of language and selfhood.
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Binney, Nicholas Roy. "On the historical contingency of medical knowledge." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/27176.

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A commonplace view amongst philosophers is that the function of the heart is obviously to pump blood around the body. Given this, one might think that facts about whether patients’ heart are failing to function properly are simple to discover, fully determined by the given nature of human physiology, and independent changing human cultures. I argue against this view, noting that doctors in the present day do not believe that the function of the heart is simply to pump blood. I argue that medical knowledge about heart failure is not progressing towards an ultimate truth, but rather that this knowledge is historically contingent. To do this I explore the development of knowledge of heart failure over the last two centuries, focusing particularly on the early nineteenth century research of James Hope, and the early twentieth century research of James Mackenzie. I compare the facts produced about heart disease by these two historical actors, noting that they produced very different ways of understanding heart disease, and diagnosed heart disease in different ways. For instance, Hope argued that the stethoscope was a powerful diagnostic tool, whereas Mackenzie argued that the stethoscope had probably done more harm than good. I analyse these differences using Ludwik Fleck’s work, drawing especially on his account of the active and passive elements of knowledge. I argue that if Fleck’s epistemology is read as a form of conventionalism, and augmented using the work of Henri Poincaré, then these active and passive elements of knowledge are suitable tools for analysing how Hope and Mackenzie produced the facts that they did. Using Fleck in this way, I will argue that medical knowledge can be historically contingent and objective, at once invented and discovered. I also use my longue durée account to argue that the way heart failure is understood today cannot be explained without taking the full sweep of this history into account. Consequently, I argue that medical history is valuable to the evaluation of diagnostic practices in the present day.
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Austin, Gary William. "Contingency fees in the South African law." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65670.

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Avison, D. E. "A contingency framework for information systems development." Thesis, Aston University, 1990. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12057/.

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This research concerns information systems and information systems development. The thesis describes an approach to information systems development called Multiview. This is a methodology which seeks to combine the strengths of a number of different, existing approaches in a coherent manner. Many of these approaches are radically different in terms of concepts, philosophy, assumptions, methods, techniques and tools. Three case studies are described presenting Multiview 'in action'. The first is used mainly to expose the strengths and weaknesses of an early version of the approach discussed in the thesis. Tools and techniques are described in the thesis which aim to strengthen the approach. Two further case studies are presented to illustrate the use of this second version of Multiview. This is not put forward as an 'ideal methodology' and the case studies expose some of the difficulties and practical problems of information systems work and the use of the methodology. A more contingency based approach to information systems development is advocated using Multiview as a framework rather than a prescriptive tool. Each information systems project and the use of the framework is unique, contingent on the particular problem situation. The skills of different analysts, the backgrounds of users and the situations in which they are constrained to work have always to be taken into account in any project. The realities of the situation will cause departure from the 'ideal methodology' in order to allow for the exigencies of the real world. Multiview can therefore be said to be an approach used to explore the application area in order to develop an information system.
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Rampley, Matthew. "Dialectics of contingency : Nietzsche's philosophy of art." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14775.

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This thesis examines the function of art in Nietzsche's philosophy. Its primary concern is with Nietzsche's turn to art as the means to counter what he terms metaphysics. Metaphysics is a metonym for the system of beliefs sustaining our culture whereby human judgements about the world are perceived as uncovering an objective truth antecedent to those judgements, with an implicit faith in the possibility of exhausting the totality of these antecedent truths. This thesis consequently has two principal strands. The first is to analyse Nietzsche's criticism of metaphysics. The second is to explore the way in which, using a specific understanding of art, Nietzsche attempts to reconcile extreme scepticism towards all forms of human knowledge with a continued belief in their necessity. The thesis argues that Nietzsche lays an importance on art as providing an aesthetic education to replace the misguided theoretical orientation of metaphysics. Nietzsche criticises metaphysics for its inability to recognise that its interpretations are mere interpretations, that logic and the rational serve as means to make the world meaningful from the human perspective. My thesis explores how he sees art, and in particular the tragic, as constituting a mode of world interpretation which declares its status as such. I argue that for Nietzsche this is crucial inasmuch as a failure to recognise the contingency of our interpretations results in a refusal to give value in any interpretations. For Nietzsche the advent of the Modern age heralds the danger of such refusal, and hence I argue that his turn to art is a response to the specifically Modern temptation to descend into mere cynical Nihilism.
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Hua, Ke Qian. "Probabilistic power system contingency analysis considering wind." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/79903/1/Ke%20Qian_Hua_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis was a step forward in developing probabilistic assessment of power system response to faults subject to intermittent generation by renewable energy. It has investigated the wind power fluctuation effect on power system stability, and the developed fast estimation process has demonstrated the feasibility for real-time implementation. A better balance between power network security and efficiency can be achieved based on this research outcome.
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Kirchner, Holle. "Visual auditory interstimulus contingency effects in saccade programming." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965164586.

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Bailey, David B. "Applicability of subsistence prime vendor to contingency rations." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA324463.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1996.
Thesis advisor(,):Jane Feitler, Erik Jansen. "december 1996." Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-88). Also available online.
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Hartman, Katherine B. "Influence strategies in retail sales situations contingency perspective /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3185396.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2005.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-08, Section: A, page: 3009. Adviser: Rosann Spiro. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 5, 2006).
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Anderson, Robert Brent. "Economic development among First Nations, a contingency perspective." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24065.pdf.

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39

Jia, Zhihong. "Contingency ranking for on-line voltage stability assessment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0016/MQ54925.pdf.

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40

Kotamarty, Sujatha. "Impact of Distributed Generation on Distribution Contingency Analysis." MSSTATE, 2006. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04102006-170112/.

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It is expected that increasing amounts of distributed generation (DG) will be connected to the power system in the future. Advances in technology, deregulation in the market and the changes brought about by the government in many countries to end the monopoly of the vertically integrated power utilities led to the birth of this new technology. The other incentive being the alternative energy sources which are becoming more cost effective. Although there are many advantages with the interconnection of the DG into the network, there are many problems that it brings with its interconnection. There are many issues to be considered for the interconnection of DG?s, like the sizing and siting of the DG. The size and site of the DG will have an effect on the voltages and operations of the distribution power system. Since it is necessary that the voltages be within a specified limit, this problem of the siting and sizing of the DG has taken top priority. This thesis discusses a procedure for evaluating the impact of the site, size of the DG and also a change in the loading conditions of the system before and after the reconfiguration of the system due to the fault. This contingency analysis work is validated using the IEEE 13 and IEEE 37 node distribution feeder. Many feasible combinations of the size and site of a DG are analyzed, which resulted in large number of data, while the load flow is run for each feasible combination. The results and trends are presented.
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Mehta, Rick R. "Contrasting associative and statistical theories of contingency judgments." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36822.

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"Blocking" refers to judgments of a moderate contingency being lowered when contrasted with a strong contingency. The Rescorla-Wagner model and causal model theory account for blocking through different mechanisms. To examine the predictions from these two models, seven experiments tested the extent to which "causal scenario" and "causal order" would influence whether blocking was observed in human contingency learning tasks. "Causal scenario" was manipulated by contrasting responses to two causes of one effect or to one cause of two effects; "causal order" was defined as causes preceding effects or effects preceding causes. The four conjunctions of these two factors were investigated separately in Experiments 1 to 5. In Experiments 1 and 2, two causes preceded one effect and two effects preceded one cause, respectively. Blocking was observed regardless of whether the predictors were causes or effects. In Experiments 3, 4 and 5, participants were presented with one antecedent cue and made separate predictions about each of the trial's two outcomes. Blocking was not observed, irrespective of whether the antecedent cue was a cause or an effect. These initial results were consistent with the Rescorla-Wagner model. An alternative explanation was that blocking failed to occur in Experiments 3 to 5 because participants were asked questions between the predictor and two outcomes. Predicting the outcomes might have implicitly led participants to monitor them separately and to report on subsets of the data at the time of judgment. To address this issue, the volunteers in Experiment 6 observed the events on each trial but did not make any predictions about the outcomes. Blocking was observed, signifying that the intervening questions between the antecedent and consequent cues constitute an important variable influencing cue competition effects. In Experiment 7, all four conjunctions of causal scenario and causal order were tested simultaneously. Furthermore, participants w
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42

Milton, Gary. "Contingency contracting guide/lessons for Navy contracting officers." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9938.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
The purpose of this research is to provide guidance by which future U.S. Navy Contingency Contracting Officers (CCOs) can effectively prepare for contingency operations. Additional research will provide guidelines for sustainment to support major contingencies. The research for this study was accomplished by reading literature on the subject of Contingency Contracting. Further research encompassed gathering information on lessons learned from past contingency contracting operations. Contingency contracting issues provided in this research project include an examination of preparatory steps required by Navy CCOs prior to deployment. Also included are sustainment issues that could positively effect a contingency operation and funding requirements that should be understood while conducting contingency operations. Additionally, this study provides conclusions and recommendations that could enhance the effectiveness of future Navy CCOs in support of contingency operations.
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Sjöqvist, Christoffer, and Andreas Said. "Contingency variablernas påverkan på ett styrsystem hos småföretag." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för handel och företagande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-11519.

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44

Koster, Scott J. "Preparing for the unexpected, contracting in contingency situations." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28462.

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Selfridge, Kaleena Ann. "Contingency contracting in the elementary general education classroom." Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3647986.

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Elementary teachers educating both students with and without disabilities require access to effective, easily implemented classroom management techniques to address challenging behaviors. One such intervention is a contingency contract. A review of literature suggests that contracts are implemented for students experiencing challenges with academic and social behaviors both with and without formally diagnosed disabilities in general and special education settings. However, there was little consideration of the social significance of behaviors, and contract goals were not often set according to behaviors of comparison peers. The purpose of the current study examined the effects of contingency contracts on engagement for three students in an elementary general education classroom for three participants exhibiting high rates of disengaged behavior during instruction. Contingency contracts were written with consideration of social significance and function of behavior, preference surveys, observation of comparison peers to set goals, and reinforcement for desired behaviors. Using an ABAB withdrawal design, duration of engagement and frequency of instances of engagement were both recorded. Experimental effects were observed when participants’ duration of engagement increased and frequency of engagements decreased while under contract. The results suggest that contingency contracts can successfully be implemented to increase a desired behavior (engagement) with students in the general education classroom. Implications and future research directions immediately follow a discussion of the results.

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Forster, Jonathan. "Models and marginal densities for multiway contingency tables." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334557.

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47

MOURA, RICARDO DRUMOND DE. "CONTINGENCY SCREENING AND RANKING FOR VOLTAGE SECURITY ASSESSMENT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2002. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=3510@1.

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ELETROBRAS - CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS BRASILEIRAS S. A.
O uso de compensação de potência reativa, embora permita um carregamento mais elevado do sistema elétrico, leva-o a operar próximo de situações de colapso de tensão. Portanto, tornou-se necessário analisar o comportamento do sistema quanto a esse fenômeno na ocorrência de contingências. Neste trabalho alguns métodos existentes são estudados para verificar a capacidade de classificação das contingências que possam afetar o sistema, e como esses métodos procedem para ordená-las por severidade e selecionar aquelas mais prejudiciais. Os métodos são estudados tendo como foco principal a operação em tempo real. Este trabalho propõe um método capaz de ordenar e selecionar uma lista de contingências prováveis, com base em índices nodais de avaliação das condições de segurança de tensão. Esses índices são baseados na margem em MVA para o máximo carregamento, indicam a região de operação na curva V x P, Q e a importância relativa entre barras. O Índice de Sensitividade, que indica a redução da margem de potência diante de uma contingência, é estudado minuciosamente. Além da análise nodal, também é proposta uma forma de análise sistêmica, capaz de ordenar e selecionar as contingências de acordo com as influências sobre todo o sistema elétrico. São apresentados resultados numéricos correspondentes ao sistema Brasileiro Interligado Norte-Nordeste, com carga máxima de junho de 1992. A análise da eficiência computacional do método proposto demonstrou ser possível sua utilização na operação em tempo real integrado à ferramenta de avaliação da segurança de tensão, através de uma estrutura de dados comum aos dois processos.
Although the use of compensation of reactive power allows a higher loading in the electric system, it leads it to work closer to voltage collapse situations. Therefore it`s necessary to assess the behavior of the system regarding to this phenomena in the occurrence of the contingencies. In this work some existing methods are studied to check the capacity of ranking the contingencies that might affect the system, and how these methods rank them by severity and select those which are more damaging. The methods are studied having as the main focus the real-time operation. This work proposes a method which is able to rank and select a list of probable contingencies, having as a basis, nodal indexes of voltage security conditions assessment. These indexes are based on MVA margin to the maximum loading, indicate the region of operation on V x P,Q curve, and the relative importance among buses. The sensitivity index which indicates the reduction of the power margin before a contingency, is studied in detail. Besides the nodal analysis, it is proposed a form of a systemic analysis which is able to rank and select the contingencies according to their influence upon all electrical system. Numerical results corresponding to the North-Northeast Brazilian Interconected power system, with maximum load of June 1992 are presented. The analysis of computational efficiency of the proposed method showed that it`s possible to be used in real-time operation connected to the voltage assessment security tool, through a common structure of data to both procedures.
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Wilder, Jeffrey Mark 1974. "Contingency fees and incentives in commercial lines insurance." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17550.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-104).
This dissertation addresses the potential agency conflicts arising between an insurance broker and its commercial clients. Though the broker is hired to find its client the best insurance quote on the market, the broker's contractual arrangements and private information may lead it to stray from this ideal. The first chapter introduces the institutions of commercial lines insurance in the interest of providing a foundation for the empirical inquiries to follow. The second chapter asks whether contingency fees, which are annual payments rewarding the broker for attaining premium volume and profitability targets with an insurer, distort the broker's sales behavior. The analysis uses data on policies written through a privately-held insurance broker in Arizona from 1994 to 2000. I am able to identify the effect of contingency fees because individual agents working at the broker make placement decisions, and only some agents have an incentive to respond to this compensation. Contingency fees are found to distort sales toward insurers that have contracts in effect at the broker. Moreover, agents appear to respond to contractual nonlinearities and are more inclined to place business with insurers offering high marginal incentives. The third chapter asks whether the broker can effectively communicate its private information to the client if it is in the broker's immediate interest to avoid costly search. The client would like the broker to search if the client's current insurer is no longer pricing its coverage competitively. In contrast, the broker would like to avoid costly search, while retaining the client.
(cont.) Thus, the broker has an incentive to distort the information provided to the client, always arguing that the client's current coverage is priced competitively. If search is only warranted when a client faces an idiosyncratic price increase, the moral hazard may still induce heightened search activity in response to systematic price increases. The broker cannot credibly communicate to the client the fact that all prices (not just its price) have increased. Using the data set employed in the second chapter, systematic price increases are found to significantly increase client turnover among insurers consistent with the moral hazard hypothesis.
by Jeffrey Mark Wilder.
Ph.D.
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49

Reeder, Sarah. "Relationships in Aging, Cognitive Processes, and Contingency Learning." TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/259.

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This study investigated the influence of age, processing speed, working memory,and associative processes on the acquisition of contingency information. Young and older adults completed positive (+.65) and negative (-.65) contingency tasks that measured their ability to discover the relationship between a symptom (e.g., FEVER) and a fictional disease (e.g., OLYALGIA). Both d' scores, i.e., contingency learning, and contingency estimates, i.e., contingency judgment, were examined. Participants were also asked to complete cognitive tasks that measure the constructs of processing speed, working memory resources, associative memory, and associative learning. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the direct and indirect relationships between processing speed, working memory resources, associative memory, associative learning, and positive and negative contingency learning and judgment for young and older adult groups. Young adults outperformed older adults on the cognitive tasks and on contingency learning and judgment tasks. However, age differences were smaller for the positive contingency than for negative contingency. A comparison of the structural equation models for young and older adults showed no relationship between any cognitive construct and negative contingency learning. However, young adults' judgment for the negative contingency was directly influenced by associative learning, while their learning and judgment for the positive contingency was directly influenced by associative memory. For older adults, working memory executive function directly influenced their judgment for the negative contingency and their learning and judgment for the positive contingency. Processing speed had an indirect effect on older adults' contingency learning and judgment that was mediated by working memory executive functioning. The differences in the young adults' models as well as the difference between the young and older adults' models for positive and negative contingencies suggest that while associative processing is important, it may not account for all of the variation in contingency learning and judgment. The young adults' models for the negative contingency task indicates that higher level processes, such as inductive reasoning, maybe involved in negative contingency judgment because the associative learning task required some level of hypothesis testing. In contrast, positive contingency learning and judgment could rely primarily on more basic associative processes. The present findings therefore suggest that an overall model of contingency learning must include both associative processes and inductive reasoning processes. Older adults' general contingency performance was most directly related to their working memory executive functioning, suggesting that the decline in their working memory has the strongest effect on their ability to acquire and use information about contingencies. In fact, the age related decline in working memory seems to affect older adults' ability to acquire both positive and negative contingencies. The similarities across the older adult models for positive and negative contingencies indicate that the underlying deficit in older adults' working memory executive functioning that affects their overall contingency learning and judgment performance. This basic working memory executive functioning deficit for older adults also explains why their models for positive and negative contingency did not exhibit direct relationships between associative tasks and contingency learning as observed for the young adult models.
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Hutaibat, Khaled Abed. "Management accounting practices in Jordan : a contingency approach." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/48354f16-a964-4c5d-a7b0-eade1526b3bc.

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