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Journal articles on the topic 'Continental slopes'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Prather, Bradford E., Ciaran O'Byrne, Carlos Pirmez, and Zoltán Sylvester. "Sediment partitioning, continental slopes and base-of-slope systems." Basin Research 29, no. 3 (March 12, 2016): 394–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bre.12190.

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2

Drees, Birgit, and Fred J. A. Daniëls. "Mountain vegetation of south-facing slopes in continental West Greenland." Phytocoenologia 39, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269x/2009/0039-0001.

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3

Mitchell, Neil C. "Erosion of canyons in continental slopes." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 244, no. 1 (2005): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2005.244.01.08.

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4

Boffo, Carolina H., Tiago A. de Oliveira, Daniel Bayer da Silva, Rafael Manica, and Ana Luiza de O. Borges. "Continental-slope instability triggered by seepage: An experimental approach." Journal of Sedimentary Research 90, no. 8 (August 19, 2020): 921–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.48.

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ABSTRACT Mass-transport complexes (MTCs), mass-transport deposits (MTDs), and associated facies and features are widely recognized in continental slopes around the world. In most current stratigraphic models of MTCs and MTDs, these submarine sediment failures are related to aquifer outflow (sapping, seepage) along continental slope fronts that originated during relative sea-level fall. We test a hypothetical scenario that is favored during early forced regression using reduced-scale physical simulation. A major underground subaerial hydraulic gradient is assumed to flow towards the basin depocenter as a function of relative sea-level fall. We developed an experimental apparatus with slope angles varying between 15 and 30° to test this concept. Hydraulic gradients, aquifer outflow velocities, and triggered collapses induced by the seepage effect were recorded at various positions of the slope. Analysis shows that steeper slope gradients require lower seepage velocities (and shear stresses) to trigger collapse, but gentler slopes remain unchanged. Experimental data are compatible with a seepage effect that could potentially trigger mass failure and the formation of MTCs during relative sea-level fall. The features produced in the experiment have geometries comparable to natural environments, and the experimental seepage velocities are of an order of magnitude similar to those monitored in submarine aquifers. The experimental results advance understanding of mass transport in continental slopes by introducing and testing new methods, and also provide new insights into potential submarine geohazard risks where tectonic uplift operates along some coastal regions.

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5

Urlaub, Morelia, Isabel Kratzke, and Berit Oline Hjelstuen. "A numerical investigation of excess pore pressures and continental slope stability in response to ice-sheet dynamics." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 500, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp500-2019-185.

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AbstractSubmarine landslides are common at glaciated continental margins. The onset of large-scale landslides coincides with the initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciations in the Quaternary. This implies that processes related to glacial cycling provide favourable conditions for submarine landslides at high-latitude margins. Potential processes include glacial deposition patterns and enhanced seismicity. It is also possible that advances and retreats of ice sheets, a highly dynamic process in geological terms, makes slopes discernible to failure by modifying the stress regime. Here, we quantify this effect using 2D finite element modelling of a glaciated continental margin. Different model runs investigate the pore-pressure development in homogeneous, as well as layered, slopes during glaciation when loaded by an ice stream with one or more ice advances. Ice streams cause significant variations in excess pore pressure in the very shallow sediment sequences at the continental shelf. However, lateral fluid flow is not efficient enough to increase pore pressures significantly at the slope, where large-scale submarine slides are observed. Hence, while ice-sheet dynamics appear to favour the occurrence of shallow slides close to the shelf edge, ice sheets seem to be irrelevant for the generation of large-scale submarine landslides at the continental slope.

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6

Hardy, Sarah M., Craig R. Smith, and Andreas M. Thurnherr. "Can the source–sink hypothesis explain macrofaunal abundance patterns in the abyss? A modelling test." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1808 (June 7, 2015): 20150193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0193.

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Low food availability is a major structuring force in deep-sea benthic communities, sustaining only very low densities of organisms in parts of the abyss. These low population densities may result in an Allee effect, whereby local reproductive success is inhibited, and populations are maintained by larval dispersal from bathyal slopes. This slope–abyss source–sink (SASS) hypothesis suggests that the abyssal seafloor constitutes a vast sink habitat with macrofaunal populations sustained only by an influx of larval ‘refugees' from source areas on continental slopes, where higher productivity sustains greater population densities. Abyssal macrofaunal population densities would thus be directly related to larval inputs from bathyal source populations. We evaluate three predictions derived from the SASS hypothesis: (i) slope-derived larvae can be passively transported to central abyssal regions within a single larval period, (ii) projected larval export from slopes to the abyss reproduces global patterns of macrofaunal abundance and (iii) macrofaunal abundance decreases with distance from the continental slope. We find that abyssal macrofaunal populations are unlikely to be sustained solely through influx of larvae from slope sources. Rather, local reproduction probably sustains macrofaunal populations in relatively high-productivity abyssal areas, which must also be considered as potential larval source areas for more food-poor abyssal regions.

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7

Martini, Kim I., Matthew H. Alford, Eric Kunze, Samuel M. Kelly, and Jonathan D. Nash. "Internal Bores and Breaking Internal Tides on the Oregon Continental Slope." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-030.1.

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Abstract Observations of breaking internal tides on the Oregon continental slope during a 40-day deployment of 5 moorings along 43°12′N are presented. Remotely generated internal tides shoal onto the slope, steepen, break, and form turbulent bores that propagate upslope independently of the internal tide. A high-resolution snapshot of a single bore is captured from lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers (LADCP)/CTD profiles in a 25-h time series at 1200 m. The bore is cold, salty, over 100 m tall, and has a turbulent head where instantaneous dissipation rates are enhanced (ε > 10−6 W kg−1) and sediment is resuspended. At the two deepest slope moorings (1452 and 1780 m), similar borelike phenomena are observed in near-bottom high-resolution temperature time series. Mean dissipation rates and diapycnal diffusivities increase by a factor of 2 when bores are present ( W kg−1 and m s−1) and observed internal tides are energetic enough to drive these enhanced dissipation rates. Globally, the authors estimate an average of 1.3 kW m−1 of internal tide energy flux is directed onto continental slopes. On the Oregon slope, internal tide fluxes are smaller, suggesting that it is a relatively weak internal tide sink. Mixing associated with the breaking of internal tides is therefore likely to be larger on other continental slopes.

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8

Cacchione, D. A. "The Shaping of Continental Slopes by Internal Tides." Science 296, no. 5568 (April 26, 2002): 724–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1069803.

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9

Jiang, Lin, and Roland W. Garwood. "Three-Dimensional Simulations of Overflows on Continental Slopes." Journal of Physical Oceanography 26, no. 7 (July 1996): 1214–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<1214:tdsooo>2.0.co;2.

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10

Sutyrin, G. G., G. D. Rowe, L. M. Rothstein, and I. Ginis. "Baroclinic Eddy Interactions with Continental Slopes and Shelves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, no. 1 (January 2003): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0283:beiwcs>2.0.co;2.

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11

Condie, Scott A. "Descent of dense water masses along continental slopes." Journal of Marine Research 53, no. 6 (November 1, 1995): 897–928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/0022240953212936.

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12

Huang, Xin, and Marcelo H. Garcı́a. "Modeling of non-hydroplaning mudflows on continental slopes." Marine Geology 154, no. 1-4 (February 1999): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(98)00108-x.

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13

Chiocci, Francesco L., and Luciana Orlando. "Lowstand terraces on Tyrrhenian Sea steep continental slopes." Marine Geology 134, no. 1-2 (September 1996): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(96)00023-0.

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14

Le Tareau, J. Y., and R. Maze. "On barotropic and baroclinic tides over an arbitrary sloping topography." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 9 (September 30, 1996): 961–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0961-2.

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Abstract. Some theoretical concepts about the frictionless dynamics of propagation of the barotropic tide over two-dimensional continental slopes of arbitrary shape are developed. A numerical procedure which generalizes the exact solution obtained over a rectilinear sloping topography is given. This technique can be applied to compute the harmonic components of the barotropic tide everywhere over sloping bottom contours of any shape. It permits in particular the avoidance of discontinuities at the boundaries of rectilinear-continental-slope profiles. The barotropic tidal results are used afterwards to calculate the barotropic forcing for the generation of internal tides. Numerical experiments are performed to study the interaction between the tide and some typical sloping topographies. A three-layered model is used for this purpose. Results are compared with those previously obtained over a rectilinear continental slope.

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15

Gordon, J. D. M., and J. Mauchline. "The Distribution and Diet of the Dominant, Slope-Dwelling Eel, Synaphobranchus Kaupi, of the Rockall Trough." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 76, no. 2 (May 1996): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400030691.

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INTRODUCTIONThe deep-sea eel, Synaphobranchus kaupi, is widely distributed on the continental slopes of the North Atlantic (Saldanha & Bauchot, 1986; Haedrich & Merrett, 1988). It was a dominant fish species in epibenthic sledge and semi-balloon otter trawl (OTSB) hauls on the West African slope (Merrett & Marshall, 1981; Merrett & Domanski, 1985). Also in the eastern North Atlantic, it was the most abundant species on the slopes of the Porcupine Sea Bight off south-west Ireland (Merrett et al., 1991; Priede et al., 1994). In the western North Atlantic, it was the dominant species on the middle and lower slopes of the Middle Atlantic States of the USA and on the upper slopes of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland (Sedberry & Musick, 1978; Houston & Haedrich, 1986).

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16

Martins, H., A. Santos, E. F. Coelho, R. Neves, and T. Rosa. "Numerical simulation of internal tides." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 214, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406001523849.

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This work compares the numerical results of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic baroclinic model and a known analytical solution due to Baines of the baroclinic lunar semidiurnal (M2) tidal propagation over the continental shelf. The simplifying numerical approaches are the Boussinesq and the hydrostatic hypothesis. The hydrostatic pressure restricts the use of this model to every phenomenon associated with major vertical accelerations, as is sometimes the case of internal tides near steep slopes. A comparison between the two models in the area of the continental shelf was performed for 2.5, 5 and 10 per cent shelf slopes. The results obtained are the following: (a) the linear numerical solution approaches the analytical solution for these slopes, (b) the convection terms become significant for slopes greater than 5 per cent and (c) the non-linear numerical model becomes unstable for slopes above 10 per cent, therefore requiring non-hydrostatic pressure.

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17

Chen, Bo, Chaoqi Zhu, Yasheng Feng, Xiaohui Han, Weite Zeng, Congcong Xing, Shili Lin, and Gang Liu. "Underestimated angle of submarine slope at failure: A short discussion." E3S Web of Conferences 293 (2021): 02057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129302057.

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Submarine landslides always occur along gently inclined continental slopes, but the reasons for such failure of low-angle submarine slopes are unclear and contentious. A short discussion is presented here to some recent published papers including some inspirations about the low-angle failure of submarine slopes. Because fluid overpressure could lead to steepening slopes before landslide, the inclination of the slopes at failure may be underestimated. We offer a new perspective on low-angle failure of low-permeability slopes.

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18

Del Balzo, Donald R., Deborah L. Head, and Mona J. Authement. "Topographic noise stripping at oblique angles over continental slopes." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 83, S1 (May 1988): S86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2025563.

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19

Legg, Sonya, and Alistair Adcroft. "Internal Wave Breaking at Concave and Convex Continental Slopes*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, no. 11 (November 2003): 2224–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<2224:iwbaca>2.0.co;2.

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20

Siva Naik, Moode, and Manasa Ranjan Behera. "Effect of continental and nearshore slopes on tsunami height." Ocean Engineering 163 (September 2018): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.05.069.

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21

Kumar, Mohi. "Mixing along continental slopes affects North Atlantic Deep Water." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 92, no. 34 (August 23, 2011): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011eo340008.

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22

Hundert, Thian, and David J. W. Piper. "Late Quaternary sedimentation on the southwestern Scotian Slope, eastern Canada: relationship to glaciationGeological Survey of Canada Contribution 20070176." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 45, no. 3 (March 2008): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e07-075.

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The sedimentary record on continental slopes has the potential to preserve a record of glacial retreat on the adjacent continental shelf. The glacial history of the southwestern part of the Scotian Shelf is poorly known. Air-gun and high-resolution sparker profiles and numerous sediment cores up to 10 m long have been used to determine the character of sedimentation on the southwestern Scotian Slope since the last glacial maximum (LGM). Seismic-reflection profiles show that glacial till was deposited at shallow depths on the upper continental slope, and correlation to dated piston cores farther downslope show that this till dates from the LGM. Slope sedimentation at this time was dominated by local ice and deposited as plume fallout and turbidites. Progressively increasing importance of red-brown sediment derived from glacial supply to Laurentian Channel indicates retreat of ice from the shelf edge and diminishing supply of proglacial sediment from the calving embayment in the mid-Scotian Shelf. With the termination of distal proglacial sediment supply, the sedimentation rate diminished rapidly and hemipelagic sedimentation prevailed through the Holocene.

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23

Kelly, Samuel M., Nicole L. Jones, and Jonathan D. Nash. "A Coupled Model for Laplace's Tidal Equations in a Fluid with One Horizontal Dimension and Variable Depth." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 1780–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-0147.1.

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Abstract Tide–topography interactions dominate the transfer of tidal energy from large to small scales. At present, it is poorly understood how low-mode internal tides reflect and scatter along the continental margins. Here, the coupling equations for linear tides model (CELT) are derived to determine the independent modal solutions to Laplace's Tidal Equations (LTE) over stepwise topography in one horizontal dimension. CELT is (i) applicable to arbitrary one-dimensional topography and realistic stratification without requiring numerically expensive simulations and (ii) formulated to quantify scattering because it implicitly separates incident and reflected waves. Energy fluxes and horizontal velocities obtained using CELT are shown to converge to analytical solutions, indicating that “flat bottom” modes, which evolve according to LTE, are also relevant in describing tides over sloping topography. The theoretical framework presented can then be used to quantify simultaneous incident and reflected energy fluxes in numerical simulations and observations of tidal flows that vary in one horizontal dimension. Thus, CELT can be used to diagnose internal-tide scattering on continental slopes. Here, semidiurnal mode-1 scattering is simulated on the Australian northwest, Brazil, and Oregon continental slopes. Energy-flux divergence and directional energy fluxes computed using CELT are shown to agree with results from a finite-volume model that is significantly more numerically expensive. Last, CELT is used to examine the dynamics of two-way surface–internal-tide coupling. Semidiurnal mode-1 internal tides are found to transmit about 5% of their incident energy flux to the surface tide where they impact the continental slope. It is hypothesized that this feedback may decrease the coherence of sea surface displacement on continental shelves.

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24

Goff, John A. "Quantitative classification of canyon systems on continental slopes and a possible relationship to slope curvature." Geophysical Research Letters 28, no. 23 (December 1, 2001): 4359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001gl013300.

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25

O’Grady, Damian B., and James P. M. Syvitski. "Large-scale morphology of Arctic continental slopes: the influence of sediment delivery on slope form." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 203, no. 1 (2002): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.203.01.02.

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26

Heywood, Karen J., Sunke Schmidtko, Céline Heuzé, Jan Kaiser, Timothy D. Jickells, Bastien Y. Queste, David P. Stevens, et al. "Ocean processes at the Antarctic continental slope." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2019 (July 13, 2014): 20130047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0047.

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The Antarctic continental shelves and slopes occupy relatively small areas, but, nevertheless, are important for global climate, biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem functioning. Processes of water mass transformation through sea ice formation/melting and ocean–atmosphere interaction are key to the formation of deep and bottom waters as well as determining the heat flux beneath ice shelves. Climate models, however, struggle to capture these physical processes and are unable to reproduce water mass properties of the region. Dynamics at the continental slope are key for correctly modelling climate, yet their small spatial scale presents challenges both for ocean modelling and for observational studies. Cross-slope exchange processes are also vital for the flux of nutrients such as iron from the continental shelf into the mixed layer of the Southern Ocean. An iron-cycling model embedded in an eddy-permitting ocean model reveals the importance of sedimentary iron in fertilizing parts of the Southern Ocean. Ocean gliders play a key role in improving our ability to observe and understand these small-scale processes at the continental shelf break. The Gliders: Excellent New Tools for Observing the Ocean (GENTOO) project deployed three Seagliders for up to two months in early 2012 to sample the water to the east of the Antarctic Peninsula in unprecedented temporal and spatial detail. The glider data resolve small-scale exchange processes across the shelf-break front (the Antarctic Slope Front) and the front's biogeochemical signature. GENTOO demonstrated the capability of ocean gliders to play a key role in a future multi-disciplinary Southern Ocean observing system.

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27

Cacchione, D. A., and D. E. Drake. "Nepheloid layers and internal waves over continental shelves and slopes." Geo-Marine Letters 6, no. 3 (September 1986): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02238085.

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28

Liu, Fang, Lin Tan, Giovanni Crosta, and Yu Huang. "Spatiotemporal destabilization modes of upper continental slopes undergoing hydrate dissociation." Engineering Geology 264 (January 2020): 105286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105286.

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29

Zhou, Cuiying, Xu Yang, Yanhao Liang, Zichun Du, Zhen Liu, Wei Huang, and Weihua Ming. "Classification of Red-Bed Rock Mass Structures and Slope Failure Modes in South China." Geosciences 9, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9060273.

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Red beds are Meso–Cenozoic continental sedimentary strata that are mainly composed of gravel stone, sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and shale and occasionally have interlayers of limestone, halite, and gypsum. As a typical rock mass, red beds are widely distributed throughout South China. In a typical tropical and subtropical continental environment, red beds are the product of multiple sedimentary cycles, which have resulted in complicated rock mass structures that play an important role in rock mass stability. It is thus of great significance to investigate the influence of different rock mass structures on the stability of red-bed slopes. In this paper, the geological formation history of red beds in South China is described. The main features of red-bed rock mass slopes in South China are discussed. The main combinations of inner geomechanical structures comprise: (1) mega-thick soft rock structures; (2) mega-thick hard rock structures; (3) thick hard rock structures with weak intercalation; and (4) soft–hard interbedded structures. In addition, the features of slope failure are analyzed, and four common failure modes are identified from the statistical data: (a) weathering spalling and scouring; (b) rock falls; (c) landslides; and (d) tensile dumping.

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30

Biscontin, G., and J. M. Pestana. "Factors affecting seismic response of submarine slopes." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 20, 2006): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-97-2006.

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Abstract. The response of submerged slopes on the continental shelf to seismic or storm loading has become an important element in the risk assessment for offshore structures and "local" tsunami hazards worldwide. The geological profile of these slopes typically includes normally consolidated to lightly overconsolidated soft cohesive soils with layer thickness ranging from a few meters to hundreds of meters. The factor of safety obtained from pseudo-static analyses is not always a useful measure for evaluating the slope response, since values less than one do not necessarily imply slope failure with large movements of the soil mass. This paper addresses the relative importance of different factors affecting the response of submerged slopes during seismic loading. The analyses use a dynamic finite element code which includes a constitutive law describing the anisotropic stress-strain-strength behavior of normally consolidated to lightly overconsolidated clays. The model also incorporates anisotropic hardening to describe the effect of different shear strain and stress histories as well as bounding surface principles to provide realistic descriptions of the accumulation of the plastic strains and excess pore pressure during successive loading cycles. The paper presents results from parametric site response analyses on slope geometry and layering, soil material parameters, and input ground motion characteristics. The predicted maximum shear strains, permanent deformations, displacement time histories and maximum excess pore pressure development provide insight of slope performance during a seismic event.

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31

Choo, Youngmin, Woojae Seong, and Wooyoung Hong. "Modeling and Analysis of Monostatic Seafloor Reverberation from Bottom Consisting of Two Slopes." Journal of Computational Acoustics 22, no. 02 (April 17, 2014): 1450005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x14500052.

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An incoherent reverberation from a continental shelf was simulated using a propagation model based on ray theory combined with several scattering strength formulas. The concept of an N × 2D reverberation model is used to consider azimuthal and radial dependent bottom. For verification of the reverberation model, the result is compared to consensus solutions of problem XI in Reverberation Modeling Workshop I (RMW I). Subsequently, the model is applied to one of data-inspired problems in Reverberation Modeling Workshop II (RMW II). Scattering strength formulas based on the Kirchhoff approximation (KA) and small slope approximation (SSA) are adapted to be applicable to a von Karman roughness spectral form. The monostatic reverberations on the continental shelf are observed at 200 Hz and 1600 Hz for various scattering cross-sections. The results with SSA scattering cross-section are examined to analyze the features of continental shelf reverberation depending on the sound speed profile and bottom slope, and they are found to affect both the pattern and level of reverberations.

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32

Athanasiou, Panagiotis, Ap van Dongeren, Alessio Giardino, Michalis Vousdoukas, Sandra Gaytan-Aguilar, and Roshanka Ranasinghe. "Global distribution of nearshore slopes with implications for coastal retreat." Earth System Science Data 11, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 1515–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1515-2019.

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Abstract. Nearshore slope, defined as the cross-shore gradient of the subaqueous profile, is an important input parameter which affects hydrodynamic and morphological coastal processes. It is used in both local and large-scale coastal investigations. However, due to unavailability of data, most studies, especially those that focus on continental or global scales, have historically adopted a uniform nearshore slope. This simplifying assumption could however have far-reaching implications for predictions/projections thus obtained. Here, we present the first global dataset of nearshore slopes with a resolution of 1 km at almost 620 000 points along the global coastline. To this end, coastal profiles were constructed using global topo-bathymetric datasets. The results show that the nearshore slopes vary substantially around the world. An assessment of coastline recession driven by sea level rise (SLR) (for an arbitrary 0.5 m SLR) with a globally uniform coastal slope of 1 : 100, as carried out in previous studies, and with the spatially variable coastal slopes computed herein shows that, on average, the former approach would underestimate coastline recession by about 40 %, albeit with significant spatial variation. The final dataset has been made publicly available at https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:a8297dcd-c34e-4e6d-bf66-9fb8913d983d (Athanasiou, 2019).

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33

Aksu, A. E., and David J. W. Piper. "Late Quaternary sedimentation in Baffin Bay." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-174.

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Baffin Bay is a small ocean basin that connects the Arctic and Atlantic oceans. The adjacent continental shelves have been extensively reworked during Quaternary glaciation. The shelf break generally lies between 200 and 500 m. The continental slope passes directly into the abyssal plain of Baffin Bay basin without any major submarine canyon – deep-sea fan system being present, except for a large smooth sediment apron in northern Baffin Bay.On the basis of over 50 piston cores, six Quaternary sediment facies are distinguished from detrital mineralogy (reflected in colour) and sediment texture. Facies A, B, and C are predominantly ice-rafted or are debris flow deposits, each with a distinct mineralogy. Facies D is turbidites and bottom-current sorted sands, silts, and muds. Facies E is hemipelagic sediment. Facies F consists of sediments ranging from slumps, through debris flow deposits, to fine-grained turbidites, with a distinctive provenance in northern Baffin Bay.These sediment facies appear to be partly controlled by glacial conditions. Hemipelagic facies E predominates during the present interglacial. During glacial stages, facies D turbidites were deposited. They resulted from slumping of proglacial sediments on the continental slopes off Greenland and Baffin Island. Facies C and F occurred on the continental slopes at these times. Ice-rafted facies A and B predominate at several horizons, reflecting a rapid breakup of ice shelves in northern Baffin Bay and increased rates of iceberg melting within the Bay. Overall sedimentation rates are relatively low, reflecting dry-base ice sheets in source areas.Deep-sea channel systems floored by sorted coarse sediments and bounded by muddy levees are absent in Baffin Bay, in contrast to mid-latitude glaciated continental margins off eastern Canada. These channel systems are the result of melting of wet-base glaciers, which provide a localized supply of sediment that is sorted by ice margin processes. In Baffin Bay, most glacial sediments are derived by calving of icebergs, probably from dry-base glaciers. Sediments are gradually released over large areas as the bergs melt, and are subsequently redistributed by debris flows.

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34

Schönfeld, Joachim, and Hermann-Rudolf Kudrass. "Hemipelagic Sediment Accumulation Rates in the South China Sea Related to Late Quaternary Sea-Level Changes." Quaternary Research 40, no. 3 (November 1993): 368–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1090.

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AbstractSediments of 13 piston cores from opposite continental slopes of the South China Sea, off southern China and Sabah (northern Borneo), were analyzed by sedimentological methods and dated by oxygen isotope stratigraphy. Sediments mostly consist of hemipelagic clay with 20% carbonate off Sabah and 40% off China. We calculated terrigenous and carbonate accumulation rates for up to 11 time-slices from the Holocene to oxygen-isotope stage 6. Terrigenous accumulation rates generally increase with water depth and reach a maximum at the middle slope off Sabah and at the lower continental slope off China. During glacial and interglacial times this distribution pattern did not markedly change, despite an increase of accumulation rates for glacial periods by a factor of 2 to 5 compared to interglacial periods. Rates are negatively correlated with positions of sea level, which controls the partition of fluviatile terrigenous material for deposition on shelf, slope, and abyssal plain. Carbonate accumulation rates are higher off China by a factor of 2 compared to Sabah, probably indicating higher calcareous plankton productivity.

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35

Lin, Ying-Tsong, David Barclay, Timothy F. Duda, and Weifeng Gordon Zhang. "Three dimensional underwater acoustic modeling on continental slopes and submarine canyons." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136, no. 4 (October 2014): 2317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4900395.

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36

Vereshchaka, A. L. "Macroplankton in the near-bottom layer of continental slopes and seamounts." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 42, no. 9 (September 1995): 1639–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(95)00065-e.

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37

Wang, Yan, and Andrew L. Stewart. "Scalings for eddy buoyancy transfer across continental slopes under retrograde winds." Ocean Modelling 147 (March 2020): 101579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2020.101579.

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38

Elverhøi, Anders, Fabio V. de Blasio, Faisal A. Butt, Dieter Issler, Carl Harbitz, Lars Engvik, Anders Solheim, and Jeffrey Marr. "Submarine mass-wasting on glacially-influenced continental slopes: processes and dynamics." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 203, no. 1 (2002): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.203.01.05.

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39

Zabanbark, A., and L. I. Lobkovsky. "Role of Brazil’s Continental Slopes in Being Provided with Hydrocarbon Resources." Oceanology 60, no. 2 (March 2020): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001437020020125.

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40

Merino-Martín, L., M. Moreno-de las Heras, S. Pérez-Domingo, T. Espigares, and J. M. Nicolau. "Hydrological heterogeneity in Mediterranean reclaimed slopes: runoff and sediment yield at the patch and slope scales along a gradient of overland flow." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 5 (May 8, 2012): 1305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1305-2012.

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Abstract. Hydrological heterogeneity is recognized as a fundamental ecosystem attribute in drylands controlling the flux of water and energy through landscapes. Therefore, mosaics of runoff and sediment source patches and sinks are frequently identified in these dry environments. There is a remarkable scarcity of studies about hydrological spatial heterogeneity in restored slopes, where ecological succession and overland flow are interacting. We conducted field research to study the hydrological role of patches and slopes along an "overland flow gradient" (gradient of overland flow routing through the slopes caused by different amounts of run-on coming from upslope) in three reclaimed mining slopes of Mediterranean-continental climate. We found that runoff generation and routing in non-rilled slopes showed a pattern of source and sink areas of runoff. Such hydrological microenvironments were associated with seven vegetation patches (characterized by plant community types and cover). Two types of sink patches were identified: shrub Genista scorpius patches could be considered as "deep sinks", while patches where the graminoids Brachypodium retusum and Lolium perenne dominate were classified as "surface sinks" or "runoff splays". A variety of source patches were also identified spanning from "extreme sources" (Medicago sativa patches; equivalent to bare soil) to "poor sources" (areas scattered by dwarf-shrubs of Thymus vulgaris or herbaceous tussocks of Dactylis glomerata). Finally, we identified the volume of overland flow routing along the slope as a major controlling factor of "hydrological diversity" (heterogeneity of hydrological behaviours quantified as Shannon diversity index): when overland flow increases at the slope scale hydrological diversity diminishes.

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41

Remy, F., P. Mazzega, S. Houry, C. Brossier, and J. F. Minster. "Mapping of the Topography of Continental Ice by Inversion of Satellite-altimeter Data." Journal of Glaciology 35, no. 119 (1989): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214389793701419.

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AbstractSatellite-altimeter data over ice sheets provide the best tool for mapping their topography and its possible climatic variations. However, these data are affected by measurement errors, orbit errors, and slope errors. We develop here a three-step inversion technique which accommodates the a priori information on the expected topography and correctly handles and propagates the data errors: it estimates first a large-scale reference surface, then maps the residuals related to undulations, and finally iteratively corrects the slope error. The method is tested on overlapping small fragments of the Antarctic ice sheet, using a sub-set of Seasat data. Finally, a topographic map of Terre Adélie is produced. Over areas of small slopes, the a posteriori error should be of the order of 0.4 m. Using ERS-I data, it is therefore expected that climatic variations in the ice-sheet topography since the introduction of Seasat will be observable.

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42

Eyre, B. D., I. R. Santos, and D. T. Maher. "Seasonal, daily and diel N<sub>2</sub> effluxes in permeable carbonate sediments." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2012): 17437–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-17437-2012.

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Abstract. Benthic metabolism and inorganic nitrogen and N2 flux rates (denitrification) were measured in permeable carbonate sands from Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef). Some of the N2 flux rates were among the highest measured in sediments. All benthic fluxes showed a significant difference between seasons with higher rates in summer and late summer. There was no distinct response of the benthic system to mass coral spawning. Instead, changes in benthic fluxes over 12 days in summer appears to be driven by tidal changes in water depth and associated changes in phytosynthetically active radiation reaching the sediments. Dark N2 fluxes were strongly correlated to benthic oxygen consumption across all sites and seasons (r2 = 0.64; p < 0.005; slope = 0.036). However, there were seasonal differences with a steeper slope in summer than winter reflecting either more efficient coupling between respiration and nitrification-denitrification at higher temperatures or different sources of organic matter. Adding data from published studies on carbonate sands revealed two slopes in the dark N2 flux versus benthic oxygen consumption relationship. The lower slope (0.035) was most likely due to high carbon : nitrogen (C : N) organic matter from coral reefs, but competition by benthic microalgae for nitrogen, N-fixation or inefficient coupling between respiration and nitrification-denitrification can not be excluded. The steeper slope (0.089) was most likely due to respiration being driven by low C : N phyto-detritus. If the different slopes were driven by the sources of organic matter then global estimates of continental shelf denitrification are probably about right. In contrast, global estimates of continental shelf may be over-estimated if the low slope was due to inefficient coupling between respiration and nitrification-denitrification and also due to reduced N2 effluxes in the light associated with competition by benthic microalgae for nitrogen and N-fixation.

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Eyre, B. D., I. R. Santos, and D. T. Maher. "Seasonal, daily and diel N<sub>2</sub> effluxes in permeable carbonate sediments." Biogeosciences 10, no. 4 (April 18, 2013): 2601–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2601-2013.

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Abstract. Benthic metabolism and inorganic nitrogen and N2 flux rates (denitrification) were measured in permeable carbonate sands from Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef). Some of the N2 flux rates were among the highest measured in sediments. All benthic fluxes showed a significant difference between seasons with higher rates in summer and late summer. There was no distinct response of the benthic system to mass coral spawning. Instead, changes in benthic fluxes over 12 days in summer appear to be driven by tidal changes in water depth and associated changes in phytosynthetically active radiation reaching the sediments. Dark N2 fluxes were strongly correlated to benthic oxygen consumption across all sites and seasons (r2 = 0.63; p < 0.005; slope = 0.035). However, there were seasonal differences with a steeper slope in summer than winter, reflecting either more efficient coupling between respiration and nitrification–denitrification at higher temperatures or different sources of organic matter. Adding data from published studies on carbonate sands revealed two slopes in the dark N2 flux versus benthic oxygen consumption relationship. The lower slope (0.035) was most likely due to high carbon : nitrogen (C : N) organic matter from coral reefs, and associated assimilation of nitrogen by heterotrophic bacteria including enhanced heterotrophic N-fixation, but competition by benthic microalgae or inefficient coupling between respiration and nitrification–denitrification cannot be excluded. The steeper slope (0.089) was most likely due to respiration being driven by low C : N phytodetritus. If the different slopes were driven by the sources of organic matter, then global estimates of continental shelf denitrification are probably about right. In contrast, global estimates of continental shelf denitrification may be over-estimated if the low slope was due to inefficient coupling between respiration and nitrification–denitrification and also due to reduced N2 effluxes in the light associated with competition by benthic microalgae for nitrogen and N-fixation.

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44

Merino-Martín, L., M. Moreno-de las Heras, S. Pérez-Domingo, T. Espigares, and J. M. Nicolau. "Hydrological heterogeneity in Mediterranean reclaimed slopes: runoff and sediment yield at the patch and slope scales along a gradient of overland flow." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 6 (November 14, 2011): 9927–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-9927-2011.

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Abstract. Hydrological heterogeneity is recognized as a fundamental ecosystem attribute in drylands controlling the flux of water and energy through landscapes. Therefore, mosaics of runoff and sediment sinks and source patches are frequently identified in these dry environments. There is a remarkable scarcity of studies about hydrological spatial heterogeneity in restored slopes, where ecological succession and overland flow are interacting. We conducted a field research to study the hydrological role of patches and slopes along an overland flow gradient in three reclaimed slopes coming from mining reclamation in a Mediterranean-continental climate. We found that runoff generation and routing in non-rilled slopes showed a pattern of source and sink areas of runoff. Such hydrological microenvironments were associated to seven vegetation patches (characterized by plant community types and cover). Two types of sink patches were identified: shrub Genista scorpius patches could be considered as a "deep sink", while patches where the graminoids Brachypodium retusum and Lolium perenne dominate were classified as "surface sinks" or "runoff splays". A variety of source patches were also identified spanning from "extreme sources" (Medicago sativa patches; equivalent to bare soil) to "poor sources" (areas scattered by dwarf-shrubs of Thymus vulgaris or herbaceous tussocks of Dactylis glomerata). Finally, we identified the volume of overland flow routing along the slope as a controlling major factor of hydrological diversity: when overland flow increases at the slope scale hydrological diversity diminishes.

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45

de Pascual-Collar, Álvaro, Marcos G. Sotillo, Bruno Levier, Roland Aznar, Pablo Lorente, Arancha Amo-Baladrón, and Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul. "Regional circulation patterns of Mediterranean Outflow Water near the Iberian and African continental slopes." Ocean Science 15, no. 3 (May 27, 2019): 565–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-15-565-2019.

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Abstract. The Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) is a dense water mass originated in the Strait of Gibraltar. Downstream of the Gulf of Cádiz, the MOW forms a reservoir region west of the Iberian continental slopes at a buoyant depth of approximately 1000 m. This region plays a key role as the main centre where the MOW is mixed and distributed into the North Atlantic. The seafloor in this area is characterized by the presence of a complex bathymetry with three abyssal plains separated by mountain chains. Although the topographic features do not reach the surface, they influence ocean flows at intermediate and deep ocean layers, conditioning the distribution and circulation of MOW. The Copernicus Marine Environmental Monitoring Service (CMEMS) Iberian–Biscay–Ireland (IBI) ocean reanalysis is used to provide a detailed view of the circulation and mixing processes of MOW near the Iberian and African continental slopes. This work emphasizes the relevance of the complex bathymetric features defining the circulation processes of MOW in this region. The high resolution of the IBI reanalysis allows us to make a description of the mesoscale features forced by the topography. The temperature, salinity, velocity, transport, and vorticity fields are analysed to understand the circulation patterns of MOW. The high-resolution circulation patterns reveal that Horseshoe Basin and the continental slope near Cape Ghir (a.k.a. Cap Rhir or Cabo de Aguer) are key areas controlling the mixing processes of MOW with the surrounding water masses, mainly North Atlantic Central Water (NACW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). The water mass variability is also analysed by means of composite analysis. Results indicate the existence of a variability in the MOW tongue which retracts and expands westwards in opposition to the movement of the underlying North Atlantic Deep Water.

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Austin, James, Craig Fulthorpe, Gregory Mountain, Daniel Orange, and Michael Field. "Continental-Margin Seismic Stratigraphy: Assessing the Preservation Potential of Heterogeneous Geologic Processes Operating on Continental Shelves and Slopes." Oceanography 9, no. 3 (1996): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1996.06.

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47

Goldfinger, C., A. E. Morey, B. Black, J. Beeson, C. H. Nelson, and J. Patton. "Spatially limited mud turbidites on the Cascadia margin: segmented earthquake ruptures?" Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 8 (August 23, 2013): 2109–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2109-2013.

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Abstract. A series of 23 thin, mostly mud-silt turbidites are found interspersed between larger, well-dated and regionally correlated paleoseismic sandy turbidites that extend along most of the Cascadia margin, northwestern United States. Investigation of the structure, distribution, and sedimentology of these thin mud-silt units supports the interpretation of these units as turbidites originating on the continental slope. Interpretation of mud turbidites is inhibited by bioturbation and lower response to analytical and imaging techniques; nevertheless most of the 23 interpreted beds exhibit most of the characteristics of coarser turbidites. These characteristics include sharp bases, fining upward sequences, darker color, increased gamma and CT density and magnetic susceptibility relative to the hemipelagic background, sparse microfossils, high lithic content, and evidence of transport from marine sources on the continental slope. New core data from sites south of Rogue Apron indicate that sandy and muddy turbidites may be correlated at least 150 km south to Trinidad Plunge Pool for the period ~ 4800 yr BP to present. Many of the mud turbidites initially described at Rogue Apron coarsen southward, becoming sandy turbidites. High-resolution Chirp seismic profiles reveal that turbidite stratigraphy along the base of the southern Cascadia continental slope is continuous, with little variation for at least 240 km along strike. The Chirp data show that turbidites along the Cascadia base of slope are ubiquitous, and likely not sourced solely from submarine canyon mouths, but may also have been delivered to the proximal abyssal plain as sheet flows from the open continental slope and coalescing local sources. Regional stratigraphy reveals that hemipelagic sedimentation rates and total Holocene turbidite thickness and mass are similar at widely separated sites, yet the total thickness of the Holocene section is greater by a factor of two in southern Cascadia. This difference is primarily due to the presence of the 21 mud and two additional sandy turbidites. We conclude that the Cascadia mud turbidites are ubiquitous along southern Cascadia only, with only one likely example of a correlated turbidite limited to the northern margin. Eight onshore sites including three marsh sites and five lakes include potential seismogenic correlatives of the southern Cascadia turbidites. In all, the onshore sites may have recorded > 80% of the events attributed to plate boundary earthquakes offshore during the period 0–6000 yr ago. Slope stability calculations suggest that earthquakes of Mw = 7.0 or greater should generate ground accelerations sufficient to destabilize open slopes and canyon heads with or without excess pore fluid pressure. Estimates of Mw for segmented ruptures are in the range of 7.4–8.7, exceeding the slope stability criteria for typical slopes by at least a factor of ~ four.

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Talling, Peter, Michael Clare, Morelia Urlaub, Ed Pope, James Hunt, and Sebastian Watt. "Large Submarine Landslides on Continental Slopes: Geohazards, Methane Release, and Climate Change." Oceanography 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.38.

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Ransom, Barbara, Dongseon Kim, Miriam Kastner, and Sonya Wainwright. "Organic matter preservation on continental slopes: importance of mineralogy and surface area." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62, no. 8 (April 1998): 1329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(98)00050-7.

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50

Zabanbark, A., and L. I. Lobkovsky. "Continental Slopes of the West Africa Region: A Unique Treasure of Hydrocarbons." Oceanology 58, no. 5 (September 2018): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s000143701805017x.

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