Relevant bibliographies by topics / Continental slopes

Academic literature on the topic 'Continental slopes'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Continental slopes"

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Prather, Bradford E., Ciaran O'Byrne, Carlos Pirmez, and Zoltán Sylvester. "Sediment partitioning, continental slopes and base-of-slope systems." Basin Research 29, no. 3 (March 12, 2016): 394–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bre.12190.

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Drees, Birgit, and Fred J. A. Daniëls. "Mountain vegetation of south-facing slopes in continental West Greenland." Phytocoenologia 39, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269x/2009/0039-0001.

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Mitchell, Neil C. "Erosion of canyons in continental slopes." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 244, no. 1 (2005): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2005.244.01.08.

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Boffo, Carolina H., Tiago A. de Oliveira, Daniel Bayer da Silva, Rafael Manica, and Ana Luiza de O. Borges. "Continental-slope instability triggered by seepage: An experimental approach." Journal of Sedimentary Research 90, no. 8 (August 19, 2020): 921–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.48.

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ABSTRACT Mass-transport complexes (MTCs), mass-transport deposits (MTDs), and associated facies and features are widely recognized in continental slopes around the world. In most current stratigraphic models of MTCs and MTDs, these submarine sediment failures are related to aquifer outflow (sapping, seepage) along continental slope fronts that originated during relative sea-level fall. We test a hypothetical scenario that is favored during early forced regression using reduced-scale physical simulation. A major underground subaerial hydraulic gradient is assumed to flow towards the basin depocenter as a function of relative sea-level fall. We developed an experimental apparatus with slope angles varying between 15 and 30° to test this concept. Hydraulic gradients, aquifer outflow velocities, and triggered collapses induced by the seepage effect were recorded at various positions of the slope. Analysis shows that steeper slope gradients require lower seepage velocities (and shear stresses) to trigger collapse, but gentler slopes remain unchanged. Experimental data are compatible with a seepage effect that could potentially trigger mass failure and the formation of MTCs during relative sea-level fall. The features produced in the experiment have geometries comparable to natural environments, and the experimental seepage velocities are of an order of magnitude similar to those monitored in submarine aquifers. The experimental results advance understanding of mass transport in continental slopes by introducing and testing new methods, and also provide new insights into potential submarine geohazard risks where tectonic uplift operates along some coastal regions.
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Urlaub, Morelia, Isabel Kratzke, and Berit Oline Hjelstuen. "A numerical investigation of excess pore pressures and continental slope stability in response to ice-sheet dynamics." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 500, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp500-2019-185.

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AbstractSubmarine landslides are common at glaciated continental margins. The onset of large-scale landslides coincides with the initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciations in the Quaternary. This implies that processes related to glacial cycling provide favourable conditions for submarine landslides at high-latitude margins. Potential processes include glacial deposition patterns and enhanced seismicity. It is also possible that advances and retreats of ice sheets, a highly dynamic process in geological terms, makes slopes discernible to failure by modifying the stress regime. Here, we quantify this effect using 2D finite element modelling of a glaciated continental margin. Different model runs investigate the pore-pressure development in homogeneous, as well as layered, slopes during glaciation when loaded by an ice stream with one or more ice advances. Ice streams cause significant variations in excess pore pressure in the very shallow sediment sequences at the continental shelf. However, lateral fluid flow is not efficient enough to increase pore pressures significantly at the slope, where large-scale submarine slides are observed. Hence, while ice-sheet dynamics appear to favour the occurrence of shallow slides close to the shelf edge, ice sheets seem to be irrelevant for the generation of large-scale submarine landslides at the continental slope.
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Hardy, Sarah M., Craig R. Smith, and Andreas M. Thurnherr. "Can the source–sink hypothesis explain macrofaunal abundance patterns in the abyss? A modelling test." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1808 (June 7, 2015): 20150193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0193.

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Low food availability is a major structuring force in deep-sea benthic communities, sustaining only very low densities of organisms in parts of the abyss. These low population densities may result in an Allee effect, whereby local reproductive success is inhibited, and populations are maintained by larval dispersal from bathyal slopes. This slope–abyss source–sink (SASS) hypothesis suggests that the abyssal seafloor constitutes a vast sink habitat with macrofaunal populations sustained only by an influx of larval ‘refugees' from source areas on continental slopes, where higher productivity sustains greater population densities. Abyssal macrofaunal population densities would thus be directly related to larval inputs from bathyal source populations. We evaluate three predictions derived from the SASS hypothesis: (i) slope-derived larvae can be passively transported to central abyssal regions within a single larval period, (ii) projected larval export from slopes to the abyss reproduces global patterns of macrofaunal abundance and (iii) macrofaunal abundance decreases with distance from the continental slope. We find that abyssal macrofaunal populations are unlikely to be sustained solely through influx of larvae from slope sources. Rather, local reproduction probably sustains macrofaunal populations in relatively high-productivity abyssal areas, which must also be considered as potential larval source areas for more food-poor abyssal regions.
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Martini, Kim I., Matthew H. Alford, Eric Kunze, Samuel M. Kelly, and Jonathan D. Nash. "Internal Bores and Breaking Internal Tides on the Oregon Continental Slope." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-030.1.

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Abstract Observations of breaking internal tides on the Oregon continental slope during a 40-day deployment of 5 moorings along 43°12′N are presented. Remotely generated internal tides shoal onto the slope, steepen, break, and form turbulent bores that propagate upslope independently of the internal tide. A high-resolution snapshot of a single bore is captured from lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers (LADCP)/CTD profiles in a 25-h time series at 1200 m. The bore is cold, salty, over 100 m tall, and has a turbulent head where instantaneous dissipation rates are enhanced (ε > 10−6 W kg−1) and sediment is resuspended. At the two deepest slope moorings (1452 and 1780 m), similar borelike phenomena are observed in near-bottom high-resolution temperature time series. Mean dissipation rates and diapycnal diffusivities increase by a factor of 2 when bores are present ( W kg−1 and m s−1) and observed internal tides are energetic enough to drive these enhanced dissipation rates. Globally, the authors estimate an average of 1.3 kW m−1 of internal tide energy flux is directed onto continental slopes. On the Oregon slope, internal tide fluxes are smaller, suggesting that it is a relatively weak internal tide sink. Mixing associated with the breaking of internal tides is therefore likely to be larger on other continental slopes.
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Cacchione, D. A. "The Shaping of Continental Slopes by Internal Tides." Science 296, no. 5568 (April 26, 2002): 724–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1069803.

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Jiang, Lin, and Roland W. Garwood. "Three-Dimensional Simulations of Overflows on Continental Slopes." Journal of Physical Oceanography 26, no. 7 (July 1996): 1214–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<1214:tdsooo>2.0.co;2.

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Sutyrin, G. G., G. D. Rowe, L. M. Rothstein, and I. Ginis. "Baroclinic Eddy Interactions with Continental Slopes and Shelves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, no. 1 (January 2003): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0283:beiwcs>2.0.co;2.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Continental slopes"

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Gales, Jenny Anne. "The geomorphology of Antarctic submarine slopes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-geomorphology-of-antarctic-submarine-slopes(d117ad12-927b-44f1-bf67-d195e2fef51b).html.

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The Antarctic continental margin contains a diverse range of continental slope morphologies, including iceberg keel marks, gullies, channels, mass-wasting features (slides, slumps), ridges, furrows, mounds and trough mouth fans. These features vary significantly in morphology, with bedforms varying in size (width, amplitude and length), shelf incision, sinuosity, branching order, spatial density and cross-sectional shape. The processes which form these features and the environmental controls influencing their morphology are not well documented or well constrained. Understanding the processes operating on the Antarctic continental margin is essential for interpreting seafloor erosion patterns, continental margin evolution, slope instability and sediment core records from the continental slope and rise. Through quantitative analysis of multibeam bathymetric data along >2670 km of the outer shelf and upper-slope of high latitude continental margins, five distinct Antarctic gully types are identified. Gully morphology was found to vary with local slope character (slope geometry, gradient), regional factors (location of cross-shelf troughs, trough mouth fans and drainage basin size), sediment yield and ice-sheet history. Most gullies are likely formed by: (1) flows generated as a result of the release of subglacial meltwater from beneath an ice-sheet grounded to the shelf edge during glacial maxima; (2) turbidity currents initiated by intense iceberg scouring; or (3) small-scale mass-wasting. Erosion by cascading dense water overflow does not form the deeply incised and V-shaped gullies that occur over much of the Antarctic continental margin. A comparison of some Arctic and Antarctic gully morphologies shows that the Antarctic gullies have much deeper mean incision depths and greater shelf-incisions, suggesting that they either formed over significantly longer periods, or by a greater release of meltwater in the areas with greater gully incision depths. The first morphological analysis of the southern Weddell Sea outer shelf and upper slope is presented. Two large and relatively recent submarine slides occur on the Crary Fan, the first Quaternary slides to be documented on an Antarctic trough mouth fan. These slides provide evidence for recent large-scale mass-wasting events on the Antarctic continental margin. The interpretation of bedforms on the outer shelf of the southeastern Weddell Sea provide insight into the timing and extent of past ice and points to grounded ice near to the shelf edge during the Late Quaternary.
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McPhee, Erika E. "Internal-wave mixing along sloping boundaries : a mechanism for generating intermediate nepheloid layers /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10972.

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Urlaub, Morelia. "The role of sedimentation rate on the stability of low gradient submarine continental slopes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/359117/.

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Submarine landslides at open continental slopes are the largest mass movements on Earth and can cause damaging tsunamis. To be able to predict where and when such large landslides may occur in the future requires fundamental understanding of the mechanisms that cause them. Due to the inaccessibility of these features this understanding is based on poorly tested hypotheses. Recent studies have proposed that more landslides occur during periods of sea level rise and lowstand, or during periods of rapid sedimentation. These hypotheses are tested by comparing a comprehensive global data set of ages for large submarine landslides to global mean sea level and local sedimentation rates. The data set does not show statistically significant patterns, trends or clusters in landslide abundance, which suggests that the link between sea level and landslide frequency is too weak to be detected using the available global data base. The analysis also shows no evidence for an immediate influence of rapid sedimentation on slope stability, as failures tend to occur several thousand years after periods of increased sedimentation rates. Large submarine landslides occur on remarkably low slope gradients (<2�), which makes them difficult to explain. A widely used explanation for failure of such low angle slopes is high excess pore pressure due to rapid sedimentation and/or focused pore fluid flow to the toe of the slope. If these hypotheses are universal, and therefore also hold for continental margins with comparatively low rates of sediment deposition (where numerous large landslides are observed), is tested in this thesis. Fully coupled 2D stress-fluid flow finite element models are created that simulate the excess pore pressure and drainage response of a continental slope to the deposition of new sediment. Homogeneous models with a wide range of physical-mechanical properties as well as models with an aquifer are loaded by low rates of sediment deposition. All models turn out stable and resulting excess pore pressures are too low to significantly decrease effective stress anywhere along the slope. Hence, factors other than sediment deposition must be fundamental for initiating slope failure, at least in locations with slow sedimentation rates. The results obtained in this thesis not only indicate that failure mechanisms that have previously been considered important may not be universal. They also emphasise the large uncertainties in our current understanding of the occurrence, timing and frequency of large submarine landslides at open continental slopes.
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Vieira, Isabela Barboza. "Composição e distribuição dos foraminíferos do Talude Continental Superior ao longo da Costa de Sergipe, Brasil." Pós-Graduação em Geociências e Análise de Bacias, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5389.

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In this study 18 sediment samples were collected from the upper continental slope across the coast of the state of Sergipe in January 2007. The composition and distribution pattern of recent foraminifera were studied. For each sample, 300 foraminifera shells were identified, reaching 5400 different specimens. The samples were treated initially with the division by quartering, washed with water, weighed to 1 g and finally screened. The study shows 4504 specimens from benthic and 896 planktonic foraminifera. A total of 167 taxa were identified, with 84 genera and 157 benthic taxa. The benthic species most frequent were Amphistegina sp, Cassidulina laevigata, Siphonina pulchra and Peneroplis carinatus. Benthic and planktonic foraminifera appeared in all samples. For seven genera of planktonic foraminifera, an amount of 10 species could be identified. Planktonic species most frequent were Globigerinoides conglobatus, G. ruber, G. trilobus, Globorotalia menardii e Globigerina bulloides. The 18 sampling sites in the study area are predominantly located in bioclastic environments, except for two points that are located near of the São Francisco canyon, which is a siliciclastic environment. These results are completely new and they will allow extending the composition of foraminifera that occur along the studied area. The data are consistent with those found by other authors in different regions of the northeastern Brazilian coast. Taxonomic changes observed on this study at the generic and specific level of the studied foraminifera agree with literature data.
Neste trabalho foram analisadas 18 amostras de sedimento provenientes do talude continental superior do Estado de Sergipe, coletadas em janeiro de 2007. Os objetivos do trabalho foram analisar a composição e o padrão de distribuição dos foraminíferos recentes ao longo do talude continental superior de Sergipe e correlacioná-los aos fatores abióticos, como granulometria, teor de matéria orgânica e carbonato de cálcio. Foram triadas 300 carapaças de foraminíferos de cada amostra, totalizando 5400 exemplares. As amostras de sedimento foram quarteadas, em seguida foram lavadas, pesadas (1g de sedimento) e triadas para análise dos foraminíferos. Foram identificados 4.504 exemplares de foraminíferos bentônicos e 896 exemplares de planctônicos, com um total de 167 táxons. Tanto os foraminíferos bentônicos quanto os planctônicos estiveram presentes em todas as amostras analisadas. Foram identificados 84 gêneros de foraminíferos bentônicos representados por 157 táxons. Os bentônicos que apresentaram maior frequência relativa foram Amphistegina sp, Cassidulina laevigata, Siphonina pulchra e Peneroplis carinatus. Em relação aos planctônicos foram identificados sete gêneros representados por 10 espécies. As espécies planctônicas com maior frequência foram Globigerinoides conglobatus, G. ruber, G. trilobus, Globorotalia menardii e Globigerina bulloides. Os 18 pontos de amostragem da área de estudo estão predominantemente localizados em ambientes bioclásticos, com exceção de dois pontos que estão localizados próximos ao canyon do rio São Francisco, que é um ambiente siliciclástico. Em relação ao índice de equitatividade, os táxons identificados em cada uma das amostras apresentam uma tendência à homogeneidade nas 18 amostras. Os resultados obtidos trazem o conhecimento inédito sobre a composição dos foraminíferos que ocorrem ao longo do talude continental superior da costa do Estado de Sergipe. Os dados são compatíveis aos encontrados por outros autores em diferentes regiões da costa do nordeste brasileiro. Foi possível revisar, a partir de diversas literaturas, algumas mudanças taxonômicas dos foraminíferos a nível genérico e específico.
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Lee, Simon Edward. "Sedimentary processes recorded by continental slope morphology." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398697.

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Wang, Xiaoming. "Interaction of an eddy with a continental slope." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12890.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1992.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 213-216).
by Xiaoming Wang.
Ph.D.
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Chatwin, Paul Gareth. "Nearbed flows and sediment movement on the continental slope." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2051.

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The steep continental slopes of the southern Celtic shelf have long been thought to be a major export region for the flux of sediment from the south west approaches to the deep ocean (47-49°). Recent studies have suggested that the transfer of energy from the large barotropic tidal currents to internal tides, and higher frequency internal waves is locally enhanced, and provides a mechanism for the re-suspension and downslope transport of bed material on the upper slope region. This material is thought to be preferentially transported at the head of the many submarine canyons that exist along these ocean margins, where the barotropic tidal currents are locally amplified and internal wave energy focused. A unique 23 day deployment of the benthic lander STABLE (Sediment Transport and Boundary Layer Equipment) in July 1990, was at a depth of 388m on La Chapelle Bank continental slope. The site was at the head of a canyon, and at a depth thought to be critical for the generation of internal tidal energy. It was also at the deep water end of a transect of two current meter moorings across the slope. These measurements have shown that during summer stratified conditions the barotropic and baroclinic tides are sufficiently energetic near to the bed to mobilise the sand/gravel sized sediment on the upper slopes and at the shelf break. Eulerian residual bottom currents and maximum tidal currents are orientated cross-slope and this has important implications for sediment transport. The shelf break is predicted to be a region of bed load parting with bedload transport shelfwards at the shelf break and downslope immediately oceanward. On the critical slope region peaks in suspended sediment concentration occur at times of locally enhanced maximum down-slope flow (40cmsˉ¹) and maximum current shear. This suggests that sediment is being eroded from the bed locally and confirms a net flux of material downslope. Above the boundary layer suspended particulate matter will be transported with the net flow of water which is predominantly along-shelf and polewards. A second 10.4 day deployment of STABLE (II) in January 1994 was at a depth of 879m on the Goban Spur. These observations demonstrated the variability of continental slope processes on the margins of the Celtic shelf. During the deployment, weaker tidal currents (maximum of 24cmsˉ¹) were orientated along-slope and there was no evidence to suggest that the fine cohesive sand/mud sized sediment was mobile. Current meter measurements show that any suspended material will be predominantly transported along-slope and poleward. This will be periodically reversed and the net flux will be equatorward. The two studies have highlighted the temporal and alongslope variability of geological and hydrodynamical conditions near to the bed and highlight the difficulties in estimating shelf-ocean fluxes of material across the whole of the north-west European continental margin.
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Alvarado, Bustos Ruben. "Mixing in the continental slope : study case Gulf of Cadiz." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3253/.

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Internal waves in the ocean are the principal generators of mixing in the abyssal ocean and regions of rough topography. The present research work diagnoses the influence of internal wave activity over the Continental slope in the Gulf of Cadiz. Mediterranean Outflow (MOW) and North Atlantic Central Water (NACW) are the main baroclinic flows over the study region and diapycnal mixing acts in each layer. Semi-diurnal internal tides and a continuous MOW flow are observed on the slope. The MOW flow is persistent reaching >0.40 ms-1, but varies in strength with the tides. The Internal wave field in the Gulf of Cadiz can play an important role affecting the MOW signal over the continental slope; MOW can be displaced by the internal tide. Internal waves are generated by tides and MOW flow interacting with the bottom, the two most energetic sources locally. Also MOW bottom stress provides strong diapycnal mixing, providing well-mixed conditions in the MOW. Internal tides can transfer energy on the slope and can cause turbulence. A critical slope characteristic for semidiurnal internal waves occurs over the continental slope with local background stratification where MOW travels as an undercurrent. Diapycnal mixing is found to be enhanced inside the MOW with a diapycnal diffusivity O(7x10-4 m2s-1), and at the MOW-NACW interfaces, reaching O(2x10-4 m2s-1) for the upper interface and O(5x10-4 m2s-1) for the lower interface. Fine-structure methods are used to estimate mixing using CTD measurements; however most of the records came from temperature profiles (XBTs) and an alternative approach to diagnose the strain uses temperature profiles with inferred salinity (using temperature-salinity relations from the CTDs). Applying the strain method using temperature with inferred salinity profiles provides a plausible approximation of the strain spectrum and the mixing estimates, with uncertainties similar to those diagnosed using CTD measurements. Mixing estimates are also diagnosed using a large scale box model, where a salinity budget is applied to study gain and loss over the Gulf of Cadiz. Box model results confirm that salinity is diapycnally transferred from the MOW layers into the neighbouring NACW layers. The advective and diffusive transfers of salt along the layer are much larger than the diapycnal transfer. The inferred diffusivities from the box model are broadly in accord with the estimates from strain.
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Gontikaki, Evangelia. "Carbon cycling in continental slope sediments : the role of benthic communities." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=128351.

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Previous pulse-chase experiments have revealed a wide diversity of benthic response patterns to organic matter (OM) input depending on environmental setting, benthic community structure and experimental conditions i.e. quantity and quality of the added OM.  However, the mechanisms and interaction of environmental and biological factors that produce an observed response pattern are poorly understood. The present thesis set out to improve our current understanding on the set of parameters that determine benthic response patterns.  The core of this study was based on two pulse-chase experiments in two bathyal settings: the Faroe-Shetland Channel (FSC) and the SW Cretan slope in the E. Mediterranean (E. Med).  The sub-zero temperatures in the FSC enabled the observation of the benthic response in “slow-motion” and showed that the response is not static but instead might go through various “phases”.  In the warm E. Med, C processing rates were considerably lower compared to previous measurements in adjacent regions.  The discrepancy was attributed to the particularly refractory sedimentary OM at the sampling station with apparent consequences for the physiological state of the bacterial community.  Both experiments showed that bacterial metabolism and its regulation is a key factor determining the reaction of the benthic community to OM inputs.  This thesis provided further understanding on the short-term fate of organic C in deep-sea sediments but also raised certain issues that could be addressed in future studies.
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Pantland, Nicolette Ariana. "3D numerical techniques for determining the foot of a continental slope." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49807.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides an opportunity for qualifying coastal signatory states to claim extended maritime estate. The opportunity to claim rests on the precept that in certain cases a continental shelf extends beyond the traditionally demarcated two hundred nautical mile (200M) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) mark. In these cases a successful claim results in states having sovereign rights to the living and non-living resources of the seabed and subsoil, as well as the sedentary species, of the area claimed. Where the continental shelf extends beyond the 200M mark, the Foot of the Continental Slope (FoS) has to be determined as one of the qualifying criteria. Article 76 of UNCLOS de nes the FoS as ". . . the point of maximum change in the gradient at its base." Currently Caris Lots is the most widely used software which incorporates public domain data to determine the FoS as a step towards defining the offshore extent of an extended continental shelf. In this software, existing methods to compute the FoS are often subjective, typically involving an operator choosing the best perceived foot point during consideration of a two dimensional profile of the continental slope. These foot points are then joined by straight lines to form the foot line to be used in the desk top study (feasibility study). The purpose of this thesis is to establish a semi-automated and mathematically based three dimensional method for determination of the FoS using South African data as a case study. Firstly, a general background of UNCLOS is given (with emphasis on Article 76), including a brief discussion of the geological factors that influence the characteristics of a continental shelf and thus factors that could influence the determination of the FoS. Secondly, a mathematical method for determination of the surfaces of extremal curvature (on three dimensional data), originally proposed by Vanicek and Ou in 1994, is detailed and applied to two smooth, hypothetical sample surfaces. A discussion of the bathymetric data to be used for application introduces the factors to be taken into account when using extensive survey data as well as methods to process the raw data for use. The method is then applied to two sets of gridded bathymetric data of differing resolution for four separate regions around the South African coast. The ridges formed on the resulting surfaces of maximum curvature are then traced in order to obtain a foot line definition for each region and each resolution. The results obtained from application of the method are compared with example foot points provided by the subjective two dimensional method of computation within the Caris Lots software suite. A comparison of the results for the different resolutions of data is included to provide insight as to the effectiveness of the method with differing spatial coarseness of data. Finally, an indication of further work is provided in the conclusion to this thesis, in the form of a number of recommendations for possible adaptations of the mathematical and tracing methods, and improvements thereof.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie oor die Wet van die See (UNCLOS) bied 'n geleentheid aan kwalifiserende state wat ondertekenaars van die Konvensie is om aanspraak te maak op uitgebreide maritieme gebied. Die geleentheid om op uitgebreide gebied aanspraak te maak berus op die veronderstelling dat 'n kontinentale tafel in sekere gevalle tot buite die tradisioneel afgebakende 200 seemyl eksklusiewe ekonomiese zone (EEZ) strek. In sulke gevalle het 'n suksesvolle aanspraak die gevolg dat die staat soewereine reg oor die lewende en nie-lewende bronne van die seevloer en ondergrond verkry, sowel as die inwonende spesies van die gebied buite die EEZ waarop aanspraak gemaak word. Die voet van die kontinentale tafel (FoS) moet vasgestel word as een van die bepalende kriteria vir afbakening van die aanspraak waar die kontinentale tafel tot buite die EEZ strek. Artikel 76 van UNCLOS defineer die FoS as ". . . die punt van maksimale verandering in die helling by sy basis." Die mees algemeen gebruikte rekenaar sagteware wat openbare domein data aanwend om die voet van die helling te bepaal, is tans "Caris Lots." Die metodes wat in die program gebruik word om die voet van die helling te bepaal, is dikwels subjektief en berus tipies op 'n operateur se keuse van die beste afgeskatte punt van die voet van die helling uit 'n oorweging van 'n twee dimensionele profiel van die kontinentale tafel. Die berekende voet-punte word dan deur middel van reguit lyne verbind om 'n hellingsvoetlyn te vorm. Hierdie voetlyn kan dan in die Suid-Afrikaanse lessenaarstudie (doenlikheidstudie) oor die bepaling van die voet van die kontinentale tafel gebruik word. Die doel van hierdie verhandeling is om 'n semi-outomatiese en wiskundig gebaseerde drie-dimensionele metode te beskryf vir die vasstelling van die FoS, deur as 'n gevallestudie van Suid-Afrikaanse data gebruik te maak. 'n Algemene agtergrond van UNCLOS, met beklemtoning van Artikel 76, word eerstens gegee. 'n Kort bespreking van die geologiese faktore wat die kontinentale tafel beïnvloed en wat gevolglik 'n invloed kan hê op die vasstelling van die voet van die helling, is ingesluit. Tweedens word 'n wiskundige metode, wat oorspronklik in 1994 deur Vanicek en Ou voorgestel is, vir bepaling van die oppervlaktes van maksimale kromming (gebaseer op drie-dimensionele data) in detail bespreek en 'n voorbeeld van 'n toepassing op twee gladde, denkbeeldige oppervaktes word beskryf. Die faktore wat in ag geneem moet word wanneer omvattende dieptemeting data gebruik word, en die metodes wat gebruik word om die rou data te verwerk, word ingelei deur 'n bespreking van die aard van die dieptemeting data wat gebruik is. Die metode word dan toegepas op twee stelle geruite dieptemeting data van verskillende resolusies vir vier afsonderlike streke om die Suid-Afrikaanse kus. Die riwwe wat op die resulterende oppervlaktes van maksimale kromming gevorm word, word dan nagetrek ten einde 'n lyndefinisie van die voet van die kontinentale tafel vir elke streek teen elke resolusie te bepaal. Die resultate verkry uit toepassings van die metode word vergelyk met hellingsvoetpunte soos bepaal deur die subjektiewe twee dimensionele berekeningsmetode in die "Caris Lots" rekenaar-program. 'n Vergelyking van die resultate vir die verskillende data resolusies word ingesluit om die doeltreffendheid van die metode met betrekking tot die hantering van verskillende ruimtelike data resolusies te ondersoek. 'n Aanduiding van verdere werk, bestaande uit 'n aantal aanbevelings vir moontlike aanpassings en verbeterings van die wiskundige en natrek metodes, word ten slotte in die gevolgtrekking van die verhandeling verskaf.
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Books on the topic "Continental slopes"

1

Baba, Keiji. Decapod Crustaceans from continental shelf and slope around Japan: The intensive research of unexploited fishery resources on continental slopes. Tokyo: Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association, 1986.

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Jessen, Paul F. Hydrographic and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) data from the Farallones Shelf and Slope study: 13-18 February 1991. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1992.

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Ramp, Steven R. Circulation studies over the continental shelf and slope near the Farallon Islands, CA: Executive summary. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1995.

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A, Moody John. Hydrography of the New England shelf and slope: Data report for R/V Oceanus cruise 122, July 6-15, 1982. [Reston, Va.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1987.

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Brink, Ken. Programs for computing properties of coastal-trapped waves and wind-driven motions over the continental shelf and slope. Woods Hole (Mass.): Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1985.

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Brink, Ken. Programs for computing properties of coastal-trapped waves and wind-driven motions over the continental shelf and slope. 2nd ed. Woods Hole (Mass.): Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1987.

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Swift, Stephen A. Cenozoic geology of the continental slope and rise off western Nova Scotia. Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1985.

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Rowe, Gilbert T. Deepwater program, northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope habitats and benthic ecology. [New Orleans, La.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, 2001.

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Rowe, Gilbert T. Deepwater program, northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope habitats and benthic ecology. [New Orleans, La.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, 2001.

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A, Aĭbulatov N., ed. Relʹef shelʹfa Mirovogo okeana. Moskva: Nauka, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Continental slopes"

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Del Balzo, D. R., M. J. Authement, and D. A. Murphy. "Ambient Noise over Thickly Sedimented Continental Slopes." In Progress in Underwater Acoustics, 453–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1871-2_53.

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O’Grady, Damian B., and James P. M. Syvitski. "Predicting Profile Geometry of Continental Slopes with a Multiprocess Sedimentation Model." In Geologic Modeling and Simulation, 99–117. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1359-9_6.

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Hay, William W. "Continental Slope." In Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, 1–5. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_156-3.

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Hay, William W. "Continental Slope." In Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, 124–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6238-1_156.

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Ceramicola, Silvia, Daniel Praeg, Marianne Coste, Edy Forlin, Andrea Cova, Ester Colizza, and Salvatore Critelli. "Submarine Mass-Movements Along the Slopes of the Active Ionian Continental Margins and Their Consequences for Marine Geohazards (Mediterranean Sea)." In Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, 295–306. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00972-8_26.

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Lisitzin, Alexander P. "Cryogenic Formations of Passive Margins, Ice Shelves and Continental Slopes · Cryogenic Formations of Active Margins and the Regions Composed of Oceanic Crust." In Sea-Ice and Iceberg Sedimentation in the Ocean, 483–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55905-1_16.

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Tuan, Nguyen Anh, José Darrozes, Jean-Claude Soula, Marianne Saillard, Frédéric Christophoul, Nicole Guerrero, and Pierre Courjeault-Radé. "Slope Stability of Continental Megalandslides." In Landslide Science and Practice, 305–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31427-8_39.

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Mienert, J., C. Berndt, J. S. Laberg, and T. O. Vorren. "Slope Instability of Continental Margins." In Ocean Margin Systems, 179–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05127-6_11.

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Stein, Andrew B., and James P. M. Syvitski. "Glaciation-Influenced Debris Flow Deposits: East Greenland Slope." In Glaciated Continental Margins, 134–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5820-6_51.

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Kelner, Maëlle, Sébastien Migeon, Emmanuel Tric, Françoise Couboulex, Alexandre Dano, Thomas Lebourg, and Alfredo Taboada. "Recent Morphological Changes of the Nice Continental Slope." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory – Volume 4, 221–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08660-6_42.

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Conference papers on the topic "Continental slopes"

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Cao, Ran, Kunde Yang, Yuanliang Ma, Qiulong Yang, and Shaohao Zhu. "Numerical modeling of sound propagation over various gradient continental slopes." In 2016 Techno-Ocean (Techno-Ocean). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/techno-ocean.2016.7890731.

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Murali, Madhuri, and Giovanna Biscontin. "Geotechnical Characterization of Gulf of Mexico Clay." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24183.

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With increasing development in the oil and gas industry, exploration and production are continuously moving deeper off the continental shelf and onto the continental slopes. The hazard of submarine slope failures increases in these locations, potentially leading to damage to offshore structures. Thus there is a need to study and understand properties of offshore marine clays with particular attention to slopes. Submarine failures can be much larger than subaerial ones and typically occur on very gentle slopes that do not fail on land. It is particularly important, therefore, to focus on marine clays because of the possible differences in the response of these soils compared to other clays. This study was undertaken in order to better understand the geotechnical characteristics of a submarine clay deposits from the Gulf of Mexico. The paper presents the results of triaxial testing performed on undisturbed samples of Gulf of Mexico clay. Background information is given about the clay, the sampling program and the laboratory testing program. A SHANSEP approach was used for Ko consolidated-undrained (CKoU) triaxial compression and extension tests. The consolidation tests provided most of the pre-consolidation pressure values used to establish the stress history at the test site and the variation of Ko with OCR. The undrained shear phase provides detailed information on the undrained shear strength, effective stress failure envelopes and stress path characteristics.
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Biscontin, Giovanna, and Juan M. Pestana. "Seismic Response of Submarine Slopes." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37500.

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The geological profile of submerged slopes on the continental shelf typically includes soft cohesive soils with thicknesses ranging from a few meters to tens or hundreds of meters. The response of these soils in simple shear tests is largely influenced by the presence of an initial consolidation shear stress, inducing anisotropic stress-strain-strength properties which depend also on the direction of shear. In this paper, a new simplified effective-stress-based model describing the behavior of normally to lightly overconsolidated cohesive soils is used in conjunction with a one-dimensional seismic site response analysis computer code to illustrate the importance of accounting for anisotropy and small strain nonlinearity. In particular, a simple example is carried out to compare results for different slope inclinations. Depth profiling of the maximum shear strains and permanent deformations provide insight into the mechanisms of deformation during a seismic event, and the effects of sloping ground conditions.
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Omosanya, K. O., and T. M. Alves. "Provenance of a Blocky Debris Flow Deposit in Mid-continental Slopes (Espírito Santo Basin, SE Brazil)." In 75th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20130028.

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Мануйлов, В., and V. Manuylov. "RELIEF AND LANDSCAPES UNDERWATER COASTEL SLOPE ISLANDS OF THE SMALL KURIL RIDGE." In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce3d19ab875.91478839.

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The Small Kuril ridge – part of the island arc system of the Kuril Islands, located in the continental-ocean transition zone. The report notes the correlation between elements of the bottom topography of landscapes complexes and discusses their basic types. The most common elements of underwater slopes are bench – aligned, buried, ridge, with dense thickets of kelp and the community of echinoderms. Underwater ridge slopes with alternating asymmetrical ridges and troughs that separate them, inhabited by red algae, holothurians. In the bays of the main natural complexes – the central valley, the slopes on the sides of blocky, in the tops of the sedimentary dehydration. Straits between the islands have a width from hundreds of meters to tens of kilometers. The central part of the strait is plain with gravel-pebble material. Species of animals adapted for life in a hydrodynamically active zone – some mollusks, echinoderms. Common elements of islands shallow water – reefs. Their dismembered surface occupied by biocenosis of brown algae, holothurians, sea anemones. Accumulative plain, composed of sand and gravel material, which is located at depths of 20‒30 meters – the border of the coastal zone.
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Monowe, P., and N. Nijegorodov. "Simulation of Solar Radiation Components and Daily Optimum Slopes in the Coastal and Continental Areas of some SADC Countries." In Power and Energy Systems. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2010.684-043.

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de Vries, Guus, Joop van der Meer, Harald Brennodden, and Stein Wendel. "Ormen Lange Gas Field, Immediate Settlement of Offshore Rock Supports." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29038.

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Located approximately 120 km offshore, Ormen Lange, with an estimated 400 billion m3 of natural gas, is the second-largest gas discovery on the Norwegian shelf. The water depth is up to 850 meters, making Ormen Lange the first deepwater project on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The development of Ormen Lange is under shared operatorship between Norsk Hydro and Shell. Ormen Lange’s untreated well stream will be transported to shore in two 120 km long, 30-inch diameter pipelines to a processing plant at Nyhamna, Norway. From there, gas will be exported via a 42” 1200 km sub sea pipeline (Langeled) to Easington at the east coast of the UK. The pipelines have to pass over the Storegga slide edge which rises 200–300 meters toward the continental shelf in very steep slopes, which are also encountered in the nearshore Bjo¨rnsundet area. The uneven and steep seabed conditions require the use of approximately 2.8 million tons of rock to support and stabilize the pipelines. The sea bottom conditions on the Norwegian continental shelf are characterized by many outcrops as well as very soft clay deposits. The immediate settlement of the rock supports during installation form a significant amount of the total required rock volume. In this paper a procedure is presented on how to assess these immediate settlements recognizing four contributing components all being discussed separately. The calculation results are compared to a back-analysis, performed during the execution of the Ormen Lange rockworks, proving the suitability of the calculation method.
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Есина, Л., L. Esina, А. Хворощ, A. Hvorosch, Н. Есин, N. Esin, В. Крыленко, et al. "THE ROLE OF THE SUBMARINE LANDSLIDE PROCESSES IN EVOLUTION OF THE BLACK SEA CONTINENTAL SLOPE AND SHELF. THE INFLUENCE OF LANDSLIDES ON MODERN COASTAL PROCESSES." In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce3a0b6c337.05323429.

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Detailed studies of landslide formation on the continental slope of Near Caucasus part of Black Sea, we have made in the area between the Pshada– Olginka settlements allowed to explore the distribution of landslide formations on the continental slope and to establish their influence on the retreat of the shelf edge. The intensive destruction of shelf edge leads to a reduction in its width, the intense movement of sediments from the shelf and transporting them to the continental slope and deep-sea part in large quantities. The evolution and distribution of landslides are influenced by the geological structure of the navigation area, the width of the shelf, the rate of shoreline destruction and sediment transport from the shelf to the continental slope, underwater topography and slope declination, tectonic and seismic factors. Landslide processes on the coast and continental slope affect the modern coast changes, the bottom topography, the formation of Black Sea deep basins and the expansion of Black Sea. Coastal landslides pose a threat to coastal communities and national economic objects located in areas of high abrasion scarps of terraces, as well as for engineering structures on the continental shelf, continental slope and the seabed.
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Roberts, H. H., R. Sassen, and P. Aharon. "Carbonates of the Louisiana Continental Slope." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/5463-ms.

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D. Z., Bagaev. "GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL MODEL OF THE NORTHERN PART OF THE EAST SIBERIAN SEA BASIN IN ORDER TO SUBSTANTIATE PROMISING OIL AND GAS REGIONS." In All-Russian Youth Scientific Conference with the Participation of Foreign Scientists Trofimuk Readings - 2021. Novosibirsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1251-2-8-11.

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The shelf of the East-Siberian Sea remains the least explored part of the Arctic region. At the same time, the geological and geophysical work performed in the last decade on oil and gas and on the problem of determining the outer boundary of the continental shelf indicate high prospects for the promising oil and gas bearing area of the De-Long rise and areas of the continental slope identified here. The main prospects are associated with zones of development of clinoform complexes and fan lobes within the continental slope and structures in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary section on the eastern margin of the De-Long rise.
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Reports on the topic "Continental slopes"

1

Sternberg, Richard W., and Erika E. McPhee. Origins of Nepheloid Layers on Continental Slopes: Laboratory and Field Experimentation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada389398.

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Pratson, Lincoln F. Modeling of Selected Continental Slope Processes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada630380.

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Kunze, Eric. Internal Waves on the Monterey Continental Slope. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada627644.

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Kelly, Kathryn A., and Michael J. Caruso. Sound Propagation from the Continental Slope to the Continental Shelf: Remote Sensing Component. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada375942.

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Kunze, Eric. Turbulence and Internal Tides on the Continental Slope. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada618363.

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Rohr, K. M. M., M. Riedel, S. R. Dallimore, and M. M. Côté. Slope-fan and glacial sedimentation on the central Beaufort continental slope, Arctic Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326068.

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Knobles, David P. Acoustic Propagation in Continental Shelf Break and Slope Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541890.

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Cacchione, David A. Internal Waves Over the Continental Slope Off Northern California. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada629309.

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Knobles, David P. Acoustic Propagation in Continental Shelf Break and Slope Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada571665.

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Knobles, David P. Acoustic Propagation in Continental Shelf Break and Slope Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada574942.

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