Journal articles on the topic 'Continental crust'

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1

MOONEY, W. D. "Continental Geophysics: The Continental Crust." Science 236, no. 4798 (April 10, 1987): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.236.4798.206.

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2

Rudnick, Roberta L. "Making continental crust." Nature 378, no. 6557 (December 1995): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/378571a0.

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3

Smith, Kevin. "Continental Lower Crust." Lithos 31, no. 3-4 (January 1994): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(94)90013-2.

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4

Hacker, Bradley R., Peter B. Kelemen, and Mark D. Behn. "Continental Lower Crust." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 43, no. 1 (May 30, 2015): 167–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-124117.

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5

Rivalenti, Giorgio. "Continental lower crust." Chemical Geology 109, no. 1-4 (October 1993): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90084-v.

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6

Mengel, Kurt. "Continental lower crust." Tectonophysics 227, no. 1-4 (November 1993): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90097-4.

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7

Dhuime, Bruno, Chris J. Hawkesworth, Hélène Delavault, and Peter A. Cawood. "Rates of generation and destruction of the continental crust: implications for continental growth." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2132 (October 2018): 20170403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0403.

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Less than 25% of the volume of the juvenile continental crust preserved today is older than 3 Ga, there are no known rocks older than approximately 4 Ga, and yet a number of recent models of continental growth suggest that at least 60–80% of the present volume of the continental crust had been generated by 3 Ga. Such models require that large volumes of pre-3 Ga crust were destroyed and replaced by younger crust since the late Archaean. To address this issue, we evaluate the influence on the rock record of changing the rates of generation and destruction of the continental crust at different times in Earth's history. We adopted a box model approach in a numerical model constrained by the estimated volumes of continental crust at 3 Ga and the present day, and by the distribution of crust formation ages in the present-day crust. The data generated by the model suggest that new continental crust was generated continuously, but with a marked decrease in the net growth rate at approximately 3 Ga resulting in a temporary reduction in the volume of continental crust at that time. Destruction rates increased dramatically around 3 billion years ago, which may be linked to the widespread development of subduction zones. The volume of continental crust may have exceeded its present value by the mid/late Proterozoic. In this model, about 2.6–2.3 times of the present volume of continental crust has been generated since Earth's formation, and approximately 1.6–1.3 times of this volume has been destroyed and recycled back into the mantle. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Earth dynamics and the development of plate tectonics'.
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8

Campbell, Ian H., and D. Rhodri Davies. "Raising the continental crust." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 460 (February 2017): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.011.

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9

Sato, Takeshi, Tetsuo No, Ryuta Arai, Seiichi Miura, and Shuichi Kodaira. "Transition from continental rift to back-arc basin in the southern Japan Sea deduced from seismic velocity structures." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 722–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa006.

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SUMMARY We obtain the crustal structure from active-source seismic surveys using ocean bottom seismographs and seismic shots to elucidate the evolutionary process from continental rifting to the backarc basin opening in the Yamato Basin and Oki Trough in the southern Japan Sea. Results show that the crust changes from approximately 14–15 km thick in the basin (the southern Yamato Basin) to 16.5–17 km in the margin of the basin (the southwestern edge of the Yamato Basin). The P-wave velocity distribution in the crust of the southern Yamato Basin is missing a typical continental upper crust with P-wave velocities of 5.4–6.0 km s–1, and is thought be a thicker oceanic crust formed by a backarc basin opening. By contrast, the crust of the southwestern edge of the Yamato Basin might have been formed by continental rifting because there is an unit with P-wave velocities of 5.4–6.0 km s–1 and with a gentle velocity gradients, corresponding to the continental upper crust in this area. This variation might reflect differences in mantle properties from continental rifting to backarc basin opening of the Yamato Basin. Because the Oki Trough has a crustal thickness of 17–19 km and having a unit with P-wave velocities of 5.4–6.0 km s–1, corresponding to the continental upper crust with a high-velocity lower crust, we infer that this trough was formed by continental rifting with magmatic intrusion or underplating. These crustal variations might reflect transitional stages from continental rifting to backarc basin opening in the southern Japan Sea.
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10

Fyfe, W. S. "Granites and a wet convecting ultramafic planenet." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 79, no. 2-3 (1988): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300014310.

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ABSTRACTGranites and their associated extrusive rocks are formed in large volumes whenever the continental crust is heated by rising hot mantle, or thickened by collision processes. The complexity of rocks of the granite family is related to the complexity of the continental crust itself and the complexity of processes which lead to thermal perturbations. The light continental crust acts as a density filter which screens out heavy mantle magmas and leads to complex underplating and magma mixing processes. Perhaps the primary cause of crustal melting is the deep recycling of volatiles which are fixed in the oceanic crust before subduction. Modern studies of subduction and collision processes show the large scale and complexity of processes which modify old continental crust.
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11

Pilkington, M., and J. P. Todoeschuck. "Fractal magnetization of continental crust." Geophysical Research Letters 20, no. 7 (April 9, 1993): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92gl03009.

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12

Hawkesworth, C. J., and A. I. S. Kemp. "Evolution of the continental crust." Nature 443, no. 7113 (October 2006): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05191.

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13

Taylor, S. Ross, and Scott M. McLennan. "The Evolution of Continental Crust." Scientific American Sp 15, no. 2 (July 2005): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0705-44sp.

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14

Irving, E. "Paleomagnetism and the continental crust." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 53, no. 1-2 (December 1988): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(88)90142-2.

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15

Chadwick, Brian. "Continental Crust of South India." Precambrian Research 70, no. 1-2 (November 1994): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(94)90027-2.

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16

McLennan, Scott M. "Recycling of the continental crust." Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH 128, no. 3-4 (1988): 683–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00874553.

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17

Yardley, Bruce W. D., and Robert J. Bodnar. "Fluids in the Continental Crust." Geochemical Perspectives 3, no. 1 (April 2014): 1–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/geochempersp.3.1.

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18

Sawyer, E. W., B. Cesare, and M. Brown. "When the Continental Crust Melts." Elements 7, no. 4 (July 25, 2011): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gselements.7.4.229.

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19

Taylor, S. Ross, and Scott M. McLennan. "The Evolution of Continental Crust." Scientific American 274, no. 1 (January 1996): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0196-76.

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20

Torsvik, Trond H., Hans E. F. Amundsen, Reidar G. Trønnes, Pavel V. Doubrovine, Carmen Gaina, Nick J. Kusznir, Bernhard Steinberger, et al. "Continental crust beneath southeast Iceland." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 15 (March 30, 2015): E1818—E1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423099112.

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The magmatic activity (0–16 Ma) in Iceland is linked to a deep mantle plume that has been active for the past 62 My. Icelandic and northeast Atlantic basalts contain variable proportions of two enriched components, interpreted as recycled oceanic crust supplied by the plume, and subcontinental lithospheric mantle derived from the nearby continental margins. A restricted area in southeast Iceland—and especially the Öræfajökull volcano—is characterized by a unique enriched-mantle component (EM2-like) with elevated 87Sr/86Sr and 207Pb/204Pb. Here, we demonstrate through modeling of Sr–Nd–Pb abundances and isotope ratios that the primitive Öræfajökull melts could have assimilated 2–6% of underlying continental crust before differentiating to more evolved melts. From inversion of gravity anomaly data (crustal thickness), analysis of regional magnetic data, and plate reconstructions, we propose that continental crust beneath southeast Iceland is part of ∼350-km-long and 70-km-wide extension of the Jan Mayen Microcontinent (JMM). The extended JMM was marginal to East Greenland but detached in the Early Eocene (between 52 and 47 Mya); by the Oligocene (27 Mya), all parts of the JMM permanently became part of the Eurasian plate following a westward ridge jump in the direction of the Iceland plume.
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21

Johnston, Arch C., and Lisa R. Kanter. "Earthquakes in Stable Continental Crust." Scientific American 262, no. 3 (March 1990): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0390-68.

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22

Fyfe, W. S. "Magma underplating of continental crust." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 50, no. 1-2 (April 1992): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(92)90035-c.

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23

Albarède, Francis. "The growth of continental crust." Tectonophysics 296, no. 1-2 (October 1998): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(98)00133-4.

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24

Tong, Li. "Element abundances of China’s continental crust and its sedimentary layer and upper continental crust." Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 14, no. 1 (January 1995): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02840380.

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25

Condie, K. C. "Growth of continental crust: a balance between preservation and recycling." Mineralogical Magazine 78, no. 3 (June 2014): 623–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2014.078.3.11.

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AbstractOne of the major obstacles to our understanding of the growth of continental crust is that of estimating the balance between extraction rate of continental crust from the mantle and its recycling rate back into the mantle. As a first step it is important to learn more about how and when juvenile crust is preserved in orogens. The most abundant petrotectonic assemblage preserved in orogens (both collisional and accretionary) is the continental arc, whereas oceanic terranes (arcs, crust, mélange, Large Igneous Provinces, etc.) comprise <10%; the remainder comprises older, reworked crust. Most of the juvenile crust in orogens is found in continental arc assemblages. Our studies indicate that most juvenile crust preserved in orogens was produced during the ocean-basin closing stage and not during the collision. However, the duration of ocean-basin closing is not a major control on the fraction of juvenile crust preserved in orogens; regardless of the duration of subduction, the fraction of juvenile crust preserved reaches a maximum of ∼50%. Hafnium and Nd isotopic data indicate that reworking dominates in external orogens during supercontinent breakup, whereas during supercontinent assembly, external orogens change to retreating modes where greater amounts of juvenile crust are produced. The most remarkable feature of εNd (sedimentary rocks and granitoids) and εHf (detrital zircons) distributions through time is how well they agree with each other. The ratio of positive to negative εNd and eHf does not increase during supercontinent assembly (coincident with zircon age peaks), which suggests that supercontinent assembly is not accompanied by enhanced crustal production. Rather, the zircon age peaks probably result from enhanced preservation of juvenile crust. Valleys between zircon age peaks probably reflect recycling of continental crust into the mantle during supercontinent breakup. Hafnium isotopic data from zircons that have mantle sources, Nd isotopic data from detrital sedimentary rocks and granitoids and whole-rock Re depletion ages of mantle xenoliths collectively suggest that ≥70% of the continental crust was extracted from the mantle between 3500 and 2500 Ma.
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26

Cawood, P. A., C. J. Hawkesworth, and B. Dhuime. "The continental record and the generation of continental crust." Geological Society of America Bulletin 125, no. 1-2 (October 31, 2012): 14–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b30722.1.

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27

Mulder, Jacob A., and Peter A. Cawood. "Evaluating preservation bias in the continental growth record against the monazite archive." Geology 50, no. 2 (November 9, 2021): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g49416.1.

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Abstract Most recent models of continental growth are based on large global compilations of detrital zircon ages, which preserve a distinctly episodic record of crust formation over billion-year timescales. However, it remains unclear whether this uneven distribution of zircon ages reflects a true episodicity in the generation of continental crust through time or is an artifact of the selective preservation of crust isolated in the interior of collisional orogens. We address this issue by analyzing a new global compilation of monazite ages (n &gt;100,000), which is comparable in size, temporal resolution, and spatial distribution to the zircon continental growth record and unambiguously records collisional orogenesis. We demonstrate that the global monazite and zircon age distributions are strongly correlated throughout most of Earth history, implying a link between collisional orogenesis and the preserved record of continental growth. Our findings support the interpretation that the continental crust provides a preservational, rather than generational, archive of crustal growth.
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28

Keen, C. E., B. C. MacLean, and W. A. Kay. "A deep seismic reflection profile across the Nova Scotia continental margin, offshore eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e91-100.

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Results from two deep seismic reflection lines are presented. When combined, these lines span the rifted continental margin off Nova Scotia, from crust unaltered by rifting to the ocean basin. These data provide crustal and upper mantle reflection geometry to depths of over 50 km and elucidate the rifting process on this margin which occurred during the Mesozoic breakup of Pangaea. The continental crust below the continental shelf and slope becomes progressively thinner toward the ocean–continent boundary. In the upper crust, normal faults accommodated Mesozoic extension, and these flatten and terminate at 5–6 s (two-way time). In the lower crust and upper mantle Mesozoic rifting may be reflected in dipping events, which are interpreted to be normal faults. All Mesozoic extensional faulting could be controlled by the preexisting fabric of the crust, which in this region would be related to Appalachian compression within the Meguma Terrane. Below the continental rise, there is some evidence for magmatic underplating of the thinned continental crust, but the presence of synrift diapiric salt prevents clear definition of deeper structure. The extreme seaward end of the profile lies in a region interpreted in most other, earlier studies to be oceanic in nature. However, the seismic profile described here shows that relief on basement is associated with listric normal faults, which flatten in decollement, and that linear, landward-dipping intrabasement reflections characterize the area. These features can be explained in either a continental or an oceanic context.
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29

Dumond, Gregory, Michael L. Williams, and Sean P. Regan. "The Athabasca Granulite Terrane and Evidence for Dynamic Behavior of Lower Continental Crust." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 46, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 353–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020625.

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Deeply exhumed granulite terranes have long been considered nonrepresentative of lower continental crust largely because their bulk compositions do not match the lower crustal xenolith record. A paradigm shift in our understanding of deep crust has since occurred with new evidence for a more felsic and compositionally heterogeneous lower crust than previously recognized. The >20,000-km2Athabasca granulite terrane locally provides a >700-Myr-old window into this type of lower crust, prior to being exhumed and uplifted to the surface between 1.9 and 1.7 Ga. We review over 20 years of research on this terrane with an emphasis on what these findings may tell us about the origin and behavior of lower continental crust, in general, in addition to placing constraints on the tectonic evolution of the western Canadian Shield between 2.6 and 1.7 Ga. The results reveal a dynamic lower continental crust that evolved compositionally and rheologically with time.
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30

Castelli, Daniele, Roberto Compagnoni, Bruno Lombardo, Samuele Angiboust, Gianni Balestro, Simona Ferrando, Chiara Groppo, Takao Hirajima, and Franco Rolfo. "Crust-mantle interactions during subduction of oceanic & continental crust." Geological Field Trips 6, no. 1.3 (June 2014): 1–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/gft.2014.03.

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31

Dergachev, A. L. "Global factors of lead-zinc ore formation." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 4 (August 28, 2019): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2019-4-3-10.

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Tectonic evolution of the Earth is a principle global factor responsible for uneven distribution of lead and zinc reserves in geological time. Cyclic changes in productivity of lead-zinc ore-formation processes resulted from periodical amalgamation of most blocks of continental crust, formation, stabilization and final break-up of supercontinents. Many features of age spectrums of lead and zinc reserves are caused by gradual increase of volume of continental crust resulting from accretion of island arcs to ancient cratons, widening of distribution of ensialic environments of ore-formation and increasing role of continental crust in magmatic processes.
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32

SINTON, C. W., K. HITCHEN, and R. A. DUNCAN. "40Ar–39Ar geochronology of silicic and basic volcanic rocks on the margins of the North Atlantic." Geological Magazine 135, no. 2 (March 1998): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756898008401.

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At the submerged margins of the North Atlantic, andesitic to dacitic and basaltic volcanic rocks occur together. The silicic rocks were derived by processes requiring the presence of continental crust (crustal anatexis and/or contamination of mafic magmas) while the majority of the basaltic lavas had little or no contact with continental crust. We report 40Ar–39Ar incremental heating ages for several dacitic and basaltic rocks recovered from three offshore localities of the North Atlantic Igneous Province. Dacitic lavas and tuffs at the southeast Greenland margin and trachytic lavas in the Scottish Hebrides erupted contemporaneously with basaltic lavas at 62–61 Ma. In contrast, the silicic lavas from the northern Rockall Trough (offshore western Scotland) and the Vøring Plateau (offshore Norway) erupted at ∼55 Ma followed shortly by basaltic volcanism. At this time, silicic magmatism at the southeast Greenland margin had ceased and only oceanic basalts were erupted. Similarly, ∼55 Ma lavas on the southwest Rockall Plateau are wholly basaltic. The compositions of all of the dated silicic volcanic rocks are consistent with derivation from partial melting of either continental crust or sediments. The heat necessary for partial melting appears to have been provided by basaltic magmas. Therefore, the existence of the silicic rocks indicates the presence of continental crust as well as a stable tectonic environment that allowed the stagnation and pooling of basaltic melts within the crust. With this in mind, it is apparent that at 62–60 Ma, both western and eastern sides of the present North Atlantic margins were characterized by extensional environments within continental crust that were restrictive to the passage of mafic magmas. By 55 Ma, at the time of continental breakup, the proximal margins at southeast Greenland and the Rockall Plateau were devoid of continental crust. But the presence of 55 Ma silicic magmatism on the eastern North Atlantic margin can be attributed to a broader zone of magmatism and sediment-filled Mesozoic rift basins.
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33

MingGuo, ZHAI, ZHANG YanBin, LI QiuLi, ZOU Yi, HE HaiLong, SHAN HouXiang, LIU Bo, YAN ChaoLei, and LIU Peng. "Cratonization, lower crust and continental lithosphere." Acta Petrologica Sinica 37, no. 1 (2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18654/1000-0569/2021.01.01.

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34

Sawyer, E. W. "Melt segregation in the continental crust." Geology 22, no. 11 (1994): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<1019:msitcc>2.3.co;2.

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35

Gazel, Esteban, Jorden L. Hayes, Kaj Hoernle, Peter Kelemen, Erik Everson, W. Steven Holbrook, Folkmar Hauff, et al. "Continental crust generated in oceanic arcs." Nature Geoscience 8, no. 4 (March 31, 2015): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2392.

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36

Glover, Paul W. J., and F. J. Vine. "Electrical conductivity of the continental crust." Geophysical Research Letters 21, no. 22 (November 1, 1994): 2357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94gl01015.

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37

Wedepohl, K. H. "The Composition of the Continental Crust." Mineralogical Magazine 58A, no. 2 (1994): 959–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1994.58a.2.234.

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38

Haak, V., and R. Hutton. "Electrical resistivity in continental lower crust." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 24, no. 1 (1986): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1986.024.01.05.

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39

Chapman, D. S. "Thermal gradients in the continental crust." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 24, no. 1 (1986): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1986.024.01.07.

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40

Dewey, J. F. "Diversity in the lower continental crust." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 24, no. 1 (1986): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1986.024.01.08.

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41

Sun, Weidong. "The formation of the continental crust." Solid Earth Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 2018): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sesci.2018.03.003.

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42

Kroner, A. "Evolution of the Archean Continental Crust." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 13, no. 1 (May 1985): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.13.050185.000405.

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43

Ingham, M. R. "The continental crust—A geophysical approach." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 56, no. 3-4 (September 1989): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90173-8.

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44

Hans Wedepohl, K. "The composition of the continental crust." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59, no. 7 (April 1995): 1217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2.

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45

Hermann, J., Y. F. Zheng, and D. Rubatto. "Deep Fluids in Subducted Continental Crust." Elements 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gselements.9.4.281.

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46

Christensen, Nikolas I. "The Continental Crust: A Geophysical Approach." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 69, no. 19 (1988): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/88eo00170.

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47

Tatsumi, Yoshiyuki. "Making continental crust: The sanukitoid connection." Science Bulletin 53, no. 11 (April 28, 2008): 1620–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-008-0185-9.

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48

Guo, Meng, and Jun Korenaga. "Argon constraints on the early growth of felsic continental crust." Science Advances 6, no. 21 (May 2020): eaaz6234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz6234.

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The continental crust is a major geochemical reservoir, the evolution of which has shaped the surface environment of Earth. In this study, we present a new model of coupled crust-mantle-atmosphere evolution to constrain the growth of continental crust with atmospheric 40Ar/36Ar. Our model is the first to combine argon degassing with the thermal evolution of Earth in a self-consistent manner and to incorporate the effect of crustal recycling and reworking using the distributions of crustal formation and surface ages. Our results suggest that the history of argon degassing favors rapid crustal growth during the early Earth. The mass of continental crust, highly enriched in potassium, is estimated to have already reached >80% of the present-day level during the early Archean. The presence of such potassium-rich, likely felsic, crust has important implications for tectonics, surface environment, and the regime of mantle convection in the early Earth.
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49

Gordienko, I. V. "The role of island-arc oceanic, collisional and intraplate magmatism in the formation of continental crust in the Mongolia-Trasnbaikalia region: geostructural, geochronological and Sm-Nd isotope data." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 12, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2021-12-1-0510.

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The formation of continental crust in the Mongolia-Transbaikalia region is researched to identify the mechanisms of interactions between the crust and the mantle in the development of the Neoarchean, Proterozoic and Paleozoic magmatic and sedimentary complexes in the study area. Using the results of his own studies conducted for many years and other published data on this vast region of Central Asia, the author have analysed compositions, ages and conditions for the formation of Karelian, Baikalian, Caledonian and Hercynian structure-formational complexes in a variety of geodynamic settings. Based on the geostructural, petrological, geochemical, geochronological and Sm-Nd isotope data, he determines the crustal and mantle sources of magmatism, conducts the identification and mapping of isotopic provinces, and reveals the role of island-arc oceanic, accretion-collision and intraplate magmatism in the formation of continental crust. Considering the formation of the bulk continental crust, three main stages are distinguished: (1) Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic (Karelian) (almost 30% of the crust volume), (2) Meso-Neoproterozoic (Baikalian) (50%), and (3) Paleozoic (Caledonian and Hercynian) (over 20%). This sequence of the evolution stages shows the predominance of the ancient crustal material in igneous rocks sources at the early stage. During the subsequent stages, tectonic structures created earlier were repeatedly reworked, and mixed crustal-mantle and juvenile sources were widely involved in the formation of the bulk continental crust in the study area.
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Aarons, Sarah M., Aleisha C. Johnson, and Shelby T. Rader. "Forming Earth’s Continental Crust: A Nontraditional Stable Isotope Perspective." Elements 17, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.17.6.413.

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Abstract:
The formation of continental crust via plate tectonics strongly influences the physical and chemical characteristics of Earth’s surface and may be the key to Earth’s long-term habitability. However, continental crust formation is difficult to observe directly and is even more difficult to trace through time. Nontraditional stable isotopes have yielded significant insights into this process, leading to a new view both of Earth’s earliest continental crust and of what controls modern crustal generation. The stable isotope systems of titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), molybdenum (Mo), and thallium (Tl) have proven invaluable. Processes such as fractional crystallization, partial melting, geodynamic setting of magma generation, and magma cooling histories are examples of processes illuminated by these isotope systems.
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