Academic literature on the topic 'Context refinement'
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Journal articles on the topic "Context refinement"
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Baumann, Pascal, Moses Ganardi, Rupak Majumdar, Ramanathan S. Thinniyam, and Georg Zetzsche. "Context-Bounded Verification of Context-Free Specifications." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 7, POPL (January 9, 2023): 2141–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3571266.
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A fundamental problem in refinement verification is to check that the language of behaviors of an implementation is included in the language of the specification. We consider the refinement verification problem where the implementation is a multithreaded shared memory system modeled as a multistack pushdown automaton and the specification is an input-deterministic multistack pushdown language. Our main result shows that the context-bounded refinement problem, where we ask that all behaviors generated in runs of bounded number of context switches belong to a specification given by a Dyck language, is decidable and coNP-complete. The more general case of input-deterministic languages follows, with the same complexity. Context-bounding is essential since emptiness for multipushdown automata is already undecidable, and so is the refinement verification problem for the subclass of regular specifications. Input-deterministic languages capture many non-regular specifications of practical interest and our result opens the way for algorithmic analysis of these properties. The context-bounded refinement problem is coNP-hard already with deterministic regular specifications; our result demonstrates that the problem is not harder despite the stronger class of specifications. Our proof introduces several general techniques for formal languages and counter programs and shows that the search for counterexamples can be reduced in non-deterministic polynomial time to the satisfiability problem for existential Presburger arithmetic. These techniques are essential to ensure the coNP upper bound: existing techniques for regular specifications are not powerful enough for decidability, while simple reductions lead to problems that are either undecidable or have high complexities. As a special case, our decidability result gives an algorithmic verification technique to reason about reference counting and re-entrant locking in multithreaded programs.
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DE MARCO, GIUSEPPE, and JACQUELINE MORGAN. "FRIENDLINESS AND RECIPROCITY IN EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION." International Game Theory Review 10, no. 01 (March 2008): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198908001777.
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A concept of altruistic behavior (called friendly behavior) has been defined and used for equilibrium selection in some bargaining models in Rusinowska (2002), "Refinements of Nash Equilibria in view of Jealous and Friendly Behavior of Players", International Game Theory Review, 4, 281–299. In this paper, the situation in which every player has friendly behavior is incorporated into the general context of normal form games by introducing a new refinement concept (called friendliness equilibrium). Existence, properties and connections with another refinement concept, introduced by the authors in a previous paper and which captures an idea of reciprocal altruism, are investigated. Examples and counterexamples are given illustrating concepts, results and links with other classical refinement concepts.
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Tao Li, Tao Li, Yu Wang Tao Li, Zheng Zhang Yu Wang, Xuezhuan Zhao Zheng Zhang, and Lishen Pei Xuezhuan Zhao. "Visual Object Detection with Score Refinement." 網際網路技術學刊 23, no. 5 (September 2022): 1163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/160792642022092305025.
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<p>Robustness of object detection against hard samples, especially small objects, has long been a critical and difficult problem that hinders development of convolutional object detectors. To address this issue, we propose Progressive Refinement Network to reduce classification ambiguity for scale robust object detection. In PRN, several orders of residuals for the class prediction are regressed from upper level contexts and the residuals are progressively added to the basic prediction stage by stage, yielding multiple refinements. Supervision signal is imposed at each stage and an integration of all stages is performed to obtain the final score. By supervision retaining through the context aggregation procedure, PRN avoids over dependency on higher-level information and enables sufficient learning on the current scale level. The progressive residuals added for refinements adaptively reduce the ambiguity of the class prediction and the final integration of all stages can further stabilize the predicted distribution. PRN achieves 81.3% mAP on the PASCAL VOC 2007 dataset and 31.7% AP (15.6% APS) on MS COCO dataset, which demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method and its promising capability on scale robustness.</p> <p> </p>
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FUJIOKA, Kaoru. "Refinement of Representation Theorems for Context-Free Languages." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E93-D, no. 2 (2010): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.e93.d.227.
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M. "Model Refinement in the Model Driven Architecture Context." Journal of Computer Science 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2012): 1205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2012.1205.1211.
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Wang, Zhiyong, Genliang Guan, Yu Qiu, Li Zhuo, and Dagan Feng. "Semantic context based refinement for news video annotation." Multimedia Tools and Applications 67, no. 3 (March 17, 2012): 607–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-012-1060-x.
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Zhang, Hong, Haojie Li, Zhihui Wang, Yuxin Yue, and Shenglun Chen. "Geometry and context guided refinement for stereo matching." IET Image Processing 14, no. 12 (October 16, 2020): 2652–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-ipr.2019.1636.
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Lee, Myung-Won, and Keun-Chang Kwak. "Optimization by Context Refinement for Development of Incremental Granular Models." Symmetry 12, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 1916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111916.
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Optimization by refinement of linguistic contexts produced from an output variable in the construction of an incremental granular model (IGM) is presented herein. In contrast to the conventional learning method using the backpropagation algorithm, we use a novel method to learn both the cluster centers of Gaussian fuzzy sets representing the symmetry in the premise part and the contexts of the consequent part in the if–then fuzzy rules. Hence, we use the fundamental concept of context-based fuzzy clustering and design with an integration of linear regression (LR) and granular fuzzy models (GFMs). This GFM is constructed based on the association between the triangular membership function produced both in the input–output variables. The context can be established by the system user or using an optimization method. Hence, we can obtain superior performances based on the combination of simple linear regression and local GFMs optimized by context refinement. Experimental results pertaining to coagulant dosing in a water purification plant and automobile miles per gallon prediction revealed that the presented method performed better than linear regression, multilinear perceptron, radial basis function networks, linguistic model, and the IGM.
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Niu, Dan, Junhao Huang, Zengliang Zang, Liujia Xu, Hongshu Che, and Yuanqing Tang. "Two-Stage Spatiotemporal Context Refinement Network for Precipitation Nowcasting." Remote Sensing 13, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 4285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214285.
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Precipitation nowcasting by radar echo extrapolation using machine learning algorithms is a field worthy of further study, since rainfall prediction is essential in work and life. Current methods of predicting the radar echo images need further improvement in prediction accuracy as well as in presenting the predicted details of the radar echo images. In this paper, we propose a two-stage spatiotemporal context refinement network (2S-STRef) to predict future pixel-level radar echo maps (deterministic output) more accurately and with more distinct details. The first stage is an efficient and concise spatiotemporal prediction network, which uses the spatiotemporal RNN module embedded in an encoder and decoder structure to give a first-stage prediction. The second stage is a proposed detail refinement net, which can preserve the high-frequency detailed feature of the radar echo images by using the multi-scale feature extraction and fusion residual block. We used a real-world radar echo map dataset of South China to evaluate the proposed 2S-STRef model. The experiments showed that compared with the PredRNN++ and ConvLSTM method, our 2S-STRef model performs better on the precipitation nowcasting, as well as at the image quality evaluating index and the forecasting indices. At a given 45 dBZ echo threshold (heavy precipitation) and with a 2 h lead time, the widely used CSI, HSS, and SSIM indices of the proposed 2S-STRef model are found equal to 0.195, 0.312, and 0.665, respectively. In this case, the proposed model outperforms the OpticalFlow method and PredRNN++ model.
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Maier, Georg, Benjamin Bross, Dan Grois, Detlev Marpe, Heiko Schwarz, Remco C. Veltkamp, and Thomas Wiegand. "Context-Based Fractional Sample Refinement for HEVC Compliant Encoding." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 28, no. 2 (February 2018): 528–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2016.2613910.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Context refinement"
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Menart, Christopher J. Menart. "Global-Context Refinement for Semantic Image Segmentation." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1523462175806808.
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Ule, Tylman. "Treebank refinement optimising representations of syntactic analyses for probabilistic context-free parsing /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007.
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Bietra, Danielle. "Examing Positive Psychological Constructs in the Context of 12-Step Recovery." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/85.
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Twelve step organizations such as Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous are free, community-based fellowships. Such organizations are the most widely sought recovery management options, surpassing professional treatment. The emerging evidence base suggests that involvement in such organizations is associated with positive substance-related outcomes (e.g., abstinence). Relatively speaking, however, far less is known about whether or not involvement is associated with other meaningful psychosocial constructs. The current study examined gratitude, meaning in life, life satisfaction, personal growth, and various other recovery and psychosocial constructs in a sample of self-identified NA members (N = 128) from 26 U.S. states, ranging in age from 22 to 64 years. The primary aim of the present study was to psychometrically evaluate and refine four distinct positive psychology instruments (i.e., Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ – 6), Meaning in Life Scale (MLQ), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Personal Growth Initiative Scale (PGIS)). The current study contained three phases. First, the psychometric properties of each instrument were examined within an Item Response Theory measurement framework. The Rating Scale Model was used to evaluate the each instrument using WINSTEPS 3.74.01. With the exception of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (which did not conform to an IRT measurement model), each instrument was iteratively refined based on statistical and clinical considerations, resulting in the collapse of response options and the removal of poorly fitting items. These refinements improved the psychometric properties of each instrument, resulting in a more reliable, accurate, and efficient way to measure gratitude, life satisfaction, and personal growth in clinical samples. Second, items from the GQ – 6, SWLS, and PGIS were examined concurrently using the PROC IRT procedure in SAS to explore whether the constructs were distinct from one another. Results provide support that gratitude, life satisfaction, and personal growth are unique and distinct constructs. Last, the study examined several recovery-related correlates of gratitude, life satisfaction, and personal growth. Hierarchical regression models assessed whether abstinence duration and other recovery-related variables accounted for significant incremental variance in gratitude, life satisfaction, and personal growth, over and above several covariates. As a block, abstinence duration and recovery predictors accounted for significant incremental variance in all of the constructs. These data suggest ongoing recovery involvement in 12-step organizations may be associated with positive outcomes beyond abstinence. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
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Darracott, Rosalyn M. "The development and refinement of the practice domain framework as a conceptual tool for understanding and guiding social care practice." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/86048/15/86048.pdf.
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This study identified the common factors that influence social care practice across disciplines (such as social work and psychology), practice fields, and geographical contexts and further developed the Practice Domain Framework as an empirically-based conceptual framework to assist practitioners in understanding practice complexities. The framework has application in critical reflection, professional supervision, interdisciplinary understanding, teamwork, management, teaching and research. A mixed-methods design was used to identify the components and structure of the refined framework. Eighteen influential factors were identified and organised into eight domains: the Societal, Structural, Organisational, Practice Field, Professional Practice, Accountable Practice, Community of Place, and Personal.
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Petria, Marius. "Generic refinements for behavioral specifications." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4889.
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This thesis investigates the properties of generic refinements of behavioral specifications. At the base of this investigation stands the view from algebraic specification that abstract data types can be modeled as algebras. A specification of a data type is formed from a syntactic part, i.e. a signature detailing the interface of the data type, and a semantic part, i.e. a class of algebras (called its models) that contains the valid implementations of that data type. Typically, the class of algebras that constitutes the semantics of a specification is defined as the class of algebras that satisfy some given set of axioms. The behavioral aspect of a specification comes from relaxing the requirements imposed by axioms, i.e. by allowing in the semantics of a specification not only the algebras that literally satisfy the given axioms, but also those algebras that appear to behave according to those axioms. Several frameworks have been developed to express the adequate notions of what it means to be a behavioral model of a set of axioms, and our choice as the setting for this thesis will be Bidoit and Hennicker’s Constructor-based Observational Logic, abbreviated COL. Using specifications that rely on the behavioral aspects defined by COL we study the properties of generic refinements between specifications. Refinement is a relation between specifications. The refinement of a target specification by a source specification is given by a function that constructs models of the target specification from the models of the source specification. These functions are called constructions and the source and target specifications that they relate are called the context of the refinement. The theory of refinements between algebraic specifications, with or without the behavioral aspect, has been well studied in the literature. Our analysis starts from those studies and adapts them to COL, which is a relatively new framework, and for which refinement has been studied only briefly. The main part of this thesis is formed by the analysis of generic refinements. Generic refinements are represented by constructions that can be used in various contexts, not just in the context of their definition. These constructions provide the basis for modular refinements, i.e. one can use a locally defined construction in a global context in order to refine just a part of a source specification. The ability to use a refinement outside its original context imposes additional requirements on the construction that represents it. An implementer writing such a construction must not use details of the source models that can be contradicted by potential global context requirements. This means, roughly speaking, that he must use only the information available in the source signature and also any a priori assumption that was made about the contexts of use. We look at the basic case of generic refinements that are reusable in every global context, and then we treat a couple of variations, i.e. generic refinements for which an a priori assumption it is made about the nature of their usage contexts. In each of these cases we follow the same pattern of investigation. First we characterize the constructions that ensure reusability by means of preservation of relations, and then, in most cases, we show that such constructions must be definable in terms of their source signature. Throughout the thesis we use an informal analogy between generic (i.e. polymorphic) functions that appear in second order lambda calculus and the generic refinements that we are studying. This connection will enable us to describe some properties of generic refinements that correspond to the properties of polymorphic functions inferred from their types and named “theorems for free” by Wadler. The definability results, the connection between the assumptions made about the usage contexts and the characterizing relations, and the “theorems for free” for behavioral specifications constitute the main contributions of this thesis.
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Davey, Robert Paul. "Refinement and validation of algorithms for deduction of gene content from CGH microarrays." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429607.
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Dittmann, Maik [Verfasser]. "Isogeometric analysis and hierarchical refinement for multi-field contact problems / Maik Dittmann." Karlsruhe : KIT Scientific Publishing, 2017. http://www.ksp.kit.edu.
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Feldman, Jonathan. "Dynamic refinement and boundary contact forces in smoothed particle hydrodynamics with applications in fluid flow problems." Thesis, Swansea University, 2006. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42459.
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Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a relatively new, simple and effective numerical method that can be used to solve a variety of difficult problems in computational mechanics. It is a fully Lagrangian meshless method ideal for solving large deformation problems such as complex free surface fluid flows. This research was carried out with the support of BAE Systems and falls into two distinct areas. Firstly to investigate new methods for treating fixed boundaries and secondly to investigate refinement algorithms which allow for both sparsely and densely populated regions of particles within the same computational domain. Much work has been done in the modelling of particle-boundary interactions in SPH since the governing equations do not naturally incorporate essential boundary conditions. In this research a new technique for calculating boundary contact forces is developed. The forces are obtained from a variational principle and as such conserve both the linear and angular momentum of the system. The boundaries are explicitly defined using this new approach and so the need for additional boundary particles is removed. In the past most SPH derivations have been based on a uniform distribution of particles of equal mass. This leads to large simulations with many particles and long run times. In other mesh based schemes it has become common place to use mesh adaptivity to improve numerical results and reduce computation times. With a corresponding refinement strategy SPH can gain these same advantages. In this research a refinement strategy based upon particle splitting is developed. Candidate particles are split into several 'daughter' particles according to a given refinement pattern centred about the original particle position. Through the solution of a non-linear minimisation problem the optimal mass distribution for the daughter particles is obtained so as to reduce the errors introduced into the underlying density field. This procedure necessarily conserves the mass of the system. The unique daughter particle velocity configuration that conserves the linear and angular momentum of the system is also identified. The conclusion of the research was the successful implementation of these improvements into the existing SPH framework. As a result the capability and flexibility of the code is greatly increased and the computational expense needed for running large simulations has been reduced.
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Al-Helal, Kawther. "New approaches to casting hypereutectic Al-Si alloys to achieve simultaneous refinement of primary silicon and modification of eutectic silicon." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/8167.
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Hypereutectic Al-Si alloys are of increasing interest for applications that require a combination of light weight and high wear resistance, such as pistons, liner-less engine blocks and pumps. The wear resistance of this class of alloys is due to the presence of hard primary Si particles formed during casting. The objective of this work was to develop one or more methods of refining primary silicon in cast hypereutectic Al-Si alloys to compete with the conventional process of adding phosphorous and to achieve the simultaneous modification of silicon in the Al-Si eutectic. A robust sampling/casting technique was developed to minimise macro-segregation of primary silicon during solidification of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys by using water cooled steel mould with cooling rate in excess of 15 K/s. The morphology of silicon phases was found to change with increasing melt temperature and cooling rate. The high cooling rate and superheat temperature produces a good distribution of polyhedral primary silicon particles in a refined lamellar eutectic matrix in solidification of commercial purity Al-Si alloys. Removing Ca by fluxing with K2SiF6 prior to casting can improve the refinement and modification effect of Mg and Sb respectively. Effects of various inoculants were studied. Microstructural analysis showed that Mg and ZnS refined primary Si whereas MgO, CaO and Na2S coarsened the primary Si together with a modification effect on the eutectic Si. Adding Zn had no effect on morphology of Si phases. Refinement of both primary and eutectic silicon phases was observed for the Al-15Si alloy with Mg content ≤ 0.3 wt%. P-doped γ-Al2O3 was found to be a potent substrate to nucleate primary silicon whilst good modification of the eutectic matrix is retained during solidification of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys. On using P-doped γ-Al2O3 could be a perfect and clean source of P without additional impurities. A new solid-liquid duplex casting process was devised to achieve simultaneous refinement and modification of Si phases in hypereutectic Al-Si alloys with improvement in mechanical properties. The static mechanical properties of Al-Si produced by the solid-liquid duplex casting process are significantly better than conventionally cast untreated Al-Si and slightly better than conventionally cast Al-Si treated with P and/or Sr. A novel Al-ZnS master alloy was developed by in situ reaction of Zn and Na2S in the Al melt. The results from this study leave little doubt that this novel Al-ZnS master alloy is a promising refiner in solidification of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys. It refines primary silicon to the same extent as that achieved by adding P via Cu-P following the same refinement mechanism.
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Cascavita, Mellado Karol. "Méthodes de discrétisation hybrides pour les problèmes de contact de Signorini et les écoulements de Bingham." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1158/document.
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Cette thèse s'intéresse à la conception et à l'analyse de méthodes de discrétisation hybrides pour les inégalités variationnelles non linéaires apparaissant en mécanique des fluides et des solides. Les principaux avantages de ces méthodes sont la conservation locale au niveau des mailles, la robustesse par rapport à différents régimes de paramètres et la possibilité d’utiliser des maillages polygonaux / polyédriques avec des nœuds non coïncidants, ce qui est très intéressant dans le contexte de l’adaptation de maillage. Les méthodes de discrétisation hybrides sont basées sur des inconnues discrètes attachées aux faces du maillage. Des inconnues discrètes attachées aux mailles sont également utilisées, mais elles peuvent être éliminées localement par condensation statique. Deux applications principales des discrétisations hybrides sont abordées dans cette thèse. La première est le traitement par la méthode de Nitsche du problème de contact de Signorini (dans le cas scalaire) avec une non-linéarité dans les conditions aux limites. Nous prouvons des estimations d'erreur optimales conduisant à des taux de convergence d'erreur d'énergie d'ordre (k + 1), si des polynômes de face de degré k >= 0 sont utilisés. La deuxième application principale concerne les fluides à seuil viscoplastiques. Nous concevons une méthode de Lagrangien augmenté discrète appliquée à la discrétisation hybride. Nous exploitons la capacité des méthodes hybrides d’utiliser des maillages polygonaux avec des nœuds non coïncidants afin d'effectuer l’adaptation de maillage local et mieux capturer la surface limite. La précision et la performance des schémas sont évaluées sur des cas tests bidimensionnels, y compris par des comparaisons avec la littératureThis thesis is concerned with the devising and the analysis of hybrid discretization methods for nonlinear variational inequalities arising in computational mechanics. Salient advantages of such methods are local conservation at the cell level, robustness in different regimes and the possibility to use polygonal/polyhedral meshes with hanging nodes, which is very attractive in the context of mesh adaptation. Hybrid discretizations methods are based on discrete unknowns attached to the mesh faces. Discrete unknowns attached to the mesh cells are also used, but they can be eliminated locally by static condensation. Two main applications of hybrid discretizations methods are addressed in this thesis. The first one is the treatment using Nitsche's method of Signorini's contact problem (in the scalar-valued case) with a nonlinearity in the boundary conditions. We prove optimal error estimates leading to energy-error convergence rates of order (k+1) if face polynomials of degree k >= 0 are used. The second main application is on viscoplastic yield flows. We devise a discrete augmented Lagrangian method applied to the present hybrid discretization. We exploit the capability of hybrid methods to use polygonal meshes with hanging nodes to perform local mesh adaptation and better capture the yield surface. The accuracy and performance of the present schemes is assessed on bi-dimensional test cases including comparisons with the literature
Books on the topic "Context refinement"
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Green, Mitchell S. A Refinement and Defense of the Force/Content Distinction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738831.003.0004.
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First lucidly formulated by Gottlob Frege, the distinction between illocutionary force and semantic content has been largely accepted by philosophers of language and linguists for much of the last century. In recent years it has come under attack. This essay aims to address the cogency of that challenge, by, first, clarifying the phenomena that the force/content distinction is designed to explain, and by providing a refinement of that distinction on which contents are not necessarily propositional, and on which force is an aspect of speakermeaning, but not (except in unusual cases) an aspect of what is said. Second, direct attacks offered by Hanks and by Barker and Popa-Wyatt are then assessed and shown to be unsuccessful against the force/content distinction thus refined. Third, an indirect challenge, which attempts to account for the relevant phenomena while abjuring any force/content distinction, is considered and shown to be untenable.
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Dittmann, Maik. Isogeometric Analysis and Hierarchical Refinement for Multi-field Contact Problems. Saint Philip Street Press, 2020.
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Liang, Percy, Michael Jordan, and Dan Klein. Probabilistic grammars and hierarchical Dirichlet processes. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.27.
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This article focuses on the use of probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs) in natural language processing involving a large-scale natural language parsing task. It describes detailed, highly-structured Bayesian modelling in which model dimension and complexity responds naturally to observed data. The framework, termed hierarchical Dirichlet process probabilistic context-free grammar (HDP-PCFG), involves structured hierarchical Dirichlet process modelling and customized model fitting via variational methods to address the problem of syntactic parsing and the underlying problems of grammar induction and grammar refinement. The central object of study is the parse tree, which can be used to describe a substantial amount of the syntactic structure and relational semantics of natural language sentences. The article first provides an overview of the formal probabilistic specification of the HDP-PCFG, algorithms for posterior inference under the HDP-PCFG, and experiments on grammar learning run on the Wall Street Journal portion of the Penn Treebank.
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Roberto, Echandi. Part I Investment Treaties and the Settlement of Investment Disputes: The Framework, 1 Bilateral Investment Treaties and Investment Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Recent Developments in Investment Rule-making. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0001.
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This chapter argues that investment disputes, particularly those that have arisen in the context of the implementation of NAFTA, have influenced the refinement of the provisions of new generation international investment agreements (IIAs) as well as the inclusion of a series of procedural and substantive innovations. It addresses the main distinction between BITs and investment chapters in preferential trade agreements (PTAs), focusing on the evolution of their respective rationales. It looks at the main features of the new generation of IIAs and explains how such features respond to challenges derived from the interpretation of substantive and procedural provisions included in previous agreements. The discussion is organized under two themes: (i) moving from the original exclusive focus on investment protection towards also promoting liberalization of investment flows; and (ii) the impact of investor-state dispute settlement on investment rule-making.
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Peters, Sally, Keryn Davis, and Ruta McKenzie. Children’s ‘working theories’ as curriculum outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747109.003.0016.
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This chapter explores how children make sense of their world through the development and refinement of ‘working theories’. Working theories are a key item for young learners, and are emphasized in the New Zealand early childhood curriculum Te Whāriki. Children’s working theories develop in environments where they have opportunities to engage in complex thinking with others, observe, listen, participate, and discuss, within the context of topics and activities. It is through interactions and activities that children begin to own the ideas and beliefs of their culture and begin to make sense of their worlds. However, fostering this learning in early childhood settings is not always easy, and requires skilled adults who can respond appropriately. We explore and discuss the nature of children’s working theories and ways in which adult–child interactions can enhance or inhibit a sense of wonder and curiosity.
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Sugden, David, and Helen Soucie. Motor development. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0004.
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The development of motor skills in the first two years of life are dramatic, and then become more subtle with time. Chapter 4 describes these changes, and explains how these changes take place. Analysis is done via neuro-maturational theories, information processing, and cognitive terms as well as more recent ecological and dynamical systems viewpoints. The bidirectional influence of other faculties like embodied cognition and movement show that motor development does not occur in isolation. Movement skills are essential to daily life and influence our social, emotional, and cognitive being. This process of evolution and refinement is a complex, dynamic, self-organizing system. Theoretical explanations of motor development involve the transaction of children’s resources, the environmental context, and the task at hand. Not all children develop typically, although the influencing parameters are the same for all; rather, it is the metrics within the parameters that differ.
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Refinement of the drafting procedure, the structure and content of technical notes on BAT. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1994.
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Hosang, J. F. R. Boddens. Rules of Engagement and the International Law of Military Operations. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853886.001.0001.
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This study analyses the role and function of the rules on the use of force (rules of engagement (ROE)) for military operations in terms of the interaction between the various bodies of international and national law applicable to such operations and the actual conduct of the operations in question. It explains how ROE act as a linchpin between the law, including the academic study of the law, and the actual conduct of military operations in practice. In order to structure this analysis and explanation, the book offers a brief introduction to general concepts related to rules on the use of force (ROE and otherwise) and the process of planning military operations, followed by in-depth discussions of the application of (the law of) self-defence, international humanitarian law, international human rights law, and international and national criminal law in the context of military operations. Based on the conclusions and observations of the constituent chapters and observations from practice, this book examines the classical conceptual model of ROE and offers a refinement of that model to explain the interaction between law and ROE. As such, the book serves as a ‘bridge’ between academic theory and operational practice, as well as between the academic world and the conduct of military operations.
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Maxwell, Catherine. Scents and Sensibility. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701750.001.0001.
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A major reconceptualization of the imagination that reinstates its hidden links with the historically neglected sense of smell, this book is the first to examine the role played by scent and perfume in Victorian literary culture. Perfume-associated notions of imaginative influence and identity are central to this study, which explores the unfamiliar scented world of Victorian literature, concentrating on texts associated with aestheticism and decadence, but also noting important anticipations in Romantic poetry and prose, and earlier Victorian poetry and fiction. Throughout, literary analysis is informed by extensive reference to the historical and cultural context of Victorian perfume. A key theme is the emergence of the olfactif, the cultivated individual with a refined sense of smell, influentially represented by the poet and critic Algernon Charles Swinburne, who is emulated by a host of canonical and less well-known aesthetic and decadent successors such as Walter Pater, Edmund Gosse, John Addington Symonds, Lafcadio Hearn, Michael Field, Oscar Wilde, Arthur Symons, Mark André Raffalovich, Theodore Wratislaw, and A. Mary F. Robinson. This book explores how scent and perfume pervade the work of these authors in many different ways, signifying such diverse things such as style, atmosphere, influence, sexuality, sensibility, spirituality, refinement, individuality, the expression of love and poetic creativity, and the aura of personality, dandyism, modernity, and memory. A coda explores the contrasting twentieth-century responses of Virginia Woolf and Compton Mackenzie to the scent of Victorian literature.
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Rodger, Barry, Peter Whelan, and Angus MacCulloch, eds. The UK Competition Regime. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868026.001.0001.
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The UK competition law regime comprises primarily the Competition Act 1998 and the Enterprise Act 2002, supplemented by provisions introduced by the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 and the Consumer Rights Act 2015. The foundation of the modern framework of UK competition law, the Competition Act 1998, has entered its twentieth year of operation, having come into force on 1 March 2000. Since that particular date, UK competition law has developed significantly through both decisional practice and jurisprudence. It has also undergone a process of modernisation, including both institutional and substantive reform. After the passage of an eventful twenty years of enforcement and reform, it is now an appropriate time to engage in a serious process of critical reflection on the current shape of the UK’s competition regime and whether it is performing well its role of ‘making markets work well for consumers’. With this context in mind, the book examines in a robust and critical manner the first twenty years of the operation of the UK’s competition regime. It focuses on the main substantive and procedural issues and provides a comprehensive analysis of how the UK’s contemporary competition regime has dealt with the challenges posed by these issues. By doing so, the book not only articulates those areas of competition law that are working well in the UK, but also those areas where further reflection, refinement and possible reform are required.
Book chapters on the topic "Context refinement"
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Back, Ralph-Johan, and Joakim Wright. "Refinement in Context." In Refinement Calculus, 463–78. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1674-2_28.
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Wagelaar, Dennis. "Context-Driven Model Refinement." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 189–203. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11538097_13.
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Chen, Zhe, Shaoli Huang, and Dacheng Tao. "Context Refinement for Object Detection." In Computer Vision – ECCV 2018, 74–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01237-3_5.
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Benotti, Luciana, and Romina Altamirano. "Evaluation of a Refinement Algorithm for the Generation of Referring Expressions." In Modeling and Using Context, 31–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40972-1_3.
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Asăvoae, Irina Măriuca, Mihail Asăvoae, and Adrián Riesco. "Context-Updates Analysis and Refinement in Chisel." In Model Checking Software, 328–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94111-0_19.
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Hattori, Shun, Taro Tezuka, and Katsumi Tanaka. "Activity-Based Query Refinement for Context-Aware Information Retrieval." In Digital Libraries: Achievements, Challenges and Opportunities, 474–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11931584_51.
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Bravetti, Mario, Julien Lange, and Gianluigi Zavattaro. "Fair Refinement for Asynchronous Session Types." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 144–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71995-1_8.
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AbstractSession types are widely used as abstractions of asynchronous message passing systems. Refinement for such abstractions is crucial as it allows improvements of a given component without compromising its compatibility with the rest of the system. In the context of session types, the most general notion of refinement is the asynchronous session subtyping, which allows to anticipate message emissions but only under certain conditions. In particular, asynchronous session subtyping rules out candidates subtypes that occur naturally in communication protocols where, e.g., two parties simultaneously send each other a finite but unspecified amount of messages before removing them from their respective buffers. To address this shortcoming, we study fair compliance over asynchronous session types and fair refinement as the relation that preserves it. This allows us to propose a novel variant of session subtyping that leverages the notion of controllability from service contract theory and that is a sound characterisation of fair refinement. In addition, we show that both fair refinement and our novel subtyping are undecidable. We also present a sound algorithm, and its implementation, which deals with examples that feature potentially unbounded buffering.
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Zou, Meng, Qiang Yang, Jianfeng Qu, Zhixu Li, An Liu, Lei Zhao, and Zhigang Chen. "Document-Level Relation Extraction with Entity Enhancement and Context Refinement." In Web Information Systems Engineering – WISE 2021, 347–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91560-5_25.
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Toman, John, Ren Siqi, Kohei Suenaga, Atsushi Igarashi, and Naoki Kobayashi. "ConSORT: Context- and Flow-Sensitive Ownership Refinement Types for Imperative Programs." In Programming Languages and Systems, 684–714. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44914-8_25.
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AbstractWe present ConSORT, a type system for safety verification in the presence of mutability and aliasing. Mutability requires strong updates to model changing invariants during program execution, but aliasing between pointers makes it difficult to determine which invariants must be updated in response to mutation. Our type system addresses this difficulty with a novel combination of refinement types and fractional ownership types. Fractional ownership types provide flow-sensitive and precise aliasing information for reference variables. ConSORT interprets this ownership information to soundly handle strong updates of potentially aliased references. We have proved ConSORT sound and implemented a prototype, fully automated inference tool. We evaluated our tool and found it verifies non-trivial programs including data structure implementations.
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Spyratos, Nicolas, and Carlo Meghini. "Preference-Based Query Tuning Through Refinement/Enlargement in a Formal Context." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 278–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11663881_16.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Context refinement"
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Bekele, Dawit, Birhanu Eshete, Adolfo Villafiorita, and Komminist Weldemariam. "Context Information Refinement for Pervasive Medical Systems." In 2010 Fourth International Conference on the Digital Society (ICDS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icds.2010.42.
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Hattori, Shun, Taro Tezuka, and Katsumi Tanaka. "Context-Aware Query Refinement for Mobile Web Search." In 2007 International Symposium on Applications and the Internet - Workshops. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/saint-w.2007.35.
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Liu, Jiawei, Zheng-Jun Zha, Richang Hong, Meng Wang, and Yongdong Zhang. "Dual Context-Aware Refinement Network for Person Search." In MM '20: The 28th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3394171.3413878.
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Ren, Lim Luo, and Quah Jon Tong Seung. "Towards context information refinement for proximity mobile service using quality of context." In the 6th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1710035.1710074.
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Heyman, Thomas, Riccardo Scandariato, and Wouter Joosen. "Security in Context: Analysis and Refinement of Software Architectures." In 2010 IEEE 34th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference - COMPSAC 2010. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compsac.2010.23.
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Sridharan, Manu, and Rastislav Bodík. "Refinement-based context-sensitive points-to analysis for Java." In the 2006 ACM SIGPLAN conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1133981.1134027.
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Amirul, Md Amirul, Mahmoud Kalash, Mrigank Rochan, Neil Bruce, and Yang Wang. "Salient Object Detection using a Context-Aware Refinement Network." In British Machine Vision Conference 2017. British Machine Vision Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5244/c.31.61.
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Ai, Qingyao, Keping Bi, Jiafeng Guo, and W. Bruce Croft. "Learning a Deep Listwise Context Model for Ranking Refinement." In SIGIR '18: The 41st International ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in Information Retrieval. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3209978.3209985.
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Qing, Zhiwu, Haisheng Su, Weihao Gan, Dongliang Wang, Wei Wu, Xiang Wang, Yu Qiao, Junjie Yan, Changxin Gao, and Nong Sang. "Temporal Context Aggregation Network for Temporal Action Proposal Refinement." In 2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.00055.
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Li, Jichun, Weimin Tan, and Bo Yan. "Perceptual Variousness Motion Deblurring with Light Global Context Refinement." In 2021 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccv48922.2021.00408.
Full textReports on the topic "Context refinement"
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Snijder, Mieke, and Marina Apgar, J. How Does Participatory Action Research Generate Innovation? Findings from a Rapid Realist Review. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.009.
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This Emerging Evidence Report shares evidence of how, for whom, and under what circumstances, Participatory Action Research (PAR) leads to innovative actions. A rapid realist review was undertaken to develop programme theories that explain how PAR generates innovation. The methodology included peer-reviewed and grey literature and moments of engagement with programme staff, such that their input supported the development and refinement of three resulting initial programme theories (IPTs) that we present in this report. Across all three IPTs, safe relational space, group facilitation, and the abilities of facilitators, are essential context and intervention components through which PAR can generate innovation. Implications from the three IPTs for evaluation design of the CLARISSA programme are identified and discussed. The report finishes with opportunities for the CLARISSA programme to start building an evidence base of how PAR works as an intervention modality, such as evidencing group-level conscientisation, the influence of intersecting inequalities, and influence of diverse perspectives coming together in a PAR process.
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Kibler, Amanda, René Pyatt, Jason Greenberg Motamedi, and Ozen Guven. Key Competencies in Linguistically and Culturally Sustaining Mentoring and Instruction for Clinically-based Grow-Your-Own Teacher Education Programs. Oregon State University, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/1147.
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Grow-Your-Own (GYO) Teacher Education programs that aim to diversify and strengthen the teacher workforce must provide high-quality learning experiences that support the success and retention of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) teacher candidates and bilingual teacher candidates. Such work requires a holistic and systematic approach to conceptualizing instruction and mentoring that is both linguistically and culturally sustaining. To guide this work in the Master of Arts in Teaching in Clinically Based Elementary program at Oregon State University’s College of Education, we conducted a review of relevant literature and frameworks related to linguistically responsive and/or sustaining teaching or mentoring practices. We developed a set of ten mentoring competencies for school-based cooperating/clinical teachers and university supervisors. They are grouped into the domains of: Facilitating Linguistically and Culturally Sustaining Instruction, Engaging with Mentees, Recognizing and Interrupting Inequitable Practices and Policies, and Advocating for Equity. We also developed a set of twelve instructional competencies for teacher candidates as well as the university instructors who teach them. The instructional competencies are grouped into the domains of: Engaging in Self-reflection and Taking Action, Learning About Students and Re-visioning Instruction, Creating Community, and Facilitating Language and Literacy Development in Context. We are currently operationalizing these competencies to develop and conduct surveys and focus groups with various GYO stakeholders for the purposes of ongoing program evaluation and improvement, as well as further refinement of these competencies.
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O'Neill, H. B., S. A. Wolfe, and C. Duchesne. Ground ice map of Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330294.
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This Open File presents national-scale mapping of ground ice conditions in Canada. The mapping depicts a first-order estimate of the combined volumetric percentage of excess ice in the top 5 m of permafrost from segregated, wedge, and relict ice. The estimates for the three ice types are based on modelling by O'Neill et al. (2019) (https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-753-2019), and informed by available published values of ground ice content and expert knowledge. The mapping offers an improved depiction of ground ice in Canada at a broad scale, incorporating current knowledge on the associations between geological and environmental conditions and ground ice type and abundance. It provides a foundation for hypothesis testing related to broad-scale controls on ground ice formation, preservation, and melt. Additional compilation of quantitative field data on ground ice and improvements to national-scale surficial geology mapping will allow further assessment and refinement of the representation of ground ice in Canada. Continued research will focus on improving the lateral and vertical representation of ground ice required for incorporation into Earth system models and decision-making. Spatial data files of the mapping are available as downloads with this Open File.
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Taverna, Kristin. Vegetation classification and mapping of land additions at Richmond National Battlefield Park, Virginia: Addendum to technical report NPS/NER/NRTR 2008/128. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294278.
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In 2008 and 2015, the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage produced vegetation maps for Richmond National Battlefield Park, following the protocols of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) – National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Program. The original 2008 report was part of a regional project to map and classify the vegetation in seven national parks in Virginia. The 2015 report was an addendum to the original report and mapped the vegetation in newly acquired parcels. Since 2015, the park has acquired an additional 820 acres of land within 12 individual parcels, including the 650 acre North Anna unit. This report is an addendum to the 2008 and 2015 reports and documents the mapping of vegetation and other land-use classes for the 12 new land parcels at Richmond National Battlefield Park, with an updated vegetation map for the entire park. The updated map and associated data provide information on the sensitivity and ecological integrity of habitats and can help prioritize areas for protection. The vegetation map of the new land parcels includes eighteen map classes, representing 14 associations from the United States National Vegetation Classification, one nonstandard, park-specific class, and three Anderson Level II land-use categories. The vegetation classification and map classes are consistent with the original 2008 report. Vegetation-map classes for the new land parcels were identified through field reconnaissance, data collection, and aerial photo interpretation. Aerial photography from 2017 served as the base map for mapping the 12 new parcels, and field sampling was conducted in the summer of 2020. Three new map classes for the Park were encountered and described during the study, all within the North Anna park unit. These map classes are Coastal Plain / Outer Piedmont Basic Mesic Forest, Northern Coastal Plain / Piedmont Oak – Beech / Heath Forest, and Southern Piedmont / Inner Coastal Plain Floodplain Terrace Forest. The examples of Coastal Plain / Outer Piedmont Basic Mesic Forest and Southern Piedmont / Inner Coastal Plain Floodplain Terrace Forest at North Anna meet the criteria of size, condition, and landscape context to be considered a Natural Heritage exemplary natural community occurrence and should be targeted for protection and management as needed. New local and global descriptions for the three map classes are included as part of this report. Refinements were made to the vegetation field key to include the new map classes. The updated field key is part of this report. An updated table listing the number of polygons and total hectares for each of the 28 vegetation- map classes over the entire park is also included in the report. A GIS coverage containing a vegetation map for the entire park with updated Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) compliant metadata was completed for this project. The attribute table field names are the same as the 2008 and 2015 products, with the exception of an additional field indicating the year each polygon was last edited.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.