Journal articles: 'Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC)'

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Mrudula, S. T., K. E. Srinivasa Murthy, and M. N. Giri Prasad. "Optimized Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coder in Video Compression Standard Without Probability Estimation." Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems 9, no. 2 (April 28, 2022): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/mmep.090222.

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CABAC is a Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coder utilized in novel AVC/H.264 of video standard. AC (arithmetic coding) permits important enhancement in the compression. However, the complexity of implementation is main drawback because of slowness and hardware cost. In this paper, we propose the implementation of MPEG4/H-264 AVC against M-decoder without PE (Probability Estimation). Furthermore, in order to estimate an algorithm, we have compared many existing methods, and the comparison takes place based on power dissipation and device utilization.

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Kim, Chung Hyo, Tae Sik Kong, Young Jun Lee, Hee Dong Kim, and Young Ho Ju. "High Speed Decoding of Entropy Codes in H.264/AVC Based on a Symbol Prediction." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1262.

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H.264/AVC is adopted as a next generation moving picture compression standard. Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) is the major entropy coding algorithm employed in H.264/AVC. Although the performance gain of H.264/AVC is mostly resulted from CABAC, it is difficult to implement a high-throughput decoder due to its decoding complexity. Although CABAC excludes a multiplication, the algorithm is basically sequential and needs large computations to compute some important variables, which are range, offset and context variables. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve fast decoding performance. In this paper, a prediction scheme is proposed to decode maximally two bits at a time and thus to reduce overall decoding time. A CABAC decoder based on the proposed prediction scheme reduces total cycles by 24% compared to conventional decoders.

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Li, Wei, and Peng Ren. "Efficient CABAC Bit Estimation for H.265/HEVC Rate-Distortion Optimization." International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering and Management 6, no. 4 (October 2015): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmdem.2015100103.

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The entropy coding of context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) has been utilized in the H.265/HEVC for higher coding efficiency. But the related complexity also causes a bottleneck for its low-delay applications, owing to the employment of inter-symbol dependency in CABAC. In this paper, a fast bit-rate estimation method is proposed to skip the actual entropy coding of CABAC in mode decision to meet the requirement of low-delay implementations. The presented scheme firstly parses the characteristics of syntax elements and then guided by the principle of CABAC, an efficient scheme is derived following. It is very beneficial for reducing the computational complexity and saving the encoding time in H.265/HEVC mode decision. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed fast algorithm can reduce the CABAC encoding time by 68% in average with negligible degradation in the rate-distortion performance.

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Jiang, Hong Xu, Wei Zhao, Xiao Hong Zhang, and Jin Yuan Lu. "Design and Implementation of CABAC Parallelization on Multicore DSP." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.685.

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This work mainly focus on the design and implementation of context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) parallelization on multicourse digital signal processor (DSP) platform. Syntax elements partitioning based on load balancing is proposed to achieve data parallelization of CABAC. On the multicourse DSP, a task-dispatch structure is proposed. Inter-core communication is achieved by combination of shared memory and interrupt. And inter-core synchronization is achieved by combination of shared variable and hardware semaphore. The above structure makes the overall system clearer and program control easier. A speedup of 2.77 is obtained.

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Tran, Dinh-Lam, Xuan-Tu Tran, Duy-Hieu Bui, and Cong-Kha Pham. "An Efficient Hardware Implementation of Residual Data Binarization in HEVC CABAC Encoder." Electronics 9, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040684.

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HEVC-standardized encoders employ the CABAC (context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding) to achieve high compression ratios and video quality that supports modern real-time high-quality video services. Binarizer is one of three main blocks in a CABAC architecture, where binary symbols (bins) are generated to feed the binary arithmetic encoder (BAE). The residual video data occupied an average of 75% of the CABAC’s work-load, thus its performance will significantly contribute to the overall performance of whole CABAC design. This paper proposes an efficient hardware implementation of a binarizer for CABAC that focuses on low area cost, low power consumption while still providing enough bins for high-throughput CABAC. On the average, the proposed design can process upto 3.5 residual syntax elements (SEs) per clock cycle at the maximum frequency of 500 MHz with an area cost of 9.45 Kgates (6.41 Kgates for the binarizer core) and power consumption of 0.239 mW (0.184 mW for the binarizer core) with NanGate 45 nm technology. It shows that our proposal achieved a high overhead-efficiency of 1.293 Mbins/Kgate/mW, much better than the other related high performance designs. In addition, our design also achieved a high power-efficiency of 8288 Mbins/mW; this is important factor for handheld applications.

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Ramos, Fábio Luís Livi, Bruno Zatt, Marcelo Schiavon Porto, and Sergio Bampi. "Novel Multiple Bypass Bin Scheme and Low-power Approach for HEVC CABAC Binary Arithmetic Encoder." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 13, no. 3 (December 12, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v13i3.3.

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HEVC is one of the most recent video coding standards, designed to face a new age of video processing challenges, such as higher video resolutions and limited traffic share bandwidth. The HEVC standard is divided into multiple steps, whereas the entropy encoding is the final stage before the coded bitstream generation. The CABAC (Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding) is the sole algorithm used for the entropy encoding at HEVC, providing reduced final bitstream generation, at the cost of increasing computational complexity and difficulties for parallelism opportunities. One of the novelties of the CABAC for the HEVC is the increase of certain types of input data (called bins), which have smaller dependencies among them (i.e. bypass bins), thus leading to the possibility to process multiples of them in parallel at once. The present work introduces a novel scheme for multiple bypass bins processing at once, leading to increasing bins-per-cycle throughput compared to related works. Moreover, the new technique is suitable for achieving a BAE (Binary Arithmetic Encoder) architecture (the CABAC critical part) able to process 8K UHD videos. Along with the multiple bypass bins technique, a low-power approach is achieved, based on statistical analysis of the recommended test video sequences, accomplishing around 15%of power savings.

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Kokare, Parmeshwar, and Dr MasoodhuBanu. N.M. "Review on using Region of interest for HEVC." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.4 (March 10, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.4.11173.

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High efficiency video coding (HEVC) is the latest video compression standard. The coding efficiency of HEVC is 50% more than the preceding standard Advanced video coding (AVC). HEVC has gained this by introducing many advanced techniques such as adaptive block partitioning system known as quadtree, tiles for parallelization, improved entropy coding called Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC), 35 intra prediction modes (IPMs), etc. all these techniques have increased the complexity of encoding process due to which real time application of HEVC for video transfer is not yet convenient. The main objective of this paper is to provide a review of the recent developments in HEVC, particularly focusing on using region of interest (ROI) for reducing the encoding process time. Summaries of the different approaches to identify the ROI are discussed and a new method is explained.

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Huang, Kai, De Ma, Rong-jie Yan, Hai-tong Ge, and Xiao-lang Yan. "High throughput VLSI architecture for H.264/AVC context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) decoding." Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE C 14, no. 6 (June 2013): 449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.c1200250.

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Fu, Chen, Heming Sun, Zhiqiang Zhang, and Jinjia Zhou. "A Highly Pipelined and Highly Parallel VLSI Architecture of CABAC Encoder for UHDTV Applications." Sensors 23, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 4293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094293.

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Recently, specifically designed video codecs have been preferred due to the expansion of video data in Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) is the entropy coding module widely used in recent video coding standards such as HEVC/H.265 and VVC/H.266. CABAC is a well known throughput bottleneck due to its strong data dependencies. Because the required context model of the current bin often depends on the results of the previous bin, the context model cannot be prefetched early enough and then results in pipeline stalls. To solve this problem, we propose a prediction-based context model prefetching strategy, effectively eliminating the clock consumption of the contextual model for accessing data in memory. Moreover, we offer multi-result context model update (MCMU) to reduce the critical path delay of context model updates in multi-bin/clock architecture. Furthermore, we apply pre-range update and pre-renormalize techniques to reduce the multiplex BAE’s route delay due to the incomplete reliance on the encoding process. Moreover, to further speed up the processing, we propose to process four regular and several bypass bins in parallel with a variable bypass bin incorporation (VBBI) technique. Finally, a quad-loop cache is developed to improve the compatibility of data interactions between the entropy encoder and other video encoder modules. As a result, the pipeline architecture based on the context model prefetching strategy can remove up to 45.66% of the coding time due to stalls of the regular bin, and the parallel architecture can also save 29.25% of the coding time due to model update on average under the condition that the Quantization Parameter (QP) is equal to 22. At the same time, the throughput of our proposed parallel architecture can reach 2191 Mbin/s, which is sufficient to meet the requirements of 8 K Ultra High Definition Television (UHDTV). Additionally, the hardware efficiency (Mbins/s per k gates) of the proposed architecture is higher than that of existing advanced pipeline and parallel architectures.

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Sjövall, Panu, Ari Lemmetti, Jarno Vanne, Sakari Lahti, and Timo D. Hämäläinen. "High-Level Synthesis Implementation of an Embedded Real-Time HEVC Intra Encoder on FPGA for Media Applications." ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems 27, no. 4 (July 31, 2022): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3491215.

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High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is the key enabling technology for numerous modern media applications. Overcoming its computational complexity and customizing its rich features for real-time HEVC encoder implementations, calls for automated design methodologies. This article introduces the first complete High-Level Synthesis (HLS) implementation for HEVC intra encoder on FPGA. The C source code of our open-source Kvazaar HEVC encoder is used as a design entry point for HLS that is applied throughout the whole encoder design process, from data-intensive coding tools like intra prediction and discrete transforms to more control-oriented tools such as context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC). Our prototype is run on Nokia AirFrame Cloud Server equipped with 2.4 GHz dual 14-core Intel Xeon processors and two Intel Arria 10 PCIe FPGA accelerator cards with 40 Gigabit Ethernet. This proof-of-concept system is designed for hardware-accelerated HEVC encoding and it achieves real-time 4K coding speed up to 120 fps. The coding performance can be easily scaled up by adding practically any number of network-connected FPGA cards to the system. These results indicate that our HLS proposal not only boosts development time, but also provides previously unseen design scalability with competitive performance over the existing FPGA and ASIC encoder implementations.

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Lakshmi Narayanan, K., G. P. Ramesh, and V. Divya. "Robust and brittle secured video for IOT." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.20 (April 18, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.20.11762.

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In this paper the system is mainly designed for the military purpose security since now-a-days securing our military has become a difficult task .our live is mainly dependent on other objects mainly we are computer based living and digital image processing plays a vital role in it. This process has much advantage as well as some disadvantage. A VLSI circuit is built with many millions of IC chip, so it is considered to be indivisible for the construction purpose. The internet-of things (Iot) is a electronic device which is connected to the vehicle and the building item which is used to generate many secured techniques which is connected with the software, electrical, electronics and mechectronics devices and human recourses also. Better Portable Graphics Algorithm with a Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) encoding algorithm is used in the existing system this process is affected by the Gaussian noise, low compression ratio and time delay to overcome above issues and enhanced with Secure Better Portable Graphics (SBPG) compression algorithm with HEVC is present .The proposed architecture is suitable for high performance imaging in the Iot and for the high quality compression files and secured transformation of image and video captured in the digital camera. Encryption and watermarking are the two technique used in the process. The watermarking technique is more secure than the previous system. This process produces high quality JPEG, and high PSNR ratio. The scrambling algorithm is used in the encryption process. It is used for providing secured image.

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Auli-Llinas, Francesc. "Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding With Fixed-Length Codewords." IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 17, no. 8 (August 2015): 1385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2015.2444797.

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Im, Sio-Kei, and Ka-Hou Chan. "Higher precision range estimation for context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding." IET Image Processing 14, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-ipr.2018.6602.

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Song, Yanjie, Zhiliang Zhu, Wei Zhang, and Hai Yu. "Efficient protection using chaos for Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding in H.264/Advanced Video Coding." Multimedia Tools and Applications 78, no. 14 (February 6, 2019): 18967–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-7253-9.

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Jin Heo and Yo-Sung Ho. "Improved Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding over H.264/AVC for Lossless Depth Map Coding." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 17, no. 10 (October 2010): 835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2010.2059014.

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Marpe, D., H. Schwarz, and T. Wiegand. "Context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding in the H.264/AVC video compression standard." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 13, no. 7 (July 2003): 620–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2003.815173.

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Karwowski, Damian, and Marek Domanski. "Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding with precise probability estimation and complexity scalability for high-efficiency video coding." Journal of Electronic Imaging 25, no. 1 (January 20, 2016): 013010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jei.25.1.013010.

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Xu, Dawen, and Rangding Wang. "Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding-based data hiding in partially encrypted H.264/AVC videos." Journal of Electronic Imaging 24, no. 3 (June 24, 2015): 033028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jei.24.3.033028.

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Voges, Jan, Tom Paridaens, Fabian Müntefering, Liudmila S. Mainzer, Brian Bliss, Mingyu Yang, Idoia Ochoa, Jan Fostier, Jörn Ostermann, and Mikel Hernaez. "GABAC: an arithmetic coding solution for genomic data." Bioinformatics 36, no. 7 (December 12, 2019): 2275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz922.

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Abstract Motivation In an effort to provide a response to the ever-expanding generation of genomic data, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is designing a new solution for the representation, compression and management of genomic sequencing data: the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)-G standard. This paper discusses the first implementation of an MPEG-G compliant entropy codec: GABAC. GABAC combines proven coding technologies, such as context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding, binarization schemes and transformations, into a straightforward solution for the compression of sequencing data. Results We demonstrate that GABAC outperforms well-established (entropy) codecs in a significant set of cases and thus can serve as an extension for existing genomic compression solutions, such as CRAM. Availability and implementation The GABAC library is written in C++. We also provide a command line application which exercises all features provided by the library. GABAC can be downloaded from https://github.com/mitogen/gabac. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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Liu, Bo, Jiandong Liu, Shuhong Wang, Ming Zhong, Bo Li, and Yujie Liu. "HEVC Video Encryption Algorithm Based on Integer Dynamic Coupling Tent Mapping." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 24, no. 3 (May 20, 2020): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2020.p0335.

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A selective encryption algorithm is proposed to improve the efficiency of high efficiency video coding (HEVC) video encryption and ensure the security of HEVC videos. The algorithm adopts the integer dynamic coupling tent mapping optimization model as the pseudo-random sequence generator, and multi-core parallelization is used as the sequence generation mechanism. The binstrings during the process of context adaptive binary arithmetic coding are selected for encryption, which conforms to the features of invariable binstream and compatible format in terms of video encryption. Performance tests for six types of standard videos with different resolutions were performed. The results indicated that the encryption algorithm has a large key space and benefits from a high encryption effect.

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Ulacha, Grzegorz, and Mirosław Łazoryszczak. "Lossless Image Coding Using Non-MMSE Algorithms to Calculate Linear Prediction Coefficients." Entropy 25, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25010156.

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This paper presents a lossless image compression method with a fast decoding time and flexible adjustment of coder parameters affecting its implementation complexity. A comparison of several approaches for computing non-MMSE prediction coefficients with different levels of complexity was made. The data modeling stage of the proposed codec was based on linear (calculated by the non-MMSE method) and non-linear (complemented by a context-dependent constant component removal block) predictions. Prediction error coding uses a two-stage compression: an adaptive Golomb code and a binary arithmetic code. The proposed solution results in 30% shorter decoding times and a lower bit average than competing solutions (by 7.9% relative to the popular JPEG-LS codec).

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Loukil, H., M. Abbas, Ali Algahtani, A. Kessentini, P. Muneer, Thafasal Ijyas, and M. Abdul Wase. "Role of Nanotechnology in Lossless Video Compression Coding." Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1617–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/nnl.2019.3053.

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High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is a standard that has been developed by a collaboration of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) with Moving Picture Experts Group of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The standard, by and large, is achieving substantial spatial versatility and enhanced video compression. HEVC is a spatial coding method for video that reduces the size and number of images in it, allowing for great versatility. This allows for new benchmark for creating high-quality video encoders, as well as high-quality video streams while retaining lower bit rates. This article outlines the most recent video compression model identified as the H.26x family, including its most recent standard, H.265, also known as HEVC. In this work, we also propose the possibility of using nanotechnology to increase the efficiency of video compression process with very little loss. We also studied the possibility of using Spherical Piezo Acoustic Transducers instead of the traditional Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding. Finally, a nano-scale transducer was fabricated with a lossless infinite plate and a lossless waveguide, which has the ability to resist fracture due to a low von Mises stress along its surface.

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Tran, Dinh Lam, Viet Huong Pham, Hung K. Nguyen, and Xuan Tu Tran. "A Survey of High-Efficiency Context-Addaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding Hardware Implementations in High-Efficiency Video Coding Standard." VNU Journal of Science: Computer Science and Communication Engineering 35, no. 2 (October 22, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1086/vnucsce.233.

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High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), also known as H.265 and MPEG-H Part 2, is the newest video coding standard developed to address the increasing demand for higher resolutions and frame rates. In comparison to its predecessor H.264/AVC, HEVC achieved almost double of compression performance that is capable to process high quality video sequences (UHD 4K, 8K; high frame rates) in a wide range of applications. Context-Adaptive Baniray Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) is the only entropy coding method in HEVC, whose principal algorithm is inherited from its predecessor. However, several aspects of the method that exploits it in HEVC are different, thus HEVC CABAC supports better coding efficiency. Effectively, pipeline and parallelism in CABAC hardware architectures are prospective methods in the implementation of high performance CABAC designs. However, high data dependence and serial nature of bin-to-bin processing in CABAC algorithm pose many challenges for hardware designers. This paper provides an overview of CABAC hardware implementations for HEVC targeting high quality, low power video applications, addresses challenges of exploiting it in different application scenarios and then recommends several predictive research trends in the future.

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Chan, Ka-Hou, and Sio-Kei Im. "Using Four Hypothesis Probability Estimators for CABAC in Versatile Video Coding." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications, May 12, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3531015.

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This article introduces the key technologies involved in four hypothetical probability estimators for Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC). The focus is on the selected adaptation rate performed in these estimators, which are selected based on coding efficiency and memory considerations, and also the relationship with the current size of the coding block. The proposed scheme can linearly realize the quantitative representation of probabilistic prediction and describes the scalability potential for higher accuracy. Besides a description of the design concept, this work also discusses motivation and implementation aspects, which are based on simple operations such as bitwise operations and single subsampling for subinterval updates. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed CABAC method specified in Versatile Video Coding (VVC).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC)'

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