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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Reese, Lynda M. Incorporating content constraints into a multi-stage adaptive testlet design. Newtown, PA: Law School Admission Council, 1999.

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2

Wim J. van der Linden. A comparison of item-selection methods for adaptive tests with content constraints. Newtown, PA: Law School Admission Council, 2005.

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3

Linden, Wim J. van der. Implementing content constraints in alpha-stratified adaptive testing using a shadow test approach. Newtown, PA: Law School Admission Council, 2005.

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4

Adivasi life stories: Context, constraints, choices. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2007.

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5

University of Melbourne. School of Languages. Postgraduate Conference. Contexts, contacts & constraints. Edited by Ernst Guido, Hurley Andrew, and Sutton Katie. Victoria, Australia: School of Languages, University of Melbourne, 2005.

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6

Balakrishnan, Revathi. Rwanda women in aquaculture: Context, contributions and constraints. Corvallis, Or: Office of Women in International Development, Oregon State University, 1993.

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7

Cancer: Between glycolysis and physical constraint. Berlin: Springer, 2004.

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8

May, Richard John. Perceptual content loss in bit rate constrained IFS encoded speech. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, 2002.

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9

Centre, African Climate Policy. Fossil fuels in Africa in the context of a carbon constrained future. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: United Nations, Economic Commission for Africa, African Climate Policy Centre, 2011.

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10

Östensson, Olle. Local Content, Supply Chains, and Shared Infrastructure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0024.

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Local content policies for extractive industries have attracted increased interest. Local content requirements are often included in legislation or contracts. Such efforts may be constrained by low capacity of potential suppliers, low skills, and the general business environment. A number of extractive industry companies have introduced supplier development programmes that attempt to reduce the constraints and skill gaps. Government industrial policies on local content vary: some prescribe quantitative targets for local content, while others focus on improving skills and raising the capacity of domestic industry. Infrastructure built for extractive industries can often be used by other economic activities. Difficulties in finding suitable financing arrangements have, however, limited the number of successful multi-user extractive industry-related infrastructure projects.
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11

Hanley, Jacob James. Experimental and fluid inclusion constraints on the ore metal content and origin of volatiles associated with large NI-CU--PGE deposits. 2006.

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12

Broude, Tomer, Yoram Z. Haftel, and Alexander Thompson. Who Cares about Regulatory Space in BITs? A Comparative International Approach. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697570.003.0024.

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Regulatory space has become one of the buzzwords of the debate on international investment protection law. Critics claim that investment law unduly constrains states’ regulatory space. Proponents contest that claim. This chapter analyzes state sensitivity to constraints on regulatory space from a comparative perspective, on the basis of quantitative analysis of textual coding of investor-state dispute settlement provisions in renegotiated bilateral investment treaties. The chapter is comprised of six sections. Section I is an introduction covering the impact of investor-state dispute settlement on state regulatory space. Section II discusses bilateral treaty-making and comparative international law research. Section III describes the comparative landscape of renegotiated BITs, and Section IV provides a comparative BIT content analysis and SRS. Section V sets forth a comparative empirical analysis of ISDS provisions. Section VI presents conclusions.
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13

Kemp, Anna. Life as Creative Constraint. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800348448.001.0001.

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Life as Creative Constraint is the first book to focus on the extraordinary life- writing of the French experimental writing group, the Oulipo. The Oulipo’s enthusiasm for literary games and formal gymnastics has seen its work caricatured as ‘lifeless’ – impressively virtuoso but more interested in form than content and ultimately disengaged from the world. This book examines a broad corpus of work by Georges Perec, Marcel Bénabou, Jacques Roubaud, and Anne F. Garréta to show that, despite the group’s early devotion to the radical impersonality of mathematics, later generations of Oulipians have brought the group’s fascination with systems, games, and constraints to bear on autobiography. Far from being ‘lifeless’, Oulipian constraints and concepts provide the tools that allow writers to engage critically and creatively with lived experience, and mine the potential of the autobiographical genre. The games played by these writers are not simply pastimes or cunning writing techniques, but modes of survival, self-examination, self-invention, and relating to the world and to others. As the title of Georges Perec’s masterpiece suggests, they are a mode d’emploi for life.
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14

Media Constrained by Context. Central European University Press, 2018.

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15

Moses, Jonathon W., and Bjørn Letnes. The International Context. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787174.003.0002.

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When Norway discovered its petroleum resources, the world was a very different place, with greater opportunities for domestic management of the economy (including the rise of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and sundry nationalization efforts). International organizations such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the European Union (then the EEC) had not yet begun their drive to liberalize the global economy, by discouraging nationalization, regulation, and local content provisions (for example). At the same time, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil crises meant that Norway became an extremely attractive investment site for international oil companies worried about political turmoil in the Middle East. As a result, the Norwegian authorities were able to build out their administrative apparatus at a time when there were few international constraints placed upon them. Developing countries today are working under a significantly different international context.
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16

Context Changes Everything: How Constraints Create Coherence. MIT Press, 2023.

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17

Leon, Sharon. Complexity and Collaboration. Edited by Paula Hamilton and James B. Gardner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766024.013.2.

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Since the popular emergence of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s, nothing has been clearer about the digital environment than that it changes at a breakneck pace, making it a constant challenge of adaptation for content providers. Public historians who may have come of age in the context of writing either concise wall labels for the public or extended scholarly articles and conference papers for their fellow historians might find the pace and the level of flexibility and interactivity of the Web disconcerting, but in the end, the advantages for the practice of public history are extensive. Breaking the constraints of a physical site by effectively using the Web leaves public historians constrained only by their time, resources, and imagination. This chapter deals specifically with the various modes of communication that are available to public historians through the use of new media.
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18

Uffmann, Christian. World Englishes and Phonological Theory. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.32.

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The relationship between phonological theory and World Englishes is generally characterized by a mutual lack of interest. This chapter argues for a greater engagement of both fields with each other, looking at constraint-based theories of phonology, especially Optimality Theory (OT), as a case in point. Contact varieties of English provide strong evidence for synchronically active constraints, as it is substrate or L1 constraints that are regularly transferred to the contact variety, not rules. Additionally, contact varieties that have properties that are in some way ‘in between’ the substrate and superstrate systems provide evidence for constraint hierarchies or implicational relationships between constraints, illustrated here primarily with examples from syllable structure. Conversely, for a scholar working on the description of World Englishes, OT can offer an explanation of where the patterns found in a contact variety come from, namely from the transfer of substrate constraint rankings (and subsequent gradual constraint demotion).
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19

Dipak, Gyawali, Dixit Ajaya, Upadhya Madhukar, Nepal Water Conservation Foundation, and Kathmandu Electric Vehicle Alliance, eds. Ropeways in Nepal: Context, constraints, and co-evolution. Lalitpur: Nepal Water Conservation Foundation with Kathmandu Electric Vehicle Alliance, 2004.

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20

Nominal determination: Typology, context constraints, and historical emergence. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006.

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21

Nominal determination: Typology, context constraints, and historical emergence. Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub., 2007.

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22

Lidz, Jeffrey L. Quantification in Child Language. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.21.

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This chapter addresses role of cognitive, information processing and learning mechanisms underlying children’s acquisition of quantifiers in natural language. We discuss the cognitive mechanisms that provide content to quantificational expressions, constraints on possible quantifier meanings, and the role of syntax in identifying a novel word as quantificational. We also examine the syntax and semantics of quantifiers in development, examining interactions between multiple scope bearing expressions in a single sentence. We explore the grammatical and psycholinguistic constraints at play in shaping children’s acquisition and use of quantificational expressions, highlighting factors that can mask children’s competence in this domain.
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23

Italian Youth in International Context: Belonging, Constraints and Opportunities. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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24

Kazepov, Yuri, Valentina Cuzzocrea, and Barbara Giovanna Bello. Italian Youth in International Context: Belonging, Constraints and Opportunities. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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25

Kazepov, Yuri, Valentina Cuzzocrea, and Barbara Giovanna Bello. Italian Youth in International Context: Belonging, Constraints and Opportunities. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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26

Verme, Paolo, and Chiara Gigliarano. Optimal Targeting Under Budget Constraints in a Humanitarian Context. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/29314.

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27

Gigliarano, Chiara, and Paolo Verme. Optimal Targeting under Budget Constraints in a Humanitarian Context. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8191.

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28

Kazepov, Yuri, Valentina Cuzzocrea, and Barbara Giovanna Bello. Italian Youth in International Context: Belonging, Constraints and Opportunities. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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29

Keen, Christian, Veland Ramadani, and Léo-Paul Dana. Entrepreneurship in South America: Context, Diversity, Constraints, Opportunities and Prospects. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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30

Millum, Joseph. The Content of Parental Responsibilities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695439.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the content of parental responsibilities. It argues that when someone takes on parental responsibilities, she takes on duties to provide a subset of what is collectively owed to all children within a society. That subset must include duties to provide the goods that children are owed that can only be provided by a constant caregiver—filial goods. It also must, in a just society, mean that it is possible for parents to do their duties, yet for the society to remain just. This constraint, along with the constraint that the child’s rights take precedence, allows us to rule out certain putative parental responsibilities a priori. For example, I argue that parents do not have a duty to pass on their wealth to their children.
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31

Fetzer, Anita. Context. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.15.

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The concept of context has undergone some fundamental rethinking in the scientific community, where it is no longer seen as an analytic prime. Rather than being looked upon as an external constraint on linguistic performance, context is analysed as a product of language use, as interactionally construed, co-constructed, and negotiated, and as imported and invoked. Context is also considered as a psychological construct, and as a set of antecedent premises, which are required for a communicative act to be felicitous. Context is further conceptualized along the distinction between context as type and context as token, differentiating between more generalized and more particularized variants, and context is conceived of as dynamic and relational, more or less (un)bounded, subjective and individual, and social and institutional.
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32

Recanati, François. From Meaning to Content. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739548.003.0004.

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According to a widespread picture due to Kaplan, there are two levels of semantic value: character and content. Character is determined by the grammar, and it determines content with respect to context. In this chapter Recanati criticizes that picture on several grounds. He shows that we need more than two levels, and rejects the determination thesis: that linguistic meaning as determined by grammar determines content. Grammatical meaning does not determine assertoric content, he argues, but merely constrains it—speaker’s meaning necessarily comes into play. On the alternative picture he offers, there are four basic levels, only one of which is determined by the grammar. Pragmatics is what enables the transition from each level to the next.
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33

Bishop, Robert C., Michael Silberstein, and Mark Pexton. Emergence in Context. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849786.001.0001.

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Abstract This is a book about the multidisciplinary topic of emergence. Science, philosophy of science, and metaphysics have long been concerned with the question of how order, stability, and novelty are possible and how they happen. How can order come out of disorder? We provide a new account of emergence, contextual emergence, that attempts to answer these questions. Contextual emergence is grounded primarily in the sciences, as opposed to logic or metaphysics. It is both an explanatory and ontological account of emergence that gets us beyond the impasse between “weak” and “strong” emergence in the emergence debates. Contextual emergence challenges the “foundationalist” or hierarchical picture of reality. It emphasizes the ontological and explanatory fundamentality of multiscale stability conditions and their contextual constraints, often operating globally over interconnected, interdependent, and interacting entities and their multiscale relations. Contextual emergence focuses on the conditions that make the existence, stability, and persistence of emergent systems and their states and observables possible. These conditions and constraints are irreducibly multiscale relations, so it is not surprising that scientific explanation is often multiscale. Such multiscale conditions act as gatekeepers for systems to access modal possibilities (e.g. reducing or enhancing a system’s degrees of freedom). Using examples from across the sciences ranging from physics to biology to neuroscience and beyond, we demonstrate that there is an empirically well-grounded, viable alternative to ontological reductionism coupled with explanatory antireductionism (weak emergence) and ontological disunity coupled with the impossibility of robust scientific explanation (strong emergence). Central metaphysics of science concerns are also addressed.
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34

Ottilia Anna, Maunganidze, and du Plessis Anton. Part I Context, Challenges, and Constraints, 4 The ICC and the AU. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0004.

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The relationship between the ICC and the AU has become a frequent bone of contention. The impact is naturally political, but it has also had an appreciable influence on ICC practice. This chapter analyses the legal and political background to the persistent disagreement, including the origin and foundation of divergent positions, such as, for instance, on head of state immunity and cooperation duties. It cautions against an oversimplification of ‘African’ views while also highlighting the progress made by some African countries in investigating, prosecuting, and adjudicating international crimes. It further examines the proposed expansion of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights’ jurisdiction to deal with serious crimes, including international crimes, and the implications thereof.
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35

Jonathan, O’Donohue. Part I Context, Challenges, and Constraints, 6 The ICC and the ASP. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0006.

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The ASP performs a range of administrative oversight, legislative, and other functions which are essential to the effective functioning of the ICC. In its first 12 sessions, the Assembly has made significant progress towards implementing these functions, as well as other efforts to support the work of the ICC and the realization of the Rome Statute system. It has inter alia developed the Independent Oversight Mechanism (IOM), innovative systems to elect ICC officials, and mechanisms to respond to non-cooperation. Nevertheless, there are a number of aspects of the Assembly’s approaches and decisions which threaten to undermine the work of the ICC, including the independence of the Prosecutor and the judges. This chapter examines how, in discharging its functions, the Assembly has both positively and negatively affected the law and practice of the Court.
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36

Context of Legislating: Constraints on the Legislative Process in the United States. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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37

Jenkins, Shannon. Context of Legislating: Constraints on the Legislative Process in the United States. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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38

Jenkins, Shannon. Context of Legislating: Constraints on the Legislative Process in the United States. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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39

Mills, Caitlin, Arianne Herrera-Bennett, Myrthe Faber, and Kalina Christoff. Why the Mind Wanders. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.42.

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This chapter offers a functional account of why the mind—when free from the demands of a task or the constraints of heightened emotions—tends to wander from one topic to another, in a ceaseless and seemingly random fashion. We propose the default variability hypothesis, which builds on William James’s phenomenological account of thought as a form of mental locomotion, as well as on recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and computational modeling. Specifically, the default variability hypothesis proposes that the default mode of mental content production yields the frequent arising of new mental states that have heightened variability of content over time. This heightened variability in the default mode of mental content production may be an adaptive mechanism that (1) enhances episodic memory efficiency through de-correlating individual episodic memories from one another via temporally spaced reactivations, and (2) facilitates semantic knowledge optimization by providing optimal conditions for interleaved learning.
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40

Riggsby, Andrew. Mosaics of Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632502.001.0001.

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The book examines the invention, use, and diffusion of ancient Roman information technologies. In particular, it looks at technologies defined in conceptual terms—lists, tables, weights and measures, perspective and related artistic devices, and cartography—rather than mechanical ones (e.g., “tablet” or “scroll”). Each is viewed from both social and cognitive perspectives, as well as with attention to the interaction between the conceptual and its material instantiation. The study is particularly focused on the most powerful technologies, whose uptakes are in most cases sporadic across time, space, and use context. These systems display a tolerance for error and/or omission remarkable unless they are considered in the narrowest possible use-context. Similarly, they often presuppose shared knowledge (both of form and of content) that could only have existed in highly localized contexts. Further constraints on the use of these devices arise from preferences for facts that are constituted by the record, rather than recorded, and (at least in elite circles) for linear exposition on the model of oral discourse. As a consequence, on the one hand, Romans lived in a balkanized informational world. Persons in different “locations”—whether geographical, social, or occupational—would have had access to quite different informational resources, and the overall situation is thus not controlled by the needs of any particular class or group. On the other hand, seeming technological weakness often turn out to be illusory if we set them in their actual use-contexts.
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41

Teroni, Fabrice. In Pursuit of Emotional Modes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766858.003.0015.

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This chapter focuses on fundamental trends in the philosophy of emotion since the publication of William James’ seminal and contentious view. James is famous for his claim that undergoing an emotion comes down to feeling (psychological mode) specific changes within the body (content). Philosophers writing after him have also attempted to analyse emotional modes in terms of other psychological modes (believing, desiring, and perceiving) and to adjust their contents accordingly. The discussion is organized around a series of contrasts that have played fundamental roles in shaping these approaches to the emotions. These contrasts are those between emotions and feelings, between specific and unspecific phenomenology, and between dependent and independent modes. Focus on these contrasts enables a review of some dramatic turning points in the recent history of theorizing about the emotions; it also serves to bring to light fundamental constraints bearing on emotion theory.
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42

Ginsborg, Hannah. Empiricism and Normative Constraint. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809630.003.0006.

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McDowell holds that our thinking, in order to have intentional content, must stand in a normative relation to empirical reality. He thinks that this condition can be satisfied only if we adopt “minimal empiricism”: the view that beliefs and judgements stand in rational relations to perceptual experiences, conceived as passive. I raise two complementary difficulties for minimal empiricism, one challenging McDowell’s view that experiences, conceived as passive, can be reasons for belief, the other challenging his view of experience as presupposing conceptual capacities. I go on to argue that minimal empiricism is not necessary for satisfying the condition that thinking be normatively related to the empirical world. There is another way of understanding the relation between thought and reality which construes it as normative without being rational: we can understand it as the world’s normative constraint on the activity through which empirical concepts, and hence empirical thinking, become possible.
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43

Kagan, Jerome. Five Constraints on Predicting Behavior. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262036528.001.0001.

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Scientists were unable to study the relation of brain to mind until the invention of technologies that measured the brain activity accompanying psychological processes. Yet even with these new tools, conclusions are tentative or simply wrong. This book describes five conditions that place serious constraints on the ability to predict mental or behavioral outcomes based on brain data: the setting in which evidence is gathered, the expectations of the subject, the source of the evidence that supports the conclusion, the absence of studies that examine patterns of causes with patterns of measures, and the habit of borrowing terms from psychology. The book describes the importance of context, and how the experimental setting—including the room, the procedure, and the species, age, and sex of both subject and examiner—can influence the conclusions. It explains how subject expectations affect all brain measures; considers why brain and psychological data often yield different conclusions; argues for relations between patterns of causes and outcomes rather than correlating single variables; and criticizes the borrowing of psychological terms to describe brain evidence. Brain sites cannot be in a state of “fear.” A deeper understanding of the brain's contributions to behavior, the book argues, requires investigators to acknowledge these five constraints in the design or interpretation of an experiment.
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44

(Editor), Elisabeth Stark, Elisabeth Leiss (Editor), and Werner Abraham (Editor), eds. Nominal Determination: Typology, Context Constraints and Historical Emergence (Studies in Language Companion Series). John Benjamins Publishing Co, 2007.

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45

Christensen, Garry. New Opportunities and Old Constraints: The Context for Agriculture Sector Development in Serbia. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/k8814.

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46

Boucher, David. Hobbes among the Legal Positivists. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817215.003.0006.

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This chapter contends that Hobbes was a prominent interlocutor in debates on the source of obligation in the common law, and while customary international law was not capable of attracting sovereign authority, it did not mean that there could be no moral constraints in the relations among states. While justice and injustice are the creation of the sovereign, he narrowly confined those terms to the honouring of contracts. The content of the law does not determine our obligation to obey it, nor our judgement about justice and injustice; it is whether we have broken faith with a covenant that determines injustices. Natural law has intrinsic to it moral concepts which differ from those of justice and injustice, namely equity and reason. Whereas the definition of law is that it is applicable to those formerly obliged, the justification of particular laws has to be with reference to the common good.
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47

Speyer, Augustin, and Helmut Weiß. The prefield after the Old High German period. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0005.

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The filling of the prefield in Modern German is determined by information-structural constraints such as scene-setting, contrastiveness, and topichood. While OHG does not yet show competition between these constraints, competition arises from MHG onward. This has to do with the generalization of the V2 constraint (i.e. the one-constituent property of the prefield) for declarative clauses, in which context the information-structural constraints are loosened. The syntactic change whose result eventually was the loss of multiple XP fronting comprised a change of the feature endowment of C because the fronting of expletive thô (roughly in the OHG of the ninth century) led to the reanalysis of XP fronting as a semantically vacuous movement whose only function is to check the EPP feature of C. Data from doubly filled prefields in ENHG and post-initial connectives indicate that an articulated split CP-structure, as proposed within the cartographic approach, is also at play in German.
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48

Zimmermann, Eva. Morpheme contiguity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747321.003.0005.

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One new constraint family argued for in this book are constraints ensuring a ‘morph-contiguous’ projection of prosodic nodes. It is argued that the phonological representation of a morpheme strives to be contiguous across different tiers, i.e. phonological elements affiliated with one morpheme avoid being dominated by a phonological element that is affiliated with another morpheme. It is shown how different patterns of phonologically predictable allomorphy involving MLM follow from such a preference. This constraint type also allows the solution of a general opacity problem that OT-accounts assuming floating prosodic nodes face. The relevant constraint demanding morph-contiguous mora licensing ensures that an epenthetic mora is inserted in contexts where a vowel would otherwise only be dominated by a mora with a different morphological affiliation. This constraint predicts an interesting typology of languages where all or only some vowels undergo morphological lengthening. As is shown with several examples, this typology is indeed borne out.
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49

Hu, Xuhui. Theoretical foundations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.003.0002.

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Adopting the constructivist approach, especially building on Borer’s (2005a, b, 2013a) XS Model, two theoretical elements in the theory of the syntax of events are put forward. The first element concerns the specific constraints on the interaction between conceptual meaning and syntactic derivation. The content of the predicate will be integrated into the interpretation derived from the syntax via a set of Integration Conditions, according to which, the interpretation derived from syntax licenses the legitimacy of the predicate content. The second theoretical assumption is the addition of the DivP to the event phrase (EP) structure. A verbal feature is in nature an [iDiv] feature, which is equivalent to the interpretable feature provided by the classifier in the nominal domain. The stative/dynamic interpretation of an event is tied to the value of the [iDiv] feature, which further explains the grammatical distinction between two types of homogeneous predicates.
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50

Ingram, Sandra A. Introducing development education into a Canadian classroom: Constraints and possibilities within the school context. 1993.

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