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Chitrampalam, P., P. J. Figuli, M. E. Matheron, K. V. Subbarao, and B. M. Pryor. "Biocontrol of Lettuce Drop Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor in Desert Agroecosystems." Plant Disease 92, no. 12 (December 2008): 1625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-12-1625.
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Field experiments were conducted over 2 years in Yuma County, AZ, and Imperial County, CA, to determine the efficacy of several biocontrol agents for the management of lettuce drop caused by Sclerotinia spp. Commercial formulations of Trichoderma harzianum (Plantshield, Supersivit), Gliocladium virens (Soilgard), Coniothyrium minitans (Contans), and Bacillus subtilis (Companion) were evaluated and compared with the chemical fungicide iprodione (Rovral) against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor. A single application of biocontrol products or of Rovral did not reduce lettuce drop caused by either Sclerotinia species. However, two applications of Contans, one at planting and one at post-thinning, significantly reduced the incidence of lettuce drop caused by S. sclerotiorum and increased yield but had no effect on S. minor at both locations in both years. Two applications of other biocontrol products did not significantly reduce disease incidence despite medium to high recovery following application. In contrast, Contans was only sporadically recovered following application. In vitro fungicide sensitivity evaluation revealed that both Trichoderma and Gliocladium species were tolerant to iprodione, dicloran (Botran), and vinclozolin (Ronilan) up to 1,000 ppm a.i., whereas both Sclerotinia spp. and C. minitans were sensitive to all three fungicides above 1 ppm. In summary, Contans was the most effective treatment for the control of lettuce drop caused by S. sclerotiorum, but no treatment was effective against S. minor in the desert lettuce production systems.
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Chitrampalam, P., T. A. Turini, M. E. Matheron, and B. M. Pryor. "Effect of Sclerotium Density and Irrigation on Disease Incidence and on Efficacy of Coniothyrium minitans in Suppressing Lettuce Drop Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum." Plant Disease 94, no. 9 (September 2010): 1118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-9-1118.
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Field experiments were conducted over 2 years in Yuma, AZ, and Holtville, CA, to establish the relationship between soil sclerotium density of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and the incidence of lettuce drop on different lettuce (Lactuca sativa) types under different irrigation systems, and to determine the efficacy of the biocontrol agent Coniothyrium minitans (Contans) against S. sclerotiorum on crisphead lettuce at varied sclerotium densities under different irrigation systems. There was no significant interaction of irrigation (overhead sprinkler versus furrow) with either sclerotium density or with biocontrol treatment. Lettuce drop incidence was lowest in romaine lettuce compared with crisphead or leaf lettuce at all soil sclerotium densities. There was a significant positive correlation between the sclerotial density and the percent disease incidence. Disease incidence in plots infested with 2 sclerotia/m2 of bed was not significantly higher than in control plots regardless of lettuce type. However, plots infested with 40 or 100 sclerotia/m2 of bed revealed a significantly higher disease incidence over the control in all lettuce types. A single application of Contans at planting significantly reduced the incidence of lettuce drop in all lettuce types even under high disease pressure. There were no significant differences between recommended (2.2 kg/ha) and high (4.4 kg/ha) application rates of Contans or between one or two applications of the product.
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Chitrampalam, P., B. M. Wu, S. T. Koike, and K. V. Subbarao. "Interactions Between Coniothyrium minitans and Sclerotinia minor Affect Biocontrol Efficacy of C. minitans." Phytopathology® 101, no. 3 (March 2011): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-10-0170.
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Coniothyrium minitans, marketed as Contans, has become a standard management tool against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a variety of crops, including winter lettuce. However, it has been ineffective against lettuce drop caused by S. minor. The interactions between C. minitans and S minor were investigated to determine the most susceptible stage in culture to attack by C. minitans, and to determine its consistency on S minor isolates belonging to four major mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs). Four isolates of S. minor MCG 1 and 5 each from MCGs 2 and 3 and one from MCG 4 were treated in culture at purely mycelial, a few immature sclerotial, and fully mature sclerotial phases with a conidial suspension of C. minitans. Sclerotia from all treatments were harvested after 4 weeks, air dried, weighed, and plated on potato dextrose agar for recovery of C. minitans. S. minor formed the fewest sclerotia in plates that received C. minitans at the mycelial stage; C. minitans was recovered from nearly all sclerotia from this treatment and sclerotial mortality was total. However, the response of MCGs was inconsistent and variable. Field experiments to determine the efficacy of C. minitans relative to the registered fungicide, Endura, on lettuce drop incidence and soil inoculum dynamics were conducted from 2006 to 2009. All Contans treatments had significantly lower numbers of sclerotia than Endura and unsprayed control treatments, and drop incidence was as low as in Endura-treated plots (P > 0.05). Although the lower levels of lettuce drop in Contans treatments were correlated with significantly lower levels of sclerotia, the lower levels of lettuce drop, despite the presence of higher inoculum in the Endura treatment, was attributable to the prevention of infection by S. minor. A useful approach to sustained lettuce drop management is to employ Contans to lower the number of sclerotia in soil and to apply Endura to prevent S. minor infection within a cropping season.
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McQuilken, Mark P., and David Chalton. "Potential for biocontrol of sclerotinia rot of carrot with foliar sprays of Contans® WG (Coniothyrium minitans)." Biocontrol Science and Technology 19, no. 2 (February 2009): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583150802635549.
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Elsheshtawi, Mohamed, Maged T. Elkhaky, Shaban R. Sayed, Ali H. Bahkali, Arif A. Mohammed, Dikshit Gambhir, Aref S. Mansour, and Abdallah M. Elgorban. "Integrated control of white rot disease on beans caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using Contans® and reduced fungicides application." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24, no. 2 (February 2017): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.01.038.
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Van Beneden, Sarah, Ilse Leenknegt, Soraya C. França, and Monica Höfte. "Improved control of lettuce drop caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using Contans combined with lignin or a reduced fungicide application." Crop Protection 29, no. 2 (February 2010): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2009.08.003.
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Aliyah, Siti, and Suci Indah Setiawati. "PERBANDINGAN FORMULA ENTERAL RENDAH LEMAK BERBASIS TEPUNG EDAMAME DENGAN FORMULA KOMERSIAL RENDAH LEMAK." Media Gizi Indonesia 13, no. 1 (August 8, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mgi.v13i1.1-11.
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Dyslipidemia leads to atherosclerosis which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Edamame contains omega-3 fatty acids and phytochemical components such as isoflavones, sterols and saponins, and also high in fiber content. Edamame has been proved to have ability to decrease LDL cholesterol level. This research aims to analyze the comparison of edamame flour based low fat enteral formula with commercial low fat formula. This was a descriptive comparatif research design. Data collection was done by doing calculations on nutrient content and bioavailability protein, also organoleptic quality of low fat enteral formula with edamame flour substitution. The result showed that fat content of modified formula was 26.4% of total energy requirement and the value had met dietary requirement for dyslipidemia diet which is not more than <30% of total energy requirement. Type of fat in this formula largely contans unsaturated fats derived from omega-3 fatty acids of soy edamame and omega-9 fatty acids from olive oil. The value of protein bioavailability which was shown from Amino Acid Score was 32.18, Theoretical Digestibility was 89.27, Net Protein Utilization was 28.73, Protein Worth of Eggs was 16.77, and Protein Eficiency Ratio was 4.51. The result of hedonic quality test showed that the color of low fat enteral formula with edamame flour substitution was light brown, the taste was sweet, the smell was typical edamame aroma, and had liquid consistency. Based on the comparison of commercial enteral formula with non-commercial enteral formula based on edamame flour, it can be concluded that edamame based flour enteral formula can be recommended as a non-commercial enteral formula for patients with dyslipidemia replacing commercial formula.
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JAMIOŁKOWSKA, AGNIESZKA, and BEATA HETMAN. "Mechanizm działania preparatów biologicznych stosowanych w ochronie roślin przed patogenami." Agronomy Science 71, no. 1 (April 12, 2016): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2016.1.2.
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Od 1 stycznia 2014 r. w krajach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej produkcja roślin opiera się na zasadach integrowanej ochrony. W większym stopniu uwzględnia ona metodę biologiczną, rozumianą nie tylko jako bezpośrednie zwalczanie, ale także jako wykorzystanie naturalnych procesów samoregulacji. W tej metodzie stosuje preparaty biologiczne oparte na antagonistycznych mikroorganizmach (wirusy, bakterie, grzyby) oraz wyciągach roślinnych, naturalnych komponentach roślinnych i zwierzęcych. Obecnie w Polsce dostępnych jest kilka takich biopreparatów (Trianum, Vital Plus, Canna Aktrivator, Boni Protect Forte, Polyversum WP, Contans WG) oraz preparatów biotechnicznych (Bioczos Płynny, Biosept Active, Beta-Chikol). Działanie preparatów zawierających żywe mikroorganizmy opiera się na uzdolnieniach tych mikroorganizmów do pasożytnictwa, konkurencji i antybiozy. Preparaty biotechniczne charakteryzują się bezpośrednim działaniem wyniszczającym względem grzybów i bakterii chorobotwórczych. Antymikrobową aktywność tych produktów przypisuje się organicznym związkom chemicznym zawartym w komponentach roślinnych i zwierzęcych (allicyna, endogenne flawonoidy i glikozydy, terpeny, kumaryny, furanokumaryny, chitozan). Związki te hamują kiełkowanie zarodników i ograniczają wzrost strzępek kiełkowych grzybów. Preparaty biotechniczne oraz grzyby Trichoderma spp. nazywane są również biostymulatorami odporności roślin, ponieważ indukują odporność roślin na czynniki abiotyczne i biotyczne. Wpływają na produkcję metabolitów wtórnych (związków fenolowych) w roślinie oraz biorą udział w tworzeniu barier fizycznych, uniemożliwiających rozprzestrzenianie się patogenu.
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Zakwandi, Rizki. "Analisis Konsep Pesawat Sederhana Pada Pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Berbasis Tradisi Sains Islam Di Madrasah Tsanawiyah." BELAJEA: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/bjpi.v2i1.269.
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Abstract: Science learning in Islamic school is too less that orientation to Muslim scientist discoveries. Mainly, the theory that teaching to the student is adapted by the Westrn scientist discoveries. The study aim to rebuild treasure of the science in Muslim community throught learning orientation by the Muslim scientist discoveries, so that student would be more familiar with Muslim scientist and literating to work and glory of the Islam as before. The mehtod used in this project is the qualitative methode in the Islamic scientifict tradition approach and case study in the learning science books at the Islamic school. The result of research conduction show that there are similarity of principle by Physics modern scientist and Thabit ibn Qurra about the simple machine. Case study conduction show that only 13,51% textbooks are used at the Islamic School that giving information about Muslim scientist and their work by 75,67% textbooks that giving information about scientist. The solution offered to solve the problem is to make a textbook or handbook with largely contans the knowledge of the Muslim scientist.
Keywords: Simple machine, Islamic scientifict tradition, Muslim scientist, Physic
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Pánek, Matěj, Aleš Hanáček, Jana Wenzlová, Marie Maňasová, and Miloslav Zouhar. "A Comparison of the Ability of Some Commercially Produced Biological Control Agents to Protect Strawberry Plants against the Plant Pathogen Phytophthora cactorum." Agriculture 11, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111086.
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A comparison of the ability of commercially produced biological control agents—Contans, Gliorex, Hirundo, Polyversum, Prometheus, Clonoplus, Integral Pro and Xilon GR, completed with an isolate of Clonostachys rosea and of Pseudomonas sp.—to protect strawberry plants against Phytophthora cactorum was performed. The experiment was performed on strawberry cultivars Sonata, Karmen, and Wendy—cultivated in a cultivating room and greenhouse. The health of plants was affected negatively by the pathogen in all variants of biological agents used, but differences were seen in the rates of this decrease. The results revealed the ability of some tested agents to improve the growth of plants in the absence of the pathogen; the preparation Polyversum (Pythium oligandrum) was the most beneficial, in both the presence and absence of the pathogen. Contrarily, some agents alone decreased the health of plants; Integral Pro (Bacillus subtillis) and a strain of Pseudomonas sp. caused a deterioration in the health of the plants, even in the absence of a pathogen. The results of our analysis demonstrate the varied usefulness of all agents under unified environmental conditions; their effect seems to be dependent on the conditions and on the combination of the genotypes of all three participants in the interaction: plant–pathogen–antagonist.
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Partridge, D. E., T. B. Sutton, D. L. Jordan, V. L. Curtis, and J. E. Bailey. "Management of Sclerotinia Blight of Peanut with the Biological Control Agent Coniothyrium minitans." Plant Disease 90, no. 7 (July 2006): 957–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0957.
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Sclerotinia blight, caused by Sclerotinia minor, is an important disease of peanut in North Carolina. The effectiveness of Coniothyrium minitans, a mycoparasite of sclerotia of Sclerotinia spp., was studied in a 5-year field experiment and in eight short-term experiments in northeastern North Carolina. The 5-year experiment was initiated in November 1999 to evaluate the effectiveness of repeated soil applications of C. minitans (commercial formulation, Contans WG) at 2 and 4 kg ha-1 in reducing Sclerotinia blight. In addition, individual commercial peanut fields were selected in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate a single application of C. minitans at 4 kg ha-1. No differences were found between the 2 and 4 kg ha-1 rates of C. minitans in reducing Sclerotinia blight. In 2002, there was less disease in plots receiving applications of C. minitans for either 1 or 3 years compared with the nontreated control; whereas, in 2003, C. minitans applications for 1, 2, or 3 years reduced disease and the number of sclerotia isolated from soil. A single application of C. minitans reduced sclerotia in only two of the eight short-term experiments. The integration of consecutive years of soil applications of C. minitans at 2 kg ha-1 with moderately resistant cultivars and fungicide applications may aid in the management of Sclerotinia blight in peanut.
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Wu, Fei, Rinse de Boer, Arjen M. Krikken, Arman Akşit, Nicola Bordin, Damien P. Devos, and Ida J. van der Klei. "Pex24 and Pex32 are required to tether peroxisomes to the ER for organelle biogenesis, positioning and segregation in yeast." Journal of Cell Science 133, no. 16 (July 14, 2020): jcs246983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.246983.
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ABSTRACTThe yeast Hansenula polymorpha contains four members of the Pex23 family of peroxins, which characteristically contain a DysF domain. Here we show that all four H. polymorpha Pex23 family proteins localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Pex24 and Pex32, but not Pex23 and Pex29, predominantly accumulate at peroxisome–ER contacts. Upon deletion of PEX24 or PEX32 – and to a much lesser extent, of PEX23 or PEX29 – peroxisome–ER contacts are lost, concomitant with defects in peroxisomal matrix protein import, membrane growth, and organelle proliferation, positioning and segregation. These defects are suppressed by the introduction of an artificial peroxisome–ER tether, indicating that Pex24 and Pex32 contribute to tethering of peroxisomes to the ER. Accumulation of Pex32 at these contact sites is lost in cells lacking the peroxisomal membrane protein Pex11, in conjunction with disruption of the contacts. This indicates that Pex11 contributes to Pex32-dependent peroxisome–ER contact formation. The absence of Pex32 has no major effect on pre-peroxisomal vesicles that occur in pex3 atg1 deletion cells.
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Cheng, Weibin, and Chun Hao. "Case-Initiated COVID-19 Contact Tracing Using Anonymous Notifications." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 6 (June 22, 2020): e20369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/20369.
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We discuss the concept of a participatory digital contact notification approach to assist tracing of contacts who are exposed to confirmed cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19); the approach is simple and affordable for countries with limited access to health care resources and advanced technology. The proposed tool serves as a supplemental contract tracing approach to counteract the shortage of health care staff while providing privacy protection for both cases and contacts. This tool can be deployed on the internet or as a plugin for a smartphone app. Confirmed cases with COVID-19 can use this tool to provide contact information (either email addresses or mobile phone numbers) of close contacts. The system will then automatically send a message to the contacts informing them of their contact status, what this status means, the actions that should follow (eg, self-quarantine, respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette), and advice for receiving early care if they develop symptoms. The name of the sender of the notification message by email or mobile phone can be anonymous or not. The message received by the contact contains no disease information but contains a security code for the contact to log on the platform to retrieve the information.
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Marcantonio, E. E., J. L. Guan, J. E. Trevithick, and R. O. Hynes. "Mapping of the functional determinants of the integrin beta 1 cytoplasmic domain by site-directed mutagenesis." Cell Regulation 1, no. 8 (July 1990): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.1.8.597.
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We describe here the expression of deletion mutants of the cytoplasmic domain of the avian integrin beta 1 subunit. These mutants, which contain termination codons at positions 767, 776, 791, and 800, were transfected into mouse 3T3 cells to determine which sequences were essential for localization of integrins into focal contact sites. In all cases, high-level expression of the truncated avian integrins was obtained. Heterodimers were formed between the exogenous truncated avian beta 1 subunits and endogenous mouse alpha subunits, and these heterodimers were efficiently exported to the cell surface. The longest truncated beta 1 subunit tested, which is only four amino acids shorter than the wild type, does localize to focal contacts. In contrast, beta 1 subunits with moderately long truncations of the cytoplasmic domain failed to localize to focal contacts, including one which contains the consensus sequence for tyrosine phosphorylation. Surprisingly, a mutant subunit in which the bulk of the cytoplasmic domain was missing (but the segment nearest the membrane including the dibasic residues (RR) remained) did localize weakly to focal contacts. These results implicate the peptide segment nearest to the transmembrane region in focal contact localization. In addition, mutant subunits that included this segment together with a larger portion of the cytoplasmic domain did not localize as well as the shorter form, suggesting that these cytoplasmic domain segments are defective, presumably because of abnormal folding.
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Juan, Wu. "Mechanisms of Contact-Induced Linguistic Creations in Chinese Buddhist Translations." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 73, no. 3 (October 31, 2020): 385–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2020.00017.
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ABSTRACTWhile it has long been noted that Chinese Buddhist translations contain many new lexical and syntactic elements that were created due to the contact between Indic and Chinese languages during the translation process, few attempts have been made to systematically explore the major mechanisms of such contact-induced creations. This paper examines six mechanisms of contact-induced lexical creations and three mechanisms of contact-induced syntactic creations in Chinese Buddhist translations. All of these mechanisms have parallels in non-Sinitic language contacts. The parallels demonstrate that Chinese Buddhist translations and non-Sinitic language contacts show striking similarities in the ways in which they brought about new lexical and syntactic elements.
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Bendori, R., D. Salomon, and B. Geiger. "Identification of two distinct functional domains on vinculin involved in its association with focal contacts." Journal of Cell Biology 108, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 2383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.6.2383.
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We report here on the identification of two distinct functional domains on chicken vinculin molecule, which can, independently, mediate its interaction with focal contacts in living cells. These findings were obtained by immunofluorescent labeling of COS cells transfected with a series of chicken vinculin-specific cDNA constructs derived from clones cVin1 and cVin5 (Bendori, R., D. Salomon, and B. Geiger. 1987. EMBO [Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.] J. 6:2897-2905). These included a chimeric construct consisting of 5' sequences of cVin1 attached to the complementary 3' region of cVin5, as well as several constructs of either cVin1 or cVin5 from which 3' or 5' sequences were deleted. We show here that the products of both cVin1 and cVin5, and of the cVin1/cVin5 chimera, readily associated with focal contacts in transfected COS cells. Furthermore, 78 and 45 kD NH2-terminal fragments encoded by a deleted cVin1 and the 78-kD COOH-terminal portion of vinculin encoded by cVin5 were capable of binding specifically to focal contact areas. In contrast 3'-deletion mutants prepared from clone cVin5 and a 5'-deletion mutant of cVin1, lacking both NH2- and COOH-terminal sequences, failed to associate with focal contacts in transfected cells. The loss of binding was accompanied by an overall disarray of the microfilament system. These results, together with previous in vitro binding studies, suggest that vinculin contains at least two independent sites for binding to focal contacts; the NH2-terminal domain may contain the talin binding site while the COOH-terminal domain may mediate vinculin-vinculin interaction. Moreover, the disruptive effect of the double-deleted molecule (lacking the two focal-contact binding sites) on the organization of actin suggests that a distinct region involved in the binding of vinculin to the microfilament system is present in the NH2-terminal 45-kD region of the molecule.
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POTTER, GAIL E., TIMO SMIESZEK, and KERSTIN SAILER. "Modeling workplace contact networks: The effects of organizational structure, architecture, and reporting errors on epidemic predictions." Network Science 3, no. 3 (July 31, 2015): 298–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nws.2015.22.
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AbstractFace-to-face social contacts are potentially important transmission routes for acute respiratory infections, and understanding the contact network can improve our ability to predict, contain, and control epidemics. Although workplaces are important settings for infectious disease transmission, few studies have collected workplace contact data and estimated workplace contact networks. We use contact diaries, architectural distance measures, and institutional structures to estimate social contact networks within a Swiss research institute. Some contact reports were inconsistent, indicating reporting errors. We adjust for this with a latent variable model, jointly estimating the true (unobserved) network of contacts and duration-specific reporting probabilities. We find that contact probability decreases with distance, and that research group membership, role, and shared projects are strongly predictive of contact patterns. Estimated reporting probabilities were low only for 0–5 min contacts. Adjusting for reporting error changed the estimate of the duration distribution, but did not change the estimates of covariate effects and had little effect on epidemic predictions. Our epidemic simulation study indicates that inclusion of network structure based on architectural and organizational structure data can improve the accuracy of epidemic forecasting models.
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HOEVEN, T. A., E. A. J. FISCHER, D. PAHAN, and J. H. RICHARDUS. "Social distance and spatial distance are not the same, observations on the use of GIS in leprosy epidemiology." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 12 (February 13, 2008): 1624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808000381.
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SUMMARYContacts of leprosy patients have a higher risk of developing clinical leprosy. Being a contact is defined socially, but with the introduction of geographical information systems (GIS) in infectious disease epidemiology, it is necessary to relate spatial distance to social distance. We measured the distances between patients and their socially defined contacts in northwest Bangladesh. Contact categories differ in mean distance to the index patients. Sixty-seven per cent of the high-risk contacts lived within 10 metres (m), while all low-risk contacts lived >10 m from the index patient. Classification based on intervals of spatial distance creates categories that contain contacts of different socially defined categories, illustrated by a category of people living between 10 m and 20 m consisting of 47% of high-risk contacts and 52% low-risk contacts. Classification of contacts based on the spatial distance, as performed with GIS techniques, produces other groups than with social definitions.
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Raiborg, Camilla, Eva M. Wenzel, Nina M. Pedersen, and Harald Stenmark. "ER–endosome contact sites in endosome positioning and protrusion outgrowth." Biochemical Society Transactions 44, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20150246.
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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) makes abundant contacts with endosomes, and the numbers of contact sites increase as endosomes mature. It is already clear that such contact sites have diverse compositions and functions, but in this mini-review we will focus on two particular types of ER–endosome contact sites that regulate endosome positioning. Formation of ER–endosome contact sites that contain the cholesterol-binding protein oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 1L (ORP1L) is coordinated with loss of the minus-end-directed microtubule motor Dynein from endosomes. Conversely, formation of ER–endosome contact sites that contain the Kinesin-1-binding protein Protrudin results in transfer of the plus-end-directed microtubule motor Kinesin-1 from ER to endosomes. We discuss the possibility that formation of these two types of contact sites is coordinated as a ‘gear-shift’ mechanism for endosome motility, and we review evidence that Kinesin-1-mediated motility of late endosomes (LEs) to the cell periphery promotes outgrowth of neurites and other protrusions.
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Steiner, Max Gabriel, Anderson Diogo Spacek, João Mota Neto, Pedro Rodrigo Silva Moura, Oswaldo Hideo Ando Junior, Cleber Lourenço Izidoro, Luciano Dagostin Bilessimo, and Jefferson Diogo Spacek. "“In Situ” Evaluation of Mechanical Wear of Mobile Contacts of Electricity Voltage Regulator." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2020): 5015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195015.
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This in situ study presents an analysis of the wear of mobile contacts of switching in an automatic line voltage regulator, regarding the surface wear of the contacts. It is interesting to analyze the contacts of this equipment due to the friction and wear generated during the contact change, in order to predict and contain mechanical operation failures. The contacts were evaluated for mass loss, profilometry, and analysis in a scanning electron microscope, after remaining in operation in the regulator for about one year and switching the contacts almost 2500 times. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the contacts, in terms of surface wear, correlating the number of switching and the effects generated on the contacts in terms of loss of mass and surface damage. With the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that with each switching maneuver the mobile contact loses about 0.002895% of its initial mass. In addition, there was a change in the topography of the sample, associated with its wear, suggesting that the wear is different along the surface of the regulator contacts studied.
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Kozyreva, Oksana, Igor Plokhov, Nikita Kotkov, Igor Savraev, and Alexander Ilyin. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF EFFECT OF LC-CIRCUITS ON SPARKING AND THERMAL STATE OF SLIDING ELECTRIC CONTACT UNIT." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 15, 2017): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol3.2575.
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Such processes in electric machines having sliding contacts as sparking and overheating can be the reason of the deep electroerosive wear. Searching effective ways to reduce sparking has an obvious practical significance since it extends the service life of the sliding contact in particular and service life of the electro-mechanic units in whole.
This article contains information about physical processes in the electrical sliding contact. The method of spark suppression related to LC filters introduced to the electromagnetic brush circuits is considered, the device for spark reducing is suggested. The calculations of the impact of the device for spark reducing on sparking and thermal processes in the contact pairs are described.
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Ruark, S. J., and B. B. Shew. "Evaluation of Microbial, Botanical, and Organic Treatments for Control of Peanut Seedling Diseases." Plant Disease 94, no. 4 (April 2010): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-4-0445.
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Diseases affecting stand establishment are a major obstacle to organic production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Stand losses of 50% or more are possible with untreated seed. Biological, botanical, and organic seed treatments or soil amendments were tested for efficacy against pre- and postemergence damping-off of peanut in greenhouse, microplot, and field plot trials. Seed of the lines Perry, GP-NC 343, and Bailey (tested as N03081T) were used in all trials. Commercial formulations of Bacillus subtilis (Kodiak), B. pumilus (Yield Shield), Trichoderma harzianum (T-22 PB and Plantshield HC), Muscodor albus, and Coniothyrium minitans (Contans); activated charcoal; two separate soil amendments of dried herbage of Monarda didyma cultivars; a commercial fungicide control (Vitavax PC); and an untreated control were tested in natural soil in the greenhouse. Vitavax PC and Kodiak were the only treatments that resulted in higher percent emergence and survival than in untreated seed. A separate greenhouse experiment was conducted in natural soil or natural soil infested with field isolates of Aspergillus niger. Seed were treated with Kodiak, copper hydroxide (Champion), Plantshield HC, Kodiak + Plantshield HC, Streptomyces griseoviridis (Mycostop), hot water, Vitavax PC, or were left untreated. Seedling emergence and survival was much lower in infested versus uninfested soil. Seed treatment with Kodiak increased percent emergence and survival compared to untreated seed, but was not as effective as Vitavax PC. Field microplot studies in 2007 and 2008 at Clayton, NC, evaluated four seed treatments on the peanut lines following small grain cover crops, soil amendment with M. albus, or no cover. Cover crops did not affect emergence or interact with seed treatments. In field studies in 2007 and 2008 at Lewiston, NC, the peanut lines were planted with M. albus infurrow, with Kodiak or T. harzianum seed treatments, or were untreated. In the 2007 trial, none of the treatments improved stands compared to the untreated check. In 2008, the highest stand counts were produced by seed treated with Kodiak. In both years, Bailey produced the greatest stand counts. A. niger was strongly associated with postemergence damping-off in the field. Regardless of peanut line, in many trials, Kodiak seed treatment increased emergence and survival over untreated seed.
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Tong, Junsen, Mohammad Kawsar Manik, and Young Jun Im. "Structural basis of sterol recognition and nonvesicular transport by lipid transfer proteins anchored at membrane contact sites." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 5 (January 16, 2018): E856—E865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719709115.
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Membrane contact sites (MCSs) in eukaryotic cells are hotspots for lipid exchange, which is essential for many biological functions, including regulation of membrane properties and protein trafficking. Lipid transfer proteins anchored at membrane contact sites (LAMs) contain sterol-specific lipid transfer domains [StARkin domain (SD)] and multiple targeting modules to specific membrane organelles. Elucidating the structural mechanisms of targeting and ligand recognition by LAMs is important for understanding the interorganelle communication and exchange at MCSs. Here, we determined the crystal structures of the yeast Lam6 pleckstrin homology (PH)-like domain and the SDs of Lam2 and Lam4 in the apo form and in complex with ergosterol. The Lam6 PH-like domain displays a unique PH domain fold with a conserved N-terminal α-helix. The Lam6 PH-like domain lacks the basic surface for phosphoinositide binding, but contains hydrophobic patches on its surface, which are critical for targeting to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–mitochondrial contacts. Structures of the LAM SDs display a helix-grip fold with a hydrophobic cavity and a flexible Ω1-loop as a lid. Ergosterol is bound to the pocket in a head-down orientation, with its hydrophobic acyl group located in the tunnel entrance. The Ω1-loop in an open conformation is essential for ergosterol binding by direct hydrophobic interaction. Structural comparison suggested that the sterol binding mode of the Lam2 SD2 is likely conserved among the sterol transfer proteins of the StARkin superfamily. Structural models of full-length Lam2 correlated with the sterol transport function at the membrane contact sites.
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Lozanova, Siya, Ivan Kolev, Avgust Ivanov, and Chavdar Roumenin. "2D In-Plane Sensitive Hall-Effect Sensor." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (November 30, 2018): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130711.
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A new 2D (two-dimensional) in-plane sensitive Hall-effect sensor comprising two identical n-Si Greek-crosses is presented. Each of the crosses contains one central square contact and, symmetrically to each of their four sides, an outer contact is available. Outer electrode from one configuration is connected with the respective opposite contact from the other configuration, thus forming four parallel three-contact (3C) Hall elements. These original connections provide pairs of opposite supply currents in each of the cross-Hall structure. Also the obligatory load resistors in the outer contacts of 3С Hall elements are replaced by internal resistances of crosses themselves. The samples have been implemented by IC technology, using four masks. The magnetic field is parallel to the structures’ plane. The couples of opposite contacts of each Greek-cross are the outputs for the two orthogonal components of the magnetic vector at sensitivities S ≈ 115 V/AT whereas the cross-talk is very promising, reaching no more than 2.4%. The mean lowest detected magnetic induction B at a supply current Is = 3 mA over the frequency range f ≤ 500 Hz at a signal to noise ratio equal to unity, is Bmin ≈ 14 μT.
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Quinlan, Kate G. R., Marco Nardini, Alexis Verger, Pierangelo Francescato, Paul Yaswen, Daniela Corda, Martino Bolognesi, and Merlin Crossley. "Specific Recognition of ZNF217 and Other Zinc Finger Proteins at a Surface Groove of C-Terminal Binding Proteins." Molecular and Cellular Biology 26, no. 21 (August 28, 2006): 8159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00680-06.
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ABSTRACT Numerous transcription factors recruit C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) corepressors. We show that the large zinc finger protein ZNF217 contacts CtBP. ZNF217 is encoded by an oncogene frequently amplified in tumors. ZNF217 contains a typical Pro-X-Asp-Leu-Ser (PXDLS) motif that binds in CtBP's PXDLS-binding cleft. However, ZNF217 also contains a second motif, Arg-Arg-Thr (RRT), that binds a separate surface on CtBP. The crystal structure of CtBP bound to an RRTGAPPAL peptide shows that it contacts a surface crevice distinct from the PXDLS binding cleft. Interestingly, both PXDLS and RRT motifs are also found in other zinc finger proteins, such as RIZ. Finally, we show that ZNF217 represses several promoters, including one from a known CtBP target gene, and mutations preventing ZNF217's contact with CtBP reduce repression. These results identify a new CtBP interaction motif and establish ZNF217 as a transcriptional repressor protein that functions, at least in part, by associating with CtBP.
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Zagel, Hannah. "Single mothers' contact frequency with family and non-family members." Journal of Family Research 32, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-156.
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Existing studies on single mothers’ social contacts often examine small selective samples and are mostly cross-sectional. The lack of high-quality longitudinal survey data on this subject constrains the possibility to draw more generalizable conclusions. This paper exploits panel data to investigate whether transitions to single motherhood affect contact frequency. Fixed-effects models are used on the six waves of the German ‘Socio-economic Panel’ survey that contain social contact data (1990, 1995, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2013) for analyzing whether single motherhood is associated with changes in contact frequency with family and non-family members. Findings show that women transitioning to single motherhood maintain contact with family and non-family members. Single motherhood is unlikely to cause mothers’ structural isolation. However, the absence of a second parent in the household neither seems to be connected with an increase in contact frequency with others. Providing a more generalised account of single mothers’ social contacts over time than previous research, the present study does not find evidence for a disintegrative effect of single motherhood.
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Wong, Louise H., and Tim P. Levine. "Lipid transfer proteins do their thing anchored at membrane contact sites… but what is their thing?" Biochemical Society Transactions 44, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20150275.
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Membrane contact sites are structures where two organelles come close together to regulate flow of material and information between them. One type of inter-organelle communication is lipid exchange, which must occur for membrane maintenance and in response to environmental and cellular stimuli. Soluble lipid transfer proteins have been extensively studied, but additional families of transfer proteins have been identified that are anchored into membranes by transmembrane helices so that they cannot diffuse through the cytosol to deliver lipids. If such proteins target membrane contact sites they may be major players in lipid metabolism. The eukaryotic family of so-called Lipid transfer proteins Anchored at Membrane contact sites (LAMs) all contain both a sterol-specific lipid transfer domain in the StARkin superfamily (related to StART/Bet_v1), and one or more transmembrane helices anchoring them in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), making them interesting subjects for study in relation to sterol metabolism. They target a variety of membrane contact sites, including newly described contacts between organelles that were already known to make contact by other means. Lam1–4p target punctate ER–plasma membrane contacts. Lam5p and Lam6p target multiple contacts including a new category: vacuolar non-NVJ cytoplasmic ER (VancE) contacts. These developments confirm previous observations on tubular lipid-binding proteins (TULIPs) that established the importance of membrane anchored proteins for lipid traffic. However, the question remaining to be solved is the most difficult of all: are LAMs transporters, or alternately are they regulators that affect traffic more indirectly?
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Wei, Longxing. "Interlanguage Driven by Bilingual Abstract Lexical Structure." Language, Education and Culture Research 1, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/lecr.v1n1p1.
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This study explores the nature of interlanguage (IL) in terms of bilingual abstract lexical structure and its role in the formulation and development of IL as learners’ developing linguistic system. Adopting the Bilingual Lemma Activation Model (BLAM) (Wei, 2002, 2003), it assumes that IL is a composite developing linguistic system because at different times different linguistic systems are in contact, such as learners’ first language (L1), the developing IL, and the target language (TL), and each contributes different amounts to the developing system of IL. The important claim of this study is that the mental lexicon contains abstract entries, called “lemmas”, which contain pieces of information about particular lexemes, and the bilingual mental lexicon contains language-specific lemmas, which are in contact in IL speech production. The other important claim of this study is that IL is fundamentally driven by bilingual abstract lexical structure, which contains several discrete but interacting subsystems: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and morphological realization patterns, and such an abstract lexical structure in IL may have different sources, such as those from learners’ L1 and/or the TL. The typical instances of learner errors discussed in this study offer some evidence that IL is a composite developing linguistic system.
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Ju, Y., and T. N. Farris. "Spectral Analysis of Two-Dimensional Contact Problems." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831303.
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Contact problems can be converted into the spatial frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) techniques. Spectral analysis is used to develop an algebraic relationship between the surface displacement and the contact pressure. This relationship can be used to find the contact pressure or displacement for the contact of smooth surfaces or the complete contact of rough surfaces. In addition to providing rapid, robust solutions to contact problems, the algebraic relationship contains details of the relationship between surface displacement and contact pressure on different length scales. In particular, it is shown that the frequency composition of pressure is similar to that for slope of the surface displacement. Thus, the high frequency content of the surface profile gives rise to high localized contact pressure, in some cases singular pressure for complete contact. However, measurement limitations always lead to the omission of certain high frequency components of the surface profile. Assuming that the high frequency content of the surface profile obeys a power law, spectral analysis is also used to estimate partial contact parameters. This result relates the exponent of the power law to the contact pressure and implied surface integrity. It is concluded that spectral analysis can be combined with the FFT to provide a useful technique for classifying rough surface contacts.
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Mendis, Suwan P., Chin Che Tin, Michelle T. Tin, Tamara Isaacs-Smith, and Erika R. Crandall. "Electroless Nickel for N-Type Contact on 4H-SiC." Materials Science Forum 717-720 (May 2012): 837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.717-720.837.
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An electroless nickel film contains 5-14% by weight of phosphorus. Because of the presence of such a high concentration of phosphorus, electroless nickel can be a useful and convenient source of phosphorus dopant in the fabrication of n-type ohmic contacts for SiC. This paper describes the successful deposition of a Ni:P layer on 4H-SiC through electroless nickel plating followed by a discussion of the results of surface science and electrical measurements. Specific contact resistivity on lightly-doped samples with carrier concentration of 2.5 ´ 1016 cm-3 has been found to be about 4.8 ´ 10-6 Ωcm2 without any need for ion implantation. This metallization technique is especially useful in broad area ohmic contact formation on the back of n-type SiC substrate.
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Fernandez Rico, J. E., A. Hernandez Battez, and D. Garcia Cuervo. "Rolling contact fatigue in lubricated contacts." Tribology International 36, no. 1 (January 2003): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-679x(02)00097-x.
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Cumberbatch, E., and G. Mahinthakumar. "Contact resistance for small contacts (MOSFET)." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 38, no. 12 (1991): 2669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.158689.
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Ciavarella, M. "Adhesive rough contacts near complete contact." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 104 (December 2015): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2015.10.005.
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Yen, Tso-Jung, Ta-Chien Chan, Yang-Chih Fu, and Jing-Shiang Hwang. "Quality of Life and Multilevel Contact Network Structures Among Healthy Adults in Taiwan: Online Participatory Cohort Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 24, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): e23762. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/23762.
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Background People’s quality of life diverges on their demographics, socioeconomic status, and social connections. Objective By taking both demographic and socioeconomic features into account, we investigated how quality of life varied on social networks using data from both longitudinal surveys and contact diaries in a year-long (2015-2016) study. Methods Our 4-wave, repeated measures of quality of life followed the brief version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life scale (WHOQOL-BREF). In our regression analysis, we integrated these survey measures with key time-varying and multilevel network indices based on contact diaries. Results People’s quality of life may decrease if their daily contacts contain high proportions of weak ties. In addition, people tend to perceive a better quality of life when their daily contacts are face-to-face or initiated by others or when they contact someone who is in a good mood or someone with whom they can discuss important life issues. Conclusions Our findings imply that both functional and structural aspects of the social network play important but different roles in shaping people’s quality of life.
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Sanghai, Ankush, Vikram Khan, Dolatsinh B. Zala, Darshan Mahyavanshi, and Vatte Katt Das. "Cluster investigations of the COVID-19 in the UT of Dadra Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220234.
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Background: This study presents the various variables of the first cluster of COVID-19 was identified in the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India. Methods: The investigation design combined active case findings, contact tracing, and containment policy around each confirmed case. The various epidemiological parameters were counted with the verbal autopsy of confirmed cases and possible contacts. Results: It was a small-scale cluster that started with an imported case. In this cluster, a total of 18 infected persons, 243 high-risk contact, and 105 low-risk contacts were identified. The entire positives were linked to each other within a single chain of transmission, therefore; Airborne, droplet, and hand-to-hand transmissions were suspected.Conclusions: The results of the present study were suggested that early detection, active surveillance, testing of suspected cases, isolation of cases, quarantine of contacts are the key objectives to contain the COVID-19 disease cluster. But we have to keep in mind that what are variables affecting the objectives of the cluster contentment at the grassroots level.
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Ali, Teeba, Amer M. Ibrahim, and Bozhou Zhuang. "Investigation on the Seismic Performance of High-Strength Bolt-Rubber (HSBR) Connection in a Steel Frame." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 14, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 102–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2021.14210.
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The existing buildings can be improved under the seismic effect by adding rubber to the bolts in the connection. The buildings when maintenance work is happening there is a problem many times and it should be evacuated and requires high cost. This study aims to maintain the building without having to remove it and at a very low cost compared to other methods. This study includes six models divided into two groups. The two groups differ in terms of the number of bolts in the contact area between the column and the beam in the steel frame. The first group models contain four bolts in the connection area and the second group forms contain five bolts in the contact area. Each group includes three models representing the first form of a reference model that has not rubber material around the bolts in the connection area, the second model contains 150% rubber than a bolt diameter around one bolt of the connection area, and all the bolts in the connection area in the third model are warped with rubber. The presence of rubber around one bolt gave a load, displacement, drifting, damping ratio, ductility index energy dissipation close to models where all contact bolts are warped with rubber material
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Burns, Tom, Matthew Fiander, Andy Kent, Obioha C. Ukoumunne, Sarah Byford, Tom Fahy, and Kay Raj Kumar. "Effects of case-load size on the process of care of patients with severe psychotic illness. Report from the UK700 trial." British Journal of Psychiatry 177, no. 05 (November 2000): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007125000227359.
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Background Studies of intensive case management (ICM) for patients with psychotic illnesses have produced conflicting results in terms of outcome. Negative results have sometimes been attributed to a failure to deliver differing patterns of care. Aims To test whether the actual care delivered in a randomised clinical trial of ICM v. standard case management (the UK700 trial) differed significantly. Method Data on 545 patients' care were collected over 2 years. All patient contacts and all other patient-centred interventions (e.g. telephone calls, carer contacts) of over 15 minutes were prospectively recorded. Rates and distributions of these interventions were compared. Results Contact frequency was more than doubled in the ICM group. There were proportionately more failed contacts and carer contacts but there was no difference in the average length of individual contacts or the proportion of contacts in the patients' homes. Conclusions The failure to demonstrate outcome differences in the UK700 study is not due to a failure to vary the treatment process. UK standard care contains many of the characteristics of assertive outreach services and differences in outcome may require that greater attention be paid to delivering evidence-based interventions. Declaration of interest None.
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Tichy, J. A. "A Porous Media Model for Thin Film Lubrication." Journal of Tribology 117, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830595.
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A rheological model has been developed which can be applied to boundary lubrication. The model is applicable to thin films in which the molecular length scale is the same order as the film thickness. The micro structure is simulated by porous layers attached to the contact surfaces. The model contains three material properties: (1) viscosity, (2) the thickness of the porous layer, and (3) a porosity parameter. A modified Reynolds equation is developed. Behavior in two types of contacts is calculated: squeezing flow between crossed cylinders (Chan and Horn’s, 1985 drainage experiment) and a one-dimensional converging wedge contact. The effect of the layer thickness parameter is to increase the load and reduce the friction coefficient. Increasing the porosity parameter value tends to reduce the magnitude of the load increase.
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Sotnikov, Oleg S., Svetlana S. Sergeeva, and Tat'yana I. Vasyagina. "NEURONAL-GLIAL MEMBRANE CONTACTS DURING PESSIMAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION." Morphological newsletter 28, no. 3 (August 26, 2020): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20340/mv-mn.2020.28(3):35-50.
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After the creation of a method for obtaining inter-neuronal gap junctions in a nervous system devoid of glia, it is expedient to reproduce gap neuronal-glial contacts on a model that also contains hybrid neuronal-glial gap junctions, which, as you know, are functionally fundamentally different from inter-neuronal contacts. The experiments were carried out on the truncus sympathicus ganglia of laboratory rats using pessimal electrical stimulation and transmission electron microscopy. Electrical activation of ganglia with a frequency of up to 100 Hz revealed local and widespread variants of various neuronal-glial connections (contacts, bridges), fringed with peri-membrane filamentous proteins. They had a blurred veil that masked two-layer neuro-membranes. Some of the contacts resembled slit or dense 5-layer structures without a visible inter-neuronal slit, but with an extreme decrease in the thickness of the contact slit. The main result of the experiments was the formation, in addition to slotted, multiple septate (ladder) contacts. Relatively independent aggregates of the electron-dense substance of the septa were located inside the intercellular gaps, crossing both adjacent membranes, and, possibly, permeate of them. Near-membrane, poorly outlined pyramid-like protein cones associated with both cell membranes were also formed. Such membranes appeared to be dotted-dashed, that is, not continuous. A significant number of septic contact membranes had endocytic invaginations (invaginations) facing neuroplasm with pyramid-like marginal projections. All reactive altered structures that have arisen de novo are considered by the authors as developed under the influence of frequency electrical stimulation of denaturation and aggregation of intrinsic and perimembrane proteins.
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Schaekers, Marc, Kathy Barla, Naoto Horiguchi, Nadine Collaert, Aaron Voon-Yew Thean, and Kristin De Meyer. "Contact resistivities of metal-insulator-semiconductor contacts and metal-semiconductor contacts." Applied Physics Letters 108, no. 17 (April 25, 2016): 171602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4947580.
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Fischer, Doris, Richard P. Tucker, Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann, and Josephine C. Adams. "Cell-Adhesive Responses to Tenascin-C Splice Variants Involve Formation of Fascin Microspikes." Molecular Biology of the Cell 8, no. 10 (October 1997): 2055–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.8.10.2055.
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Tenascin-C is an adhesion-modulating matrix glycoprotein that has multiple effects on cell behavior. Tenascin-C transcripts are expressed in motile cells and at sites of tissue modeling during development, and alternative splicing generates variants that encode different numbers of fibronectin type III repeats. We have examined thein vivo expression and cell adhesive properties of two full-length recombinant tenascin-C proteins: TN-190, which contains the eight constant fibronectin type III repeats, and TN-ADC, which contains the additional AD2, AD1, and C repeats. In situ hybridization with probes specific for the AD2, AD1, and C repeats shows that these splice variants are expressed at sites of active tissue modeling and fibronectin expression in the developing avian feather bud and sternum. Transcripts incorporating the AD2, AD1, and C repeats are present in embryonic day 10 wing bud but not in embryonic day 10 lung. By using a panel of nine cell lines in attachment assays, we have found that C2C12, G8, and S27 myoblastic cells undergo concentration-dependent adhesion to both variants, organize actin microspikes that contain the actin-bundling protein fascin, and do not assemble focal contacts. On a molar basis, TN-ADC is more active than TN-190 in promoting cell attachment and irregular cell spreading. The addition of either TN-190 or TN-ADC in solution to C2C12, COS-7, or MG-63 cells adherent on fibronectin decreases cell attachment and results in decreased organization of actin microfilament bundles, with formation of cortical membrane ruffles and retention of residual points of substratum contact that contain filamentous actin and fascin. These data establish a biochemical similarity in the processes of cell adhesion to tenascin-C and thrombospondin-1, also an “antiadhesive” matrix component, and also demonstrate that both the adhesive and adhesion-modulating properties of tenascin-C involve similar biochemical events in the cortical cytoskeleton. In addition to these generic properties, TN-ADC is less active in adhesion modulation than TN-190. The coordinated expression of different tenascin-C transcripts during development may, therefore, provide appropriate microenvironments for regulated changes in cell shape, adhesion, and movement.
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Sirohiwal, Abhishek, Venkatesha R. Hathwar, Dhananjay Dey, Roshni Regunathan, and Deepak Chopra. "Characterization of fluorine-centred `F...O' σ-hole interactions in the solid state." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 73, no. 2 (March 14, 2017): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520616017492.
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In the current study, the crystal structure of 1-(3-nitrophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone (A1) and (E)-4-((4-fluorophenyl) diazenyl)phenol (A2) has been analyzed for the characterization of the presence of a `unique' and `rare' intermolecular C(sp3/sp2)—F...O contact, which has been observed to play a significant role in the crystal packing. Theoretical charge-density calculations have been performed to study the nature and strength associated with the existence of this intermolecular F...O contact, wherein the F atom is attached to ansp3-hybridized C atom in the case of A1 and to ansp2hybridized carbon in the case of A2. The crystal packing of the former contains two `electronically different' Csp3—F...O contacts which are present across and in between the layers of molecules. In the latter case, it is characterized by the presence of a very `short' (2.708 Å) and `highly directional' (168° at ∠C4—F1...O1 and 174° at ∠C10—O1...F1) Csp2—F...O contact. According to the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) study, it is a rare example in molecular crystals. Topological features of F...O contacts in the solid state were compared with the gas-phase models. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional static deformation density obtained from theoretical multipole modeling confirm the presence of a charge depleted region on the F atoms. Minimization of the electrostatic repulsion between like charges are observed through subtle arrangements in the electronic environment in two of the short intermolecular F...O contacts. These contacts were investigated using inputs from pair energy decomposition analysis, Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), Hirshfeld surface analysis, delocalization index, reduced density gradient (RDG) plot, electrostatic potential surface and distributed atomic polarizability. The intermolecular energy decomposition (PIXEL) and RDG–NCI (non-covalent interaction) analysis of the F...O contacts establish the interaction to be dispersive in nature. The mutual polarization of an O atom by fluorine andviceversaprovides real physical insights into the role of atomic polarizability in interacting atoms in molecules in crystals.
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Chaumba, Jeff B., and Caston T. Musa. "Geochemistry of the chromitite stringer at the contact of the mafic sequence and the ultramafic sequence in the Unki Mine area, Shurugwi Subchamber of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe." Canadian Mineralogist 58, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 313–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.1900052.
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ABSTRACT Several models have been proposed to explain the origin of a chromitite stringer located at the contact between the Mafic and Ultramafic Sequences in the Unki Mine area of the Shurugwi Subchamber of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe. A petrographic and geochemical study of this chromitite stringer was undertaken with the aim of constraining its origin. Forty-three chromite compositions were obtained from the studied chromitite stringer, which is characterized by a chromium number between 59.9 and 62.8 and a magnesium number which ranges from 37.8 to 46.4. The chromites at the contact zone in the Unki Mine commonly contains inclusions of sulfides, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, and/or amphiboles. The chromites likely formed early in the crystallization history of the Mafic Sequence, as they are commonly partially rimmed by sulfides and they occur as inclusions in plagioclase crystals. Unlike chromites from underlying Ultramafic Sequence chromitite layers, chromites at the contact zone contain low Cr2O3 contents which range from 39.4 to 42.6 wt.%. Furthermore, these chromites are enriched in Fe compared to most Great Dyke chromitites, which is interpreted to be a consequence of subsolidus exchange of Mg into orthopyroxene and Fe into the chromite. The absence of zoning in the chromites at this contact zone, and their low Mn, Fe contents, is consistent with attainment of equilibrium because the altered chromites often contain Cr-bearing magnetite rims. Two possible models for the formation of this chromitite stringer are mixing of relatively primitive and evolved magmas (i.e., ultramafic and anorthositic magma), possibly of different oxygen fugacities, and chemical diffusion across the contact between the Mafic and the Ultramafic sequences which resulted in melting at and below this boundary. The latter would have caused preferential loss of orthopyroxene from the underlying P1 Pyroxenite Layer, accompanied by re-precipitation of chromite at this contact.
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Sheremet, V. N. "Metrological aspects of studying the specific contact resistivity of ohmic contacts by using the four-contact method." Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 17, no. 4 (November 10, 2014): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo17.04.394.
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Geiger, B., T. Volk, and T. Volberg. "Molecular heterogeneity of adherens junctions." Journal of Cell Biology 101, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 1523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.101.4.1523.
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We describe here the subcellular distributions of three junctional proteins in different adherens-type contacts. The proteins examined include vinculin, talin, and a recently described 135-kD protein (Volk, T., and B. Geiger, 1984, EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J., 10:2249-2260). Immunofluorescent localization of the three proteins indicated that while vinculin was ubiquitously present in all adherens junctions, the other two showed selective and mutually exclusive association with either cell-substrate or cell-cell adhesions. Talin was abundant in focal contacts and in dense plaques of smooth muscle, but was essentially absent from intercellular junctions such as intercalated disks or adherens junctions of lens fibers. The 135-kD protein, on the other hand, was present in the latter two loci and was apparently absent from membrane-bound plaques of gizzard or from focal contacts. Radioimmunoassay of tissue extracts and immunolabeling of cultured chick lens cells indicated that the selective presence of talin and of the 135-kD protein in different cell contacts is spatially regulated within individual cells. On the basis of these findings it was concluded that adherens junctions are molecularly heterogeneous and consist of at least two major subgroups. Contacts with noncellular substrates contain talin and vinculin but not the 135-kD protein, whereas their intercellular counterparts contain the latter two proteins and are devoid of talin. The significance of these results and their possible relationships to contact-induced regulation of cell behavior are discussed.
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He, Li, Jiuhong Huang, and Norbert Perrimon. "Development of an optimized synthetic Notch receptor as an in vivo cell–cell contact sensor." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 21 (May 10, 2017): 5467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703205114.
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Detection and manipulation of direct cell–cell contact in complex tissues is a fundamental and challenging problem in many biological studies. Here, we report an optimized Notch-based synthetic receptor (synNQ) useful to study direct cell–cell interactions in Drosophila. With the synNQ system, cells expressing a synthetic receptor, which contains Notch activation machinery and a downstream transcriptional activator, QF, are activated by a synthetic GFP ligand expressed by contacting neighbor cells. To avoid cis-inhibition, mutually exclusive expression of the synthetic ligand and receptor is achieved using the “flippase-out” system. Expression of the synthetic GFP ligand is controlled by the Gal4/UAS system for easy and broad applications. Using synNQ, we successfully visualized cell–cell interactions within and between most fly tissues, revealing previously undocumented cell–cell contacts. Importantly, in addition to detection of cells in contact with one another, synNQ allows for genetic manipulation in all cells in contact with a targeted cell population, which we demonstrate in the context of cell competition in developing wing disks. Altogether, the synNQ genetic system will enable a broad range of studies of cell contact in developmental biology.
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Pataky, Todd C., Greg P. Slota, Mark L. Latash, and Vladimir M. Zatsiorsky. "Is Power Grasping Contact Continuous or Discrete?" Journal of Applied Biomechanics 29, no. 5 (October 2013): 554–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.29.5.554.
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During power grasp, the number of local force maxima reflects either the central nervous system’s preferential use of particular hand regions, or anatomical constraints, or both. Previously, both bimodal and trimodal force maxima have been hypothesized for power grasp of a cylindrical handle. Here we measure the number of local force maxima, with a resolution of 4.8°, when performing pushing and pulling efforts in the plane perpendicular to the cylinder’s long axis. Twelve participants produced external forces to eight targets. The number of contacts was defined as the number of local maxima exceeding background variance. A minimum of four and a maximum of five discrete contacts were observed in all subjects at the distal phalanges and metacarpal heads. We thus reject previous hypotheses of bimodal or trimodal force control for cylindrical power grasping. Since we presently observed only 4–5 contacts, which is rather low considering the hand’s kinematic flexibility in the flexion plane, we also reject hypotheses of continuous contact, which are inherent to current grasping taxonomy. A modification to current grasping taxonomy is proposed wherein power grasp contains separate branches for continuous and discrete contacts, and where power and precision grasps are distinguished only by grasp manipulability.
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Biboulet, N., A. A. Lubrecht, and L. Houpert. "Contact pressure in indented elastohydrodynamic lubrication contacts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 222, no. 3 (March 2008): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet324.
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Oh, S., M. D. Bryant, and Y. G. Yune. "Steady state contact pressures in electrical contacts." IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 11, no. 1 (March 1988): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/33.2972.
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McBride, J. W. "Electrical contact bounce in medium-duty contacts." IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 12, no. 1 (March 1989): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/33.19016.
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