Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Contamination diffuse des sols'
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Dupuy, Alain. "Simulation de la contamination diffuse des eaux souterraines par les nitrates à l'échelle du bassin versant." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2306.
Hullot, Olivier. "Approche d'écotoxicologie fonctionnelle par l'étude des interactions sol-plante-annélides en sol contaminé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASB012.
Soil pollution is key environmental issue. A large part of European soils is contaminated by trace elements. Depending on the contamination level organisms exposed to degraded and contaminated soils can be affected in a variety of ways but generally contamination affects the biological activity. However, several researches have shown the importance of ecological linkages in soils, particularly the so-called "belowground-aboveground" relationships that connect the below-ground and above-ground soil communities. One of the most well-known of these relationships is the soil-plant-earthworm interactions. Earthworms are known to improve the ecological functions associated with fertile soils. For example, they can increase the primary production of both wild and cultivated plants and at the same time they have a key role in regulating soil communities. But in the case of contaminated soil their role is still poorly documented. Enchytraeids are oligochaete annelids that play the same ecological role as earthworms. However, there are few researches that confirm this hypothesis, whatever the soil contaminated or not. In this work, we hypothesised that the knowledge gained on soil-plant-annelid interactions in non-contaminated soils are transferable to polluted soils. In this case, annelids in interaction with plants could participate to the valorisation of these soils. We raised several questions: Do activities of annelids in contaminated soils affect the bioavailability of trace elements? Is there a reciprocity of influence between the soil organisms or plants? Are the annelids effects on the short or the long-term following several annelid life cycles? To answer these questions, we performed ex-situ experiments in cosmes. We used a soil classified as marginal because of its sandy texture, and field contaminated by several metallic trace elements (sublethal contents in Cu, Zn, Cd). Three different biological species were studied, alone or in interaction: Aporrectodea caliginosa, an endogeic earthworm found in agricultural soils, Enchytraeus albidus, an enchytraeid with a large habitat suitable for ecotoxicological testing, and finally Lolium perenne, a forage grass.We have seen an increase in the primary output of the contaminated soil via an increase in plant biomass, when a close connection between the roots and the annelids was assessed. We also showed that both annelid species have the ability to increase biomass production. However, when they move away from the roots, this positive effect decreases. This favourable effect on plants is due to an increase in nutrient bioavailability, linked to the annelid activities. However, annelids also tend to increase trace metal fluxes, and then their environmental availability with high contents in soil solution. But the plant has in turn a powerful regulatory power that limits metal transfers to the soil pore water. Furthermore, the trace element values observed in organisms differ from one chemical species to the other, as well as from one biological species to the other. Finally, the presence of species and the changes in their habitat have an impact on other organisms. We have shown that the presence of plants is favourable to the development of earthworms, boosting the soil's capacity to host them over time. The presence of earthworms in the soil, on the other hand, accelerates the burial of enchytraeids in the deeper layers of the soil and tends to diminish the amount of enchytraeids detected in soil surface. In our experimental conditions, we confirm that knowledge acquired for uncontaminated soils can be applied also for contaminated soils. However, fluxes of major elements are accompanied by fluxes of trace elements whose impact have to be checked in all the biological compartments of the system. Finally, we detected feedback from the plant to the earthworms, indicating intricate soil-plant-annelid connections that has to be taken into account for their better understanding
VIEIRA, Leidivam Pereira. "Acumulação de nutrientes e metais pesados em solo, água e hortaliças em áreas cultivadas com olerícolas no Agreste de Pernambuco." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2011. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5192.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Increasing world population elevates the demand for food. Then, it's a constant challenge to ensure food with quantity and quality appropriate. The management of soil fertility using fertilizers and controlling pests and weeds are necessary strategies for maintaining or increasing agricultural production. Agrochemicals are anthropogenic sources potentially polluting the environment, both the defensive as the mineral and organic fertilizers and agricultural lime, may contain heavy metals such as impurities in their composition. The horticulture stands out as an activity that uses many inputs, with frequent application of pesticides and fertilizers. Thus this study aimed to determine the concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals in soils, water sources and vegetables in areas under different land uses in the Sao Felix Camocim city, Pernambuco State, Brasil, evaluating the risk of environmental contamination. Soil samples were collected in the rows in the upper, middle and bottom of the hill farming areas, and in the forest areas, at three depths (0-10, 10-30 and 30-60 cm). Monthly, were collected 200 mL of water dams that supply the area under cultivation, and plant samples of Tomato, Eggplant, Pepper, Zucchini and Chard. Variables were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% probability level. Applied the t test ( P < 0,05) for medium aiming paired comparisons between content of heavy metals in cultivated areas and forest, besides Pearson correlations (P<0,05; 0,01). The fertility of soils resulting from cultivation with vegetables has changed in relation to forest areas (reference).The management of the phosphate fertilizations in areas cultivade with vegetables caused increase in levels of available P in the soil, causing pollution of water bodies water (dams); The levels of NPK and pH of the water dams was influenced by rainfall, with reduction of soil pH and P levels, and increasing concentrations of NO32- and K, The phosphate fertilization appeared to be the main entry of Cd in the soil as a contaminant of fertilizers, and was found accumulation of Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn in the first depth of soil.Rainfall had a greater influence on the concentration of Pb and moderate influence on concentrations of Cd and Ni was not detected the presence of Cu, Mn and Zn in surface water and in the well.
Com o aumento da população mundial cresce também a demanda por alimentos. Por isso é um desafio constante garantir alimentos em quantidade e qualidade adequadas a toda esta população. O manejo do solo através da fertilização e o controle de pragas e ervas daninha são estratégias necessárias para a manutenção ou aumento da produção agrícola. Os agroquímicos são fontes antropogênicas potencialmente poluidoras do ambiente, tanto os defensivos quanto os fertilizantes minerais e orgânicos e corretivos agrícolas, podem conter metais pesados, como impurezas, na sua composição. A olericultura destaca-se como atividade que utiliza muitos insumos, com aplicação frequente de agrotóxicos e fertilizantes. Assim esta pesquisa teve por objetivo determinar as concentrações de nutrientes e metais pesados em solos, fontes de água e hortaliças em áreas sob diferentes usos no município de Camocim de São Félix, avaliando o risco de contaminação ambiental. Os solos foram coletados nas linhas de plantio, nos terços superior, médio e inferior da encosta nas áreas cultivadas, e em ziguezague nas áreas de mata, em três profundidades (0-10, 10-30 e 30-60 cm). Coletou-se mensalmente 200 mL de água das barragens que abastecem as áreas de cultivo, além de amostras de tomate, berinjela, pimentão, abobrinha e acelga. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise da variância e teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade para comparação entre os tratamentos. Aplicou-se o teste t (5%) para médias pareadas visando comparações entre os teores de nutrientes e metais pesado em áreas cultivadas e de mata, além de correlações de Pearson a 1% e 5% entre as variáveis. Constatou-se que a fertilidade dos solos decorrente dos cultivos com olerícolas foi alterada em relação às áreas de referência. O manejo adotado quanto às fertilizações fosfatadas nas áreas produtoras de olerícolas promoveu aumento substancial nos teores de P disponível no solo, provocando contaminação dos corpos d’água (barragens); Os teores de NPK e o pH das águas das barragens sofreram influência direta da precipitação pluviométrica, com redução do pH e dos teores de P, e aumento dos teores de NO32- e K, com o aumento da precipitação. As fertilizações fosfatadas pareceram ser a principal via de entrada do Cd no sistema solo como contaminante desses fertilizantes, bem como ocorreu acúmulo superficial de Cd, Cu, Mn e Zn no solo. A precipitação pluviométrica exerceu maior influência na concentração de Pb e influência moderada nas concentrações de Cd e Ni, não sendo detectada a presença de Cu, Mn e Zn nas águas superficiais e do poço.
Nouhou, Bako Amina. "Modélisation numérique de l’érosion diffuse des sols : interaction gouttes-ruissellement." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2027/document.
The aim of this work is to formulate an interrill erosion model. This model should take into account the main erosion processes (detachment, transport and sedimentation) and the interaction of raindrops during these processes. First we develop a law for rainfall detachment that includes the effects of the raindrops and the water layer thickness at the soil surface. We use the Gerris software to simulate the shear stresses created by the impacts of raindrops at the soil surface. These shear stresses allow to evaluate the quantity of soil detached by each raindrop. We have shown with a probabilistic approach that raindrops are almost independent during soil detachment. Then by summing all the raindrops detachments we obtain the rainfall detachment law. Futhermore the probabilistic study has revealed the possibility of a strong interaction between raindrops and settling particles. So, we used specific laboratory experiments to investigate the particles transport and sedimentation processes. These experiments show that the effect of raindrops is to increase the particles settling velocity. Finally, we propose a new erosion model which encompasses previous literature erosion models and that can describe the behavior of sediments concentrations with linear and non-linear behaviors. The model is able to simulate interrill and rill erosions at the watershed scale, bedload transport in rivers and chemical transfer. The integration of the model in the FullSWOF runoff software is also carried out
Casquin, Antoine Philippe. "Fatores determinantes da qualidade da água na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Preto (MG/RJ)." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2016. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/5647.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Preto (BHRP) é uma bacia estratégica por representar 15% em superfície da bacia hidrográfica do rio Paraíba do Sul. A BHRP também é um território onde vivem 700.000 habitantes, sendo mais de 500.000 concentrados na área urbana de Juiz de Fora. As pequenas cidades e as florestas muito fragmentadas se destacam no meio das pastagens que dominam a paisagem. Os solos são em geral pobres e susceptíveis a erosão, além das declividades acentuadas. A qualidade da água é alterada por fontes pontuais (indústrias, lixões, aterros, incineradores) e fontes difusas mais difíceis de identificar. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo relacionar a qualidade da água na BHRP com fatores físicos (relevo, solos, morfometria e pluviometria) e antrópicos (uso e cobertura da terra e densidade de população). Esses fatores foram quantificados com o emprego do Geoprocessamento para as 17 sub-bacias da BHRP, cobrindo seus quatros rios principais: rio Preto, rio do Peixe, rio Paraibuna e rio Cágado. Essas sub-bacias correspondem aos pontos de monitoramento de qualidade da água do IGAM. A evolução espacial da qualidade da água do Eixo Paraibuna-Peixe-Preto foi avaliada ao atravessar a área urbana de Juiz de Fora e ao ser diluída a jusante pelos rios principais dessa Bacia. Essa primeira etapa permitiu determinar que os parâmetros OD e DBO foram os mais impactados pela área urbana de Juiz de Fora e que os parâmetros Ferro Dissolvido, Manganês Total, Fósforo Total e Escherechia Coli sofriam alterações crónicas na globalidade da BHRP, classificando assim a suas águas como incompatíveis com os usos pretendidos. Contaminações com metais (cádmio, chumbo e zinco) foram detectadas a montante e a jusante de Juiz de Fora, indicando o impacto pontual de indústrias nesses parâmetros. Correlações não paramétricas foram calculadas entre os fatores e as variáveis. Observou-se uma grande interdependência dos fatores físicos e antrópicos. A análise das correlações entre os fatores e as variáveis de qualidade da água apontou que o uso e cobertura da terra foi o fator mais determinante da qualidade da água da BHRP. Concentrações altas de manganês, de chumbo e de cianetos livres foram encontradas na BHRP sem explicação pelas características das suas sub-bacias. A classe “área urbana densa” piorou quase todos os parâmetros e a classe “vegetação arbórea e arbustiva” melhorou em quase todos. A classe “vegetação rasteira” piorou os parâmetros relativos a contaminação fecal e os nutrientes, sobretudo na estação chuvosa. Esses resultados indicam que as contaminações pontuais e difusas da água devem ser investigadas e fiscalizadas com mais efetividade na BHRP, com destaque para a difusa, e que, no mínimo, as leis de preservação e proteção dos recursos hídricos devem ser aplicadas.
Le bassin hydrographique du la rivière Preto (BHRP) est un bassin stratégique représentant 15% de la surface du bassin hydrographique de la rivière Paraíba do Sul. La BHRP est aussi un territoire où vivent 700.000 habitants, dont plus de 500 000 concentrés dans la zone urbaine de Juiz de Fora. De petites villes et des fragments de forêts au milieu de vastes pâturages composent le paysage. Les sols sont généralement pauvres et sensibles à l'érosion, en plus des pentes raides. La qualité de l'eau est altérée par des sources ponctuelles (industries, décharges, incinérateur) et des sources diffuses plus difficiles à identifier. Cette étude a eu pour objectif de relier la qualité de l'eau dans BHRP à des facteurs physiques (topographie, sols, morphométries et précipitations) et anthropiques (occupation et utilisation du sol et densité de population). Ces facteurs ont été déterminés à travers l’utilisation de la géomatique pour les 17 sous-bassins de la BHRP couvrant ses quatre principaux fleuves : le rio Preto, le rio do Peixe, le rio Paraibuna et le rio Cágado. Ces sous-bassins correspondent aux points de contrôle de la qualité de l’eau de IGAM (Institut de Gestion des Eaux du Minas Gerais). L'évolution spatiale de la qualité de l’eau suivant un axe Paraibuna-Peixe-Preto a été étudiée de la traversée de la zone urbaine de Juiz de Fora et jusqu’aux dilutions en aval par les principales rivières de ce bassin. Cette première étape a permis de déterminer que les paramètres OD et de DBO ont été les plus touchés par la zone urbaine de Juiz de Fora et que les paramètres « fer dissous », « manganèse total », « phosphore total » et « Escherechia Coli » subissent des altérations chroniques dans la globalité de la BHRP, classifiant ainsi ses eaux comme incompatibles avec l'utilisation prévue par la législation. Des contaminations aux métaux (cadmium, plomb et zinc) ont été détectées en amont et en aval de Juiz de Fora, indiquant l’impact ponctuel des industries. Des corrélations non paramétriques ont été calculées entre les caractéristiques naturels et anthropiques des sousbassins (facteurs) et les paramètres de qualité de l’eau. Une grande interdépendance des facteurs physiques et humains a été constatée. L'analyse des corrélations entre les facteurs et les paramètres de la qualité de l'eau a montré occupation et utilisation du sol a été le facteur le plus déterminant de la qualité de l’eau de la BHRP. Des concentrations élevées de manganèse, de plomb et de cyanure libre ont été trouvés dans BHRP sans pouvoir être expliqués par les caractéristiques de leurs sous-bassins. La classe «aire urbaine dense" a empiré presque tous les paramètres et la classe "végétation arborée ou arbustive" classe les a presque tous améliorée. La classe "pâturage" a empiré les paramètres relatifs à la contamination fécale et augmenté les concentrations de macronutriments (azote et phosphore), en particulier pendant la saison des pluies. Ces résultats indiquent que la contamination ponctuelle et particulièrement la contamination diffuse de l'eau doit être étudiée et surveillée de manière plus efficace dans la BHRP, et qu'au minimum, les lois de conservation et de protection des ressources hydriques doivent être appliquées.
O'Shea, Francis Timothy. "Assessment of diffuse pollution originating from estuarine historical landfills." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2016. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/12995.
Dubé, Jean-Sébastien. "Modifications hydrodynamiques du comportement des métaux lourds dans un sol hétérogène présentant une contamination résiduelle en NAPL : étude sur la contamination mixte des sols." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ65448.pdf.
Buco, Stéphanie. "Métrologie de la contamination des sols par les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30098.
The Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are proven to be major pollutants because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. These compounds raised up many "on-site" or laboratory methods developments. The in situ methods are used for a rapid screening of contaminated soils and can be completed by laboratory analyses to give more accuracy. The aim of this study was to develop new methods with the minimization of the "on-site" and laboratory methods drawbacks which are respectively low accuracy, cost and analysis time. It appears from our laboratory study that the Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cpp-GC/MS) is an efficient alternative method for the PAHs determination. We obtained similar results compared to classical methods, with short operating time and without solvent consumption. The in situ methodology is based on a "on-site" extractor, developed during this work and UV spectrophotometric measurements (Pastel-UV). This methodology has proved to be a fast, quantitative and qualitative screening of contaminated soils by PAHs. The results show that our "on-site" extractor is more efficient than the usual "hand shaking" methods. A correlation was established between laboratory and "on-site" results to near to real PAHs concentration
Robiolle, Céline. "Caractérisation de complexants naturels actifs dans l'accumulation du césium dans les champignons." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13176.
The main aim of this study was to improve the molecular ground understanding of the radiocaesium accumulation in higher fungi. First, the determination of soil-to-mushroom transfer factors of metals for some edible species highlighted a large variability in non-essential element uptake. Thus, caesium uptake appears to be linked to that of potassium, particularly efficient in K-depleted soils. Second, the physico-chemical study of norbadion A, the major pigment of Xerocomus badius, allowed the protonation constants and the stability constants for mononuclear and dinuclear caesium complexes to be determined. Positively cooperative interactions between the two caesium in the dinuclear complex are in line with the ability of norbadion A to store radiocaesium in bay boletus. Thirdly, the research of new metal-chelating molecules in Rozites caperatus and Fistulina hepatica was undertaken. No caesium-specific complex could be detected in Rozites caperatus, in which, however, several quantitatively important compounds were characterised (triglycerides, steroids, diol, ?,?-tréhalose). Partial identification of pigments isolated from Fistulina hepatica discloses the presence of novel structures able to show interesting chelating properties
Abdul, Rida Abdul Motalibe Mohammad. "Biosurveillance de la contamination du sol : apport de l'étude des lombriciens à l'évaluation des risques liés aus éléments traces." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20124.
Denys, Sébastien. "Prédiction de la phytodisponibilité de deux radionucléides (63 NI et 99 TC) dans les sols." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPL575N.
Rapp, Delphine. "Devenir du prion dans les sols : rôle des micro-organismes protéolytiques." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10223.
Because soil can be contaminated with the infectious agent of the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, study of the fate of the prion in soil has to be studied. Our objective was to evaluate the ability of soil microorganisms to degrade a recombinant prion proten (β recPrP). The temporal dynamics of soil proteolytic activity was monitored following an input animal organic matter of increased complexity (casein, lamb brain, buried carcasses). We showed that soil proteolytic activity was rapidly stimulated, with an enrichment of bacterial community with Bacillus sp. Proteolytic enzymes participating to the degradation of recPrP β in vitro and in soil were revealed. This study brought to the factors which could contribute to limit the persistence of the prion in soil, and which has to take into account in the soil contamination management
Amraoui, Nadia. "Étude de l'infiltration dans les sols fins non saturés." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL075N.
Zallat, Jihad. "Polarimetrie laser a 10,6 m et modelisation de la reflexion diffuse des sols et milieux granulaires." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997STR13034.
Besson, Benoit. "Sensibilité radioécologique des zones de prairies permanentes." Besançon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BESA2048.
The project “SENSIB" of the Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) aims at characterizing and classifying parameters with significant impact on the transfer of radioactive contaminants in the environment. This thesis is focused on permanent grassland areas. Its objectives are the analysis of the activity variations of two artificial radionuclides in the chain from soil to dairy products as well as the categorization of ecological and anthropogenic parameters, which determine the sensitivity of the studied area. For this study, in situ sampling is carried out in 15 farms in 3 different French regions (Charente, Puy-de-Dome and Jura). The sampling sites are chosen according to their natural variations (geology, attitude and climate) and the soil types. Additionally to the radiologic measurements, geographic, soil and vegetation data as well as data concerning cattle-rearing and cheese manufacturing processes are gathered. […] A nonlinear approach based on a discretization method of the transfer factor with multiple comparison tests admits a classification of the sensitivity factors from soil to grass vegetation. We can determine 20 factors interfering in the CS transfer into the vegetation, for instance, the clay rate of the soils or a marker for soil particles adhered on vegetation. Cs transfers into milk depend on the clay rate of the vegetation sample and on the cattle feed. […]
Leguédois, Sophie. "Mécanismes de l'érosion diffuse des sols : modélisation du transfert et de l'évolution granulométrique des fragments de terre érodés." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00516390.
Parsons, Christopher. "Distribution et mobilité de l'arsenic dans les sols : effets de cycles redox successifs." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00637484.
Zahaby, Mohamed El. "Contribution à la définition d'une norme des sites pollués : élaboration d'une méthodologie pour l'évaluation de la contamination d'un sol par éléments tracés." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL045N.
Perrier, Thomas. "Etude théorique et expérimentale du comportement biogéochimique de l'Américium-241 en conditions rhizosphériques simplifiées : application dans un sol agricole calcaire." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10058.
Our research investigated the relevant biogeochemical processes controlling 241Am migration in the rhizosphere of agricultural soils. Lixiviation tests were performed on columns packed with calcareous soil artificially contaminated with Am, with various solutions containing citrate and/or glucose to simulate root exudates. Results show contrasted Am releases: minute for a solution in equilibrium with the soil or containing 10-4 M concentrations in exudates, small for important glucose supply, they were 300 to 10000 greater with citrate at >10-2 M with or without glucose, by complexing Am released in solution after the dissolution of carrier phases. Significant Am colloidal transport was also systematically observed. The complexity and inter-connectivity of the processes are pointed out and modelling directions are discussed on the basis of a specific thermodynamical database
Vanden, Bossche Hugues. "Devenir du phosphore apporté sur les sols et risques de contamination des eaux de surface : cas des boues de stations d'épuration /." Rennes : Géosciences-Rennes, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39074705p.
Fouchécourt, Marie-Odile. "Bioévaluation de la contamination organique des sols : recherche chez des rats sentinelles et mise au point d'un bioessai avec le rat de laboratoire." Metz, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1996/Fouchecourt.Marie_Odile.SMZ9621.pdf.
In this experimental study, we have studied the bioavailability of organic pollutants such as PAH or PCB which are known inducers of cytochrome P-450 1A1 and 2B, by measuring ethoxy-, pentoxy- and benzoxy-resorufin O-dealkylase activities (EROD, PROD and BROD, respectively) in hepatic and pulmonary microsomal fractions from wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) caught on the polluted site of Replonges. Results show the expected induction of hepatic EROD activity, in parallel with a strong increase in pulmonary EROD activity. In such in situ studies which have been used by other authors, the level of exposure is not characterized. Thus, we have developed a methodology where small mammals are exposed to polluted soils by natural routes in controlled laboratory conditions. Laboratory or wild rats were maintained on a litter of soil during 88 +- 2 heures. The results show that with PAH- and/or PCB-polluted soils, the induction of pulmonary EROD activity is higher and more long-lasting than hepatic EROD activity (9 to 78-fold and 3 to 29-fold, respectively). In the same conditions, wild rats are less responsive. With this protocol, it is possible to study dose-response relationships by diluting polluted soil with unpolluted soil or sand. Hepatic EROD, PROD and BROD activities, pulmonary EROD activities, and hepatic and pulmonary PCB burdens are significatively correlated to the concentration of polluted soil in the litter. Preliminary results show that PAH polluted soils induce the formation of DNA adducts in lung and liver. No modification of antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidases) was detected
Gelly, Romain. "Potentiel des isotopes stables de Cu et Zn comme traceurs de l'origine et des redistributions des métaux dans les sols." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/190620_GELLY_768ohv852uofd165ssnfb371qq_TH.pdf.
In this work, we studied the origin and the fate of Cu, Pb and Zn brought to soils by atmospheric emissions from an active smelter and a historical one. To investigate the redistribution of these anthropogenic Cu, Zn and Pb in the surrounding soils and vegetation, we used stable metal isotopes of Zn, Cu and Pb associated with total and extracted metal concentrations, Zn speciation (by XAS measurements) and magnetic susceptibility.By coupling these techniques, we demonstrated the presence in soils of Pb and Zn originating from the smelters. Anthropogenic metals were concentrated in soil surface horizons and for Zn reached up to 15 and 35 times the geochemical background at resp. the active and historical metallurgical sites. We identified the presence of anthropogenic Pb and Cu in the deepest soil horizons which migrated either as solid (Pb) or solubilized (Cu) forms. Contribution of anthropogenic Pb to total Pb was estimated to be at least 72% at depth in the soils nearby the Escalette former smelter. Anthropogenic Zn was found, at both sites, to be immobilized in soil surface horizons due to its precipitation as Zn-LDH or bonding with Fe. We showed that anthropogenic Pb and Zn solubility was low and that it contrasted with Cu mobility. Therefore, anthropogenic metals appeared to be poorly or not bioavailable to the nearby vegetation. In addition, we highlighted the specific behavior of Mediterranean plants regarding Cu isotopes fractionation, as we measured isotopic enrichment (i.e. in 65Cu) in aerial parts, not observed, so far, in the literature
Ibrahim, Maimouna. "Impacts des changements d'usage des sols sur les ressources en eau souterraine au Sahel nigérien." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20046/document.
In semiarid sub-Saharan Africa, the rapid population growth (~3%.yr-1) during the past few decades has resulted in land clearing and large-scale conversion from savannah and fallow to rainfed or irrigation crop fields. The traditional duration of fallow has been also shortened. In order to estimate the impact of these land use changes on groundwater recharge, the vadose zone was investigated during three years (2009-2011) for two regions located in Niger (south-west and south-east).A qualitative analysis was first carried out for identifying vadose zone properties and for characterizing the corresponding water fluxes (0-10 m depth) for the main land use types: natural savannah; fallow; rainfed millet crop; and irrigated sweet pepper crop. Grain size and electrical resistivity profiles were established and soil water content and matric potential were monitored. Based on the results of this analysis, two more detailed investigations were performed.In southwestern Niger, in order to estimate changes in diffuse recharge from a fallow with Guiera senegalensis to a rainfed millet crop (Pennisetum sp.), a physically-based modeling with Hydrus-1D code was completed. Probability density functions were first built for the soil hydraulic parameters based on the GLUE approach; then, deep drainage (0-10 m depth) was simulated for a 2 × 100 year time-period including a fallow-millet conversion. It was shown that the increase in millet crop areas could result in an increase in deep drainage from 20 to 25 mm.yr-1 after a delay of 35 to 60 years.In southeastern Niger, in order to assess the impact of rainfed and irrigated cropping development on soil and groundwater salinization, major ion concentrations in pore water of the vadose zone were measured and compared with the geochemical composition of water inputs (rainfall, irrigation). It was shown that rainfed cropping does not affect soil water and groundwater quality whereas irrigation results in an increase of solutes concentrations in soil pore water, which could lead to a groundwater salinization at mid-term through soil leaching
Briand, Olivier. "Influence des facteurs environnementaux et des pratiques agricoles sur les variations spatio-temporelles des niveaux de contamination de l'atmosphère par les pesticides." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10077.
Maison, Philippe. "Un modèle hydrologique de suivi de la pollution diffuse en bassin versant : approche mécaniste simplifiée de la zone non saturée." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT009H.
Jouve, André. "Flux des radionucléides dans les productions agricoles suites à un accident nucléaire : contre-mesures et techniques de réhabilitation." Aix-Marseille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX11069.
KOLOGO, NOAGA. "Analyse, mesure et modelisation de la reflexion diffuse d'un faisceau laser co2 par les sols; relation avec l'emissivite en teledetection infrarouge." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR13075.
Crampon, Marc. "Influence des facteurs biogéochimiques et de l'ajout de biosurfactant sur la biodégradation des HAP dans des sols contaminés de manière diffuse." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES009.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment, and are carcinogenic toxic pollutants to Humans. Produced by many sources, they deposit in the environment, and particularly in soils, which are an important and not renewable resource. This work proposes to study various aspects related to soil pollution by PAHs: (i) the natural biodegradation of PAHs in five diffusively chronically polluted soils and the impact of bioavailability, related to soil bio-physic-chemical properties, (ii) the impact of soil bacterial populations on PAHs degradation, and particularly on phenanthrene (PHE) degradation by a DNA-SIP approach, (iii) the characterization of PHE degrading Pseudomonas spp. Strains, in the prospects of bioaugmentation tests and (iv) the impact of a biostimulation process by increasing PAHs bioavailability (biosurfactant use). It has been shown that in freshly contaminated soils, bioavailability (assessed by reference methods and new original methods) is not the main factor limiting biodegradation, unlike soil biological parameters. Indeed, a greater abundance of bacteria of the class Betaproteobacteria seems particularly well correlated with a better degradation of low molecular weight PAHs. Moreover, two strains of Pseudomonas spp. Presented good results in degradation of PHE and are therefore interesting strains in the prospects of bioaugmentation assays. Finally, the addition of biosurfactant (rhamnolipid) in soil allowed remobilizing the PHE sorbed on the solid phase (under controlled conditions), but its impact on the degradation kinetics and bacterial populations involved in this degradation was moderate, although the involvement of some PHE degrading bacteria was significantly increased in the presence of rhamnolipid
BENKHADRA, HASSANE. "Battance, ruissellement et erosion diffuse sur les sols limoneux cultives determinisme et transfert d'echelle de la parcelle au petit bassin versant." Orléans, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ORLE2070.
Negim, Osama. "New Technique for Soil Reclamation and Conservation: In Situ Stabilization of Trace Elements in Contaminated Soils." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00408020.
Anatole-Monnier, Laetitia. "Effets de la contamination cuprique des sols viticoles sur la sensibilité de la vigne à un cortège de bio-agresseurs." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0378/document.
Following the ‘Grenelle of the environment’ conference, one of the current critical issues in agriculture is reducing the side effects of pesticides on the environment. Prolonged use of copper as a fungicide has led to copper accumulation in vineyard soils. Copper can induce aphytotoxicity. Its accumulation in plants may modify the morphology, biochemistry orphysiology of plant organs and may disturb the plant-pest interactions. The effects of coppercontamination of vineyard soils on the vine sensitivity to the pests received until now a verylimited attention. The present work investigates such effects.To carry out this work, we measured the levels of total and available copper in vineyard soils.We contaminated three grapevine cultivars with copper and measured the copper distributionand its effects on plant. Then, we evaluated the impact induced on three pests of the vine. Ourresults show that the available copper content in the soil is related to the total copper content(which results from the history of the plot), but also to total carbon and fine soil particlescontents. The copper absorption and the copper transferred to the aerial parts of the vine varyaccording to the cultivar. When copper contamination increases, the vine-pests interactionsare modified: a negative effects appears for Scaphoideus titanus and Plasmopara viticola,while important copper contaminations appears to promote the development ofNeofusicoccum parvum.These results underscore the need for a more integrated system approach, and to intensifyinteractions between agronomy and evolutionary ecology research
Caria, Giovanni. "Développement d'une stratégie de caractérisation de l'état de contamination organique des sols par criblage en masse ciblé et non ciblé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR060.
The environmental pollution by multiple organic compounds linked to human activities is a recurring problem. Environmental compartments are subject to continuous monitoring such as surface and human supply waters and outdoor and indoor air. On the other hand, agricultural soils are only controlled in the case of the spreading of organic amendments, which could contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorobiphenyls. Research work has been carried out for several years to assess the fate of organic pollutants in agricultural soils using more efficient and sensitive analysis methods increases to the development of quadrupole mass spectrometry coupled with gas or liquid chromatography. Nevertheless, many methods are used only to a selection of a few dozen organic molecules. In addition, the possible implementation of monitoring of organic pollutants in environmental matrices requires making choices and does not allow having a very broad knowledge about all the organic pollutants.The objective of this work is to propose a methodological strategy in order to approach the organic composition of soils by target and non-target screening analysis. The methodological development, carried out in non-target analysis, can contribute to the reflection of monitoring the quality of soils. Non-target analysis can make it possible to direct the target analysis towards a selection of organic compounds of interest and to determine environmental markers.The thesis report includes the development of target analysis methods in soils on a selection of pesticides, drugs and hormones extracted by pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE) and analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution time-of-flight quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-QTOF-MS). The target analysis method has been validated for pesticides in agricultural soils, and applied to a selection of forty French agricultural soils from Centre-Val de Loire region. Non-target analyses were carried out too for these 40 soils by LC-QTOF-MS after two different PLE extractions, one with acetonitrile and the other with ultrapure water. Each soil extract was injected sequentially in positive, then negative ionization according to two mass settings, one in Full scan MS and bbCID MS (suspect screening) and the other one in Full scan MS and auto MS/MS (non-target screening or NTS). The final dataset is then very substantial with 8 different data for each soil sample, of which 4 used in suspect mode and 4 in NTS mode. 825 organic compounds were detected and identified by suspect screening analysis using the TargetScreener database backed by the LC-QTOF-MS. A classification of these compounds according to the value of identification quality criteria could be established and allowed a prioritization of the study of a few dozen compounds of interest. The non-target screening analysis was carried out for the « acetonitrile » soil extracts ionized by positive and negative modes using the Metaboscape chemometric software and by querying multiple databases independent of the analysis tool. The identification could be confirmed or reinforced in NTS mode for organic compounds already identified in suspect mode.The distribution of the 40 soils in groups of homogeneous agricultural use made it possible to highlight the presence of organic compounds exclusively in one group, thus constituting a sample group marker. The work of the thesis opens up many perspectives for the exploitation of non-target analysis data obtained for the 40 French agricultural soils, studies on the quality of French soils and pharmacovigilance of representative soils of the French national territory
DORN, STEINMETZ CELINE. "Evaluation de la contamination diffuse de l'environnement par les pesticides : mise au point d'une technique analytique multiresiduelle sur une eau de surface chargee." Strasbourg 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR15006.
VANDEN, BOSSCHE Hugues. "Devenir du phosphore apporté sur les sols et risques de contamination des eaux de surface. Cas des boues de stations d'épuration." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003703.
Vanden, Bossche Hugues. "Devenir du phosphore apporte sur les sols et risques de contamination des eaux de surface. Cas des boues de stations d'epuration." Rennes 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN10143.
Bur, Thomas. "Impact anthropique sur les éléments traces métalliques dans les sols agricoles de Midi-Pyrénées : Implications en termes de limites et de charges critiques." Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPT025A.
Trace metal element (ETM) concentrations measured in soils result from both primary mineral weathering and exogenous inputs due to anthropogenic activities. The necessity to protect soils against contamination led, in France, to the establishment of the Soil Quality Measurement Network (RMQS) to characterize the physico-chemical and environmental parameters of agricultural soils. Within this context, ETM concentrations were measured in 124 RMQS soil stations of Midi-Pyrénées region, as well as in a small experimental catchment (Auradé, Gers). ETM vertical dynamic has been characterized for each soil profile. ETM enrichment and REE anomalies were used to characterise pedogenetic processes and the different ETM behaviours among various soil types. ETM natural theoretical concentrations (geochemical background) were modelized. The difference between geochemical background values and measured concentrations were used to estimate anthropogenic contributions. 2 to 5% of the sampling stations are affected by important Cd enrichments, and 5 to 8% of the sites by Cu enrichments, particularly in surface soil horizons. The distribution of collembola, used as bioindicator of ETM impact on soil fauna, seems to be mainly affected by soil practices. ETM bioaccumulation by these organisms mainly concerns labile elements and is enhanced by low soil pH. Field observations were confirmed in laboratory on the biological model Folsomia Candida exposed to natural soil spiked with Cd and Pb. Cd toxicity and Pb in solution seems to be enhanced for high pH. The influence of these two ETM supplied separately or jointly has induced a decrease of F. Candida reproduction and growth. After the characterization of the relative sensibility of this species among the soil fauna, F. Candida reproduction was used to establish the critical concentration in order to preserve 95% of the reproduction function for 95% of soil fauna species. This concentration and the one currently used in Europe to protect microorganism functions were both used to calculate the maximum acceptable ETM flux for agricultural soil ecosystems, with the aim to avoid irremediable harmful effects to soil (critical load). Cd and Pb critical loads strongly depend on agricultural practices. Critical flux is exceeded by present flux for 34% and 80% of the RMQS sampling sites, respectively for Cd and Pb
Rémy, Sandrine. "Spéciation du mercure dans les sols et dans les eaux de surface : Application au bassin versant de la Thur (Alsace, France)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13145.
Mercury (Hg) mobility in anthropogenic environments due to direct industrial releases or by atmospheric pathway is directly linked to mercury speciation. Methylmercury (MeHg), the most toxic and bioavailable mercury species has to be taken into account to assess Hg environmental risks. This work is based on the development of specific analytical techniques, with low detection limits, dedicated to total Hg and MeHg analysis in the different compartments of the freshwater environments and soils of the industrialised Thur River basin. Total Hg is analysed by CVAFS after preconcentration of Hg vapour on a gold trap. The obtained detection limit (0,12 ng. L-1) allows the determination of total dissolved Hg in uncontaminated freshwaters. MeHg analysis was performed with success after development and optimization of an analytical HPLC - UV PCO (UV Post Column Oxydation ) - CVAFS coupling unit. These analytical techniques were applied on the Thur River basin samples to assess and quantify Hg contamination after determining the local Hg geochemichal background level (232 ng. G-1). This study shows that Hg dynamic in the Thur River is mainly controlled by Hg speciation, in terms of Hg association with organic and inorganic complexes. Distribution of MeHg in the aquatic environment and in soils, related to their physico-chemical characteristics enables us to identify methylation conditions of inorganic Hg. This work proposes a PNEC (Predictible Non Effect Concentration) reassessment, that takes into account the local geochemical background, to improve environmental management of contaminated sites
Lahlah, Jasmina. "Résilience géochimique et microbienne d'un ferralsol associée à des alternances d'aération et d'apport de vinasse de rhumerie." Avignon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AVIG0618.
The spreading of liquid by-products of food industry enables their elimination and supplies the soil with nutrients for plants. Unfortunately, it simultaneously favours anoxia and anaerobic microbial activities that may lead to various geochemical changes, including mineral alterations/neo-formations and metal mobilizations. It also favours changes in microbial taxonomic and functional diversities. The soil resilience has not been checked until now. The goals of this work were therefore (i) to confirm already obtained results dealing with microbial and geochemical changes in anoxic conditions, (ii) to assess for microbial and geochemical resiliences after the return to oxic conditions, and (iii) to describe the survival of anaerobic microorganisms in oxic conditions. Incubations of slurries of a ferralsol of Reunion Island were performed with successively oxic and anoxic conditions, rum vinasse being supplied at the beginning of each of the anoxic periods. Measurements were performed at some dates to characterize the composition of the gaseous headspace of the flasks, the slurry solution (pH, organic and mineral compounds, including metal elements), solid phases (iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) oxidation level, soil CEC) and microbial communities (fungal biomass, bacteria and archaea numbers, numbers of cultivable fermentative bacteria and Fe(III) reducers, bacteria molecular diversity). Under anoxic conditions, main biotransformations included fermentations, true acetogenesis, Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reductions, SO42- reduction and acetoclastic methanogenesis. They led to a great mobilization of Fe and Mn, as well as an increase in soil CEC. Bacteria and Archaea numbers increased during fermentations and methanogenesis, respectively, whereas fungal biomass remained constant during 28 days in anoxic conditions. Microbial molecular diversity was changed with the appearance of dominant peaks in CE-SSCP characterizations after 2 days of anoxia, but this diversity became more complex for longer anoxic periods. The return to oxic conditions induced the oxidative immobilization of Fe, the exchange of adsorbed Fe(II) with other metals (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Pb, Ni …) from which the mobility decreased suddenly. Mn(II) in solution and solid phases was not oxidised for 28 day oxic periods. The soil CEC remained higher than its initial value and Fe solid phases evolved to phases that differed from initial phases and phases at the end of the anoxic period. The fungal biomass transiently increased, whereas the bacteria number didn't vary and the archaea number slightly decreased for treatments in which methanogenesis previously enabled their growth. The bacteria molecular diversity was modified again with the appearance of peaks in CE-SSCP, some ones being already observed after the beginning of anoxic conditions. The persistence of some peaks that appeared in anoxic conditions and the definitive disappearance of other peaks in anoxic conditions suggest that microbial resilience was only partial even after 28 days in oxic conditions. A period in oxic conditions between 2 periods in anoxic conditions did neither affect the growth of bacteria, archaea and cultivable fermentative bacteria, nor the microbial fermentations and Fe(III) reduction during the second anoxic period
Testiati, Eti. "Contamination de sols par des éléments traces métalliques en zone méditerranéenne côtière : études de leur mobilité et du transfert à la phytocénose." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4804/document.
The overall objective of this thesis was to contribute to the assessment of the level of contamination by trace metals and metalloids (TMM) on the site of Escalette (a former lead smelter in southeastern Marseille). The study of TMM transfer and transport processes on this site, taking into account their mobility in the soil and their transfer to plants, was a specific objective. The mapping of TMM contamination in an extended area around the factory site (on Calanques zone) has clearly highlighted the impact of the former industry. So, on the Escalette site, forms and levels of soil contamination differ from one area to another. Soils formed on the surface of the slag deposits are characterized by high levels of Cu, Zn and Pb, whose mobilizable fractions are significant (2-30%), showing a clear influence of slag. Soils collected near a chimney creeping uphill the slope, present the highest contamination levels in Pb, Sb and As, with from 10 to 30 % of mobilizable fractions. This contamination is linked to emissions through the damaged chimney but also to the degradation of this latter. The potential release of As and Sb from the soils of these two areas requires that these soils must be disposed of in landfills for hazardous wastes and their solubilization in acid medium have highlighted the health risks by ingestion for Pb and As. On areas in near periphery of the smelter, soils are less affected but must be still considered heavily contaminated. G. alypum and R. officinalis were observed on the site. They are tolerant and can accumulate TMM. Concentrations in roots were significantly correlated with the concentrations in soils, except for Cu
Viala, Yoann. "Elaboration d'un modèle de prédiction de la phytodisponibilité du cadmium dans les sols agricoles : application à la contamination cadmiée du blé dur." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0091/document.
Cadmium (Cd) is a trace element found in agricultural soils which can contaminate the food chain by being taken up by plants and accumulated in consumed plant products. The bioavailability of Cd is a concept at the centre of the risk assessment of Cd transfer from soil to plants. Plants, taking up essentially the free form of Cd (Cd2+) in the soil solution, bioavailability is a function of two main processes, the Cd speciation in solution (the different chemical forms taken by the Cd in solution) and the partitioning of Cd2+ between the solid phase and the solution. The main objective of this work was to develop simple predictive operational models of Cd2+ concentrations in agricultural soil solution, by modelling either Cd speciation in soil solution or Cd2+ solid-solution partitioning, the latter to further inform the ability of the phase to replenish the soil solution during root absorption. We also looked for models for the prediction of Cd2+ levels found in durum wheat grains. We have developed two modelling approaches. The first, statistical, allows to produce simple models for operational purposes. The second, geochemical, allows to understand the dominant mechanisms and thus to judge the coherence of simple statistical models to represent complex physicochemical processes. These two approaches have consistently shown that for poorly contaminated agricultural soils, the exchanged Cd between the solid phase and the solution is likely to be weakly sorbed and can be estimated by the Cd extracted by 1M NH4NO3 minus a fraction attached to amorphous manganese oxides. Modelling also showed the importance of pH and Ca content in solution as variables controlling the solubility of Cd2+, probably because of their role in controlling the sorption site availability and Cd complexation. The best-performing statistical model for predicting Cd content in durum wheat also picks up these variables, suggesting that simple statistical models for speciation in solution and soil-solution partitioning of Cd are relevant models to estimate bioavailability and that they can be used to classify soils according to the risks of the transfer of soil Cd to a crop. Compared to the evolution of the regulatory context, the statistical model predictive of the Cd content in the grain shown by cross validation that it could discern relatively reliably (88%) the differences of 0.05 mg Cd.kg-1 of grain and that its reliability would be less (65%) for differences of 0.025 mg Cd.kg-1
Brimo, Khaled. "Modélisation de la dynamique des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) dans des sols soumis à un gradient de contamination allant d’un contexte agricole à un contexte industriel." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA017/document.
Due to former industrial activities and the increasing recycling of organic waste products from urban areas in agricultural soils, increasing amounts of persistent organic compounds, among them polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), are to be found in French soils. In the framework of the management of polluted sites and soils and the risk assessment of PAH transfer in the environment, it is essential to better understand the behavior, dissipation, transfer or accumulation of PAH in soils. For this purpose, there is a need to develop a new generation of numerical models based on the flexible coupling between the processes describing PAH dynamics in soil. Our work presents the development and assessment of such model. It is based on the implementation of an interdisciplinary global model, and applicable at the field scale, for PAH in soil by coupling modules describing the major physical, biochemical and biological processes influencing the fate of PAH in soil, with modules that simulate water transfer, heat transfer, solute transport, and organic matter transformation under real climatic conditions. The coupling is performed using the «VSoil» modeling platform of INRA (https://www6.inra.fr/vsoil/The-Project). The steps of our modelling study are the following: i) calibrate the model at the field scale using previously estimated parameters at the lab-scale and completed with field data on a short period of time, ii) test and validate the calibrated model using field experimental data on mid term periods, iii) test different hypotheses of variation of availability and climatic scenarios or repeated applications of different composts on the fate of PAH in soil. Our results show that the model can adequately predict the fate of PAH in soil over a wide range of contamination ranging from agricultural plots amended with weakly contaminated composted organic wastes to old industrial sites heavily contaminated. This new tool allows, therefore, a better understanding of the processes controlling the dynamics of PAH in these different systems
Monfort, Marguerite. "Influence du milieu aqueux récepteur sur le devenir de produits de fission dans l'environnement : cas d'aérosols susceptibles d'être émis lors d'un accident grave survenant sur un réacteur à eau pressurisée." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20100.
Obeidy, Carole. "Effet de la végétation sur la mobilité de l’arsenic dans la rhizosphère." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EMSE0608/document.
The pollution of soils with Arsenic (As) is an increasing environmental concerns in several countries in the world: USA, Canada, Mexico, China, Vietnam and France. Recently, the emergence of green technologies sush as “phytoremediation” is considered an attractive soil remediation strategy due to its low cost and soil preservation. For this reason, the understanding of interactions between plants and As at the soil-root interface is necessary in order to accelerate phytoremediation implementation and to test its effectiveness. Hence the aim of this work was to study the effect of four plant species Holcus lanatus, Dittrichia viscosa, Plantago lanceolata and Lotus corniculatus on As mobility in a natural As contaminated soil (up to 2000 mg kg-1). First, we compared and characterized the tolerance behaviour of the four selected species to As and their accumulation capacity in hydroponic and in natural soil conditions. Then, the study of As mobilization in the rhizosphere was conducted by using two approaches "rhizopot-rhizons” and "root mat”. We identified by the “rhizopot-rhizons” approach, some interesting correlations between As and the monitored parameters (NO3-, SO42-, Ca, Mg, P, pH, COD) over the vegetative growing period. We observed several processes affecting As mobilization in the rhizosphere (alkalization / acidification, anionic competition ...). The advantage of this approach is that the plants have grown normally without growth substrate pretreatment (artificial contamination, addition of nutrient solutions ...).Whereas, the "root mat" approach allowed the identification of some organic anions in the root system of P. lanceolata and highlighted the role of phosphorus on As mobilization due mainly toto the easy roots collection at the end of experiment
Lamari, Mokhtar. "Contamination diffuse et demande sociale de préservation de la qualité des eaux au Québec, des préférences révélées par les comportements aux préférences exprimées par contingence." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ54013.pdf.
Hanser, Ogier. "La matière organique dissoute issue de sols contaminés par des goudrons de houille : vers une meilleure compréhension de sa nature et de sa réactivité." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0019/document.
A large amount of wastelands inherited from former industrial activities contains persistent organic contamination (coal, coal tar…). While the regulation requires an evaluation of the contamination degree of these soils, it doesn’t take into account the transformation by-products such as polar compounds, poorly studied. Yet they solubilize in aqueous phase by percolation of meteoric waters through these contaminated sites. Despite the fact that literature targeting the fresh DOM is abundant, it is not directly transposable to the anthropogenic DOM coming from wastelands, which still need to be more precisely defined to improve our knowledge of this specific DOM and its evolution over time. A multi-technical approach was developed to comprehend the anthropogenic DOM coming from former coking and gas plant soils, thanks to a combination of laboratory experiments (under controlled conditions) and on field devices (lysimeters). Their study show that they contained high polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) contents, whose proportions in polar PACs exceed the ones in soil measurements. However, these PACs only consist of a low proportion of the total DOM. Complementary experiences targeting the influence of some parameters (pH, hydrophobicity) show a major hydrophobic characteristic and suggest a strong link between the pH and the spatial DOM organization. Artificial aging experiences show an enrichment in polar compounds leading to their water mobilization
Bonfils, Djoan. "Identification des facteurs environnementaux responsables de la présence de Campylobacter Jéjuni dans les eaux de surface de l'Estrie (Québec)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5706.
Tiecher, Tales. "Fingerprinting sediment sources in agricultural catchments in southern Brazil." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2255/document.
The knowledge of the main diffuse sources of sediment production can enhance efficiency in the use of public resources invested in management strategies that seek to mitigate sediment transfer. Conventional fingerprinting methods based on geochemical composition are timeconsuming and require critical preliminary sample preparation. In this sense, spectroscopic methods can be less labor-intensive, cheap, and viable alternative for this purpose. The present study aimed to evaluate the sediment sources in agricultural catchments from Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and to evaluate the potential use of spectroscopy measurements as a low cost and easy alternative to fingerprinting sediment sources. The total area of the study includes five catchments as Arvorezinha, Júlio de Castilhos 1, Júlio de Castilhos 2, Conceição, and Guaporé with areas of 1.19, 0.80, 1.43, 804.3, and 2,027.2 km², respectively. Sediment sources evaluated were crop fields, grasslands, unpaved roads, and stream channels. Sediment sampling strategy included time-integrated samplers, fine-bed sediments, and storm-event sediments. The total concentrations of several geochemical tracers were estimated in sediment and source samples. Spectral measurements were made for ultraviolet-visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared ranges only for the Arvorezinha catchment. Source ascriptions obtained by alternative methods based on spectroscopy analysis were in agreement with ascriptions from classical fingerprinting method based on geochemical composition. Spectral information can be as precise as the geochemical tracers. Besides, combining visible-based-colour to geochemical tracers was a rapid and inexpensive way to enhance discrimination between source types and to improve precision of sediment sources apportionment. Findings of sediment source apportionment demonstrate that other factors than proportion of land use, such as distribution of croplands, forests, and unpaved roads in the landscape; play an important role in sediment production. Riparian forests seems to be a key factor for stream channel erosion. Unpaved roads seems to be strongly scale-related and dependent upon the number of points were roads across directly the stream network. The crop fields, even when cultivated with no-tillage, are still the main source of sediment in agricultural catchments in southern Brazil. The amount of sediment yielded from crop fields per unit of area that actually reaches the stream outlet ranged from 0.06 to 3.95 ton ha-1 yr-1. These variations are attributed partly to the relief and slope, but land use and soil management mostly influences them. The amount of sediment originated from crop fields are still too high for low susceptible areas with no-till, as Conceição catchment (1.30 ton ha-1 yr-1), indicating that further efforts are still necessary to further reduce soil erosion. Therefore, there is an urgent need to better plan land use and occupation in these catchments, inasmuch as the soil management systems used by farmers are still inefficient to reduce runoff and erosion in areas with crops in southern Brazil
O conhecimento das principais fontes difusas de sedimentos pode aumentar a eficiência de utilização dos recursos investidos em estratégias de gestão que visem mitigar a transferência de sedimentos aos cursos d'água. Métodos convencionais baseados na composição geoquímica ainda tem alto custo, são onerosos e demandam preparação preliminar crítica das amostras. Dessa forma, métodos espectroscópicos podem ser uma alternativa menos trabalhosa, mais rápida e viável para esse propósito. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a contribuição das fontes de sedimentos em bacias hidrográficas agrícolas do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e avaliar o potencial uso da espectroscopia como uma alternativa para traçar a origem dos sedimentos. As áreas de estudo são representativas dos principais impactos da agricultura nos recursos hídricos no estado. A área total das bacias hidrográficas de Arvorezinha, Júlio de Castilhos 1, Júlio de Castilhos 2, Conceição e Guaporé é de 1,19, 0,80, 1,43, 804,3 e 2.031 km², respectivamente. As fontes de sedimento avaliadas foram lavouras, pastagens, estradas e canais da rede de drenagem. A estratégia de amostragem de sedimentos incluiu coleta com amostradores do tipo integrador no tempo, sedimento de fundo e sedimento coletado durante eventos pluviométricos. A concentração de vários traçadores geoquímicos foram estimados nas amostras de sedimento e das fontes. Análises espectroscópicas foram realizadas na região do ultravioleta-visível, infravermelho próximo e infravermelho médio na bacia hidrográfica de Arvorezinha. A contribuição das fontes estimadas pelos métodos espectroscópicos foram similares às obtidas com traçadores geoquímicos. Além disso, a combinação de parâmetros de cor derivados da faixa espectral do visível pode ser uma alternativa rápida e de baixo custo para melhorar a discriminação das fontes e aumentar a precisão das predições. Os resultados demonstram que outros fatores além da proporção do uso do solo são importantes na produção do sedimento, como a distribuição das lavouras, florestas e estradas na paisagem. As florestas ripárias exercem um fator chave na erosão dos canais de drenagem. As estradas parecem ser fortemente dependentes da escala e do número de pontos em que cruzam os canais de drenagem. As lavouras, mesmo cultivadas sob plantio direto, ainda são as principais fontes de sedimentos nas bacias hidrográficas rurais do sul do Brasil. A quantidade de sedimento produzida nas lavouras que atinge a rede fluvial variou de 0.06 a 3.95 ton ha-1 ano-1. Essa variação é devida em parte às condições naturais intrínsecas de relevo e fortemente influenciada pelo uso e manejo do solo. A quantidade de sedimento erodida das lavouras ainda são muito elevadas para áreas de baixa susceptibilidade à erosão manejadas sob plantio direto, como na bacia hidrográfica do Conceição (1.30 ton ha-1 ano-1), indicando que maiores esforços ainda são necessários para reduzir a erosão do solo. Existe uma necessidade urgente de planejar a utilização e ocupação da terra nessas bacias, uma vez que os sistemas de manejo do solo utilizados pelos agricultores ainda são ineficientes para reduzir a erosão nas lavouras no sul do Brasil
Dufrénoy, Pierrick. "Valorisation en synthèse organique d'éco-catalyseurs hétérogènes régénérables à partir de matériaux verts cultivés sur des sols contaminés." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH30/document.
The activities of the former metallurgy industries specialized in the production and processing of lead, zinc or other metals have resulted in significant metallic pollution of soils depending on their location. Current studies propose solutions for the requalification of these soils through the phytoremediation processes in order to maximize the value of plants grown on these contaminated soils. This PhD thesis project was thus realized with the aim of valorizing regenerative heterogeneous ecocatalysts. The latter were obtained from the plants cultivated on contaminated soils in organic synthesis for the production of high value added molecules. The contaminated soils used in this project came from the Hauts-de-France region (Auby and Noyelles-Godault). In this light, four types of reactions have been tested to validate the efficiency and recyclability of ecocatalysts: The aminolysis reaction The Friedel-Crafts reaction The aza-Michael transformation The transesterification reactionThe zinc-rich ecocatalysts (EcoZn), obtained from the plant biomass of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), were characterized by physicochemical methods and validated their efficiency and recyclability criteria. The latter were successfully used to reach various series of compounds with anti-inflammatory activity known (piroxicam, meloxicam, idrocilamide) and new, inhibitors of farnesyltransferase (for anticancer purpose or to fight orphan diseases such as progeria) or to discover a new aza-Michael acceptor
Longe, Ezéchiel Oladapo. "Épuration des eaux usées par infiltration : mécanismes de décontamination et protection des eaux souterraines." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20027.
Blondel, Amélie. "Développement des méthodes géophysiques électriques pour la caractérisation des sites et sols pollués aux hydrocarbures." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00988260.