Journal articles: 'Contaminated milk'

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JORGENSEN, KAREN V., DOUGLAS L. PARK, SAM M. RUA, and RALPH L. PRICE. "Reduction of Mutagenic Potentials in Milk: Effects of Ammonia Treatment on Aflatoxin-Contaminated Cottonseed." Journal of Food Protection 53, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 777–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-53.9.777.

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Milks obtained from cows fed rations containing aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed, ammonia-treated aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed, and uncontaminated cottonseed were tested for mutagenic potential using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. Standard assay protocol was used with S-9 liver homogenate added. Samples including whole milk, nonfat dry milk powder, cream, and reconstituted whole milk were applied directly to the plates in triplicate. As a control, samples of whole milk, reconstituted whole milk, and nonfat dry milk powder from cows fed uncontaminated feed were spiked with aflatoxin B1 and tested for mutagenic activity. High levels of mutagenic activity were observed in all samples from cows exposed to aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed and the aflatoxin-spiked milks. This high activity was not evident in whole milk and whole milk component samples from cows fed the ammonia-treated aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed or nonaflatoxin containing cottonseed. A low level of mutagenic potential was evident in whole milk from the ammonia treated group using TA100 tester strain.

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Keck, Frédéric. "The Contaminated Milk Affair." China Perspectives 2009, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.4780.

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STANFIELD, JOHN T., GEORGE J. JACKSON, and C. C. G. AULISIO. "Yersinia enterocolitica: Survival of a Pathogenic Strain on Milk Containers." Journal of Food Protection 48, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 947–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.11.947.

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A strain of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from a patient in a milk-associated yersiniosis outbreak in Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas in the summer of 1982 was used to contaminate the exterior of refrigerated milk containers. The bacteria survived on the containers for as long as 21 d, as shown by recovery on MacConkey agar plates or in veal infusion broth. Y. enterocolitica was not detected in milk poured from the contaminated containers.

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GARRIDO, M. D., M. JODRAL, and R. POZO. "Organochlorine Pesticides in Spanish Sterilized Milk and Associated Health Risks." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.3.249.

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Organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, lindane, γ-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, clordane, pp'-DDE, op'-DDD, pp'-DDD, op'-DDT, pp'-DDT endrin and methoxychlor) were investigated in Spanish sterilized milks. Ninety percent of the milk samples were found to be contaminated. Thirty-two percent of the samples were contaminated by clordane and showed levels which exceeded the maximum residue limit permitted in the Directive 86/386/EC for organochlorines in milk as calculated on a lipid basis. Aldrin was only found in one sample, while 89.9% of the samples were contaminated by one or more HCH isomers. Mean heptachlor epoxide contamination (0.026 ppm) was approximately 10 times higher than contamination by heptachlor, There is no health risk involved in the consumption of using sterilized milk in Spain.

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Greenwood, M. H., W. L. Hooper, and J. C. Rodhouse. "The source ofYersiniaspp. in pasteurized milk: an investigation at a dairy." Epidemiology and Infection 104, no. 3 (June 1990): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800047373.

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SUMMARYPasteurized bottled milk supplied by a single dairy was frequently found to be contaminated withYersiniaspp. Investigations were carried out at the dairy in an effort to pinpoint the source of these organisms. Viable counts obtained from milk bottle rinses indicated that bottle washing was often unsatisfactory, and on one occasionY. frederikseniiwas isolated from the pooled rinse water of six bottles. Samples of milk were taken on arrival at the dairy and at various stages following pasteurization. Heat resistance tests carried out on strains of yersinia isolated from pasteurized milk indicated that they would not survive the pasteurization process. However two strains of yersinia were isolated from a sample of milk taken immediately after pasteurization but before bottling. The thermograph indicated that the time/temperature conditions applied during pasteurization were adequate. The presence of yersinia strains in the milk at this stage therefore suggests that undetectable levels of raw milk were being allowed to contaminate the pasteurized milk. The absence of yersinia in cartoned samples produced on the same day as contaminated bottled samples indicated that environmental contamination of the bottle filler valve also may have occurred at times. Results of this investigation indicate that increased vigilance is required to ensure proper operation of pasteurizers and bottle washers.

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MELAS, DIMITRIOS S., DEMETRIOS K. PAPAGEORGIOU, and ANTONIOS I. MANTIS. "Enumeration and Confirmation of Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, and Aeromonas sobria Isolated from Raw Milk and Other Milk Products in Northern Greece." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.5.463.

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A total of 138 raw cow's and 57 raw ewe's milk samples; 80 pasteurized cow's milk samples; 39 Anthotyros cheese, 36 Manouri cheese, and 23 Feta cheese samples; and 15 rice pudding samples were examined for the presence and any countable population of Aeromonas species. Twenty-two (15.9%) of the 138 cow's milk samples analyzed were contaminated with A. hydrophila. In 13 of these samples, populations of 3.0 × 102 to 5.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in starch ampicillin agar (SAA). Eighteen cow's milk samples (13.0%) were contaminated with A. caviae, and in eight of these samples, populations of 2.0 × 102 to 3.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in SAA. Five cow's milk samples (3.6%) were contaminated with A. sobria, and in two of these samples, populations of 2.5 × 103 and 5.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in SAA. Eleven cow's milk samples (7.9%) were contaminated with other Aeromonas spp. not classified. Eight (14.0%) of the 57 ewe's milk samples analyzed were contaminated with A. hydrophila. In these samples, populations of 5.0 × 102 to 5.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in SAA. Six ewe's milk samples (10.5%) were contaminated with A. caviae, and populations of 1.5 × 102 to 1.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in SAA. Two ewe's milk samples (3.5%) were contaminated with A. sobria, and populations counted in SAA were 5.0 × 102 and 1.0 × 103 CFU/ml. Four samples (7.0%) were contaminated with other Aeromonas spp. not classified. A. hydrophila was recovered in 4 (10.2%) and 3 (8.3%) of the Anthotyros and Manouri cheese samples analyzed, respectively, but no countable populations were noted in SAA. None of the pasteurized milk, Feta cheese, and rice pudding samples yielded Aeromonas spp. The results of this work indicate that motile Aeromonas are common in raw milk in Greece. Also, the presence of A. hydrophila in the whey cheeses Anthotyros and Manouri indicates that postprocessing contaminations of these products with motile Aeromonas may occur during production.

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Gern, James E., Evelyn Yang, Helen M. Evrard, and Hugh A. Sampson. "Allergic Reactions to Milk-Contaminated “Nondairy” Products." New England Journal of Medicine 324, no. 14 (April 4, 1991): 976–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199104043241407.

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FERREIRA, Cláudio Santos, Prazeres Conceição MARTINHO, Vicente AMATO NETO, and Roseana Rodrigues Bressane CRUZ. "Pasteurization of human milk to prevent transmission of Chagas disease." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 43, no. 3 (June 2001): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652001000300008.

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Although admittedly transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection through breastfeeding is a rare event, it involves serious risks. To test the effectiveness of pasteurization in preventing this mode of infection, three sets of samples of human milk were tested: a - contaminated with T. cruzi and pasteurized; b - contaminated with T. cruzi and non-pasteurized; c - non-contaminated and pasteurized. Samples from all sets were orally and intraperitoneally administered to 90 BALB/c mice. The animals inoculated with contaminated, non-pasteurized samples, got the infection. Controls and the animals inoculated with contaminated and pasteurized milk were not infected. The hypothesis was accepted that pasteurization inactivates T. cruzi trypomastigotes.

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Fagnani, Rafael, Vanerli Beloti, Ana Paula P. Battaglini, Karen da S. Dunga, and Ronaldo Tamanini. "Organophosphorus and carbamates residues in milk and feedstuff supplied to dairy cattle." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31, no. 7 (July 2011): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2011000700009.

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Considering acute and chronic toxicity effects on human and animal health caused by pesticide residues in food, this study aimed to analyze organophosphorate (OP) and carbamate (CB) in feedstuff and water destined for dairy cattle, as well as in the milk produced by these animals, through gas chromatography (GC). In the Agreste region of Pernambuco, Brazil, 30 raw milk samples and all components of the animals' diet were collected from several farms. Out of the 30 milk of milk analyzed, six (20%) were contaminated with OP, five (16.7%) with CB, and one sample with both pesticides. From 48 analyzed feed samples, 15 (31.25%) were contaminated with residues of OP, six (12.50%) with CB, and one sample was contaminated with both pesticides. Out of 16 water samples analyzed, six (37.50%) were contaminated with OP residues, but non with CB. In four dairy farms the pesticides detected in milk were compatible with the active principles found in water and/or foodstuff, suggesting them to be the source of contamination.

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MARRAKCHI, A. EL, A. HAMAMA, and F. EL OTHMANI. "Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in Milk and Dairy Products Produced or Imported Into Morocco." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.3.256.

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Examination of 227 samples of milk and dairy products for Listeria monocytogenes showed that raw milk and some Moroccan traditionally made dairy products such as Iben and raib (fermented milks) and jben (fresh cheese) were contaminated with this pathogen. L. monocytogenes was the only Listeria species isolated except in one case in which it was associated with Listeria innocua. Pasteurized milk, fresh cream, and fresh and ripened cheeses (industrially made) were free from L. monocytogenes.

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YOUSEF, AHMED E., and ELMER H. MARTH. "Degradation of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk by Ultraviolet Energy." Journal of Food Protection 48, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 697–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.8.697.

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Raw whole milk was artificially contaminated with 0.5 or 1 ppb aflatoxin M1. Contaminated milk was exposed to UV-irradiation from different sources and under different experimental conditions. In all instances, exposure to UV-irradiation caused aflatoxin M1 in milk to degrade. The magnitude of degradation (3.6 to 100%) depended on time of exposure (2 to 60 min) of milk to UV-energy, volume of treated milk and design of the experiment. Presence of hydrogen peroxide (1%) in milk greatly enhanced degradation (100% in 10 min) of aflatoxin M1 by UV-irradiation.

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SELA, SHLOMO, RIKY PINTO, UZI MERIN, and BARUCH ROSEN. "Thermal Inactivation of Escherichia coli in Camel Milk." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.9.1708.

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Camels subsist and produce milk in desert pastures not utilized by other domesticated herbivores. Developing the camel milk industry can improve the economy of desert inhabitants. To comply with sanitary ordinances, camel milk is pasteurized by procedures specified for bovine milk. It is widely accepted that milk composition might affect bacterial thermal death time (TDT). Camel and bovine milks markedly differ in their chemical composition, yet data regarding TDT values of bacteria in camel milk is missing. As a first step toward developing specific heat treatments appropriate for camel milk, TDT curves of Escherichia coli in artificially contaminated camel and cow milks have been compared. Heating the milks to temperatures ranging from 58 to 65°C yields similar thermal death curves and derived D- and z-values. These findings suggest that, in this temperature range, E. coli might behave similarly in bovine and camel milk. Additional TDT studies of various pathogenic species in camel milk are required before establishing pasteurization conditions of camel milk.

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DEVECİ, ORGUN, and EMEL SEZGİN. "Changes in Concentration of Aflatoxin M1 during Manufacture and Storage of Skim Milk Powder." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.3.682.

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In this study, skim milk powder was produced from cow's milk contaminated artificially with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) at two different levels, 1.5 and 3.5 μg/liter (ppb), and the effects of process stages on the AFM1 contents were investigated. Pasteurization, concentration, and spray drying caused losses of about 16, 40, and 68%, respectively, in AFM1 content of the milk contaminated with 1.5 μg/liter AFM1, and losses of 12, 35, and 59%, respectively, in the milk contaminated with 3.5 μg/liter AFM1. These losses were found to be statisticially significant at the level of P < 0.01. After 3- and 6-month storage periods, AFM1 content of the skim milk powder produced from milk with 1.5 μg/liter AFM1 decreased by 2 and 5%, respectively, whereas these rates were 2 and 4%, respectively, for the skim milk powders made from milk with 3.5 μg/liter AFM1 (after adjustment for sample weight). Changes in AFM1 content of milk powder samples were found statistically insignificant (P > 0.05 and P > 0.01) for 3- and 6-month storage periods.

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Meena, Anita, and Ravinder Kaur. "Human health risk assessment for heavy metals via intake of contaminated milk and milk products." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.1008.

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The present study was conducted to assess the risk of human health against heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd) through the intake of milk and milk products produced by animals which are feeding the fodder produced by polluted irrigation water. The milk samples contained amounts of Fe (10.43 ppm) Cu (1.23 ppm), Mn(0.60 ppm ), Zn (2.32),Cr (0.05 ppm), Ni (0.17 ppm) Pb (0.28 ppm ) and Cd (0.13 ppm ) than MAL in buffaloes milk and Ni (0.16 ppm ) and Pb (0.41 ppm) than MAL in cow milk. The milk samples from the small animals (goat) were associated with only Fe (11.24ppm,), Zn (2.47 ppm ), Cr (0.07 ppm) and Pb (0.05 ppm) than maximum allowable limit. The hazardous quotient (HQ) indicated that milks from all types of animals were contaminated with metals. From the results the hazardous quotient (HQ) indicated that higher risk for Pb and Cd (>1) metals contamination in buffalo and cow milk. However HI (2 to 14) for all studied milk sample was found to be not safe. Females are at somewhat higher risk than males. This study projected a high multi-metal threat due to food chain contamination in the study area.

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Shaikh, Badar, Pat Schermerhorn, Laura A. Adam, and Jurgen D. Von Bredow. "Application of Microbial Receptor Assay to Quantitation of Residues of Spectinomycin in Bovine Milk and Comparison with Liquid Chromatographic Analysis." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 1002–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.4.1002.

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Abstract Spectinomycin-contaminated bovine milk samples were assayed by liquid chromatographic (LC) and microbial receptor methods. LC involved a newly developed analytical method to quantitate the concentration of spectinomycin in the contaminated milk samples. The receptor assay used reagents and the reaction system used for the Charm II spectinomycin assay. Three standard curves (selected range, full range, and second-order polynomial) were plotted for the receptor assay and used to quantitate spectinomycin in contaminated milk samples. The levels of spectinomycin obtained by the receptor assay, using only the standard curve in the selected range, were comparable to the results obtained by LC analysis.

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Smajlovic, Ahmed, Mehmed Muminovic, Indira Mujezinovic, and Vitormir Cupic. "Investigation of aflatoxin M1 degradation in milk." Veterinarski glasnik 66, no. 5-6 (2012): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1206387s.

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Aflatoxin M1 is a highly toxic 4-hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxins B1 and B2. It is one of the most potent hepatocarcinogens, mutagens, teratogens and immunosuppressors. Feed is often contaminated with aflatoxigenic moulds and aflatoxins with a high possibility of contaminating milk and dairy products with aflatoxin M1. Samples of artificially contaminated milk were exposed to the effects of physical conditions (temperature of -18oC and for microwaves in a microwave oven), time (during the period from 1 to 12 months) and a combination of the above mentioned conditions. Following this, levels of aflatoxin M1 degradation were established by using the ELISA method. An insignificant decrease in concentration of toxin was observed which indicates that a temperature of -18?C does not significantly influence the concentration of aflatoxin M1 in the artificially contaminated milk. At the same time, treatment of milk with microwaves in a microwave oven showed an insignificant influence on the percentage of aflatoxin M1 absorbance.

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Steuer, Pamela, Carlos Tejeda, Manuel Moroni, Cristobal Verdugo, Michael Thomas Collins, and Miguel Salgado. "Attempted Control of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Calves by Only Changing the Quality of Milk Fed to Calves." Animals 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092569.

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One of the important routes of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) transmission in dairy calves is milk. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of milk treatments to prevent MAP infection transmission to calves. A one-year longitudinal study was carried out. Newborn calves were assigned to one of four experimental groups: 5 calves received naturally MAP-contaminated milk, 5 calves received copper treated milk, 4 calves were fed calf milk replacer, and 3 were fed UHT pasteurized milk. MAP load in milk was estimated. Infection progression was monitored monthly. After one year, calves were euthanized, and tissue samples were cultured and visually examined. MAP was undetectable in milk replacer and UHT milk. Copper ion treatment significantly reduced the number of viable MAP in naturally contaminated milk. Fecal shedding of MAP was observed in all study groups but began earlier in calves fed naturally contaminated milk. Paratuberculosis control programs must place multiple hurdles between the infection source, MAP-infected adult cows, and the most susceptible animals on the farm, young calves. As our study shows, strict dependence on a single intervention to block infection transmission, no matter how important, fails to control this insidious infection on dairy farms.

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Karim, Q. N., and R. H. Maxwell. "Survival of Campylobacter pylori in artificially contaminated milk." Journal of Clinical Pathology 42, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.42.7.778-a.

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Olsen, Sonja J., Michelle Ying, Meghan F. Davis, Marshall Deasy, Ben Holland, Larry Iampietro, C. Michael Baysinger, et al. "Multidrug-resistantSalmonellaTyphimurium Infection from Milk Contaminated after Pasteurization." Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 5 (May 2004): 932–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1005.030484.

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Hamad, Gamal M., Hussein A. El-Makarem, Marwa G. Allam, Osama S. El Okle, Marwa Ibrahim El-Morsy Ibrahim El-Morsy El-Toukhy, Taha Mehany, Yasser El-Halmouch, et al. "Evaluation of the Adsorption Efficacy of Bentonite on Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Contaminated Milk." Toxins 15, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15020107.

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The existence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw milk results in economic losses and public health risks. This research aims to examine the capability of bentonite to adsorb and/or eliminate AFM1 from various raw milk types. In addition, the effects of numerous bentonites (HAFR 1, 2, 3 and 4) on the nutritional characteristics of the milk were studied. Our findings revealed that goat milk had the highest value of AFM1 (490.30 ng/L) in comparison to other milks. AFM1 adsorption was influenced by applying bentonite (0.5 and 1 g) in a concentration-dependent manner for different time intervals (from 0 to 12 h). The percentage of AFM1 reached the maximum adsorption level after 12 h to 100, 98.5 and 98% for bentonites HAFR 3, 1 and 2, respectively. HAFR 3 (1 g bentonite) presented higher adsorption efficiency than other bentonites used in the phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and milk. Residual levels of AFM1 reached their lowest values of 0 and 1.5 ng/L while using HAFR 3 in PBS and milk, respectively. With regard to the influence of bentonite on the nutritional characteristics of milk, there was an increase in fat, protein and solid non-fat ratio while using HAFR 3 and 4, yet decreased lactose in comparison with the control. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy both identified bentonites as superior AFM1 binders. The results demonstrated that bentonite, particularly HAFR 3, was the most effective adsorbent and could thus be a promising candidate for the decontamination of AFM1 in milk.

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Kra, KAS, RM Mégnanou, EE Akpa, NE Assidjo, and LS Niamké. "Evaluation of physico-chemical, nutritional and microbiological quality of raw cow's milk usually consumed in the central part of Côte d'Ivoire." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 13, no. 58 (July 10, 2013): 7888–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.58.12165.

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Cow’s milk is by far the principal type of milk used throughout the world. Three systems of husbandry in Côte d’Ivoire produce raw milk. This production is always consumed directly by people, mainly children (orphans) although it presents real sanitary risks. In order to evaluate quality of these cow’s milks, several samples were collected during a three month period (April to June 2009) at three cattle farms from where consumers got supplies. Physicochemical, nutritional, microbiological properties of the milks were studied. Results showed that viscosity, dry matter, fat and chloride contents of milk of traditional cows, N’dama and Zebu are higher than the standard values. pH values and acid content of N’dama milks are identical to those of standards. Zebu milk values for these two parameters are higher than standards: 6.59 ± 0.30 > 6.50 ± 0.30 %; 21.0 ± 1.0 > 17.0 ± 1.0 °D, respectively. However, conductivity, protein content, lactose and ash content of these milks are lower than those of standards. Comparing the characteristics of milks from various farms showed that farm C had higher content of fat (5.00 ± 1.18 > 3.25 ± 0.25), titrable acidity (20.40 ± 0.68 > 17.0 ± 1.00), dry matter (174.00 ± 18.42 > 127.50 ± 2.50), chloride (2.66 ± 0.56 > 1.60 ± 0.20) and viscosity (1.60 ± 0.20 > 2.00 ± 0.30) compared with the standard values. There is no significant difference (p >0.05) in viscosity value, chloride and protein contents among the milks of the three farms. Conductivity, ash and protein content showed lower values than those of the standards. Microbiological result showed that all of the raw milks were contaminated, but the milks from farms B and C were more contaminated. Staphylococcus aureus count in milk of these farms were 8 x10 2 and 65 x10 2 cfu/ml, 5.1 x10 5 and 251.2 x10 5 cfu/ml for TVBC and total coliform were 3.85 x10 3 and 6.91 x10 3 cfu/ml. These values are higher than those of the standards . In short, milk produced in the farms has acceptable physico-chemical, nutritional and properties but bad microbiological qualities.

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Elnager Ahmed Ibrahim, Mirghani, Mohammed Ismail Humaida, and Ahmed Subahi Ahmed Kassar. "DETECTION OF INDICATORS ORGANISMS IN BOILED MILK VENDED IN THE MARKETS OF EL-OBIED CITY-NORTH KORDOFAN STATE - SUDAN." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 03 (March 31, 2021): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12585.

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Background: This study was conducted within the markets of Elobeid City- North Kordofan State-Sudan, to detect the presence of indicator organisms (coliform and E.coli bacteria) in boiled milk, during the amount from October 2012 to October 2015. Methodology: The study covered all the places for the boiled milk sale found within the markets of Elobeid City, which are 84 places. Data were collected from all milk handlers who were 87 by observation- checklist. The info were analyzed manually and therefore the results presented in tables and figures showing for the odds. 84 samples of boiled milk were collected from the offering containers of boiled milk, and examined for the presence of coliform bacteria. Results: The coliforms bacteria contaminated most boiled milk samples (77.38%) and 43% of positive milk samples for coliforms was found contaminated by E.coli bacteria. The factors that contributed to the microbial contamination for boiled milk by coliform bacteria are lack of the health licenses for the milk handling (57.14%), and lack of milk covering (47.6%). Conclusion: This study concluded that the milk was marketed under unhygienic conditions and theres no assurance to its safety and wholesomeness. This study recommend the health authorities to require immediate measures for correction of the health violations of milk safety requirements, additionally to the health education for milk handlers about the diseases that are transmitted by contaminated milk, and training about hygienic handling of milk before licensing.

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Seyoum, Eyasu Tigabu, Daniel Asrat Woldetsadik, Tesfu Kassa Mekonen, Haile Alemayehu Gezahegn, and Wondwossen Abebe Gebreyes. "Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw bovine milk and milk products from central highlands of Ethiopia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2015): 1204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6211.

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Introduction: Listeria monocytogenes is of major significance in human and veterinary medicine. Most human Listeria infections are foodborne and the association of contaminated milk and dairy produce consumption with human listeriosis is noteworthy. In Ethiopia, there is limited data regarding the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in raw bovine milk and dairy products. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in raw bovine milk and dairy produce. Methodology: A total of 443 milk and milk product samples were microbiologically analyzed following methods recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual to isolate Listeria spp. Results: The overall prevalence of Listeria spp. was 28.4% and specifically that of L. monocytogenes was 5.6%. Taking the prevalence of Listeria spp. into consideration, cheese was found to be highly contaminated at 60%, followed by pasteurized milk samples (40%), raw milk (18.9%) and yoghurt (5%). Considering the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes only, raw milk had the lowest contamination while cheese had the highest, followed by pasteurized milk and yoghurt. Conclusions: Raw milk and milk products produced in urban and peri-urban areas of central Ethiopia were contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, L. monocytogenes. The detection of this pathogen in raw milk and milk products warrants an urgent regulatory mechanism to be put in place and also the potential role of milk processing plants in the contamination of dairy products should be investigated.

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Sahputra, Dedy, T. Reza Ferasyi, Ismail Ismail, Razali Razali, Sulasmi Sulasmi, and Darmawi Darmawi. "ISOLASI BAKTERI COCCUS GRAM POSITIF DI DALAM SUSU ULTRA HIGH TEMPERATURE (UHT) 6 DAN 3 BULAN MENJELANG KEDALUWARSA (Isolation of Gram-Positive Cocci Bacteria in Ultra High Temperature (UHT) Processed Milk at 6 and 3 Months Prior to Expiration)." Jurnal Medika Veterinaria 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21157/j.med.vet..v10i1.4038.

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This research was aimed to isolate the Gram-positive bacteria that contaminated milk processed with ultra high temperature (UHT) at 6 and 3 months before the date expires. A number of 3 different UHT milk products at 6 and 3 months before expire date were used as sample. Milk samples were taken from several supermarket in Banda Aceh. The identification was conducted using Gram staining method. One ml milk sample was transferred into 18 tubes containing nutrient broth (NB) media and incubated at 37 C for 24 hrs. The sample was then culture on 18 petri discs containing manitol salt agar (MSA) and 18 petri discs containing trypticase soy sucrose bacitracin (TYS20B) using streak plate method. After 2 days, bacterial colonies that grow were identified by Gram staining. The results showed that in UHT processed milk at 6 and 3 prior to expiration contaminated with Gram positive cocci bacteria, which comprised of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutant. As conclusion, UHT processed milk at 6 and 3 prior to expiration is contaminated by Gram positive cocci bacteria.

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Zheng, Nan, Li Min, Dagang Li, Sheng Tan, Yanan Gao, and Jiaqi Wang. "Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Camel, and Yak Milk in China in 2016." Toxins 14, no. 12 (December 10, 2022): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120870.

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In this present study, 195 cow milk, 100 goat milk, 50 buffalo milk, 50 camel milk, and 50 yak milk samples were collected in China in May and October 2016. The presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. For all cow milk samples, 128 samples (65.7%) contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.191 µg/L, and 6 samples (3.1%) from Sichuan province in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L (EU limit). For all goat milk samples, 76.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.135 µg/L, and 9 samples (9.0%) from Shanxi province in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L. For all buffalo milk samples, 24 samples (48.0%) contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.089 µg/L, and 2 samples collected in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L. Furthermore, 28.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.007 µg/L in camel milk samples, and 18.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.007 µg/L in yak milk samples. Our survey study has expanded the current knowledge of the occurrence of AFM1 in milk from five dairy species in China, in particular the minor dairy species.

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Peterz, Mats, Sophie Butot, Balamurugan Jagadeesan, Douwe Bakker, and John Donaghy. "Thermal Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Artificially Contaminated Milk by Direct Steam Injection." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 9 (March 4, 2016): 2800–2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.04042-15.

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ABSTRACTThe efficiency of direct steam injection (DSI) at 105°C for 3 s to inactivateMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin milk at a pilot-plant scale was investigated. Milk samples were artificially contaminated withM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisand also with cow fecal material naturally infected withM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis. We also tested milk artificially contaminated withMycobacterium smegmatisas a candidate surrogate to compare thermal inactivation betweenM. smegmatisandM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis. Following the DSI process, no viableM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisorM. smegmatiswas recovered using culture methods for both strains. For pureM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosiscultures, a minimum reduction of 5.6 log10was achieved with DSI, and a minimum reduction of 5.7 log10was found withM. smegmatis. The minimum log10reduction for wild-typeM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisnaturally present in feces was 3.3. In addition, 44 dairy and nondairy powdered infant formula (PIF) ingredients used during the manufacturing process of PIF were tested for an alternate source forM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisand were found to be negative by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In conclusion, the results obtained from this study indicate that a >7-fold-log10reduction ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin milk can be achieved with the applied DSI process.IMPORTANCEM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisis widespread in dairy herds in many countries.M. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisis the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle, and infected animals can directly or indirectly (i.e., fecal contamination) contaminate milk. Despite much research and debate, there is no conclusive evidence thatM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisis a zoonotic bacterium, i.e., one that causes disease in humans. The presence ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisor its DNA has been reported in dairy products, including pasteurized milk, cheese, and infant formula. In light of this, it is appropriate to evaluate existing mitigation measures to inactivateM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin dairy products. The work conducted in this study describes the efficacy of direct steam injection, a thermal process commonly used in the dairy industry, to eliminateM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisand a surrogate bacterium in milk, thus ensuring the absence ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin dairy products subject to these process conditions.

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MCKILLIP, JOHN L., LEE-ANN JAYKUS, and MARYANNE DRAKE. "Nucleic Acid Persistence in Heat-Killed Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Contaminated Skim Milk†." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.8.839.

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR using primers targeting 16S rRNA sequences in Escherichia coli O157:H7 were applied to monitor the stability of rDNA and rRNA in cells killed by mild heat treatment (60°C) in skim milk. Serial dilutions of purified RNA and DNA from E. coli 0157:H7 in skim milk were amplified by RT-PCR or PCR, respectively, before heat treatment and at time points 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after heating. In general, DNA-PCR provided stronger amplification signals compared to RT-PCR at the corresponding time points with the same PCR primer set, indicating a lower efficiency of RNA amplification compared to that of DNA. Ribosomal RNA and rDNA could be amplified by RT-PCR or PCR from both viable and dead cells throughout the 48-h posttreatment holding period. For RT-PCR, amplification signals decreased in intensity with increased holding time, while the efficiency of amplification of DNA sequences from dead cells remained fairly stable throughout the study. DNA persistence was greater than that of rRNA following cell death by mild heat treatment in skim milk. Skim milk did not appear to accelerate nucleic acid degradation. While rRNA was less stable than DNA, its detection by RT-PCR may not be appropriate as an exclusive indicator of cell viability in minimally processed foods.

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Andriani, A., and W. Suwito. "The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in milk of Ettawa Grade goat." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 43, no. 2 (May 24, 2018): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.43.2.140-148.

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Ettawa Grade (PE) are potentially developed goats to produce milk and meat. Milk is food of animal that is rich in nutrients, but it is a perishable food easily contaminated by microorganisms. Contaminated pathogenic bacteria in milk can decrease the quality and has an organoleptic effect on milk, as well as endangers human health. Milk contaminated with bacteria antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in which is resistant to antibiotics, may adversely affect the response to treatment with antibiotics in humans when suffering from infectious diseases and using antibiotics in therapy. In this study Ettawa Grade's samples of fresh milk and other dairy products were taken from some of the goat farms in Yogyakarta Sleman district. The samples were tested for the presence of pathogenic bacteria and for its resistance to several kinds of antibiotics. In this study 35 Ettawa Grade's samples of fresh milk and other dairy products (fresh milk, milk powder, ice cream, and yoghurt) were taken from some of the goat farms in Sleman district-Yogyakarta. The samples were tested for the presence of pathogenic bacteria and for its resistance to several kinds of antibiotics. The result of the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in goat fresh milk and other dairy products was 15% Escherichia coli and had multi resistance to multiple antibiotics, namely ampicillin, colistin sulphate, cefixime, kanamycin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline and sulfonamide.

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Caetano, Danúbia R., and Maike Taís Maziero Montanhini. "Microbiological analysis of milk unfermented kefir produced with milk contaminated by Escherichia coli." Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Alimentos 5, no. 1 (November 20, 2014): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v5i1.158.

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The fermented milk by kefir grains is a probiotic dairy product that provides to the consumer several health benefits, and can also be consumed by lactose intolerant people. These grains contain in their microbiota acid-lactic bacteria able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. This research aimed to evaluate the Escherichia coli inhibition by the kefir fermentation, contaminated during its manufacturing. Thus, were used the standard strain ATCC 11229 E. coli, inoculated in the milk for the kefir production. After the fermentation, the sample were diluted in peptone water and plated in Petrifilm, followed by incubation at 36 °C for 24 hours. In all repetitions, were observed at the end that the kefir fermentation did not inhibit the multiplication of the contaminant bacteria. The results reinforce the importance of the use of milk with quality, and to follow the hygiene proceedings in both utensils and manipulators, during the kefir production.DOI: 10.14685/rebrapa.v5i1.158

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Dominguez, Lucas, Jose L. Blanco, Esperanza Gomez-Lucia, Elias F. Rodriguez, and Guillermo Suarez. "Determination of Anatoxin M, in Milk and Milk Products Contaminated at Low Levels." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 3 (May 1, 1987): 470–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.3.470.

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Abstract A new method is described for the determination of aflatoxin M, in milk and dairy products by thin layer chromatography. The main characteristic is the extraction system using an alkaline solution. Lipids are removed by centrifuging at low temperatures, and the aflatoxins are then extracted with CHC13. The method has 2 options: Technique II (detection limit 0.02 ppb) requires cleanup on a chromatographic column; this is not necessary in Technique I (detection limit 0.1 ppb). The recovery rate in both techniques is over 92.8% in milk and yoghurt. This method may also be used for other aflatoxins. Because of the advantages of the method, Technique II is recommended for aflatoxin M1, control in milk, where a low detection limit is necessary. Technique I is proposed for experimental aflatoxin production studies in dairy products, which require analysis of a large number of samples but which do not require a very low detection limit.

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Yadav, N. P., R. K. Yadav, and B. Pokhrel. "Qualitative analysis of milk available in local market of Janakpurdham, Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology 5 (September 26, 2018): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v5i0.22321.

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Objective: To determine the microbial quality of milk available in market of Janakpurdham, Nepal. Methods: Total 20 samples of milk were collected aseptically from the market and processed for MBRT test as per standard protocol given in a monograph. Reduction time test for each sample of the milk was recorded in a specified format and analysed statistically. Result: Out of 20 samples, 2 (10%) samples were found excellent quality, 3 (15%) were of good quality, 6 (30%) were of fair quality and 9 (45%) were of poor quality. Among these 20 samples, 6 samples were of processed milk, 5 samples were of unprocessed/raw milk and 9 samples were of DDC milk. Unprocessed milk was found to be highly contaminated in comparison to the processed milk. Conclusion: Unprocessed milk was found to be highly contaminated and not fi t for the human consumption.

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Mooijman, K. A., A. H. Havelaar, J. A. Hoekstra, and N. G. W. N. van Strijp-Lockefeer. "Production and Control of Reference Materials for Water Microbiology." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 2 (July 1, 1991): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0029.

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Reference materials for water microbiology were prepared by spray-drying milk, artificially contaminated with a known test strain. The resulting highly contaminated milk powder was mixed with sterile milk powder to a contamination level of 2000-3000 cfu/g. Gelatin capsules were filled with the mixture (0.2 g/capsule) to produce the reference materials. Test strains used were: WR1 Escherichia coli, WR3 Enterobacter cloacae, WR63 Enterococcus faecium and WR51 Staphylococcus spec. Optimalization of the mixing procedure and aging of the highly contaminated milk powder resulted in relatively homogeneous and stable reference materials. Short-time challenge tests at “high” temperatures (30 and 37 °C) may be predictive for long-term stability at “low” temperatures (4-6 °C). Reference materials with strain WR3 were stable for one week at 30 °C and for at least 6 months at 4-6 °C. Possible applications of the reference materials are: quality control of routine measurements, comparison of the efficiency of different culturing methods and as a standardized sample in collaborative studies.

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STEELE, MARINA L., W. BRUCE McNAB, CASE POPPE, MANSEL W. GRIFFITHS, SHU CHEN, STEPHANIE A. DEGRANDIS, LYNNE C. FRUHNER, CAROLYN A. LARKIN, JOHN A. LYNCH, and JOSEPH A. ODUMERU. "Survey of Ontario Bulk Tank Raw Milk for Food-Borne Pathogens." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.11.1341.

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Raw (unpasteurized) milk can be a source of food-borne pathogens. Raw milk consumption results in sporadic disease outbreaks. Pasteurization is designed to destroy all bacterial pathogens common to raw milk, excluding spore-forming bacteria and possibly Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, but some people continue to drink raw milk, believing it to be safe. Current methods for assessing the bacteriological quality of raw milk, such as aerobic plate counts, are not usually designed to detect specific pathogens. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of pick-ups (loads of raw milk from a single farm bulk tank) from Ontario farm bulk tanks that contained Listeria monocytogenes. Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and/or verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC). Samples from 1,720 pick-ups of raw milk were tested for the presence of these pathogens, and 47 L. monocytogenes, three Salmonella spp., eight Campylobacter spp., and 15 VTEC isolates were detected, representing 2.73, 0.17, 0.47, and 0.87% of milk samples, respectively. Estimates of the proportion of theoretical tanker truck loads of pooled raw milk contaminated with pathogens ranged from a low of 0.51 % of tankers containing raw milk from 3 bulk tanks being contaminated with Salmonella spp. to a high of 34.41 % of tankers containing raw milk from 10 bulk tanks being contaminated with at least one of the pathogens. Associations between the presence of pathogens and raw milk sample characteristics were investigated. The mean somatic cell count was higher among VTEC- or L. monocytogenes-positive samples, and the mean aerobic plate count was found to be higher among L. monocytogenes-positive samples. These results confirm the presence of bacterial food pathogens in raw milk and emphasize the importance of continued diligence in the application of hygiene programs within dairies and the separation of raw milk from pasteurized milk and milk products.

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Michaëlsson, Karl, and Liisa Byberg. "Mixing of Apples and Oranges in Milk Research: A Cohort Analysis of Non-Fermented Milk Intake and All-Cause Mortality." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051393.

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Mortality in relation to type of milk intake is unclear. We present mortality rates by intake of non-fermented milk fat content type and examine the degree of bias when other fat content types of non-fermented milk are kept in the reference category. For this purpose, we used a longitudinal cohort consisting of 61,433 women who had been administered food frequency questionnaires in 1987–1990 and in 1997, and analyzed time to death. Non-fermented milk consumption was divided into low ≤0.5%, medium 1.5%, or high fat 3%. For each specific type of milk, the first analysis (A) is restricted to those who consumed less than one serving per day of the other milk subtypes. In the second analysis (B), everyone is retained, i.e., leading to a reference category “contaminated” with other milk consumers. During follow-up, 22,391 women died. Highest (≥3 glasses/day) vs. lowest consumption category of milk (<1 glass/day) with 0.5% fat content was associated with a multivariable hazard ratio (HR) of 1.71 (95%CI 1.57–1.86) in analysis A, whereas the same comparison with a “contaminated” reference category in analysis B provided a HR of 1.34 (95%CI 1.24–1.45), p-value for homogeneity <0.0001. The corresponding HRs for 1.5% fat milk were: 1.82 (95%CI 1.63–2.04) and 1.38 (95%CI 1.25–1.51), and for 3% fat milk 1.95 (95%CI 1.77–2.15) and 1.40 (95%CI 1.29–1.52). HR for ≥3 glasses/day of total milk was 1.95 (95%CI 1.84–2.06). We observe a higher mortality in women with high milk consumption, irrespective of milk fat content. A “contaminated” reference group substantially attenuates the actual estimates.

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Rocchetti, Gabriele, Francesca Ghilardelli, Paolo Bonini, Luigi Lucini, Francesco Masoero, and Antonio Gallo. "Changes of Milk Metabolomic Profiles Resulting from a Mycotoxins-Contaminated Corn Silage Intake by Dairy Cows." Metabolites 11, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11080475.

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In this study, an untargeted metabolomics approach based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) was used for investigating changes in chemical profiles of cow milk considering diets based on mycotoxins-contaminated corn silages. For this purpose, 45 milk samples were classified into five clusters according to the corn silage contamination profile, namely (1) low levels of Aspergillus- and Penicillium-mycotoxins; (2) low levels of fumonisins and other Fusarium-mycotoxins; (3) high levels of Aspergillus-mycotoxins; (4) high levels of non-regulated Fusarium-mycotoxins; (5) high levels of fumonisins and their metabolites, and subsequently analyzed by UHPLC-HRMS followed by a multivariate statistical analysis (both unsupervised and supervised statistical approaches). Overall, the milk metabolomic profile highlighted potential correlations between the quality of contaminated corn silages (as part of the total mixed ration) and milk composition. Metabolomics allowed to identify 628 significant milk metabolites as affected by the five levels of corn silage contamination considered, with amino acids and peptides showing the highest metabolite set enrichment (134 compounds). Additionally, 78 metabolites were selected as the best discriminant of the prediction model built, possessing a variable importance in projection score >1.2. The average Log Fold-Change variations of the discriminant metabolites provided evidence that sphingolipids, together with purine and pyrimidine-derived metabolites were the most affected chemical classes. Also, metabolomics revealed a significant accumulation of oxidized glutathione in milk samples belonging to the silage cluster contaminated by emerging Aspergillus toxins, likely involved in the oxidative imbalance. These preliminary findings provide new insights into the potential role of milk metabolomics to provide chemical indicators of mycotoxins-contaminated corn silage feeding systems.

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FROBISH, R. A., B. D. BRADLEY, D. D. WAGNER, P. E. LONG-BRADLEY, and H. HAIRSTON. "Aflatoxin Residues in Milk of Dairy Cows after Ingestion of Naturally Contaminated Grain." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 781–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.10.781.

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Thirty-two lactating Holstein cows, blocked according to level of milk production, were fed cottonseed meal contaminated with aflatoxin B1, (AFB1) (0, 94, 241 and 500 μg/kg) as 20% of their ration (equivalent to 0, 20, 48 and 104 μg/kg in complete feed). Within 12 h, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) appeared in the milk of all cows receiving contaminated feed. The mean AFM1 concentrations in the milk approached steady-state conditions (0.35, 0.63 and 1.61 μg/L for treatments of 20, 48 and 104 μg AFB1/kg, respectively) at 24 h and returned to the Food and Drug Administration action level of 0.5 μg/L or lower within 24 h after removal of the contaminated feed. The ratio of AFB1 in the feed to AFM1 in the milk averaged 66:1. The mean percent of daily AFB1 intake that was transferred to AFM1 was 1.74. This value was unaffected by the concentration of AFB1 in the feed (1.89, 1.55 and 1.81% transferred for treatments of 20, 48 and 104 μg AFB1/kg, respectively). Although increased milk production had no effect on the concentration of AFM1 in the milk, it had a positive effect (P ≤ 0.01) on the percent of AFB1 intake transferred to AFM1 (2.14 vs 1.35%). In a second trial, 16 additional cows were fed either naturally contaminated cottonseed meal or corn (44 and 49 μg/kg, respectively, on a complete feed basis). The percent of AFB1 intake secreted as AFM1 was affected (P ≤ 0.02) by the source of contamination (1.73 vs. 1.32% for the cottonseed meal and corn treatments, respectively). The AFM1 concentrations in the milk were not significantly different (P>0.05).

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Averaimo, Daniela, Fabrizio De Massis, Giovanni Savini, Giuliano Garofolo, Flavio Sacchini, Anna Abass, Manuela Tittarelli, Giacomo Migliorati, and Antonio Petrini. "Detection of Brucella abortus Vaccine Strain RB51 in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Milk." Pathogens 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11070748.

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The isolation of B. abortus RB51 vaccine strain from a milk sample in a water buffalo farm in southern Italy emphasizes the risk to public health of consuming contaminated milk or milk products following illegal vaccination.

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Najim, Najim Hadi. "The Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, soft cheese and yoghurt in Baghdad Province by Using ELISA Test." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 38, no. 2 (December 28, 2014): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v38i2.216.

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Milk and dairy products are fundamental components in the human diet and may be the principle way for entrance of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in to the human body. All milk and dairy products samples were tested for the occurrence of AFM1 by the competitive ELISA technique. Out of 32 bovine raw milk samples that were collected from eight villages around Baghdad province, 32 samples (100 %) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.15 to 86.96ng/kg with mean value of 42.37±26.07 ng/kg, of which 17 samples were contaminated with concentrations < 50 ng/kg and 15 samples exceeded the maximum acceptable level of AFM1 in milk (50 ng/kg) imposed by the European legislation. The raw milk samples belonged to animals fed with composite and stored fodder as in Althahab Alabiadh, Radhwaniya and Fadhaliya villages had higher significantly AFM1 concentrations over all the other five villages (Grazing feed). All 32 (100%) locally produced soft white cheese samples analyzed were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 31.84 to 89.44 ng/kg with the mean value of 59.92±17.03 ng/kg. Out of 32 locally produced yoghurt samples analyzed, 32 samples (100%) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.16 to 42.74 ng/kg with the mean value of 16.92±11.55 ng/kg. Thirty samples (100%) of the examined 30 imported UHT milk samples that were collected from different commercial companies in the province of Baghdad presented significantly high contamination level with AFM1 that were found to range from 0.18 to 85.66 ng/kg.

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Wanjiku Philip, Sheridan, Vincent Madadi Odongo, Shem Oyoo Wandiga, Duke Gekonge Omayio, and Mitchel Otieno Okumu. "Estimation and human health risk assessment of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide residues in raw milk collected in Kenya." F1000Research 11 (January 7, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.74748.1.

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Background: This study determined the levels of organochlorine (OCPs) and organophosphate (OPPs) pesticide residues in cow milk from Kiambu and camel milk from Isiolo and Laikipia. The human dietary intake and the potential consumer health risks were also evaluated. Methods: In total, 90 cow and 82 camel milk samples were collected and analyzed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy to determine the levels of OCPs and OPPs. The levels were compared to the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the Codex Alimentarius (CA), EU Pesticides Database (EUPD), and the United States Department of Agriculture. The estimated daily intake and chronic hazard quotient (cHQ) of the milk were also calculated. Results: Cow milk from Kiambu was contaminated with 11/18 of the evaluated OCPs and 13/14 of the evaluated OPPs while camel milk from Isiolo was contaminated with 9/18 of the evaluated OCPs and 9/14 of the evaluated OPPs. Camel milk from Laikipia was contaminated with 11/18 of the evaluated OCPs and 11/14 of the evaluated OPPs. The mean heptachlor value in camel milk from Isiolo was above the EUPD MRLs. The mean value of heptachlor in Camel milk from Laikipia was above the CA and EUPD MRLs. The cHQs for Disulfoton, Fenamiphos, and Methacrifos in Cow milk were above 1 for adults and children. The cHQs for Fenchlorphous and Profenofos in Camel milk were above 1 for adults and children. The cHQs for α-endosulphan, β-endosulphan, dieldrin, and heptachlor in cow milk was above 1 for adults and children while the cHQs for heptachlor in camel milk was above 1 for adults and children. Conclusions: The potential health risks from chronic dietary intake of cow and camel milk in Kenya cannot be excluded. The routine monitoring of organophosphate and organochlorine pesticide levels in milk is recommended to minimize risks to human health.

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Paraffin, Annah S., Titus J. Zindove, and Michael Chimonyo. "Effect of Structural Condition of Milk Processing Facilities and Food Safety Systems on Escherichia coli and Coliforms Presence in Cultured Buttermilk." Journal of Food Quality 2019 (September 24, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7365983.

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The study investigated the effect of structural conditions of milk processing facilities and food safety systems on E. coli and coliform presence in buttermilk. Milk records collected by Dairy Services Zimbabwe (DSZ) from large-scale dairy milk processors (n=12) and small-scale farms (n=15) were analysed. Binomial logistic regression was used to estimate the likelihood of E. coli or coliforms being present in cultured buttermilk as a function of the hygiene level and structural adequacy of the processors. The likelihood of having E. coli and coliforms in cultured milk from processors with poor sanitary premises was two times higher than that from processors with good sanitary premises (P<0.05). Milk processors that used unfiltered water were 1.77 times more likely to produce cultured buttermilk contaminated with E. coli (P<0.05). Processors without food safety systems like hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) systems were more than twice likely to produce cultured buttermilk contaminated by E. coli and coliforms (P<0.05). Poor structural condition of roofs, windows, insect-proof screens, and drainage in small- and large-scale processing facilities results in production of cultured buttermilk that is contaminated by E. coli and coliforms.

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COUSINS, DAVE L., and FRAN MARLATT. "An Evaluation of a Conductance Method for the Enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae in Milk." Journal of Food Protection 53, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 568–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-53.7.568.

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A method for the quantitative detection of Enterobacteriaceae in raw milk utilizing automated, conductance monitoring of a selective medium was studied. The levels of pure Enterobacteriaceae cultures as well as Enterobacteriaceae levels in naturally contaminated raw milk were accurately measured using the conductance method when statistically compared to results obtained by an agar plating method. The correlation coefficient (r-value) for naturally contaminated raw milk samples was 0.92. Using a pass/fail limit of 100 CFU/ml, additional raw milk samples were analyzed and 90% of these samples were correctly classified into the correct pass/fail group using the results of the conductance monitoring method. Enterobacteriaceae were detected in raw milk at levels of <10 – 500 CFU/ml in 12 - 6 hours, respectively, using the conductance method.

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Kosikowski, F. V., and R. Jimenez-Flores. "Removal of Penicillin G from Contaminated Milk by Ultrafiltration." Journal of Dairy Science 68, no. 12 (December 1985): 3224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)81231-5.

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McEvoy, J. D. G., H. C. Higgins, D. G. Kennedy, and C. S. Mayne. "Transfer of chiortetracycline from contaminated feedingstuff to cows' milk." Veterinary Record 146, no. 4 (January 22, 2000): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.146.4.102.

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Marchant, J., and A. Nisbet. "Landspreading as a waste disposal option for contaminated milk." Radioprotection 37, no. C1 (February 2002): C1–1301—C1–1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2002164.

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Elliott, A. J., B. T. Wilkins, and P. Mansfield. "On the Disposal of Contaminated Milk in Coastal Waters." Marine Pollution Bulletin 42, no. 10 (October 2001): 927–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00051-0.

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Watts, Jonathan. "tokyo Contaminated milk scare leaves sour taste among consumers." Lancet 356, no. 9229 (August 2000): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)73956-8.

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HIGUERA-CIAPARA, INOCENCIO, MARTIN ESQUEDA-VALLE, and JOSE NIEBLAS. "REMOVAL OF SULFAMETHAZINE FROM ARTIFICIALLY CONTAMINATED MILK BY ULTRAFILTRATION." Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 21, no. 1 (March 1997): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4549.1997.tb00769.x.

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Yorifuji, Takashi, Toshihide Tsuda, Hiroyuki Doi, and Philippe Grandjean. "Cancer excess after arsenic exposure from contaminated milk powder." Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 16, no. 3 (September 29, 2010): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12199-010-0182-x.

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Tonamo, Andualem, István Komlósi, and Ferenc Peles. "Bacteria in the milk of sheep with or without mastitis- mini Review." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/2369.

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Abstract:

From a nutritional point of view, sheep milk is more valuable than cow and goat milk and the interest for sheep milk is increasing in many countries. However, sheep milk is easily contaminated during milking, handling, and transport and it is an ideal medium for bacterial propagation. Consequently, sheep milk spoils quite quickly. The proper, clean handling of milk is not only of sanitarian interest, but it also serves the farmers’ interests, because contaminated milk may not be distributed, and is unsuitable for producing good quality products. Following this technological trend, this review addresses the bacterial composition of sheep milk with and without mastitis. Even though sheep milk contains a lot of bacteria, this review article highlighted total plate count, Enterobacteriaceae, coliform, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter, Salmonella spp. and Streptococcus spp. Mastitis in sheep is a vital cause of mortality, reduction in milk production and early culling. The reported risk factors for mastitis in sheep were age, a case of mastitis, breed, husbandry systems, and location. The main priority should be implementation of programs to minimize human pathogenic bacteria and mastitis in raw ewe milk.

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Naser, Hassan Hachim. "Use of PCR technique for direct detection of Brucella spp. from milk of sheep and cattle." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 38, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v38i1.247.

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Brucella spp are important food pathogen those can be infected the human-being during consumption of contaminated milk and milk products from sheep, goats, and cattle with Brucella spp. In this study the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for direct detection of Brucella spp. from milk of sheep and cattle were employed to amplify 233bp product of highly conserved regions of BCSP31 gene encoding a 31-KDa cell surface protein in B. melitensis and B. abortus. The results showed that the sheep were more frequent for shedding of Brucella spp in their milk, where appeared (6/50 samples) at (12%). Whereas the cattle appeared less frequency for shedding of Brucella in their milk, which showed (2/50 samples) at (4%). It can be concluded that PCR technique is highly sensitive and specific technique for direct detection of Brucella from milk and the sheep and cattle can be shedding the Brucella in their milk. Therefore, the contaminated milk with Brucella spp may have dangerous effect on public health, when consumed by human

Journal articles on the topic 'Contaminated milk'

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