Academic literature on the topic 'Contaminated milk'
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Journal articles on the topic "Contaminated milk":
1
JORGENSEN, KAREN V., DOUGLAS L. PARK, SAM M. RUA, and RALPH L. PRICE. "Reduction of Mutagenic Potentials in Milk: Effects of Ammonia Treatment on Aflatoxin-Contaminated Cottonseed." Journal of Food Protection 53, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 777–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-53.9.777.
Abstract:
Milks obtained from cows fed rations containing aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed, ammonia-treated aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed, and uncontaminated cottonseed were tested for mutagenic potential using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. Standard assay protocol was used with S-9 liver homogenate added. Samples including whole milk, nonfat dry milk powder, cream, and reconstituted whole milk were applied directly to the plates in triplicate. As a control, samples of whole milk, reconstituted whole milk, and nonfat dry milk powder from cows fed uncontaminated feed were spiked with aflatoxin B1 and tested for mutagenic activity. High levels of mutagenic activity were observed in all samples from cows exposed to aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed and the aflatoxin-spiked milks. This high activity was not evident in whole milk and whole milk component samples from cows fed the ammonia-treated aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed or nonaflatoxin containing cottonseed. A low level of mutagenic potential was evident in whole milk from the ammonia treated group using TA100 tester strain.
2
Keck, Frédéric. "The Contaminated Milk Affair." China Perspectives 2009, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.4780.
3
STANFIELD, JOHN T., GEORGE J. JACKSON, and C. C. G. AULISIO. "Yersinia enterocolitica: Survival of a Pathogenic Strain on Milk Containers." Journal of Food Protection 48, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 947–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.11.947.
Abstract:
A strain of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from a patient in a milk-associated yersiniosis outbreak in Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas in the summer of 1982 was used to contaminate the exterior of refrigerated milk containers. The bacteria survived on the containers for as long as 21 d, as shown by recovery on MacConkey agar plates or in veal infusion broth. Y. enterocolitica was not detected in milk poured from the contaminated containers.
4
GARRIDO, M. D., M. JODRAL, and R. POZO. "Organochlorine Pesticides in Spanish Sterilized Milk and Associated Health Risks." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.3.249.
Abstract:
Organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, lindane, γ-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, clordane, pp'-DDE, op'-DDD, pp'-DDD, op'-DDT, pp'-DDT endrin and methoxychlor) were investigated in Spanish sterilized milks. Ninety percent of the milk samples were found to be contaminated. Thirty-two percent of the samples were contaminated by clordane and showed levels which exceeded the maximum residue limit permitted in the Directive 86/386/EC for organochlorines in milk as calculated on a lipid basis. Aldrin was only found in one sample, while 89.9% of the samples were contaminated by one or more HCH isomers. Mean heptachlor epoxide contamination (0.026 ppm) was approximately 10 times higher than contamination by heptachlor, There is no health risk involved in the consumption of using sterilized milk in Spain.
5
Greenwood, M. H., W. L. Hooper, and J. C. Rodhouse. "The source ofYersiniaspp. in pasteurized milk: an investigation at a dairy." Epidemiology and Infection 104, no. 3 (June 1990): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800047373.
Abstract:
SUMMARYPasteurized bottled milk supplied by a single dairy was frequently found to be contaminated withYersiniaspp. Investigations were carried out at the dairy in an effort to pinpoint the source of these organisms. Viable counts obtained from milk bottle rinses indicated that bottle washing was often unsatisfactory, and on one occasionY. frederikseniiwas isolated from the pooled rinse water of six bottles. Samples of milk were taken on arrival at the dairy and at various stages following pasteurization. Heat resistance tests carried out on strains of yersinia isolated from pasteurized milk indicated that they would not survive the pasteurization process. However two strains of yersinia were isolated from a sample of milk taken immediately after pasteurization but before bottling. The thermograph indicated that the time/temperature conditions applied during pasteurization were adequate. The presence of yersinia strains in the milk at this stage therefore suggests that undetectable levels of raw milk were being allowed to contaminate the pasteurized milk. The absence of yersinia in cartoned samples produced on the same day as contaminated bottled samples indicated that environmental contamination of the bottle filler valve also may have occurred at times. Results of this investigation indicate that increased vigilance is required to ensure proper operation of pasteurizers and bottle washers.
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MELAS, DIMITRIOS S., DEMETRIOS K. PAPAGEORGIOU, and ANTONIOS I. MANTIS. "Enumeration and Confirmation of Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, and Aeromonas sobria Isolated from Raw Milk and Other Milk Products in Northern Greece." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.5.463.
Abstract:
A total of 138 raw cow's and 57 raw ewe's milk samples; 80 pasteurized cow's milk samples; 39 Anthotyros cheese, 36 Manouri cheese, and 23 Feta cheese samples; and 15 rice pudding samples were examined for the presence and any countable population of Aeromonas species. Twenty-two (15.9%) of the 138 cow's milk samples analyzed were contaminated with A. hydrophila. In 13 of these samples, populations of 3.0 × 102 to 5.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in starch ampicillin agar (SAA). Eighteen cow's milk samples (13.0%) were contaminated with A. caviae, and in eight of these samples, populations of 2.0 × 102 to 3.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in SAA. Five cow's milk samples (3.6%) were contaminated with A. sobria, and in two of these samples, populations of 2.5 × 103 and 5.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in SAA. Eleven cow's milk samples (7.9%) were contaminated with other Aeromonas spp. not classified. Eight (14.0%) of the 57 ewe's milk samples analyzed were contaminated with A. hydrophila. In these samples, populations of 5.0 × 102 to 5.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in SAA. Six ewe's milk samples (10.5%) were contaminated with A. caviae, and populations of 1.5 × 102 to 1.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in SAA. Two ewe's milk samples (3.5%) were contaminated with A. sobria, and populations counted in SAA were 5.0 × 102 and 1.0 × 103 CFU/ml. Four samples (7.0%) were contaminated with other Aeromonas spp. not classified. A. hydrophila was recovered in 4 (10.2%) and 3 (8.3%) of the Anthotyros and Manouri cheese samples analyzed, respectively, but no countable populations were noted in SAA. None of the pasteurized milk, Feta cheese, and rice pudding samples yielded Aeromonas spp. The results of this work indicate that motile Aeromonas are common in raw milk in Greece. Also, the presence of A. hydrophila in the whey cheeses Anthotyros and Manouri indicates that postprocessing contaminations of these products with motile Aeromonas may occur during production.
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Gern, James E., Evelyn Yang, Helen M. Evrard, and Hugh A. Sampson. "Allergic Reactions to Milk-Contaminated “Nondairy” Products." New England Journal of Medicine 324, no. 14 (April 4, 1991): 976–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199104043241407.
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FERREIRA, Cláudio Santos, Prazeres Conceição MARTINHO, Vicente AMATO NETO, and Roseana Rodrigues Bressane CRUZ. "Pasteurization of human milk to prevent transmission of Chagas disease." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 43, no. 3 (June 2001): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652001000300008.
Abstract:
Although admittedly transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection through breastfeeding is a rare event, it involves serious risks. To test the effectiveness of pasteurization in preventing this mode of infection, three sets of samples of human milk were tested: a - contaminated with T. cruzi and pasteurized; b - contaminated with T. cruzi and non-pasteurized; c - non-contaminated and pasteurized. Samples from all sets were orally and intraperitoneally administered to 90 BALB/c mice. The animals inoculated with contaminated, non-pasteurized samples, got the infection. Controls and the animals inoculated with contaminated and pasteurized milk were not infected. The hypothesis was accepted that pasteurization inactivates T. cruzi trypomastigotes.
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Fagnani, Rafael, Vanerli Beloti, Ana Paula P. Battaglini, Karen da S. Dunga, and Ronaldo Tamanini. "Organophosphorus and carbamates residues in milk and feedstuff supplied to dairy cattle." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31, no. 7 (July 2011): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2011000700009.
Abstract:
Considering acute and chronic toxicity effects on human and animal health caused by pesticide residues in food, this study aimed to analyze organophosphorate (OP) and carbamate (CB) in feedstuff and water destined for dairy cattle, as well as in the milk produced by these animals, through gas chromatography (GC). In the Agreste region of Pernambuco, Brazil, 30 raw milk samples and all components of the animals' diet were collected from several farms. Out of the 30 milk of milk analyzed, six (20%) were contaminated with OP, five (16.7%) with CB, and one sample with both pesticides. From 48 analyzed feed samples, 15 (31.25%) were contaminated with residues of OP, six (12.50%) with CB, and one sample was contaminated with both pesticides. Out of 16 water samples analyzed, six (37.50%) were contaminated with OP residues, but non with CB. In four dairy farms the pesticides detected in milk were compatible with the active principles found in water and/or foodstuff, suggesting them to be the source of contamination.
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MARRAKCHI, A. EL, A. HAMAMA, and F. EL OTHMANI. "Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in Milk and Dairy Products Produced or Imported Into Morocco." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.3.256.
Abstract:
Examination of 227 samples of milk and dairy products for Listeria monocytogenes showed that raw milk and some Moroccan traditionally made dairy products such as Iben and raib (fermented milks) and jben (fresh cheese) were contaminated with this pathogen. L. monocytogenes was the only Listeria species isolated except in one case in which it was associated with Listeria innocua. Pasteurized milk, fresh cream, and fresh and ripened cheeses (industrially made) were free from L. monocytogenes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contaminated milk":
1
Tabit, Frederick Tawi. "Incidence and characterisation of Bacillus sporothermodurans isolated from UHT milk." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25568.
Abstract:
Bacillus sporothermodurans, which was first detected in UHT milk in Germany in 1990, can affect the stability and shelf life of contaminated commercial UHT milk and cause economic losses. Due to the unusual thermal resistance of B. sporothermodurans spores, B. sporothermodurans can survive UHT treatment and proceed to grow in stored products causing instability because of their proteolytic activity (Huemer et al., 1998). This study was conducted to determine the level of B. sporothermodurans contamination in South African dairies and to understand the mechanism of B. sporothermodurans spore destruction in order to investigate ways of inactivating these spores without severe heating. The objectives were to determine the presence of Bacillus sporothermodurans in retail UHT milk along with milk from different points of a processing line and isolates from UHT milk in South Africa, UP20A and a reference strain of B. sporothermodurans, DSM 10599 from Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ) in Germany were characterised using PCR. The effect of chilling, pre-heating, UHT, reprocessing and H2O2, individually and in combination, on the survival of B. sporothermodurans was also investigated in broth. Spores were heated at 130 °C for 4, 8 and 12 min in order to investigate the mechanism of structural damage and survival. The adopted real time (RT) PCR with SYBR Green method was effective for the confirmation of B. Sporothermodurans. The structural damage on heated spores was determined using the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), while High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometry were used to quantify Dipicolinic acid (DPA) and soluble proteins released from the filtrate of heated spore suspensions. All statistical analyses were done using STATISTICA. B. sporothermodurans was detected in retail UHT milk packs from only one processor. The combination of chilling and UHT was more effective in eliminating B. sporothermodurans spores to a non detectable level than UHT treatment alone. H2O2 was also effective in eliminating B. sporothermodurans spores, from 6.31 to 1.64 log cfu/ml after 15 min of exposure and. The release of DPA during wet heat treatment coincides with visible signs of structural damage and significant inactivation of spores. Visible signs of spore structural damage emanate at different rates. The amount of protein release seems to be strain specific. This research is the first to detect the presence of B. sporothermodurans in UHT milk in South Africa and to determine the effect of UHT processing stresses on its survival. These results can be used to design processing parameters so as to effectively eliminate B. sporothermodurans spores during UHT processing. Similarly, this research is the first in which RT PCR with SYBR Green has been used to characterise B. sporothermodurans as well as to determine the effect of wet heat treatment on the structure of B. sporothermodurans spores. This research aims to contribute to the insight regarding the mechanisms of destruction of B. sporothermodurans spores by wet heat.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Food Science
unrestricted
2
Waltman, Lindsey. "Effect of Squestering Agents on Aflatoxin in Milk of Dairy Cows Fed Aflatoxin-contaminated Diets." NCSU, 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07172008-121019/.
Abstract:
Three experiments (EXP) were conducted to determine the potential of experimental sequestering agents, clays or non-digestible yeast oligosaccharides, to reduce milk aflatoxin concentration in lactating Holstein cows consuming aflatoxin. All EXP included two periods in a randomized block design. Cows were fed an aflatoxin-contaminated total mixed ration (TMR) for both periods of all trials. During the first period, cows received no sequestering agents in the TMR, but agents were included in the TMR for the second period. EXP 1 and 2 consisted of two 7 d periods with 12 cows per treatment. Milk aflatoxin (AFM1) concentrations were analyzed by HPLC for milk samples collected on d 5 to 7 and d 11 to 13. Two treatments in EXP 1 were: 1) control (no sequestering agent n=12), and 2) 100g/cow/day Lallemand n=12. Four treatments in EXP 2 were: control (no sequestering agent) n=12, 2) 10g/cow/day MTB-100® (2004) n=12 (Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY), 3) 10g/cow/day MTB-100® 2006 n=12 (Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY) n=12, and 4) 10g/day/cow Alltech experimental (Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY) n=12. EXP 3 consisted of two 8 d periods and included 14 cows. Milk samples from d 4 to 8 and d 11 to 16 were analyzed for AFM1 concentrations by ELISA. Three treatments in EXP 3 were: 1) control (no sequestering agent) n=4, 2) MTB-100® 2006 (Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY) n=5 and 3) Astra-Ben 20A® (AB-20A®) (Prince Agri Products, Inc., Quincy, IL) n=5.For all EXPs, the percent differences in AFM1 concentrations between periods 1 and 2 were calculated. All percent differences were normalized using a correction factor that converted values for controls to zero. The changes from zero (%) due to sequestering agents were considered significant at P < 0.05. In EXP 1, the addition of a mixture of NYO-A and diatomite-montmorillonite resulted in a 5.2% numerical increase in AFM1 concentration. In EXP 2, MTB-100® (2004), MTB-100® (2006), and Alltech experimental product resulted in 8.0%, 6.2%, and 9.5% numerical increases in AFM1 concentrations respectively. In EXP 3, MTB-100® (2006) resulted in a 5.1% numerical decrease in AFM1 concentrations, and AB-20A® resulted in a 60.4% significant decrease in AFM1 concentrations. In summary, the AB-20A® in EXP 3 reduced AFM1 concentrations (P=0.01). There were no significant changes (P>0.25) in AFM1 concentrations in response to sequestering agents other than AB-20A®.
3
Stroud, Jillian Summer. "The Effect of Feed Additives on Aflatoxin in Milk of Dairy Cows Fed Aflatoxin-Contaminated Diets." NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07262006-181138/.
Abstract:
Sixty lactating Holstein cows were used in a replicated block experiment to determine the efficacy of eight feed additives to reduce the transfer of aflatoxin (AF) from feed to milk. Six cows were allocated to each treatment group and 12 to a control group. All cows were fed the same aflatoxin-contaminated total mixed ration (TMR) with either no additive (control) or one of eight additives at 0.5% of the TMR dry matter (DM). Milk samples were collected twice daily to evaluate changes in milk AF concentration, milk AF excretion (milk AF concentration × milk yield); and AF transfer from feed to milk (AF excretion as a percentage of AF intake). All changes were expressed as percentages and calculated relative to the control group which defined zero change. Four of the eight additives resulted in significant reductions (P < 0.05) in milk AF concentration, secretion, and AF transfer ranging from 34.98-40.39%, 36.36-52.28%, and 34.45-48.44%, respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) by the consumption of AF, while milk production was not affected during the same time period. Neither DMI nor milk production were affected by the addition of treatment products to the diet when compared to control (P > 0.05).
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Boupha, Prasongsidh C., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and Faculty of Science and Technology. "Fate of the neurotoxic mycotoxin, cyclopiazonic acid in dairy products." THESIS_FST_XXX_Boupha_P.xml, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/184.
Abstract:
The aim of the study in this thesis was to assess the stability of the mycotoxin, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in milk and dairy products processed from contaminated milk. A method was developed to detect CPA in milk and milk products using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), a technique of capillary electrophoresis (CE), which was rapid and non-labour-intensive. The quantifying efficiency of CE in detecting CPA was compared to Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography. Heat-stability of CPA in milk was assessed under different conditions. A longer heat treatment of 60 degrees centigrade for 30 minutes led to a 10% decrease in the level of CPA. The results from this thesis demonstrate that CPA in milk at concentrations found in naturally contaminated milk could not be eliminated by the heat-treatment during milk processing, storage, processing and manufacture of dairy products. Occurrence of CPA in cheese curd, butter or cream following manufacture with contaminated milk was demonstrated. CPA is left in milk despite UV-visible radiation treatment with or without hydrogen peroxide and/or riboflavin. Chemical treatment, which is capable of completely eliminating CPA, is prohibited and impractical to use for milk treatment. Stability of CPA in milk and milk products confirms the potential of the toxin to reach consumers of dairy products.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Ribeiro, Leandro. "Inativação térmica (75ºC) de Mycobacterium bovis (isolados de origem bovina) em leite integral experimentalmente inoculado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-19022010-094913/.
Abstract:
A pasteurização do leite destinado ao consumo é obrigatória no Brasil e o sistema rápido (75ºC/15 a 20 segundos) é o mais empregado no país. O processo visa eliminar. Os parâmetros de tempo e temperatura empregados no mundo foram definidos após estudos sobre a resistência térmica do Mycobacterium tuberculosis e da Coxiella burnetti, reconhecidos como os microrganismos patogênicos, não formadores de esporos e que eventualmente podem estar presentes no leite cru, que apresentam a maior resistência térmica. Entretanto, não há estudos sobre a resistência térmica do M. bovis que circula nos bovinos no Brasil. Este estudo propôs-se a avaliar a resistência térmica (75ºC) de cinco espoligotipos de M. bovis, isolados de bovinos abatidos no estado de São Paulo, em leite integral experimentalmente contaminado. Leite UHT foi contaminado com M. bovis e, então, submetido a tratamento térmico em banho-maria a 75ºC por 20 segundos. Cada espoligotipo foi testado 3 vezes. As amostras foram retiradas do banho nos tempos 0 (o momento em que o leite atingiu 75ºC), 5, 10, 15 e 20, correspondendo ao tempo, em segundos, de tratamento térmico. O leite contaminado também foi analisado, para quantificação da carga inicial. O controle do processo envolveu o acompanhamento da temperatura do leite (um tubo com termômetro) e análise das enzimas fosfatase alcalina e peroxidase ao final do tratamento; para tal, amostras de leite cru foram tratadas juntamente com as amostras-teste. Para quantificação, foi realizada a diluição decimal seriada seguida da semeadura em duplicata em meio Stonebrink-Leslie (37ºC/45dias). Os resultados mostraram que foi na fase de aquecimento que ocorreu a maior taxa de morte de todos os espoligotipos. Houve diferença de resistência entre os espoligotipos ao processo que simulou a pasteurização rápida e o espoligotipo BR024 foi o mais resistente. Conclui-se que houve diferença da eficácia da pasteurização, de acordo com o espoligotipo testado, mas que os resultados precisam ser investigados mais detalhadamente.The pasteurization of milk for consumption is mandatory in Brazil and fast system (75 ° C/15 to 20 seconds) is the most used around the country. The process aims to eliminate. The parameters of time and temperature were set in the world after studies on the thermal resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Coxiella burnetii, recognized as the pathogenic microorganisms, not spore-forming and eventually may be present in raw milk, with the strongest resistance heat. However, no studies on the thermal resistance of M. bovis circulating in cattle in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the thermal resistance (75º C) of five espoligotipos M. bovis isolated from cattle slaughtered in the state of Sao Paulo in experimentally infected whole milk. UHT milk was contaminated with M. bovis and then subjected to heat treatment in a water bath at 75 º C for 20 seconds. Each espoligotipo was tested 3 times. Samples were taken from the bath at 0 (the time when the milk reached 75 ° C), 5, 10, 15 and 20, corresponding to time, in seconds, the heat treatment. The contaminated milk was also analyzed to quantify the initial charge. The control process involves monitoring the temperature of the milk (a tube with a thermometer) and analysis of the enzymes alkaline phosphates and peroxidase the end of treatment, for such raw milk samples were treated with the test samples. For quantification, we performed a ten-fold dilution serial followed by seeding in duplicate in the middle Stonebrink-Leslie (37 C/45dias). The results showed that it was warming up that had the highest death rate of all espoligotipos. There were differences in resistance between espoligotipos the process that simulated pasteurization and rapid espoligotipo br024 was the toughest. It was concluded that there was no difference of the effectiveness of pasteurization, according to the espoligotipo tested, but the results need to be investigated further.
6
Boupha, Prasongsidh C. "Fate of the neurotoxic mycotoxin, cyclopiazonic acid in dairy products." Thesis, View thesis, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/184.
Abstract:
The aim of the study in this thesis was to assess the stability of the mycotoxin, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in milk and dairy products processed from contaminated milk. A method was developed to detect CPA in milk and milk products using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), a technique of capillary electrophoresis (CE), which was rapid and non-labour-intensive. The quantifying efficiency of CE in detecting CPA was compared to Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography. Heat-stability of CPA in milk was assessed under different conditions. A longer heat treatment of 60 degrees centigrade for 30 minutes led to a 10% decrease in the level of CPA. The results from this thesis demonstrate that CPA in milk at concentrations found in naturally contaminated milk could not be eliminated by the heat-treatment during milk processing, storage, processing and manufacture of dairy products. Occurrence of CPA in cheese curd, butter or cream following manufacture with contaminated milk was demonstrated. CPA is left in milk despite UV-visible radiation treatment with or without hydrogen peroxide and/or riboflavin. Chemical treatment, which is capable of completely eliminating CPA, is prohibited and impractical to use for milk treatment. Stability of CPA in milk and milk products confirms the potential of the toxin to reach consumers of dairy products.
7
Weigel, Michele. "Avaliação da contaminação por aflatoxina M1 em leite cru e leite UHT." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/11140.
Abstract:
A aflatoxina M1 (AFM1) é um metabólito tóxico resultante da biotransformação da aflatoxina B1 e pode ser secretada no leite de animais que ingerem alimentos contaminados com esta última. Considerando os efeitos adversos que podem ocorrer devido à ingestão do produto contaminado e visto que as crianças, maiores consumidoras deste alimento, são potencialmente mais sensíveis que os adultos aos efeitos desta micotoxina, a avaliação da presença de AFM1 no leite se faz necessária. Durante o período de março a novembro de 2006 foram analisadas 48 amostras de leite cru provenientes de 8 propriedades fornecedoras de leite para uma Cooperativa de Leite da Serra Gaúcha e 80 amostras de leite UHT, provenientes de 7 marcas distintas, comercializadas em Porto Alegre (RS). A metodologia empregada na análise de aflatoxina M1 envolveu partição líquido-líquido na etapa de extração, uso de coluna de sílica gel na etapa de purificação e Cromatografia em Camada Delgada para a detecção. O limite de detecção foi de 10 ng e a avaliação da eficiência do método apresentou valor de 86% no teste de recuperação. Nas condições de trabalho e pelo método utilizado nenhuma das amostras analisadas foi positiva para a presença de AFM1, sugerindo que as mesmas encontram-se dentro das conformidades legais.Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a toxic metabolite resulting of the biotransformation of aflatoxin B1, and may be sectreted in milk of animals that consume foods contaminated with aflatoxin B1. Considering the adverse effects that can occur when foods contaminated are consumed, and since children, the greatest milk consumer are potentially more susceptible than adults to the effects of this mycotoxin, the evaluation of the presence of AFM1 in milk is necessary. From March to November of 2006 48 samples of raw milk from 8 dairy farms that integrate a Milk Cooperative of mountain region of Rio Grande do Sul and 80 samples of UHT milk from 7 different brands commercialized in Porto Alegre were analized. The mehodology employed for the analysis of aflatoxin M1 involved liquid-liquid partition on the extraction step, use of silic gel column for the purification step and Thin Layer Chromatography for the detection. The evaluation of the method efficiency present a value of 86% in the recovery test and the detection level was 10ng. Following analysis conditions and the method employed none of the samples analyzed were positive for the presence of aflatoxin M1, suggesting that samples analysed attend the legal conformities.
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Moro, Guidiane. "Qualidade do leite na região nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul: níveis de resíduos de agrotóxicos e medicamentos veterinários." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10796.
Abstract:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe use of veterinary drugs a pesticides in a manner not specified in some stage of livestock production can not only be a waste of resources a capital, but mainly, a situation likely risk of environmental contamination a public health. Faced with this concern, milk samples were collected in northeastern Rio Grande do Sul, the collection of milk for residue analysis were collected monthly from February to June, August, September a November 2011, while the samples for analysis quality of milk, collected monthly from February to September 2011, we evaluated criteria such as: Waste of Veterinary Drugs a Pesticides, Total Bacterial Count, somatic Cell Count, acidity, freezing point, density, total dry extract is degreased, Fat, Lactose , pH, Protein, Temperature. Were found active ingredients of pesticides a veterinary drugs, showing the fragility of the evaluation systems of milk produced, because they were not a are not detected in the tests required by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock a Supply (MAPA), the Dairy Industry. The physical-chemical analysis of milk samples are mostly within the standards established by law, while the samples show problems in the sanitary conditions of milk, due to the high total bacterial count (CBT) found in samples. The high somatic cell count (CCS) in milk indicate deficiencies or lack of management treatments.
A utilização de medicamentos veterinários e agrotóxicos de maneira não determinada em alguma etapa da produção animal pode não somente representar um desperdício de recursos e capital, mas principalmente, uma situação provável de risco de contaminação ambiental e de saúde pública. Frente a esta preocupação, amostras de leite foram coletadas na região nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul, as coletas de leite para análise de resíduos foram feitas mensalmente de fevereiro a junho, agosto, setembro e novembro de 2011, enquanto que as amostras para análise de qualidade do leite, feitas mensalmente de fevereiro a setembro de 2011, avaliou-se critérios como: Resíduos de medicamentos Veterinários e Agrotóxicos, Contagem Bacteriana Total, Contagem de Células Somáticas, Acidez, Crioscopia, Densidade, Extrato Seco Total e Desengordurado, Gordura, Lactose, pH, Proteína, Temperatura. Foram encontrados princípios ativos de agrotóxicos e de medicamentos veterinários, mostra o a fragilidade dos sistemas de avaliação dos leites produzidos, pois estes não foram e não são detectados nos testes exigidos pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), nas indústrias de Laticínios. As análises físico-químicas das amostras de leite encontram-se na sua grande maioria dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação vigente, enquanto que as amostras demonstram problemas nas condições higiênico-sanitárias do leite, devido à elevada contagem bacteriana total (CBT) encontrada nas amostras. As elevadas contagem de células somáticas (CCS) encontradas no leite indicam deficiências de manejo ou ineficiência dos tratamentos.
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Esteves, Wesley Tinoco. "Metodologia para o controle de qualidade e segurança do leite em relação à presença de contaminantes inorgânicos." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2014. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/470.
Abstract:
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O presente trabalho buscou estabelecer um método para a determinação de contaminantes inorgânicos em leite cru que fosse compatível com aplicações em larga escala, como os programas regulatórios de monitoramento de contaminantes em leite. Para tal, foi proposta uma abordagem utilizando a técnica de espectrometria de emissão atômica em plasma (ICP-AES) sem mineralização das amostras, que foram solubilizadas em solução contendo etanolamina e ácido cítrico. Estudos foram conduzidos a fim de estabelecer condições instrumentais em que fosse possível utilizar o preparo amostral proposto mantendo o compromisso com a sensibilidade, exatidão e desempenho analítico necessários a fim de se atingir os limites de detecção requeridos por legislações relacionadas à segurança alimentar. A proporção ideal de diluição da amostra na solução de etanolamina e ácido cítrico foi de 1:2 (amostra:solução) e os valores mais adequados dos parâmetros instrumentais foram 1300W para a radiofrequência do plasma, 0,50L.min-1 para a vazão do gás auxiliar e 0,60L.min-1 para a vazão do gás de nebulização. Os limites de quantificação obtidos para Cd, Co, Cr, Cu e Pb foram, respectivamente, 6,54, 6,57, 14,8, 14,3 e 27,4 μg.mL-1.
This study aimed to establish a method for the determination of inorganic contaminants in raw milk that was compatible with largescale applications, such as regulatory programs for the monitoring of contaminants in milk. For this purpose, an approach using the technique of atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) with no mineralization of the samples, which was solubilized in a solution containing ethanolamine and citric acid, has been proposed. Studies were conducted in order to establish experimental conditions in which it was possible to use the proposed sample preparation and keeping the commitment to sensitivity, accuracy and the analytical performance required by legislations related to food safety. The ideal ratio of sample dilution was 1:2 (sample:solution) and the most suitable values for instrumental parameters were 1300W for the plasma radiofrequency power, 0.50L.min-1 for the flow of auxiliary gas and 0.60L.min-1 for the flow of nebulizer gas. The quantification limits obtained for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu and Pb were, respectively, 6.54, 6.57, 14.8, 14.3 and 27.4 μg.mL-1.
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Ye, Zhihong. "Processes and catalysts for the electrochemical removal of persistent organic micropollutants from urban wastewater at mild Ph." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668129.
Abstract:
Organic micropollutants, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PCPs), pesticides, dyes and many other industrial chemicals have become one of the most solid barriers for the effective and safe wastewater remediation and reclamation. Some of these contaminants are able to act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), thus posing emerging concerns. Their concentration in water is usually at trace level and most of them are highly resistant to conventional treatment technologies like biodegradation and physicochemical methods. The inefficient removal of micropollutants causes their occurrence in final water distribution systems, even reaching drinking water, which jeopardizes the entire biosphere and human health.
Over the last decades, the electrochemical technologies, especially the electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs), have been proven to behave as clean and effective alternatives to eliminate the organic micropollutants from wastewater effluents due to the direct or indirect generation of strong oxidizing agents such as the hydroxyl radical. However, the utilization of conventional electro-Fenton (EF) and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) is limited by several drawbacks: (i) long time needed to destroy large contents of organics; (ii) requirement of pH adjustment to 2.5-3.5; (iii) poor electroreduction and photoreduction of Fe(III); (iv) high amount of iron catalyst required; (v) deactivation of iron species; and (vi) production of iron sludge. Aiming to overcome these disadvantages, several processes and catalysts are proposed in this Thesis to modify the conventional EF and PEF.
In the first part, electrocoagulation (EC) was envisaged as a valid pre-treatment before the application of the EAOPs, thus addressing the abovementioned limitation (i). This involved the in situ generation of coagulants upon dissolution of a sacrificial anode,
yielding flocs that precipitated and adsorbed part of the organics rapidly. Furthermore, when an Fe/Fe cell was employed, the residual dissolved iron species after precipitation acted as the required catalyst for subsequent EF/PEF treatment. The efficient removal of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) from urban wastewater was successfully achieved by means of sequential EC/EAOPs.
The second part investigated, for the first time, the feasibility of employing a soluble Fe(III)–EDDS complex as homogeneous EF or PEF catalyst to destroy micropollutants. The systems allowed working at near-neutral pH, exhibiting a high quantum yield for Fe2+ generation from Fe(III)–EDDS photoreduction. The Fe(III)– EDDS-assisted EF and PEF processes exhibited excellent performance for the degradation of BHA and fluoxetine (FLX) in sulfate medium, as well as in urban wastewater.
Heterogeneous EF and PEF processes using solid catalysts have been developed in the third part as promising alternatives to overcome the drawbacks (ii)-(vi). The development of new types of catalysts with high activity, stability and recyclability is still a great challenge in the field. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted substantial attention in recent years as ordered porous materials with many potential applications. In this Thesis, raw Fe-MOFs or their derivatives were introduced as efficient and innovative heterogeneous EF or PEF catalysts to treat micropollutants in urban wastewater. FeS2/C nanocomposite, fabricated by sulfidation and pyrolysis of an Fe-MOF precursor, as EF catalyst outperformed natural pyrite and Fe2+ due to the cooperation of homogenous and heterogeneous Fenton’s reaction. The thermal treatment of NH2-MIL(Fe)-88B gave rise to N-doped nano-ZVI@C, which exhibited superior catalytic activity in EF. Finally, the direct use of a Fe-bpydc 2D MOF as PEF catalyst yielded a fast bezafibrate decay due to the synergy between photocatalysis and Fenton’s reaction. Their unique properties conferred an unprecedented degradation ability to EF and PEF at mild pH.
In conclusion, this Thesis has provided several strategies to unravel the difficulties for the future application of EAOPs at industrial scale.Los microcontaminantes orgánicos se han convertido en un gran obstáculo para asegurar un tratamiento de aguas residuales eficaz y seguro, ya que suelen ser resistentes a las tecnologías de tratamiento convencionales. En las últimas décadas, se ha demostrado que los procesos electroquímicos de oxidación avanzada (EAOPs) constituyen alternativas limpias y efectivas para eliminar microcontaminantes orgánicos de aguas residuales, gracias a la generación del radical hidroxilo. Sin embargo, la utilización de los procesos electro-Fenton (EF) y fotoelectro-Fenton (FEF) convencionales se ve limitada por: (i) el largo tiempo requerido para eliminar elevadas concentraciones; (ii) necesidad de ajuste del pH (2,5-3,5); (iii) pobre electrorreducción y fotorreducción del Fe(III); (iv) elevada cantidad de catalizador requerida; (v) desactivación de las especies de hierro; y (vi) producción de lodos. Para superar estas desventajas, en esta Tesis se proponen varios procesos y catalizadores. En la primera parte, la electrocoagulación (EC) se propuso como pretratamiento para abordar la limitación (i), lo cual implicó la generación de flóculos como adsorbentes. Además, el hierro disuelto actuó como el catalizador en el posterior tratamiento EF o FEF. Mediante EC/EAOPs se logró una eliminación eficiente de hidroxianisol butilado (BHA) y la benzofenona-3 (BP-3) en agua residual urbana. En la segunda parte se investigó, por primera vez, la viabilidad del complejo Fe(III)– EDDS soluble como catalizador EF o FEF homogéneo. Se obtuvo un excelente rendimiento para la degradación de BHA y fluoxetina (FLX) en medio de sulfato y en agua residual. En la tercera parte se desarrollaron procesos EF y FEF heterogéneos que utilizan catalizadores sólidos para superar los inconvenientes (ii)-(vi). Se introdujeron Fe-MOFs (i.e., metal-organic frameworks) y sus derivados como catalizadores innovadores eficientes. Se fabricó un nanocomposite de FeS2/C con un mayor rendimiento que la pirita natural y el Fe2+ en el proceso EF. El tratamiento térmico de NH2-MIL(Fe)-88B dio lugar a un nano-ZVI@C dopado, el cual exhibió una capacidad catalítica superior en EF. Finalmente, la utilización de un MOF 2D de Fe-bpydc en FEF promovió una eliminación rápida de benzafibrato. En conclusión, esta Tesis ha proporcionado varias estrategias para superar las dificultades para la aplicación de EAOPs a escala industrial.
Books on the topic "Contaminated milk":
1
Good, Sarah. Lower Duwamish Waterway River Mile 0.0-0.1 East (Spokane Street to Ash Grove Cement): Source control action plan. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 2009.
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Good, Sarah. Lower Duwamish Waterway River mile 3.9-4.3 east (Slip 6): Source control action plan. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 2008.
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Good, Sarah. Lower Duwamish Waterway River mile 3.9-4.3 east (Slip 6): Source control action plan. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 2008.
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Good, Sarah. Lower Duwamish Waterway River mile 3.9-4.3 east (Slip 6): Source control action plan. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 2008.
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Lawson, A. J. Campylobacteriosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0016.
Abstract:
Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are frequent cause of bacterial enteritis in industrialised countries and is a major cause of childhood illness in the developing world. Although deaths due to campylobacteriosis are rare, the morbidity and public health and economic burden is high because of its very high incidence. Campylobacters normally inhabit the intestinal tract of wild birds and domestic animals. Poultry is a major source of campylobacter infection and a large proportion of retail chicken meat is contaminated. Other meats are contaminated to a lesser degree. Human infection is mostly sporadic and outbreaks are uncommon. Infections arise from the consumption of raw or inadequately cooked meat or from other foods contaminated during production or preparation. Contaminated water and raw milk can also act as vehicles of campylobacter infection and have given rise to significant outbreaks. The most effective means of controlling human campylobacteriosis would be the implementation of measures to reduce the contamination of food producing animals during slaughter and processing. Public health education regarding the principles of hygiene and safe food handling are also important.
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Prentice, Michael B. Yersiniosis and plague. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0028.
Abstract:
Disease in humans is caused mostly by Y.enterocolitica belonging to serotypes 03, 05, 27, 08 and 09 and by Y.pseudotuberculosis (Skurnik et al 2002, Perry and Fetherston, 2006). The clinical presentations include fever, diarrhoea, abdominal pain that may mimic appendicitis, and chronic arthritis. There are typically lesions of enteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis. Yersiniosis occurs in all European countries, with highest prevalence in northern countries and Scandinavia, as well as Canada, the United States, Australia, and Japan. Transmission is mainly from contaminated animal products such as pork and milk, and rarely from person to person spread by the faecal-oral route. Control of yersiniosis can be achieved by careful handling and cooking of meats and by pasteurization of milk and other dairy products.
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Salmon, Roland L. Other bacterial diseasesRat-bite fevers. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0022.
Abstract:
Infection with Streptobacillus moniliformis, gives rise to Rat-Bite fever also known as Streptobacillary Fever, and, when epidemic Epidemic Arthritic Erythema (Haverhill Fever). It occurs worldwide. Only three outbreaks have been described. It is either caused by the bite of, or similar close contact with, a rat or other infected rodent, or, when epidemic, by the ingestion of water or milk contaminated by rats. Control requires limiting human contact with rats, traditionally by prevention of rat infestation although, of recent years, in developed countries, the keeping of rats as pets has played an important role.
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Burdmann, Emmanuel A. Leptospirosis. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0191.
Abstract:
Leptospirosis is one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases worldwide. Pathogenic spirochaetes are shed in the urine of infected mammals to the environment. Humans are infected through contact with contaminated material. Leptospirosis is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, but exists in all continents except Antarctica. The disease is difficult to diagnose and hence frequently neglected. Its clinical picture ranges from a mild flu-like disease to a life-threatening form with pulmonary haemorrhage, liver failure and acute kidney injury (AKI), called Weil disease, which may affect 10% of those with clinical disease. Typically, fever, myalgia and headache progress to nausea and vomiting, jaundice, red eyes, and other manifestation affecting skin, brain, and other organs.Kidney involvement, characterized by acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, is nearly universal. It may be clinically manifested as a tubulopathy with urinary electrolytes wasting, hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia and/or as AKI, which is more frequently non-oliguric. Antibiotic therapy may reduce hospitalization time and AKI frequency. Otherwise management is supportive, including timely and adequate dialysis support.
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Division of Waste Management, ed. Standard review plan for the review of DOE plans for achieving regulatory compliance at sites with contaminated ground water under title I of the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act: Draft report for comment. Washington, DC: Division of Waste Management, Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2000.
Book chapters on the topic "Contaminated milk":
1
Laine, M. Minna, and Kirsten S. Jorgensen. "Pilot Scale Composting of Chlorophenol-Contaminated Saw Mill Soil." In Contaminated Soil ’95, 1273–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0421-0_109.
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Cornish, R. "Long Term Biointrusion Impactson Unvegetated Uranium Mill Tailings Cover System Longevity Performance." In Contaminated Soil ’95, 1177–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0421-0_62.
3
Vreček, Polona, Ljudmila Benedik, Urška Repinc, Peter Stegnar, and Ivan Gantar. "Radionuclides in underground water in an area contaminated with uranium mill waste." In Uranium in the Aquatic Environment, 85–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55668-5_9.
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Trigui, Salsabil, Amjad Kallel, Emilia Fernández Ondoño, and F. J. Martín Peinado. "Olive Mill Waste Water Contaminated Soil: Toxicological Effects and Treatment with Gypsum." In New Prospects in Environmental Geosciences and Hydrogeosciences, 349–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72543-3_79.
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Denham, Dale H., Fredrick T. Cross, and Joseph K. Soldat. "Health Effects Estimation: Methods and Results for Properties Contaminated by Uranium Mill Tailings." In ACS Symposium Series, 513–24. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1987-0331.ch037.
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Gustin, M. Sexauer, G. E. Taylor, and T. L. Leonard. "Atmospheric Mercury Concentrations Above Mercury Contaminated Mill Tailings in the Carson River Drainage Basin, NV." In Mercury as a Global Pollutant, 217–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0153-0_24.
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Trigui, Salsabil, and Amjad Kallel. "Use of Diatomaceous Earth and Lime for the Remediation of Olive Mill Waste Contaminated Soils." In New Prospects in Environmental Geosciences and Hydrogeosciences, 353–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72543-3_80.
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Obladen, Michael. "From swill milk to certified milk." In Oxford Textbook of the Newborn, edited by Michael Obladen, 247–52. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198854807.003.0035.
Abstract:
Industrialization and urbanization jeopardized infant nutrition during the 19th century. Cow’s milk was produced in the cities or transported long distances under suspect conditions. Milk was contaminated with bacteria or adulterated with water, flour, chalk, and other substances. When distilleries proliferated in the metropoles, their waste slop was fed to cows who then produced thin and contaminated swill milk. Following a press campaign in the US, the sale of swill milk was prohibited in 1861. Bacterial counts became available in 1881 and helped to improve the quality of milk. Debates on pasteurization remained controversial. Disposal of the wastewater of millions of inhabitants and the manure of thousands of cows was environmentally hazardous. It was not until 1860 and after several pandemics of Asiatic cholera, that effective sewage systems were built in the metropoles. Milk depots were established in the US by Koplik for sterilized and by Coit for certified milk. In France, consultation services named goutte de lait distributed sterilized milk and educated mothers. Efforts to improve milk quality culminated in the International Congresses for the Prevention of Infantile Mortality.
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Pérez-Carrera, A., C. Moscuzza, and A. Fernández-Cirelli. "Transfer of arsenic from contaminated dairy cattle drinking water to milk (Córdoba, Argentina)." In Arsenic in the Environment, 419–25. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11334-54.
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Sanz, Marta Gonzalez, and Caoimhe Nic Fhogartaigh. "Zoonotic Infections." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0046.
Abstract:
The term zoonosis comes from the Greek: ζῷον (zoon) ‘animal’ and νόσος (nosos) ‘sickness’, and means an infection transmissible from animals to humans. Infected animals can be symptomatic or asymptomatic, and humans usually become accidental hosts through close contact with the reservoir animal. Six out of ten infections in humans globally are spread from animals, and 75% of emerging infections are zoonotic. Some occur worldwide e.g. E. coli O157:H7, whereas some are more restricted geographically, e.g. Ebola virus. The highest burden is in developing countries. There are various classifications of zoonoses. ● Causative pathogen: bacterial (anthrax, non-typhoidal Salmonelloses); viral (rabies, Yellow Fever, hantaviruses); parasitic (hookworm, Giardia, toxoplasmosis); fungal (dermatophytes, histoplasmosis); or prion (new-variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease). ● Mode of transmission (see Section 35.3 and Table 35.1 below) ● Distribution: endemic zoonoses are continually present in a population (e.g. leptospirosis, brucellosis); epidemic zoonoses occur intermittently (e.g. anthrax, Rift Valley Fever); emerging zoonoses are new infections, or existing infections that are increasing in incidence or geographical range (e.g. Nipah virus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus). ● Direct contact: infectious particles are present on an infected animal, in its body fluids, and in its excreta. Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, and brucellosis may be acquired by direct contact with infected animals, particularly during parturition; cat-scratch disease caused by Bartonella henselae, and Pasteurella spp. may be acquired by bites or scratches from cats, and rabies from canine bites. Many zoonoses are also transmitted via indirect animal contact through exposure to soil or water contaminated by infectious material, e.g. leptospirosis may be acquired when water contaminated with infected rats’ urine comes into contact with broken skin or mucous membranes. ● Ingestion: infection occurs by ingesting contaminated food or water, e.g. unpasteurized milk, poorly processed or undercooked meat, or by eating/ drinking after handling animals without handwashing. Listeria, bovine tuberculosis, and brucellosis may be transmitted by unpasteurized milk and dairy produce; Hepatitis E through processed pork, and Ebola and Marburg through bushmeat. ● Vector-borne: infection is transmitted through a biting arthropod vector. Examples include West Nile Virus and Japanese encephalitis from mosquitoes, Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever from ticks, and Rickettsia typhi from rat fleas.
Conference papers on the topic "Contaminated milk":
1
Nurjayadi, M., U. R. Efrianti, N. Azizah, F. Kurniadewi, V. Saamia, M. Wiranatha, L. Nastassya, and H. Ali El-Enshasy. "Detection of Salmonella typhimurium on artificially contaminated milk by real time PCR using STM4497 and fljB primers." In THE 2ND SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (SMIC 2020): Transforming Research and Education of Science and Mathematics in the Digital Age. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0041892.
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Andrighetto, Cristian, Lorenzo Cocola, Paola De Dea, Massimo Fedel, Angiolella Lombardi, Fabio Melison, and Luca Poletto. "Determination of CO2 and H2 content in the headspace of spore contaminated milk by Raman gas analysis." In Sensing for Agriculture and Food Quality and Safety XIV, edited by Moon S. Kim and Byoung-Kwan Cho. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2618476.
3
Kutlakhmedov, Yu, V. Davydchyk, A. Jouve, and N. Grytsiuk. "Evaluation the Efficacy of the Turf-Cutter Soil Decontamination Technology." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1167.
Abstract:
Abstract The testing begun in the framework of the CEC project ECP-4 “Decontamination technologies and strategies” have allowed to develop and to test new technology of the polluted soils decontamination by removal of the thin turf layer by the vibrating blade of the special machine (Turf-Cutter). The experiments were conducted at the radioactively contaminated soils of Ukraine and Belarus during 1992–2000. The machine “TURF HARVESTER” (USA) was used in the experiment. The first testing of the method was conducted on the well turfed radioecological polygon “Buryakovka”, 4 km from the Chernobyl NPP, with levels of contamination: 100 Ci/km2 by Cs-137, 80 Ci/km2 by Sr-90, 7 Ci/km2 by Pu-239. As the preliminary researches have shown, about 95% of the radionuclides were concentrated in the upper layer of the unploughed soil. In an outcome of tests on a selected plot the decontamination factor (Fd) 25–40 for different radionuclides was obtained. After removal of turf and opening the soil surface, the wind soil erosion and secondary resuspension the radionuclides was expect. It has not taken place, as special researches on an evaluation of the wind resuspension of radionuclides by the soil particles after the turf harvesting. This can be explained as follows. The vibrating blade does not decondence and decompose the soil layer remaining. At the same time, the thin turf and soil layer removal saves the vegetation regenerating organs and roots, which allows the grass restoration and surface fixation within one month after the experiment. The second test of a method was conducted on a polygon “Chistogalovka”, 3 km of the NPP. A high level of the radioactive contamination (150 Ci/km2 by Cs-137) and the weak turf cover of the rugged sand surface characterized the polygon. The turf removal at this polygon has allowed to receive Df = 10–15. Another testing was made at the Belorussian part of the Zone, which have demonstrated the possibility of the selected turf removal under the spotty radioactive contamination. The field gamma-spectrometer “Corad”, produced by the Kurchatov Institute (Russia), was used for the operative definition the highly contaminated spots. The selected removal of the mostly contaminated spots decreased the mass of the turf removed by 70%, obtaining the Df = 5–7. Next testing was conducted at the village Miliach (Rivne Province, Dubrovitsa district, Ukraine) at the pasture “Stav” with the contamination level by Cs-137 about 5 Ci/km2. This pasture was not influenced by any post-accident countermeasures. After the radioactive turf removal (Df = 15–20), the fodder grass was sow. The grass contamination was 15 times less, comparing to the control. The experimental fattening of 10 cows by a grass, skewed on the decontaminated plot, within 10 days, was carried on. A comparison the contamination of the milk from the experimental cows, which were fed by a grass of the turf-harvested plot, and the milk of the control cows, has shown the milk Df about 11 in 1993. The data obtained show high efficiency of the decontamination technology for the polluted soils based on the turf removal by the vibrating blade. Decontamination factor about 7–15 for the sandy and dusty-sandy soils with a weak turf layer up to 20–40 for the organic and wet silty soils with a strong turf layer was obtained. Important thing is, the best Dfs were obtained for the soils, which are critical on the intensity of the root uptake of the radionuclides. The high ecological and radioecological safety of the Turf-Cutter technology of the soil decontamination is also to be considered. The thin turf and soil layer removal does not deteriorate dramatically the migration situation and at the same time does not avoid the damaged ecosystem self-restoration. The volume of the matter harvested is comparatively low, because of the thin cutting. Being stored in the walls 2,5 m height, it occupies less 5% of the territory decontaminated, and the risk of migration the radionuclides outside the storage sites is comparative to those of the primary soil layouts. The field testing of the Turf-Cutter technology show correlation of its efficacy to the soil types, vegetation cover and the landscape conditions of the contaminated territory. It allowed, using some elements of the GIS-technologies and cartographic modeling, to prepare special evaluation and zonification the territories contaminated on the efficacy of the Turf-Cutter technology, and to identify the areas best for it’s mostly effective application. Following investigations confirm stable, long-term character of the improvements carried out. The sampling of 2000 at Miliach experimental plot shows the decontamination factor 10–11 for the grass and about 8 for milk. Moreover, as the Cs-137 still remains at the upper part of the soil profile, the Turf-Cutter technology is still actual for the territories of the post-Chernobyl radioactive contamination. Obviously, it can be suitable also for the removal of any other surface pollutant from the soil.
4
Saji, Genn. "Estimation of Thyroid Doses From Land Contamination Maps for the Fukushima Disaster." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-55048.
Abstract:
Starting with sketchy information acquired during the still on-going Fukushima Daiichi disaster, the thyroid doses were estimated, based on the detailed and precise Cs-137 land contamination density maps constructed through a joint effort of MEXT and US DOE/NNEA. The basic methodology has already been benchmarked in the assessment of the radiological consequences of the Chernobyl accident [1]. From the release fraction assessment based on the contamination maps as well as on-site meteorological data obtained and reported by TEPCO’s temporary monitoring cars, the heavy land contamination zone stretching to a NW direction was found induced with the hydrogen explosion which occurred in 1F1 at 15:36 of March 12, only one day after the tsunami. Due to this early iodine release, the shorter half-lived I-133 induced an additional 20% more thyroid doses from I-131 through inhalation. The results, as presented in Table 7 and Figure 3, predicted rather large thyroid doses, comparable but less than the author’ previous estimation of thyroid doses through inhalation pathway among the public living near the Chernobyl NPP during the disaster. However, age specific doses are more widely spreading among children aged less than 15 years old and not distinctively large among babies, thanks to early restriction of fresh milk. It should be noted that, above Zone V (300K-1000K/m2 in Cs-137), the estimated thyroid doses with a range of several tens of mGy are already of concern in a possible future outbreak of hypothyroidism. However, if the exposed individuals happened to be staying indoors at the time of plume passage, an order of magnitude of reduction is expected, although the alleviating effects depends on the airtightness of buildings. Even with these uncertainties, the estimated thyroid dose calls for continued health monitoring of those young residents who happened to be staying in these highly contaminated zones at the time of the plume passage.
5
Pearl, Mike. "The Potential Application of Soil Washing to the Treatment of Radioactively Contaminated Soils, Rubble and Rocks From UKAEA’s Sites." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1163.
Abstract:
Abstract Laboratory and pilot scale tests have been carried out to assess the potential application of soil washing to the treatment of radioactively contaminated soil, rubble and rocks from its sites. With radioactively contaminated soils it was difficult to clean to a free release level (<0.4 Bq/g), although it was possible to clean to a risk based target, or to a waste categorised as Very Low Radioactive Material. With radioactively contaminated rubble and rocks, wet scrubbing in a tumbling mill was very effective at removing surface contamination so that the products could be disposed as free release material or Very Low Radioactive Material.
6
Georgievskiy, Vladimir. "Retrospection of Chernobyl Nuclear Accident for Decision Analysis Concerning Remedial Actions in Ukraine." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7328.
Abstract:
It is considered the efficacy of decisions concerning remedial actions when of-site radiological monitoring in the early and (or) in the intermediate phases was absent or was not informative. There are examples of such situations in the former Soviet Union where many people have been exposed: releases of radioactive materials from “Krasnoyarsk-26” into Enisey River, releases of radioactive materials from “Chelabinsk-65” (the Kishtim accident), nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk Test Site, the Chernobyl nuclear accident etc. If monitoring in the early and (or) in the intermediate phases is absent the decisions concerning remedial actions are usually developed on the base of permanent monitoring. However decisions of this kind may be essentially erroneous. For these cases it is proposed to make retrospection of radiological data of the early and intermediate phases of nuclear accident and to project decisions concerning remedial actions on the base of both retrospective data and permanent monitoring data. In this Report the indicated problem is considered by the example of the Chernobyl accident for Ukraine. Their of-site radiological monitoring in the early and intermediate phases was unsatisfactory. In particular, the pasture-cow-milk monitoring had not been made. All official decisions concerning dose estimations had been made on the base of measurements of 137Cs in body (40 measurements in 135 days and 55 measurements in 229 days after the Chernobyl accident). For the retrospection of radiological data of the Chernobyl accident dynamic model has been developed. This model has structure similar to the structure of Pathway model and Farmland model. Parameters of the developed model have been identified for agricultural conditions of Russia and Ukraine. By means of this model dynamics of 20 radionuclides in pathways and dynamics of doses have been estimated for the early, intermediate and late phases of the Chernobyl accident. The main results are following: • During the first year after the Chernobyl accident 75–93% of Commitment Effective Dose had been formed. • During the first year after the Chernobyl accident 85–90% of damage from radiation exposure had been formed. During the next 50 years (the late phase of accident) only 10–15% of damage from radiation exposure will have been formed. • Remedial actions (agricultural remedial actions as most effective) in Ukraine are intended for reduction of the damage from consumption of production which is contaminated in the late phase of accident. I.e. agricultural remedial actions have been intended for minimization only 10% of the total damage from radiation exposure. • Medical countermeasures can minimize radiation exposure damage by an order of magnitude greater than agricultural countermeasures. • Thus, retrospection of nuclear accident has essentially changed type of remedial actions and has given a chance to increase effectiveness of spending by an order of magnitude. This example illustrates that in order to optimize remedial actions it is required to use data of retrospection of nuclear accidents in all cases when monitoring in the early and (or) intermediate phases is unsatisfactory.
7
Barnekov, Ulf, Matthias Bauroth, and Michael Paul. "Decontamination and Decommissioning of the Uranium Mill and Processing Plant at Seelingstaedt, Germany." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7380.
Abstract:
In Eastern Germany uranium mining lasted from 1946 till 1990 including a production of in total 220,000 t of uranium. The Seelingsta¨dt Uranium Mill and Processing Plant, located in Thuringia, Germany, was one of two large uranium mills owned by Wismut. The mill was erected by 1960 and covered an area of 93 ha. From 1961 till 1991 a total of about 110 million t of different types of uranium ores were milled and processed at the Seelingsta¨dt mill. The mill produced ca. 110,000 t of uranium (in yellow cake). Demolition of the buildings and industrial facilities of the Seelingsta¨dt mill and processing plant site are nearly completed. The site is being decommissioned with respect to after-use aiming at afforestation and grasslands allowing for a stable plant succession. Decommissioning includes excavation and relocation of contaminated materials, reshaping of the site and construction of ditches for granting a stable surface runoff as well construction of access and maintenance roads. About 85% of the demolition and relocation works have been completed till to date. Last decommissioning works shall be completed by 2015. The present paper presents experiences made and progress achieved till to date.
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Isayeva, Natalya. "The Decreasing Ways of Contaminated Underground Water Volume in Uranium Mining and Milling Region." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1208.
Abstract:
Abstract Ukrainian uranium ore mining and milling facilities are located in the tight populated areas on the valuable agricultural lands of Ukraine. The almost 50th years’ activity of these enterprises has caused the radioactive contamination of the environment. The most dangerous facilities happened to be those ones which contaminate the entrails for a long time, namely: tailings which were discharged with the uranium ore uranium mill and former uranium in-situ leaching sites which are now decommissioned and left without relevant environmental protection measures. This paper considers two uranium facilities, which impact in a similar way on such an environmental entity as underground water: the tailings and in-situ leaching site located in Dnipropetrovsk region.
9
Kabanov, M., D. Bruce, and L. M. Mich. "HSE Philosophy and Design Consideration of a Purpose Built Waste Processing Facility." In SPE Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169987-ms.
Abstract:
Abstract Managing, processing and correctly disposing of drill-cuttings that have been contaminated with Oil/Synthetic-Based Drilling Fluids is an integral part of drilling most wells in the North Sea and beyond. While recent advances in offshore treatment capabilities have made approach more reliable in recent times, shipping the waste to specialised onshore facilities remains the preferred choice in many areas. As such, the nature of these treatment centres can have a substantial effect on the overall environmental footprint inherent in drilling a well, as well as the perception of the industry to the public living near such facilities. This paper discusses the process of designing and building a modern, fit-for-purpose and completely compliant waste processing facility in Peterhead, near Aberdeen, UK. While a hammer-mill is at the heart of this process, this paper focusses on the facility housing the hammer-mill rather than the thermal desorption process itself. Key areas of discussion include: initial site selection; external area considerations such as drainage, rainwater re-use and skip storage; internal area features to minimise noise and smell; overall HSE goals and processes including re-use of recovered base oil and disposal options for solid and water waste streams. Furthermore, key lessons learnt and potential future improvements, changes and expansion are touched on.
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Gopalakrishnan, Praveen Kumare, and Sara Behdad. "A Conceptual Framework for Using Videogrammetry in Blockchain Platforms for Food Supply Chain Traceability." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97527.
Abstract:
Abstract With the modern age of using genetically engineered products and growing concerns about food recalls and outbreaks, businesses are looking for ways to secure their brand names and assuring consumers about food safety and quality. Recently, Blockchain has been introduced as a promising approach for increasing the visibility of the supply chain and reducing the sale of contaminated and counterfeit products. Along this line, this study discusses the capabilities of Blockchain for the collection and monitoring of product lifecycle information ranging from production, wholesale, and logistics to standards, business reputation, and certification. The particular focus of the study is to discuss the use of videogrammetry as a data collection mechanism for bringing the product lifecycle data on digital Blockchain platforms and solving the “last mile” problem and data verification issue on Blockchain platforms. A conceptual example of organic meat processing is discussed to describe the proposed procedure and show how videogrammetry in combination with RFID and fingerprints can be used to solve the data verification issue on Blockchain platforms.
Reports on the topic "Contaminated milk":
1
Splitter, Gary A., Menachem Banai, and Jerome S. Harms. Brucella second messenger coordinates stages of infection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699864.bard.
Abstract:
Aim 1: To determine levels of this second messenger in: a) B. melitensiscyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate-regulating mutants (BMEI1448, BMEI1453, and BMEI1520), and b) B. melitensis16M (wild type) and mutant infections of macrophages and immune competent mice. (US lab primary) Aim 2: To determine proteomic differences between Brucelladeletion mutants BMEI1453 (high cyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate, chronic persistent state) and BMEI1520 (low cyclicdimericguanosinemonophosphate, acute virulent state) compared to wild type B. melitensisto identify the role of this second messenger in establishing the two polar states of brucellosis. (US lab primary with synergistic assistance from the Israel lab Aim 3: Determine the level of Brucellacyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate and transcriptional expression from naturally infected placenta. (Israel lab primary with synergistic assistance from the US lab). B. Background Brucellaspecies are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause brucellosis, the most prevalent zoonosis worldwide. Brucellosis is characterized by increased abortion, weak offspring, and decreased milk production in animals. Humans are infected with Brucellaby consuming contaminated milk products or via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria from occupational hazards. Chronic human infections can result in complications such as liver damage, orchitis, endocarditis, and arthritis. Brucellaspp. have the ability to infect both professional and non-professional phagocytes. Because of this, Brucellaencounter varied environments both throughout the body and within a cell and must adapt accordingly. To date, few virulence factors have been identified in B. melitensisand even less is known about how these virulence factors are regulated. Subsequently, little is known about how Brucellaadapt to its rapidly changing environments, and how it alternates between acute and chronic virulence. Our studies suggest that decreased concentrations of cyclic dimericguanosinemonophosphate (c-di-GMP) lead to an acute virulent state and increased concentrations of c-di-GMP lead to persistent, chronic state of B. melitensisin a mouse model of infection. We hypothesize that B. melitensisuses c-di-GMP to transition from the chronic state of an infected host to the acute, virulent stage of infection in the placenta where the bacteria prepare to infect a new host. Studies on environmental pathogens such as Vibrio choleraeand Pseudomonas aeruginosasupport a mechanism where changes in c-di-GMP levels cause the bacterium to alternate between virulent and chronic states. Little work exists on understanding the role of c-di-GMP in dangerous intracellular pathogens, like Brucellathat is a frequent pathogen in Israeli domestic animals and U.S. elk and bison. Brucellamust carefully regulate virulence factors during infection of a host to ensure proper expression at appropriate times in response to host cues. Recently, the novel secondary signaling molecule c-di-GMP has been identified as a major component of bacterial regulation and we have identified c-di-GMP as an important signaling factor in B. melitensishost adaptation. C. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements 1. The B. melitensis1453 deletion mutant has increased c-di-GMP, while the 1520 deletion mutant has decreased c-di-GMP. 2. Both mutants grow similarly in in vitro cultures; however, the 1453 mutant has a microcolony phenotype both in vitro and in vivo 3. The 1453 mutant has increased crystal violet staining suggesting biofilm formation. 4. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an abnormal coccus appearance with in increased cell area. 5. Proteomic analysis revealed the 1453 mutant possessed increased production of proteins involved in cell wall processes, cell division, and the Type IV secretion system, and a decrease in proteins involved in amino acid transport/metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid production, and iron acquisition suggesting less preparedness for intracellular survival. 6. RNAseq analysis of bone marrow derived macrophages infected with the mutants revealed the host immune response is greatly reduced with the 1453 mutant infection. These findings support that microlocalization of proteins involved in c-di-GMP homeostasis serve a second messenger to B. melitensisregulating functions of the bacteria during infection of the host.
2
Snyder, Jr, Gschwender Carl E., Gunderson Lois J., Fultz Stephen L., and George W. Purification of Contaminated MIL-PRF-83282 Hydraulic Fluid Using the Pall Purifier and Multiple Process Configurations (Preprint). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada467114.
3
Semaan, Dima, and Linda Scobie. Feasibility study for in vitro analysis of infectious foodborne HEV. Food Standards Agency, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.wfa626.
Abstract:
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a member of the Hepeviridae family capable of infecting humans producing a range of symptoms from mild disease to kidney failure. Epidemiological evidence suggests that hepatitis E genotype III and IV cases may be associated with the consumption of undercooked pork meat, offal and processed products such as sausages [1]. A study carried out by the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), found hepatitis E virus contamination in the UK pork production chain and that 10% of a small sample of retail pork sausages were contaminated with the virus [2]. Furthermore, studies have confirmed the presence of HEV in the food chain and the foodborne transmission of Hepatitis E virus to humans [reviewed in 5]. Likewise, Scottish shellfish at retail [6] have also been found positive for HEV viral nucleic acid and some preliminary studies indicate that the virus is also detectable in soft fruits (L Scobie; unpublished data). There are current misunderstandings in what this data represents, and these studies have raised further questions concerning the infectivity of the virus, the processing of these foods by industry and the cooking and/or preparation by caterers and consumers. There are significant gaps in the knowledge around viral infectivity, in particular the nature of the preparation of food matrices to isolate the virus, and also with respect to a consistent and suitable assay for confirming infectivity [1,3]. Currently, there is no suitable test for infectivity, and, in addition, we have no knowledge if specific food items would be detrimental to cells when assessing the presence of infectious virus in vitro. The FSA finalised a comprehensive critical review on the approaches to assess the infectivity of the HEV virus which is published [3] recommending that a cell culture based method should be developed for use with food. In order to proceed with the development of an infectivity culture method, there is a requirement to assess if food matrices are detrimental to cell culture cell survival. Other issues that may have affected the ability to develop a consistent method are the length of time the virally contaminated sample is exposed to the cells and the concentration of the virus present. In most cases, the sample is only exposed to the cells for around 1 hour and it has been shown that if the concentration is less that 1x103 copies then infection is not established [3,5,10,11].
4
Casper, Gary, Stefanie Nadeau, and Thomas Parr. Acoustic amphibian monitoring, 2019 data summary: Isle Royale National Park. National Park Service, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2295506.
Abstract:
Amphibians are a Vital Sign indicator for monitoring long-term ecosystem health in seven national park units that comprise the Great Lakes Network. We present here the results for 2019 amphibian monitoring at Isle Royale National Park (ISRO). Appendices contain tabular summaries for six years of cumulative results. The National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network established 10 permanent acoustic amphibian monitoring sites at ISRO in 2015. Acoustic samples are collected by placing automated recorders with omnidirectional stereo microphones at each of the 10 sampling sites. Temperature loggers co-located with the recorders also collect air temperature during the sampling period. The monitoring program detected all seven species of frog and toad known to occur at ISRO in 2019, with Eastern American Toad, Green Frog and Spring Peeper occurring at almost every site sampled, and Wood Frog at six sites. Gray Treefrog, Mink Frog, and Boreal Chorus Frog were found at only one or two sites each. Northern Leopard Frog has yet to be confirmed at ISRO in this GLKN monitoring program. We expanded analyses and reporting in 2018 to address calling phenology and to provide a second metric for tracking changes in abundance (as opposed to occupancy) across years. Occupancy analyses track whether or not a site was occupied by a species. Abundance is tracked by assessing how the maximum call intensity changes on sites across years, and by how many automated detections are reported from sites across years. Using two independent survey methods, manual and automated, with large sample sizes continues to return reliable results, providing a confident record of site occupancy for most species. There were no significant data collection issues in 2019. Three units stopped collecting data early but these data gaps did not compromise sampling rigor or analysis. Since temperature logs show that the threshold of ≥40°F was often exceeded by 1 April in 2019, making 15 March a start date for data collection may be considered if park personnel feel snow and ice cover would be reduced enough by that date as well. We do recommend making sure that temperature logger solar shields in future are not hanging in such a manner as to be banging against anything in a breeze, as this contaminates the soundscape
5
Hillesheim, M., and G. Mosey. Feasibility Study of Economics and Performance of Geothermal Power Generation at the Lakeview Uranium Mill Site in Lakeview, Oregon. A Study Prepared in Partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency for the RE-Powering America's Land Initiative: Siting Renewable Energy on Potentially Contaminated Land and Mine Sites. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1110462.
6
Kiatreungwattana, K., J. Geiger, V. Healey, and G. Mosey. Feasibility Study of Economics and Performance of Solar Photovoltaics at the Peru Mill Industrial Park in the City of Deming, New Mexico. A Study Prepared in Partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency for the RE-Powering America's Land Initiative: Siting Renewable Energy on Potentially Contaminated Land and Mine Sites. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1079093.