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1
Kamal, Bunyamin. "The Use of Fuzzy-Bayes Approach on the Causal Factors of Empty Container Repositioning." Marine Technology Society Journal 55, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.55.5.3.
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Abstract Empty container repositioning (ECR) is one of the major bottlenecks of maritime container transportation that should be minimized. To achieve this, it is crucial to reveal the leading causal factors. From a container liner firm perspective, this paper constructs a novel model of the causal mechanism of ECR with its reflections and prevention measures holistically. For this aim, this study examines the probabilistic relationships among the ECR causal factors, which are revealed qualitatively and quantitatively utilizing a fuzzy Bayes network method. Sensitivity and validation analyses subsequently are carried out to enhance the accuracy of findings. Outcomes of the research point out that the industry-specific and operational causal factors have the largest effect equally to explain the occurrence of ECR. Among the root factors, structural trade imbalance has the largest effect on the occurrence of ECR, and it is followed by seasonal demand. It is also observed that factors leading to equipment inefficiency have the least effect on ECR occurrence. Furthermore, the gray box pooling solution appears as the most effective solution to mitigate the negative impacts of ECR on both firm costs and the environment. What follows the gray box pooling are foldable containers and information technology solutions/intermediaries in order. This paper provides insight into ECR as a way to enhance effectiveness in container operations, and container liner firms can utilize the outcomes of this paper to mitigate the accumulation of empty containers.
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Dross, Claire. "Containers for Specification in SPARK." ACM SIGAda Ada Letters 42, no. 2 (April 5, 2023): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3591335.3591341.
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The SPARK tool analyzes Ada programs statically. It can be used to verify both that a program is free from runtime exceptions and that it conforms to a specification expressed through contracts. To facilitate dynamic analysis, Ada contracts are regular expressions which can be evaluated at execution. As a result, the annotation language of the SPARK tool is restricted to executable constructs. In this context, high-level concepts necessary for specification by contracts need to be supplied as libraries. For example, the latest version of the Ada language introduces unbounded integers and rational numbers to the standard library. In this article, we present the functional containers library which provides collections suitable for use in specification. We explain how they can be used to specify and verify complex programs through concrete examples that have been developed over many years.
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Moorefield, Charles N., and George R. Newkome. "Unimolecular micelles: supramolecular use of dendritic constructs to create versatile molecular containers." Comptes Rendus Chimie 6, no. 8-10 (August 2003): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2003.04.002.
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Kim, Dong Sub, and Jonathan L. Sessler. "Calix[4]pyrroles: versatile molecular containers with ion transport, recognition, and molecular switching functions." Chemical Society Reviews 44, no. 2 (2015): 532–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00157e.
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Calix[4]pyrroles function as “molecular containers” as illustrated by their ability to act as carriers for the through-membrane transport of ions and as “monomers” in the construction of aggregated supramolecular constructs.
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Shutina, Dritan, and Rudina Toto. "Territorial rescaling and polycentric governance in Albania." European Spatial Research and Policy 28, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.28.2.06.
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Territories as relational geographical constructs are in constant formation and reformation, or rescaling, which results in spatial typologies of complex governance. The voting containers of a territory are merely one typology, often not matching the numerous functions within the other typologies. Under the assumption that voting containers are politically fixed, governance that adapts to the dynamics of territorial rescaling is required. This paper explores the relationship between territorial rescaling and polycentric governance in Albania. It concludes that polycentric governance can enable cooperation and efficiency throughout rescaling, assuming some conditions are in place for addressing the polycentricity gap.
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De Kock, Pieter Marthinus. "Buildings, Faces, Songs of Alienation: How Interiority Transforms the Meaning Out There." Interiority 3, no. 1 (January 24, 2020): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/in.v3i1.68.
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This paper presents a theoretical framework that explores visual meaning in the design and use of interior space. It is comprised of three main parts. The first outlines the framework and draws on several key theories. The second introduces three very different constructs as case studies that in#uence (or are a product of) spatial quality, namely: buildings, faces, and songs of alienation. The third part is a discussion about how each of these three constructs are linked to each other as well as to the idea of interiority. While architectural forms are containers of meaning, the way in which interior space is curated is driven by deeper meaning–one that transcends form and function because people ultimately produce the meaning. And because each person is different, the conditions of interiority (in this case, the meaning that resides within each person) drives the meaning of external constructs that act as enclosures of meaning (buildings and their interiors). The findings are that the mind and body can be projected beyond the facade and into the spaces contained in the buildings we occupy. The role of technology is also important because changes in technology help mediate the process of linking the meaning inside with the meaning out there.
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Abdullah, Afiq, Jasmee Jaafar, Khairul Nizam Tahar, and Mohamad Hezri Razali. "Shipping Container Counting Approach Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and ArcGIS." Built Environment Journal 16, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/bej.v16i2.9693.
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In Malaysia, the existing of counting approach on the shipping container at depot is carried out by manual based system. This has made the efficiency of the method to be questioned which can be solved through automation. Under previous studies, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is demonstrated for automatic counting of cars and trees. Therefore, the possibility for shipping container counting is highly required in which promotes low-cost alternative and automatedpilot for data collection. Based on this study, the aerial images captured using UAV is combined with geographical information processing software, ArcGIS, towards automated approach for container counting. The overlapping aerial images are post-processed using photogrammetric technique to produce Digital Surface Model (DSM) that represents the ground and above surface feature’s elevations. Then, the constructed DSM is filtered to develop Digital Terrain Model (DTM) where it represents the ground surface’s elevation only. Then, container’s candidates are isolated using subtraction of the DTM from DSM to generate normalized DSM (nDSM) which represents the heights of container’s stacks. From the standard size and height of one container from ISO, the number of containers is extracted. The ModelBuilder tool available in ArcGIS is customized for automated geographical information processing. From results, the proposed approach contributed to 100% of counting accuracy. Keywords: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Counting, Shipping Container, ArcGIS, ModelBuilder
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Yin, Zhansong, Lianghua Zeng, and Engao Peng. "Construction of the visco-elastic constitutive model for polyethylene terephthalate in a rubbery state." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2566, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2566/1/012050.
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Abstract Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is an important commercial engineering polyester thermoplastic used in beverage bottles. PET is usually biaxial stretched above its glass transition temperature (T g ) and molded into containers by injection stretch blow molding (ISBM) under a rubbery state. This paper constructs a visco-elastic constitutive model for PET above T g . The stress-strain behaviors of PET can be explained by the Eyring activation mechanism and the Arruda-Boyce eight-chain rubber model(A-B model). In the constitutive model, the overall stress of PET is equivalent to the sum of Eyring dashpot and A-B model stresses. The uniaxial tensile test data confirms the constitutive model under three stretch rates and temperatures. The constitutive model can furtherly be applied in the numerical simulation of the PET ISBM process.
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Evans, Michael R., Andrew K. Koeser, Guihong Bi, Susmitha Nambuthiri, Robert Geneve, Sarah Taylor Lovell, and J. Ryan Stewart. "Impact of Biocontainers With and Without Shuttle Trays on Water Use in the Production of a Containerized Ornamental Greenhouse Crop." HortTechnology 25, no. 1 (February 2015): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.1.35.
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Nine commercially available biocontainers and a plastic control were evaluated at Fayetteville, AR, and Crystal Springs, MS, to determine the irrigation interval and total water required to grow a crop of ‘Cooler Grape’ vinca (Catharanthus roseus) with or without the use of plastic shuttle trays. Additionally, the rate at which water passed through the container wall of each container was assessed with or without the use of a shuttle tray. Slotted rice hull, coconut fiber, peat, wood fiber, dairy manure, and straw containers were constructed with water-permeable materials or had openings in the container sidewall. Such properties increased the rate of water loss compared with more impermeable bioplastic, solid rice hull, and plastic containers. This higher rate of water loss resulted in most of the biocontainers having a shorter irrigation interval and a higher water requirement than traditional plastic containers. Placing permeable biocontainers in plastic shuttle trays reduced water loss through the container walls. However, irrigation demand for these containers was still generally higher than that of the plastic control containers.
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Brooks, Claire M., Thomas H. Yeager, Richard C. Beeson, and Dorota Z. Haman. "Evaluation of Square Funnel Containers for Container Nursery Production." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 521a—521. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.521a.
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A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the influence of square funnel and round containers on overhead irrigation water collection. Square funnel containers, constructed by attaching a 30.5-cm square plastic extruded funnel surface to the 15.9-cm opening of a conventional round 3-L container, were placed edge-to-edge on a white gravel surface. Conventional round containers were spaced on 30-cm centers. Both container types contained a 2 pine bark: 1 Canadian peat: 1 sand substrate (by volume) in which temperatures were monitored daily at 1600 HR in the center of substrate. Temperatures during August for funnel and conventional containers averaged 34 and 41 °C, respectively. In another experiment, both container types received overhead irrigation either without plants or with small or large (3853 cm2 or 5187 cm2 leaf area, respectively) Viburnum odoratissimum Ker-Gawl. Square funnel containers without plants collected 4.3 times more water than conventional containers; whereas, with plants 1.3 times more water was collected by square funnel containers. Volume of water collected in square funnel and conventional containers with plants was not different due to plant size. Additional information on NO3-N leaching as influenced by water collection and substrate temperature will be presented.
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Primo, Marcelo A., Flavio Gurgacz, Vilson L. Kunz, Lucas I. Primo, Fernando Furlan, Suedêmio L. Silva, and Antonio Gabriel Filho. "Evaluation of alternative containers to determining the working width of fertilizer spreaders." Engenharia Agrícola 28, no. 3 (September 2008): 525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162008000300013.
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Farmers have difficult of determining the evenness of transverse distribution and the working width, due the tests with this aim require equipments and complex methodologies. So, this study evaluates some alternative containers with the aim to allow a more accessible adjustment of the full width of the solid fertilizer spreaders. Four different containers were tested: i) standard container constructed in accordance with ISO 5690/1; ii) container of polyethylene (plastic trays) with screen shading to prevent the ricochet of material; iii) containers composed by boxes of long-life milk, and iv) containers composed by flowerpots (number 3.5). Also, three different spreaders were used for the tests. Alternative containers showed greater retention of particles than the standardized containers. The full width of work obtained for the coefficients of variation of 12.5; 15; 17.5 and 20%, ranged due the containers in the different pathways. The flowerpots of polyethylene showed similar results to the standardized containers. The heights of the containers were more important for its efficiency than its area of collection.
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Algethami, Haneen, and Ghada Talat Alhothali. "Waste Collection Optimisation: A Path to a Green and Sustainable City of Makkah." Logistics 7, no. 3 (August 17, 2023): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logistics7030054.
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Background: Saudi Arabia is a leading country endorsing a sustainable future, from policymaking and investment to infrastructure development. One of the rising concerns in Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 is solid waste management, especially in Makkah. The Solid Waste Collection Problem (SWCP) refers to the route optimisation of waste collection trucks visiting containers across various locations. Manually generated routes might contain some mistakes, and constructing and revising designed solutions can take a long time. Thus, there is a need to find optimal and fast solutions to this problem. Solving this problem demands tackling numerous routing constraints while aiming to minimise the operational cost. Since solid waste has a significant impact on the environment, reducing fuel consumption must be an objective. Methods: Thus, a mixed-integer programming model is proposed in this paper while using the time-oriented nearest neighbour heuristic. The goal is to investigate their performance on nine existing instances of SWCP in the city of Makkah. The proposed model is implemented in the Gurobi solver. The time-oriented nearest neighbour heuristic constructs the initial solution and is then re-optimised using Google OR-tools. Results: Using the greedy method to construct a solution for this problem generated better solutions when compared to the results obtained without the greedy method. Computational times are also improved by 55.7% on the problem instances. Conclusions: The findings confirm the competitive performance of the proposed method in terms of computational times and solution quality.
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Arabas, Sylwester, Dorota Jarecka, Anna Jaruga, and Maciej Fijałkowski. "Formula Translation in Blitz++, NumPy and Modern Fortran: A Case Study of the Language Choice Tradeoffs." Scientific Programming 22, no. 3 (2014): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/870146.
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Three object-oriented implementations of a prototype solver of the advection equation are introduced. The presented programs are based on Blitz++ (C++), NumPy (Python) and Fortran's built-in array containers. The solvers constitute implementations of the Multidimensional Positive-Definite Advective Transport Algorithm (MPDATA). The introduced codes serve as examples for how the application of object-oriented programming (OOP) techniques and new language constructs from C++11 and Fortran 2008 allow to reproduce the mathematical notation used in the literature within the program code. A discussion on the tradeoffs of the programming language choice is presented. The main angles of comparison are code brevity and syntax clarity (and hence maintainability and auditability) as well as performance. All performance tests are carried out using free and open-source compilers. In the case of Python, a significant performance gain is observed when switching from the standard interpreter (CPython) to the PyPy implementation of Python. Entire source code of all three implementations is embedded in the text and is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL license.
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Julio, Felix, Angelina Vanni, Shea Amanda, Vitover Joey, and Siana Halim. "Optimizing Shipping Operations through Real-Time Monitoring and Control." Jurnal Teknik Industri 25, no. 1 (May 16, 2023): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/jti.25.1.43-52.
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The shipping industry plays a vital role in the global economy, with container shipping being one of the critical components. Shipping companies outline the time for customer stripping days in its contracts. The availability of the containers depends on the stripping days. The stripping days’ tardiness will hinder the availability of the containers. Therefore, it is fundamental for shipping companies to monitor both the actual condition and the contract condition of stripping days to estimate container availability and prompt customers to expedite the unloading process. However, there has yet to be a tool for monitoring the actual and the contract conditions. In this study, we used the recorded container stripping data to analyze container stripping days, tardiness, and other important parameters that indicate the performance and reliability of stripping containers. These data were post-processed and analyzed using data mining methods, and the resulting information was visualized using a dashboard to facilitate quick and effortless monitoring the dashboard in this study depicts post-processed data on container stripping days and tardiness for each port of discharge, cargo, customer, and other parameters. The dashboard was constructed using Google Data Studio. As a result, the dashboard is expected to help companies monitor, control, and analyze customers with high tardiness, allowing companies to act and ensure that the number of available containers after stripping meets demand at a given time.
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YAP, CHING NEI, LAI SOON LEE, ZANARIAH ABDUL MAJID, and HSIN VONN SEOW. "LOADING CONTAINERS WITH ANTS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 09 (January 2012): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201019451200548x.
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Loading containers is like loading a subset of given three-dimensional rectangular boxes of different sizes into a three-dimensional rectangular container of fixed dimensions in order to achieve optimal space utilization. In this paper, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) with its probabilistic decision rule is used to construct towers of boxes and to arrange them into the container. Some initial computational results on benchmark data set will be presented.
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Xuan, Beng, Ning Zhao, Yifan Shen, and Xueqiang Du. "Monte Carlo Tree Search algorithm for the receiving containers intelligently problem among container shipping terminals." Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering 22, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcm-215582.
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With the development of economic globalization, shipping exchanges between countries are rapidly increasing and the container throughput of shipping ports has increased quickly, and the operation of most seaport terminals in China has reached a bottleneck which puts forward new requirements for the efficiency of container shipping terminal operations. Therefore, locating for export containers intelligently is of great significance for the development of terminals. This paper focuses on receiving containers intelligently, and establishes the export container locating model based on the principle of actual shipping terminal operations. The Monte Carlo Tree Search algorithm for export container locating problem was proposed and constructed. After examples, the algorithm can effectively solve the problem that meet the constraints, which further proves the practicability of the algorithm and the correctness of the model. The research shows that the method of locating for export container based on Monte Carlo Tree Search algorithm can effectively solve the problem and maintain the green, energy-saving and sustainable development of the shipping terminal. The ideas and methods have certain academic value and reference significance for other NP-Hard problems.
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Yang, Liya, Honghui Zhang, Xinqi Liao, Haiqi Wang, Yong Bian, Geng Liu, and Weiling Luo. "The Relationship between Spatial Characteristics of Urban-Rural Settlements and Carbon Emissions in Guangdong Province." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 2659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032659.
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As containers of human activities, both urban and rural built-up settlements play roles in the increment of regional GHG emissions. This study investigates the relationship between the spatial characteristics of different urban-rural settlements and carbon emissions in Guangdong province, China. After estimating the carbon emissions of 21 cities in Guangdong province from 2005 to 2020, this paper constructs a panel regression model based on the STIPRAT model to identify the impact of different types of urban-rural settlements on carbon emissions with controlling socioeconomic factors. The results show that the increase in high-density urban areas and low-density rural built-up areas have a significant positive correlation with carbon emissions. Moreover, the impact of rural built-up settlements is stronger than urban areas. In addition, our results indicate that carbon emission has little correlation with the spatial landscape pattern. This study highlights the importance of rural built-up settlements for understanding regional carbon emissions. Local governments should not only focus on the reduction of carbon emissions in the large urban agglomerations but also need to make a plan for the small and medium-sized towns that are dominated by industries.
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Sriphrabu, Phatchara, Kanchana Sethanan, and Somnuk Theerakulpisut. "A Genetic Algorithm for Minimizing Relocations at Container Yard in Container Terminal." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 1683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.1683.
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This paper focuses on storage location assignment and exported container relocation in container yard of container terminal with the objective of minimizing the number of container lifting. On the lifting steps, the truck with yard crane should be chosen in order to deliver a container from container yard to container ship, and this action can reduce container ship's docking time and increase effectiveness in container terminal service. In this paper, a genetic algorithm (GA) in container storage assignment and a heuristic for the container relocation determination are adopted. Also, the current practice including first-in-first-stored (FIFS) and simple relocation (SR) is used to compare the effectiveness of the GA and the proposed heuristic (RH). The experimental result presented that the proposed method is able to construct the effective solutions of storage location assignment of exported containers, and it reduces the number of relocations of exported container effectively.
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LEE, MIN-KOO, SANG-BOO KIM, HYUCK-MOO KWON, and SUNG HOON HONG. "ECONOMIC SELECTION OF MEAN VALUE FOR A FILLING PROCESS UNDER QUADRATIC QUALITY LOSS." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 11, no. 01 (March 2004): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021853930400135x.
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Consider a filling process where containers are filled with an important ingredient in a character. All containers are inspected, and the containers satisfying to meet the predetermined specification limits are sold in a regular market for a fixed price, and failing to meet them are emptied and refilled by the same filling process after some reprocessing. We assume that reprocessing cost is proportional to the quantity of the ingredients in a container that is not changed after reprocessing. An economic model is constructed on the basis of the selling price and the costs of production, inspection, reprocessing, and quality. We assume that the quality cost function is a quadratic function of the deviation from target and the quantity of the ingredients in a container is normally distributed with a known variance. Method for finding the optimum process mean is presented and a numerical example is given.
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Piwnik, J., and K. Mogielnicki. "Experimental and Fe Analysis of Aluminium Alloy Plastic Flow in the Forward Microextrusion Processes." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0086.
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Abstract The main aim of the paper is an evaluation of the real impact of a container surface roughness on metal plastic flow in the forward microextrusion process. For the purposes of experiment a specially designed and constructed by authors toolkit was used. Analyzed material was an annealed aluminium wire with 1,7 mm in diameter, with a stress-strain curve defined. Toolkit contains two experimental models of containers and rectangular dies with the same dimensions, differing only in the containers roughness degree. In order to determine the degree of the containers top layers asperities a roughness profiles with using laser microscope were made for each. Punch pressures have been calculated while forward extruding. In the next step the deflection of parallel lines marked at the samples longitudinal sections were analyzed. The extruded samples were submitted to the microhardness testing. Numerical analyses of analogous microextrusion processes have been also conducted. Container surface roughness was modelled as a rigid triangular wave with a zero friction factor at the interface m =0. Punch pressures and shapes of extruded samples flow nets were determined. Conducted investigations revealed the possibility of receiving products with different mechanical properties obtained by the container roughness assorting.
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Zhang, Qi, Hongjin Dong, Mingjun Ling, Leyi Duan, and Yuguang Wei. "Optimization of Gantry Cranes’ Operation Path for Transshipment Based on Improved TSP." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (January 12, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9861370.
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In order to improve the transshipment efficiency of transit containers in the port or the port-type railway network container freight station (PRNCS) with the condition that each transit container matches a railway flat-car, this paper studied the optimization of operation path of the rail mounted gantry crane (RMG) in the loading and unloading track for containers transshipped directly from highway to railway. Based on the basic model of TSP, the paper constructed the optimization model for the operation path of RMG, and designed the Ant Colony Algorithm (ACA) to solve it, and then obtained the operation scheme of RMG having the highest efficiency. Finally, the validity and correctness of the model and algorithm were verified by a case.
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Borrero, Jose Carlos, Shaw T. Mead, and Andrew Moores. "STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS AND CASE STUDIES OF SUBMERGED STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTED FROM LARGE, SAND FILLED, GEOTEXTILE CONTAINERS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (January 31, 2011): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.structures.60.
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The use of large, sand filled geotextile containers for the construction of offshore structures is gaining acceptance as a cost effective method of submerged breakwater or reef construction. This method of construction is partuicularly well suited for multipurpose structures where the intent is to provide breakwater-like wave attenuation and shore protection while at the same time providing recreational amenities such as ecological enhancment or surfing. Because the materials and methods used in these structures is relatively new, design guidance is lacking. This paper discusses the general stability considerations for submerged structures constructed from sand filled geotextile containers (SFC’s) and describes a method of assessing container stability through the use of numerical models and empirically derived stability formulae. The paper also describes lessons learned from case studies of four very differnt examples of this type of construction.
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Smaizys, Arturas, Ernestas Narkunas, Gintautas Poskas, and Povilas Poskas. "Comparison of Gamma and Neutron Dose Rate Variations with Time for Cast Iron and Metal–Concrete Casks Used for RBMK-1500 Spent Fuel Storage." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 7362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167362.
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The present SF management concept in Lithuania envisages that spent RBMK-1500 fuel will be stored in dry storage containers for 50 years, before being disposed of in a deep geological repository. However, the risk that a deep geological repository will not be constructed at the planned time should be taken into account, and the extension of SF storage over 50 years should be considered. This paper presents a comparison of gamma and neutron dose rate distributions and variations with planned and extended storage times for cast iron and metal–concrete containers loaded with RBMK-1500 SF. All calculations were performed using the SCALE computer codes system. The modeling results show that the overall shielding properties of the CONSTOR® RBMK-1500 container containing the same neutron and gamma sources are better than those of the CASTOR® RBMK-1500 container. During an extended storage period (from 50 to 300 years), the total dose rate would decrease considerably and the dose rate due to neutrons would become dominant for both containers.
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Karelina, Alina. "(In)authentic Tourist Attractions: How Chinese Tourists Perceive Russian “Fakelore”." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 20, no. 2 (2021): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2021-2-138-156.
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The study investigates the concept of authenticity empirically as constructed by Chinese tourists when they visit tourist attractions in Russia with distinct ethnic or local attributes. The corpus of tourists’ reviews has been examined, using a corpus-assisted methodology supported by Wmatrix. A linguistic level of authenticity representation appears to be only a source domain for the conceptual construction of authenticity. Chinese tourists reflect on outer ‘objective’ attributes of authenticity to construct an authenticity of another type. These mental constructs are organized based on the primary ontological and spatial experience. Semantic categories serve as a conceptual source domain that organizes a target domain. The findings show a Chinese tourist conceptualizes authenticity through the metaphors of primary experience, including time-space orientation — PLACE IS A FAR DISTANCE, PAST IS BACK, GOOD IS UP and an ontological metaphor — A TOURED OBJECT IS A CONTAINER. The content of a container is qualified and quantified through a conceptual metaphor of AUTHENTICATING IS LEARNING A CONTAINER. A container is qualified as THE SUPERNATURAL IS A MAGIC PERSON and quantified by a conceptual metaphor UNUSUAL IS LESS.
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Maudlin, Daniel. "Inns And Elite Mobility In Late Georgian Britain*." Past & Present 247, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 37–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz050.
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Abstract This paper considers the significance of the spaces and material culture of the ‘principal inn’ as the centre of a distinct world of elite mobility in eighteenth-century Britain. Inns were central to the expansion and improvement of the travel network that brought the British Isles closer together through the long eighteenth century. The turnpike system introduced improved surfaces to old and new roads while new coach-building technology allowed faster movement on those roads. However, it was the national network of inns, regularly and reliably punctuating Britain's roads, that made fast and efficient travel a practical, everyday reality from London to York, Bristol to Holyhead, Edinburgh to Inverness. On arrival the inn provided food and accommodation for travellers, hay and stables for horses and grease for carriage axles. From cross-country travel to crossing the inn-yard, finding a table in the parlour or climbing the stairs to bed, the inn served the traveller across different scales of space and mobility. Moreover, for the elite traveller, inns were not simply blank containers for travel-related activities; they were material constructs that gave those activities form and meaning. Within the principal inn refined interior spaces and well-made, fashionable things placed the elite traveller in a reassuringly familiar cultural space, a bubble of comfort, luxury and good taste which they did not leave from one inn to the next.
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Zeng, Qingcheng, Zhongzhen Yang, and Xiangpei Hu. "A METHOD INTEGRATING SIMULATION AND REINFORCEMENT LEARNING FOR OPERATION SCHEDULING IN CONTAINER TERMINALS." TRANSPORT 26, no. 4 (January 9, 2012): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2011.638022.
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The objective of operation scheduling in container terminals is to determine a schedule that minimizes time for loading or unloading a given set of containers. This paper presents a method integrating reinforcement learning and simulation to optimize operation scheduling in container terminals. The introduced method uses a simulation model to construct the system environment while the Q-learning algorithm (reinforcement learning algorithm) is applied to learn optimal dispatching rules for different equipment (e.g. yard cranes, yard trailers). The optimal scheduling scheme is obtained by the interaction of the Q-learning algorithm and simulation environment. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a lower bound is calculated considering the characteristics of the scheduling problem in container terminals. Finally, numerical experiments are provided to illustrate the validity of the proposed method.
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Cabral, Alexandra Maria Rios, and Francisco S. Ramos. "EFFICIENCY CONTAINER PORTS IN BRAZIL: A DEA AND FDH APPROACH." Central European Review of Economics and Management 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.579.
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Aim: This study aims to evaluate the technical efficiency of 44 Brazilian port terminals that handled containers in 2016. The evaluation will first proceed by identifying the main benchmarks. It will then provide an analysis of variables that may have an effect on technical efficiency as well as the nature of their relationship with the latter--namely: container movement and specialized terminals. Design / Research methods: In this work we apply the techniques of Data Envelopment Analysis and Free Disposal Hull. Output-oriented models were constructed, using three inputs - berth depth, berth length and number of berths, and three outputs - number of containers handled, medium board measured in container handled per hour of mooring, and medium consignment rate measured in container throughput per ship. Conclusions / findings: The main results show that half of the terminals have an inefficient infrastructure, with capacity larger than necessary to meet current demand for transportation of containers. In addition, there is a strong relationship between the efficiency and size of a terminal port and between the efficiency and degree of specialization. Moreover, the private use terminal of (TUP) Itacal and public quay OCRIM can serve as benchmarks for most of the terminals. Originality / value of the article: Relatively few works in the literature tried to measure technical efficiency for developing countries. Besides that, none of the works found regarding Brazilian ports have shown the scenario after promulgation of the Port’s Law in 2013, and only a few used container cargo as focus. This article is of interest for scientists of the sector, exporters/importers, and Brazilian Government officers interested in observing the effects of public policies aimed at the sector. We also suggest future work concerning the sector's improvements which can follow from our findings.
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Langer, Krzysztof, and Haakan N. Joensson. "Rapid Production and Recovery of Cell Spheroids by Automated Droplet Microfluidics." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 25, no. 2 (September 27, 2019): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630319877376.
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The future of the life sciences is linked to automation and microfluidics. As robots start working side by side with scientists, robotic automation of microfluidics in general, and droplet microfluidics in particular, will significantly extend and accelerate the life sciences. Here, we demonstrate the automation of droplet microfluidics using an inexpensive liquid-handling robot to produce human scaffold-free cell spheroids at high throughput. We use pipette actuation and interface the pipetting tip with a droplet-generating microfluidic device. In this device, we produce highly monodisperse droplets with a diameter coefficient of variation (CV) lower than 2%. By encapsulating cells in these droplets, we produce cell spheroids in droplets and recover them to standard labware containers at a throughput of 85,000 spheroids per microfluidic circuit per hour. The viability of the cells in spheroids remains high throughout the process and decreases by >10% (depending on the cell line used) after a 16 h incubation period in nanoliter droplets and automated recovery. Scaffold-free cell spheroids and 3D tissue constructs recapitulate many aspects of functional human tissue more accurately than 2D or single-cell cultures, but assembly methods for spheroids (e.g., hanging drop microplates) have limited throughput. The increased throughput and decreased cost of our method enable spheroid production at the scale needed for lead discovery drug screening, and approach the cost at which these microtissues could be used as building blocks for organ-scale regenerative medicine.
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Зимовець, Вікторія Ігорівна, Олександр Сергійович Приходченко, and Микита Ігорович Мироненко. "ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-ЕКСТРЕМАЛЬНИЙ КЛАСТЕР-АНАЛІЗ ВХІДНИХ ДАНИХ ПРИ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОМУ ДІАГНОСТУВАННІ." RADIOELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/reks.2019.4.12.
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The study aims to increase the functional efficiency of machine learning of the functional diagnosis system of a multi-rope shaft hoist through cluster analysis of diagnostic features. To achieve the goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks: formalize the formulation of the task of information synthesis, capable of learning a functional diagnosis system, which operates in the cluster-analysis mode of diagnostic signs; to propose a categorical model and, on its basis, to develop an algorithm for information-extreme cluster analysis of diagnostic signs in the process of information-extreme machine learning of a functional diagnostic system; carry out fuzzification of input fuzzy data by optimizing the geometric parameters of hyperspherical containers of recognition classes that characterize the possible technical conditions of the diagnostic object; to develop an algorithm and implement it on the example of information synthesis of the functional diagnostics system of a multi-rope mine hoisting machine. The object of the study is the processes of information synthesis of a functional diagnostic system capable of learning, integrated into the automated control system of a multi-rope mine hoisting machine. The subject of the study is categorical models, an information-extremal machine learning algorithm of a functional diagnostic system that operates in the cluster analysis model of diagnostic signs and constructs decision rules. The research methods are based on the ideas and methods of information-extreme intellectual data analysis technology, a theoretical-informational approach to assessing the functional effectiveness of machine learning and on the geometric approach of pattern recognition theory. As a result, the following results were obtained: a categorical model was proposed, and on its basis, an algorithm for information-extremal machine learning of the functional diagnostics system for a multi-rope mine hoist was developed and implemented, which allows you to automatically generate an input classified fuzzy training matrix, which significantly reduces time and material costs when creating incoming mathematical description. The obtained result was achieved by cluster analysis of structured vectors of diagnostic signs obtained from archival data for three recognition classes using the k-means procedure. As a criterion for optimizing machine learning parameters, we considered a modified Kullback measure in the form of a functional on the exact characteristics of diagnostic solutions and distance criteria for the proximity of recognition classes. Based on the optimal geometric parameters of the containers of recognition classes obtained during machine learning, decisive rules were constructed that allowed us to classify the vectors of diagnostic features of recognition classes with a rather high total probability of making the correct diagnostic decisions. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the results obtained consists in the development of a new method for the information synthesis of the functional diagnostics system of a multi-rope mine hoisting machine, which operates in the cluster analysis model, which made it possible to automatically form an input classified fuzzy training matrix with its subsequent dephasification in the process of information-extreme machine learning system.
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Park, Joonseok, Daeho Kim, and Keunhyuk Yeom. "An Approach for Reconstructing Applications to Develop Container-Based Microservices." Mobile Information Systems 2020 (January 29, 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4295937.
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Microservices are small-scale services that can operate independently. An application consisting of microservice units can be developed independently as a service unit, and it can handle individual logic without being affected by other services. In addition, it is possible to rapidly distribute the configured microservices by a container, and a container orchestration technology that manages the distributed multiple containers can be realized; thus, it is possible to update and distribute the microservices separately. Therefore, many companies are moving away from existing monolithic structures and attempting to switch to microservices. In this paper, we present a method for reconstructing a monolithic application into a container-based microservice unit. The microservices of data units are derived through the collection and analysis of monolithic design data. Furthermore, we propose a method to generate a template script based on deployment design data so that the derived microservice and support distribution can be implemented in a container environment. The results of a case study conducted verified that the container-based microservices deployed in this study work properly. In addition, for the development of monolithic applications and the development of container-based microservices presented in this paper, we confirmed that developing on the basis of microservices is efficient by conducting execution time performance evaluation for API calls at various iterations. Finally, we show that microservices constructed using the proposed method have higher reusability than those constructed using existing methods.
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Koeser, Andrew, Sarah T. Lovell, Michael Evans, and J. Ryan Stewart. "Biocontainer Water Use in Short-term Greenhouse Crop Production." HortTechnology 23, no. 2 (April 2013): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.2.215.
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In recent years, biocontainers have been marketed as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based containers in the green industry. However, biocontainers constructed with plant materials that are highly porous in nature (e.g., peat, wood fiber, straw) tend to require more frequent irrigation than conventional plastic products. As irrigation water sources become less abundant and more expensive, growers must consider water consumption in any assessment of their economic and environmental viability. This project evaluated plant growth and total water consumption for nine different biocontainers (seven organic alternatives, and two recently developed bioplastic alternatives) and a plastic control used to produce a short-term greenhouse crop, ‘Yellow Madness’ petunia (Petunia ×hybrida). Dry shoot weight and total water consumption differed by container type, with some of the more porous containers (wood fiber, manure, and straw) requiring more water and producing smaller plants by the end of the trial period. Intuitively, the more impervious plastic, bioplastic, and solid rice hull containers required the least irrigation to maintain soil moisture levels, though shoot dry weights varied among this group. Shoot dry weight was highest with the bioplastic sleeve and slotted rice hull containers. However, the latter of these two containers required a greater volume of water to stay above the drying threshold. Findings from this research suggest the new bioplastic sleeve may be a promising alternative to conventional plastic containers given the current production process.
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Pandit, Amiya, and Kishore Chandra Biswal. "Sloshing response of partially filled rectangular tank under periodic horizontal ground motion." MATEC Web of Conferences 172 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817201005.
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The event caused due to the movement of the unrestricted free surface liquid in container due to any external excitation is known as sloshing. The problem of liquid sloshing phenomenon in stationary or in moving container is a great matter of concern for many researchers and engineers. The containers may range from a cup of milk, ponds, and lakes to fuel tanks of launching vehicles and cargo ships carrying variety of liquids such as oil, liquefied natural gas, and chemical fluids. As a result of sloshing there is spillage of liquid from the containers and it causes structural instability and structural damage. Due to these reasons, liquid retaining structures which are special in construction and in function from an engineering point of view must be constructed well to be resistant against oscillation of the liquid due to external excitations. The amount of liquid participating in the sloshing motion depends on the shape of tank, the liquid depth, internal objects, if any, orientation, duration, amplitude, and frequency contents of external excitations. This present study focuses on the forced vibration analysis of partially filled two-dimensional rigid rectangular tank numerically. A Finite element (FE) code in two dimensions is developed to understand the behavior of sloshing. This method is competent enough of evaluating both impulsive and convective response of tank-liquid system in terms of base shear and hydrodynamic pressure distribution along the walls of the containers.
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Lambeth, S. P., and M. A. Bloomsmith. "A Grass Foraging Device for Captive Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes)." Animal Welfare 3, no. 1 (February 1994): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600016341.
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AbstractIn the wild, chimpanzees spend most of their time foraging, so any device that stimulates this behaviour in captivity could potentially be effective enrichment. A simple grass foraging device constructed of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe cut in half lengthwise and planted with rye grass seed was designed to allow captive chimpanzees living in non-grassy enclosures to exhibit foraging similar to that of their wild counterparts. The grass containers were attached to the outside of six different enclosures. Observational data were collected on 14 adult chimpanzees (eight females, six males) within groups of either two or four members. A total of 54 hours of behavioural observations were conducted and comparisons were made across three conditions: baseline; grass container; grass container with extra foraging material (one half cup of sunflower seeds). Subjects used the grass container for 4.0 per cent of their time, but for 19.8 per cent of their time when the grass container with extra foraging material There was no statistical evidence of habituation to the device. Overall, the grass container only increased time spent foraging when it contained additional food items. Since behavioral benefits associated with this device are few, its potential application is limited.
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Bush, Edward W., Ann L. Gray, Paul W. Wilson, and Allen D. Owings. "160 A Closed-capture Irrigation Effluent Apparatus for Large Nursery Containers." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 469E—469. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.469e.
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A closed capture irrigation apparatus was designed and constructed for the purpose of monitoring irrigation effluent volume and nutrient analysis from 121-L redwood tree boxes. Measurements were taken monthly from Apr. 1997 to Oct. 1998. Tree boxes were filled with either a 3 pine bark: 1 sand: 1 peat or 3 pine bark: 1 soil media and planted with `Little Gem' magnolia [Magnolia grandiflora (L.) `Little Gem'] or Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana var. virginiana Mill.). In-line, pressure-compensated drip emitters provided irrigation water at the rate of 2 L/h. Daily irrigation volume ranged from 8 L in the fall and spring to 16 L during the summer months. The collection apparatus was constructed from 1-cm angle iron, neoprene rubber, a small drain assembly, and a 22-L plastic container. A square metal frame (43 × 43 cm) was supported by 31-cm legs and draped by a neoprene rubber mat with a drain assembly installed in the center. The drain was positioned into the plastic container creating a closed system to reduce effluent evaporation. The container capacity was adequate to store at least 24 h of collected effluent. This apparatus proved to be an efficient method of collecting irrigation effluent from large containers.
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López-González, Aurelio, Silvia Medina-León, Alvaro Gonzalez-Angeles, Ismael Mendoza-Muñoz, and Margarita Gil-Samaniego-Ramosa. "Assessment of a container terminal expansion using simulation." DYNA 87, no. 214 (July 1, 2020): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v87n214.82822.
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The paper presents a methodology to construct a Discrete Event Simulation model to assess the expansion of a container terminal. The methodology was applied to the Ensenada International Terminal located in Mexico. The simulation integrates all the operations of the container terminal including the arrival of vessels, trucks, and storage of containers. The expansion plan included the addition of anew berth, and additional storage yard space. The expansion model was evaluated under different demand increments. Recommendations were provided on the level of demand that the expansion may be able to serve. As a result, the additional berth will increase the capacity, but the projected storage space will support up to a 140% increase in demand with a 20% in reserve. The terminal must consider additional storage space either in the terminal or at an external facility for additional demand greater than 140%, or for having a larger storage reserve.
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Zhang, Yiyuan, Zhandong Huang, Zheren Cai, Yuqing Ye, Zheng Li, Feifei Qin, Junfeng Xiao, et al. "Magnetic-actuated “capillary container” for versatile three-dimensional fluid interface manipulation." Science Advances 7, no. 34 (August 2021): eabi7498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi7498.
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Fluid interfaces are omnipresent in nature. Engineering the fluid interface is essential to study interfacial processes for basic research and industrial applications. However, it remains challenging to precisely control the fluid interface because of its fluidity and instability. Here, we proposed a magnetic-actuated “capillary container” to realize three-dimensional (3D) fluid interface creation and programmable dynamic manipulation. By wettability modification, 3D fluid interfaces with predesigned sizes and geometries can be constructed in air, water, and oils. Multiple motion modes were realized by adjusting the container’s structure and magnetic field. Besides, we demonstrated its feasibility in various fluids by performing selective fluid collection and chemical reaction manipulations. The container can also be encapsulated with an interfacial gelation reaction. Using this process, diverse free-standing 3D membranes were produced, and the dynamic release of riboflavin (vitamin B2) was studied. This versatile capillary container will provide a promising platform for open microfluidics, interfacial chemistry, and biomedical engineering.
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Ito, Masanori, and Feifei Zhang. "Intelligent Control for Container Terminal AGV." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 2, no. 3 (June 20, 1998): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.1998.p0072.
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The world's container cargo trading is increasing daily, and the role of the container terminal is becoming more important as the center of cargo transportation. In Japan, new container terminals being constructed face very severe competition with larger, cheaper terminals so they must handle cargo more efficiently and cheaply. To cope, handling systems such as container cranes, yard cranes, and conveyers are being automated to enable unattended operation unloading and loading schedule planning, etc., are being computerized. In these system, crane automation and control computerization are already generalized, but automatic control of container conveyers is not completed yet. The container conveyer -15m long, 4m wide, and 1.5m high - picks up containers from container ships with a container crane and hauls them to the shift yard for release to the yard crane. Both crane are operated automatically, so the conveyer must stop at the desired position within a permissible error of ±7.5cm, and run on a predetermined course and speed. Collision avoidance is required because many vehicles oparate on the same course. The automated guided vehicle (AGV) system, which is diesel-driven, 4WS and 4WD, was thought to be effective, but container weights very widely, as do road conditions which depend on weather, so conventional control is not sufficient to maintain the required accuracy. We applied learning control to maintain the desired course and for stopping at the desired position. Speed was controlled, conventionally. The system's applicability was confirmed with computer simulation and vehicle performance testing. This system will be used at the Kawasaki container terminal in 1999 and we are currently working on improving performance.
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Le, Wei, Adriana Moros-Daza, Maria Jubiz-Diaz, and Stefan Voß. "A Blockchain Prototype for Improving Electronic Seals on Container Shipping Operations." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (July 21, 2023): 11341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411341.
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With the widespread use of electronic seals (e-seals), their traceability and security have attracted more and more attention. Moreover, the complexity of shipping operations and container handling justifies the use of technologies to ensure information security in the face of attacks. This work contributes a blockchain-based solution with a simulated prototype for improving electronic seals for containers on terminals in ports. An electronic seal was designed, and a blockchain prototype was constructed for a container data flow. The obtained results from the prototype were evaluated using performance tests. The security issues in the blockchain were also discussed from a strategic perspective based on game theory. Finally, the simulation concluded that the blockchain improves transaction efficiency. No studies were found that integrated blockchain technology with electronic seals. Therefore, this work intends to combine blockchain technology with e-seal to improve the security of transferred data due to its immutable nature.
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Nishimura, Etsuko. "Yard and berth planning efficiency with estimated handling time." Maritime Business Review 5, no. 1 (November 17, 2019): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-08-2019-0034.
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Purpose To achieve a high container handling efficiency at transshipment hub ports, there are a variety of scheduling problem as ship-to-berth assignment (BAP), container-to-yard arrangement (YAP), etc. As it is difficult to acquire the actual data of an existing terminal under various circumstances, this study aims to develop the time estimation model of container handling. Additionally, to achieve an efficient handling of containers at the yard, this study proposes the way to optimize the yard arrangement along with the berth allocation simultaneously by using estimated handling time. Design/methodology/approach To obtain the handling time based on various situations of the terminal operated, the discrete simulation model of container handling is constructed. The model to estimate the handling time of a quay crane assigned to a relevant ship by multiple regression analysis is developed. To find a feasible solution to minimize the total service time which includes YAP and BAP simultaneously, a genetic algorithm based on heuristics is developed. Findings The proposed regression model has high performance to estimate the time spent of container handling. In the total service time, the proposed approach outperformed the existing 2-step process approach. Originality/value As it is difficult to acquire the actual information of an existing marine terminal under various circumstances, the paper contains a regression model to estimate the container handling time based on simulation data, and the regression model is used in an optimization model to minimize the ship turnaround time.
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Paes, Ésio de Castro, Iara Oliveira Fernandes, Geise Bruna da Mata Camilo, Elisângela Gonçalves Pereira, Fabiane Pereira Machado Dias, Juan Manuel Anda Rocabado, and Júlio César Azevedo Nóbrega. "Quality of Myracrodruon urundeuva seedlings in different container sizes and organic compost proportion." August 2019, no. 13(08):2019 (August 20, 2019): 1309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.08.p1714.
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Myracrodruon urundeuva, commonly known as black aroeira is a species regularly found in diverse Brazilian biomes, especially in the Caatinga. The species is a timber tree with great quality wood used extensively to construct buildings. The species has chemical components which confer high resistance and protection against pests, thus being used to prepare insecticides as well as cosmetics. Due to its diverse utilization and predatory exploration, the species has become an endangered species. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of organic compost and the size of the containers in the development of M. urundeuva seedlings. The experiment was performed in greenhouse in a factorial scheme 5 x 3, represented by 5 proportions of organic compost: soil (80, 60, 40, 20 and 0% of compost) and 3 container sizes (20x30, 18x22 and 12x18 cm), under a completely randomized statistical design with 5 replicates. The variables evaluated were: neck diameter; seedling height; number of leaves; length of the roots; dry weight of leaves; dry weight of stems; dry weight of the aerial portion; dry weight of roots; height/diameter ratio and Dickson’s quality index. There was significant interaction between treatments for all variables evaluated. When analyzing the containers individually or interacting with compost proportion, the container with volume of 1.335 dm³ was the most adequate for production of aroeira seedlings. Concerning compost proportion alone, the proportion of 40% proportioned the best results for all the evaluated parameters.
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Warren, Stuart L., Ted E. Bilderback, and Helen H. Tyler. "Efficacy of Three Nitrogen and Phosphorus Sources in Container-Grown Azalea Production." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 13, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-13.3.147.
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Abstract Rooted stem cuttings of ‘Sunglow’ azalea (Rhododendron sp. ‘Sunglow’) were potted into 3.8 liter (#1) containers with a pine bark: sand (6:1 by vol) substrate and topdressed with 3.5 g (0.12 oz) N per container with resin-coated NH4 NO3 and P [Osmocote 18N–2.6P–10K (18–6–12)], urea and sulfur-coated P [Woodace 20N–1.8P–9.1K (20–4–11)], or composted turkey litter (CTL) [Sustane 5N–0.9P–3.3K (5–2–4)]. A container-grown plant production area was constructed and subdivided into nine separate plots, 7.6 × 1.8 m (25 × 6 ft), with a 2% slope and lined with black plastic. At 5:00 AM daily, 1.3 cm (0.5 in) of water was applied by overhead irrigation at a rate of 1.6 cm/hr (0.6 in/hr) resulting in a leaching fraction of approximately 0.1 to 0.2. All effluent was collected individually from each plot. At 8:00 AM daily, volume of effluent was measured and sub-sampled for analysis of NO3, NH4, and P. The experiment, a RCB design with 3 replications, was conducted for 100 days. Thirty containers were placed in each plot for a total of 90 containers per treatment. After 100 days, 13%, 12%, and 9% of the N applied was recovered in the effluent from containers fertilized with resin-coated NH4NO3, urea, and CTL, respectively. Of the P applied, 8%, 27%, and 15% was recovered in the effluent with resin-coated P, sulfur-coated P, and CTL, respectively. Resin-coated NH4NO3 and urea produced greater shoot growth and higher shoot N content compared to CTL. Shoot and root P contents were greatest with resin-coated P. Nutrient efficiency defined as grams of nutrient the plantabsorbed divided by total grams of nutrient found in effluent and plant resulted in resin-coated NH4NO3 and urea having the highest N efficiency (56%); while, resin-coated P had the highest P efficiency (43%).
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McKeon, Michael G., Daryl C. Joyce, and Robert H. Frith. "A compact and inexpensive mobile weighing device for water relations studies of container-grown trees." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 6 (2008): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08068.
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A low-cost mobile load cell-based weighing device is described for use in experiments that involve measuring water use by container-grown trees. The relatively lightweight (~30 kg) mobile weighing device was constructed from strong, corrosion-resistant materials readily available from commercial sources. The device has a total weighing capacity of 500 kg on the basis of rated capacity of 250 kg from each of two load cells and a maximum resolution of 0.020 kg. On the basis of a soil surface area of 825 cm2 for the containers used in the proving study, this sensitivity corresponded to an equivalent water depth of 0.23 mm.
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Shivani, Y. "Sky Cultivation Using Remote and Solar Power Source." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44164.
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Abstract— How to grow more food in less space with less water is the main concept involved in this project work. The former who doesn’t have more land can adopt this system by which more land can be created to produce more food than existing land. Rolling type of sky container garden concept is presented here which can be exposed to the sun with water and fertilizer feeding accessibility.A mini module of giant wheel structure is constructed with 8 compartments for cultivating the crops, the idea of choosing this kind of mechanism is to grow more crops in less ground place/area. This rotary type of multi soil containers attached to the main structure of wheel mechanism operates on a simple wheel mechanism that can minimize the ground area or volume required for cultivating the food items like vegetables, grains, etc. The wheel mechanism is attached to the shaft of high torque DC motor at its centre point at certain height, now this motor is controlled through a remote control unit designed with RF modules and mini embedded systems. The control circuit built with 89C2051 chip & relays is designed to rotate the wheel either in clock wise or in anti-clock wise such that hanging containers attached to this mechanism can be positioned to the ground level accessible point for watering and other maintenance activities. Hanging containers filled with soil are constructed with acrylic sheets. Since it is a prototype module, the basic concept of 8 hanging type of small soil containers are used and are attached to the moving wheel for demo purpose. But for real time applications giant wheels can be constructed with less expenditure. The structure of mechanism occupies very less ground place such that the vacant place also can be used for cultivation. Solar energy is used to drive the wheel, for this purpose, 10W panel is used and its output is used to charge the battery such that in absence of Sun also the mechanism can be activated.
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Ying, Fei, Shengjie Zhao, and Hao Deng. "Microservice Security Framework for IoT by Mimic Defense Mechanism." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062418.
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Containers and microservices have become the most popular method for hosting IoT applications in cloud servers. However, one major security issue of this method is that if a container image contains software with security vulnerabilities, the associated microservices also become vulnerable at run-time. Existing works attempted to reduce this risk with vulnerability-scanning tools. They, however, demand an up-to-date database and may not work with unpublished vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose a novel system to strengthen container security from unknown attack using the mimic defense framework. Specifically, we constructed a resource pool with variant images and observe the inconsistency in execution results, from which we can identify potential vulnerabilities. To avoid continuous attack, we created a graph-based scheduling strategy to maximize the randomness and heterogeneity of the images used to replace the current images. We implemented a prototype using Kubernetes. Experimental results show that our framework makes hackers have to send 54.9% more random requests to complete the attack and increases the defence success rate by around 8.16% over the baseline framework to avoid the continuous unknown attacks.
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Sednev, K. A., V. A. Nekrasov, and V. S. Repin. "Universal calibration of a scintillation spectrometer with a NaI(Tl) detector when measuring 137Cs activity in counting samples of arbitrary density and volume." Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene 14, no. 4 (December 27, 2021): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21514/1998-426x-2021-14-4-96-102.
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The article proposes an empirical method for constructing a universal calibration for a scintillation gamma spectrometer, which allows determining the activity and specific activity of 137Cs with an accuracy of no more than 15% in counting samples of arbitrary density and volume in cylindrical containers with a volume of 250 ml and 500 ml. To construct calibration ratios, measurements of 137Cs sample media prepared on the basis of materials of different densities (quartz sand, plastic granules and sawdust) were performed. The calibration was carried out by preparing samples from the listed materials with a volume of 50 to 250 ml in increments of 50 ml for a 250 ml container and 100-500 ml in increments of 100 ml for a 500 ml container. Along with taking into account the volume of the counting sample, its weighing was also carried out. The result of the measurements performed for each material was the ratio of the activity of the counting sample to the counting intensity in the 137Cs window, depending on the volume. The universal calibration factor is obtained by taking into account the counting rate from the mass and volume of the sample for the corresponding measuring vessel.
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Nguyễn, Duy Anh, Long Ngọc Bảo Lê, and Hwan-seong KIM. "Optimization in Handling Tasks in Monorail Transportation System at Busan Port." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 4, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v4i1.746.
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This paper presents an optimal solution for handling tasks at Busan Container Port in South Korea. Currently, there is a monorail transportation system being constructed and supposed to be ready in use in 2045. It is a project in association with Korean Government that aims to increase the utility rate at Busan Port – one of the biggest container port in the world. At the moment, the main transport mean at Busan Port is truck – whose speed is about 40-50 km/h, however this traditional method leads to a low productivity and traffic congestions on the road. An innovation is to build a monorail system that could operates at high speed (about 80-90 km/h) along the entire port to transfer standardized containers. This new transportation system is expected to strongly reduce the delay in transporting as well as increase the overall efficiency for the system. In new system, there are transport vehicles called shuttles that would move on the rail in only one direction, and to turn back in the opposite way, there are some special stations called change stations that would direct the shuttles into the other lanes – which is similar to the lane driver systems on the railway. Containers at each inner terminal in Busan Port will be grabbed onto the shuttles by special equipments called loaders – a kind of giant automated manipulator that would load or unload whenever a shuttle requires. To optimize the operation, we introduce a heuristic algorithm called Greedy Algorithm for scheduling tasks and assigning tasks – two major actions in a cycle work that significantly affects to the system’s performance. First, the containers at each loader position will be sorted in a proper sequence, and then the sorted schedule will be assigned to proper shuttles in order to lower the total working time and delay time as much as possible. The overall performance is simulated by MATLAB software, including the result charts showing the main criteria points, in order to highlight the advantage of new transportation system.
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Jiang, Meixian, Guoxing Wu, Jianpeng Zheng, and Guanghua Wu. "Container Terminal Berth-Quay Crane Capacity Planning Based on Markov Chain." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 33, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v33i2.3578.
Full textAbstract:
This paper constructs a berth-quay crane capacity planning model with the lowest average daily cost in the container terminal, and analyzes the influence of the number of berths and quay cranes on the terminal operation. The object of berth-quay crane capacity planning is to optimize the number of berths and quay cranes to maximize the benefits of the container terminal. A steady state probability transfer model based on Markov chain for container terminal is constructed by the historical time series of the queuing process. The current minimum time operation principle (MTOP) strategy is proposed to correct the state transition probability of the Markov chain due to the characteristics of the quay crane movement to change the service capacity of a single berth. The solution error is reduced from 7.03% to 0.65% compared to the queuing theory without considering the quay crane movement, which provides a basis for the accurate solution of the berth-quay crane capacity planning model. The proposed berth-quay crane capacity planning model is validated by two container terminal examples, and the results show that the model can greatly guide the container terminal berth-quay crane planning.
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Nehring, Karol, Michał Kłodawski, Roland Jachimowski, Piotr Klimek, and Rostislav Vašek. "Simulation analysis of the impact of container wagon pin configuration on the train loading time in the intermodal terminal." Archives of Transport 60, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6928.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents the issues of a container train loading at the land intermodal terminal. This issue was considered from the point of view of the distance covered by the loading devices and the duration of loading works, which was influenced by the arrangement of containers on the storage yard and the configuration of pins on the wagons. The conducted research was dictated by the small number of publications on loading an intermodal train, especially from the point of view of pin configuration on wagons. The vast majority of the literature is devoted in this field to marine intermodal terminals, which operating characteristics are different from inland terminals. The importance of this problem resulting from the growing turnover of containers transported by rail transport was also pointed out. The systematic increase of this type of transport and the depletion of the intermodal services' operating capability makes it necessary to improve the train loading process. For the purposes of the research, the issues of containers of various sizes loading onto wagons planning with various pin configurations were presented. A literature review was carried out in the field of train loading methods and strategies. A mathematical model was developed for the decision situation under consideration. The equations defining the most important elements of the considered problem were presented in the general form. This model was implemented in the FlexSim simulation environment. The constructed simulation model was used to develop 12 variants of the approach to an intermodal train loading. The train loading tests were performed both for the random arrangement of containers on the storage yard and for the random arrangement of pins on the wagons. The obtained results made it possible to determine how the knowledge of the arrangement of pins on the wagons influences the planning of train loading and increases the efficiency of loading devices.
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Jiang, Yujie, Shizhong Ma, and Shilong Zhu. "Analysis of Drone Fleet Type and Quantity for Medical Package Distribution in Emergency System." Modern Electronic Technology 4, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/met.v4i1.3239.
Full textAbstract:
In order to cope with the disasters caused by the worst hurricane in Puerto Rico in 2017, it is necessary to build an emergency system to reduce the losses. An emergency system should include the location of ISO standard dry cargo containers and the distribution of emergency medical packages. This paper discusses the distribution of emergency medical package. Based on the above location results of ISO standard dry cargo container, taking the demand of disaster areas not exceed its supply into consideration and considering the timeliness and weak economy, a multi-objective mixed integer programming model is constructed on the premise of minimum transportation time and cost. It is determined that the drone fleet consists of four B, one C and one F drones. Through the optimization model, the distribution plan of emergency medical packages is formulated.
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Khuu, Nguyen Huu Loc, Van Anh Pham, Tran Thanh Cong Vu, Vu Thanh Binh Dao, Thuy Duy Truong, Ngoc Phi Nguyen, and Tuong Quan Vo. "A Study on Design and Control of the Multi-Station Multi-Container Transportation System." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 2686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052686.
Full textAbstract:
In considering the problem of saving spaces during the transportation of items from one station to another, for example, in warehouses, factories, hospitals, etc., an automatic transportation system (ATS) that could take advantage of the above ceiling spaces for the transportation of products is considered. Such a system guarantees that the activities occurring in the floor area will be maintained as usual. To achieve this requirement, the ceiling spaces of a building are used to construct an automatic multi-station multi-container (MSMC) transportation system. This system can transport items from one place to another in the whole system. This system is designed to utilize the spaces above the ceiling, and it has the advantage of saving floor space for transportation operations. This will increase the operational capability of the industries and also improve the productivity of the industry in which this system is implemented. The entire transportation system includes (1) the essential conveying system (which is a functional conveyor module with a specified number of containers); (2) the control block that can monitor and operate the system; and (3) the sensor block for detecting and identifying the containers. The content of this article focuses on the introduction of the mechanical system (1); the control system (2); and the operating principle of the whole system (3).