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Journal articles on the topic 'Contact'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 October 2024

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1

White, Tony. "The Contact Contract." Transactional Analysis Journal 31, no. 3 (July 2001): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036215370103100308.

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2

Caccamo, Joseph. "Contact et contacter." Cahiers de Gestalt-thérapie 25, no. 1 (2010): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cges.025.0111.

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3

Yang, Ai Mei, Gui Zhong Li, Shao Ying Zhen, and Lai Jun Liu. "Electrode Interface Polarization in BaTiO3-Based PTC Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 697 (July 2016): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.697.248.

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Electrodes play a vital role on the electrical properties of positive temperature coefficient (PTC) ceramics. An ohmic contract between ceramics and electrodes is necessary for the PTC effect. In this work, silver mixed aluminium electrode and pure silver electrode were pasted on BaTiO3-based PTC ceramics, which results in an ohmic contact and non-ohmic contact, respectively. Impedance spectroscopy and dielectric and conductivity properties was investigated at different temperature for the two contacts. Small difference of electrical properties was found between the two contacts above the Curie temperature. Below the Curie temperature, however, carriers could pass through the interface of ohmic contract but gather on the interface of non-ohmic contact. The latter resulted in a space charge polarization, which increased low-frequency dielectric permittivity.
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4

Klaver, Karin, Ingrid Bakker, and Joop ten Dam. "Speelgroen: van contract naar contact." Tijdschrift voor gezondheidswetenschappen 92, no. 1 (January 2014): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12508-014-0009-z.

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5

Sheremet, V. N. "Metrological aspects of studying the specific contact resistivity of ohmic contacts by using the four-contact method." Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 17, no. 4 (November 10, 2014): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo17.04.394.

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6

Cheng, Weibin, and Chun Hao. "Case-Initiated COVID-19 Contact Tracing Using Anonymous Notifications." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 6 (June 22, 2020): e20369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/20369.

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We discuss the concept of a participatory digital contact notification approach to assist tracing of contacts who are exposed to confirmed cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19); the approach is simple and affordable for countries with limited access to health care resources and advanced technology. The proposed tool serves as a supplemental contract tracing approach to counteract the shortage of health care staff while providing privacy protection for both cases and contacts. This tool can be deployed on the internet or as a plugin for a smartphone app. Confirmed cases with COVID-19 can use this tool to provide contact information (either email addresses or mobile phone numbers) of close contacts. The system will then automatically send a message to the contacts informing them of their contact status, what this status means, the actions that should follow (eg, self-quarantine, respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette), and advice for receiving early care if they develop symptoms. The name of the sender of the notification message by email or mobile phone can be anonymous or not. The message received by the contact contains no disease information but contains a security code for the contact to log on the platform to retrieve the information.
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7

Fernandez Rico, J. E., A. Hernandez Battez, and D. Garcia Cuervo. "Rolling contact fatigue in lubricated contacts." Tribology International 36, no. 1 (January 2003): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-679x(02)00097-x.

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8

Cumberbatch, E., and G. Mahinthakumar. "Contact resistance for small contacts (MOSFET)." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 38, no. 12 (1991): 2669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.158689.

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9

Ciavarella, M. "Adhesive rough contacts near complete contact." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 104 (December 2015): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2015.10.005.

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10

Gu, Yungao, Junfeng Li, Jing Yang, Haojie Xia, and Xue Chang. "Simulation Study of AC Contactor Dynamic Contacts Contact Pressure Based on ADAMS." MATEC Web of Conferences 22 (2015): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20152202024.

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11

Biboulet, N., L. Houpert, and AA Lubrecht. "Contact stress and rolling contact fatigue of indented contacts: Part I, numerical analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 227, no. 4 (November 12, 2012): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650112462954.

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12

SMIESZEK, T., E. U. BURRI, R. SCHERZINGER, and R. W. SCHOLZ. "Collecting close-contact social mixing data with contact diaries: reporting errors and biases." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 4 (June 21, 2011): 744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268811001130.

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SUMMARYThe analysis of contact networks plays a major role to understanding the dynamics of disease spread. Empirical contact data is often collected using contact diaries. Such studies rely on self-reported perceptions of contacts, and arrangements for validation are usually not made. Our study was based on a complete network study design that allowed for the analysis of reporting accuracy in contact diary studies. We collected contact data of the employees of three research groups over a period of 1 work week. We found that more than one third of all reported contacts were only reported by one out of the two involved contact partners. Non-reporting is most frequent in cases of short, non-intense contact. We estimated that the probability of forgetting a contact of ⩽5 min duration is greater than 50%. Furthermore, the number of forgotten contacts appears to be proportional to the total number of contacts.
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13

Yang, Xueming, Xinyao Zhang, and Bingyang Cao. "The Effect of Thermal Contact Number on the Tube–Tube Contact Conductance of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." Nanomaterials 9, no. 3 (March 23, 2019): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9030477.

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The contact conductance of single, double, and triple thermal contacts of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Our results showed that the effect of the thermal contact number on the contact conductance was not as strong as previously reported. The percentages of contact conductance of double and triple thermal contacts were about 72% and 67%, respectively, compared to that of a single thermal contact. Moreover, we found that the contact conductance of the double and triple thermal contacts was associated with the SWCNT length and the positional relationship of the thermal contacts.
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14

Biboulet, N., A. A. Lubrecht, and L. Houpert. "Contact pressure in indented elastohydrodynamic lubrication contacts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 222, no. 3 (March 2008): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet324.

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15

Oh, S., M. D. Bryant, and Y. G. Yune. "Steady state contact pressures in electrical contacts." IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 11, no. 1 (March 1988): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/33.2972.

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16

McBride, J. W. "Electrical contact bounce in medium-duty contacts." IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 12, no. 1 (March 1989): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/33.19016.

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17

Seik Oh, M. Bryant, and Young Yune. "Steady State Contact Pressures in Electrical Contacts." IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 11, no. 1 (March 1988): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tchmt.1988.1134874.

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18

Ren, Wanbin, Yu Chen, Zhaobin Wang, Shengjun Xue, and Xu Zhang. "Electrical Contact Resistance of Coated Spherical Contacts." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 63, no. 11 (November 2016): 4373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2016.2612545.

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19

Chua, S. J., and S. H. Lee. "Contact resistivity measurement using four circular contacts." Solid-State Electronics 35, no. 9 (September 1992): 1331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(92)90168-c.

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20

Norberg, G., S. Dejanovic, and H. Hesselbom. "Contact resistance of thin metal film contacts." IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 29, no. 2 (June 2006): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcapt.2006.875891.

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21

Guo, Qiang-Hui, and Lisa H. Sun. "Combinatorics of Contacts in Protein Contact Maps." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 80, no. 2 (December 11, 2017): 385–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11538-017-0380-4.

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22

Jiang, Lili, Lifeng Wang, Xiaodong Huang, Zhen Huang, and Min Huang. "Implementation of Highly Reliable Contacts for RF MEMS Switches." Micromachines 15, no. 1 (January 20, 2024): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15010155.

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A contact is the key structure of RF MEMS (Radio Frequency Microelectromechanical System) switches, which has a direct impact on the switch’s electrical and mechanical properties. In this paper, the implementation of highly reliable contacts for direct-contact RF MEMS switches is provided. As a soft metal material, gold has the advantages of low contact resistance, high chemical stability, and mature process preparation, so it is chosen as the metal material for the beam structure as well as the contacts of the switch. However, a Pt film is used in the bottom contact area to enhance the reliability of the contact. Three kinds of contacts with various shapes are fabricated using different processes. Particularly, a circular-shaped contact is obtained by dry/wet combined processes. The detailed fabrication process of the contacts as well as the Pt film on the bottom contact area are given. The experimental test shows that the contact shape has little effect on the RF performance of the switches. However, the circular contact shows better reliability than other contacts and can work well even after 1.2 × 109 cycles.
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23

Ervin, Matthew H., Kenneth A. Jones, Un Chul Lee, Taniya Das, and M. C. Wood. "An Approach to Improving the Morphology and Reliability of n-SiC Ohmic Contacts to SiC Using Second-Metal Contacts." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 859–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.859.

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While nickel ohmic contacts to n-type silicon carbide have good electrical properties, the physical contact, and therefore the reliability, can be poor. An approach is described for using the good electrical properties of Ni ohmic contacts while using another metal for its desired mechanical, thermal and/or chemical properties. In the present work, once the Ni contacts have been annealed forming nickel silicides and achieving low contact resistance, they are etched off. Removing the primary Ni contacts also eliminates the poor morphology, voids, and at least some of the excess carbon produced by the Ni/SiC reaction. The Ni contacts are then replaced by a second contact metal. This second metal displays low contact resistance as-deposited, indicating that the critical feature responsible for the ohmic contact has not been removed by the primary contact etch. Not only does this approach provide more flexibility for optimizing the contact for a given application, it also provides some insight into the ohmic contact formation mechanism.
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24

Budhraja, Vinay, Srinivas Devayajanam, and Prakash Basnyat. "Simulation Results: Optimization of Contact Ratio for Interdigitated Back-Contact Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7818914.

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In the fabrication of interdigitated back contact (IBC) solar cells, it is very important to choose the right size of contact to achieve the maximum efficiency. Line contacts and point contacts are the two possibilities, which are being chosen for IBC structure. It is expected that the point contacts would give better results because of the reduced recombination rate. In this work, we are simulating the effect of contact size on the performance of IBC solar cells. Simulations were done in three dimension using Quokka, which numerically solves the charge carrier transport. Our simulation results show that around 10% of contact ratio is able to achieve optimum cell efficiency.
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25

曹, 云东. "DC Contactor Contact with Soft Connection." Transmission and Distribution Engineering and Technology 02, no. 01 (2013): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/tdet.2013.21003.

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26

Heriana, Cecep, Faridah Binti Moh. Said, Farzana Yasmin, Dieta Nurrika, and Purwo Setiyo Nugroho. "EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONTACT (EPICONTACT) INVESTIGATION OF COVID-19 AT ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOLS IN KUNINGAN REGENCY, INDONESIA." Indonesian Journal of Public Health 18, no. 3 (November 16, 2023): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v18i3.2023.395-408.

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Introduction: COVID-19 has spread throughout the world with more than 61, 27 million patients infected, including in education clusters that implement boarding schools. Contact investigations on the cluster are necessary to control the spread of the virus. Aims: To describe the epidemiological contact pattern of investigation results in the Islamic Boarding School cluster in Kuningan Regency. Methods: The design of this study is descriptive with epidemiological approach. The population is all students of Pondok Pesantren X, as many as 164 students, a sample of 157 students who are positive for COVID-19, and research instrument for the COVID-19 outbreak is investigation form, the variables studied included age, gender, symptoms, duration of contact, number of contacts, number of contact groups and place of contact. Result: Univariate data analysis with epi-contact analysis show: sex: 33.3% male, 60.03% female, average age 15.05 years, the average number of contacts 3.25 people, the average number of male contacts 2.62 and female 3.39, number of male contact groups 41, number of female contact groups 91. Age of value p=0.037. Conclusions: Contact pattern conclusions are mostly in female with the number of contacts between 3-4 people and age is related to the number of contacts. Limiting contact when there is suspicion is necessary to prevent transmission.
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27

Shi, Xi, and Andreas A. Polycarpou. "Measurement and Modeling of Normal Contact Stiffness and Contact Damping at the Meso Scale." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 127, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1857920.

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Modeling of contact interfaces that inherently include roughness such as joints, clamping devices, and robotic contacts, is very important in many engineering applications. Accurate modeling of such devices requires knowledge of contact parameters such as contact stiffness and contact damping, which are not readily available. In this paper, an experimental method based on contact resonance is developed to extract the contact parameters of realistic rough surfaces under lightly loaded conditions. Both Hertzian spherical contacts and flat rough surfaces in contact under normal loads of up to 1000 mN were studied. Due to roughness, measured contact stiffness values are significantly lower than theoretical values predicted from smooth surfaces in contact. Also, the measured values favorably compare with theoretical values based on both Hertzian and rough contact surfaces. Contact damping ratio values were found to decrease with increasing contact load for both Hertzian and flat surfaces. Furthermore, Hertzian contacts have larger damping compared to rough flat surfaces, which also agrees with the literature. The presence of minute amount of lubricant and wear debris at the interface was also investigated. It was found that both lubricant and wear debris decrease the contact stiffness significantly though only the lubricant significantly increases the damping.
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28

Cichoň, Stanislav, Petr Macháč, and Jiří Vojtík. "Ni, NiSi2 and Si Secondary Ohmic Contacts on SiC with High Thermal Stability." Materials Science Forum 740-742 (January 2013): 797–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.740-742.797.

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A method for formation of enhanced ohmic contacts on SiC for operation under adverse conditions has been studied. Ni, NiSi2 and Si ohmic contacts were prepared and tested at 300°C on air for hundreds of hours. NiSi2 and Si showed high thermal stability. Moreover, also the so called secondary contacts showed preserved good electrical and structural properties in the thermal test. The secondary ohmic contacts are formed from original ohmic contacts after they are etched off and replaced with new ones. Secondary ohmic contacts originate in a certain surface modification of the SiC substrate created during high temperature annealing of the original contact. All applied contact materials enable formation of quality secondary contacts which is especially noteworthy at NiSi2 and Si. The results bring new SiC device design perspectives with the application of secondary ohmic contacts. For example, the contact is designed so that the primary contact makes as good ohmic behavior as possible with the secondary contact providing further important contact properties as high corrosion resistance, wire-bonding simplicity etc.
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29

Li, Rui, Lei Zhang, LiangYuan Chen, and DaJian Li. "Analysis and Treatment of Abnormal Defects in Transformer Oil Chromatography." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2310, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2310/1/012053.

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Abstract This article analyzes the cause of an abnormal defect in the oil chromatogram of a transformer, and puts forward control measures and suggestions. It is analyzed that the cause of the abnormal oil chromatogram of phase A and B of the main transformer is the poor contact o f the dynamic and static contacts of the unloaded tap changer, high temperature and overheatin g, and the development of contact ablation, resulting in abnormal oil chromatogram. The cause of the ablation of the dynamic and static contacts of the no-load tap-changer may be due to the installation and transportation (or electrodynamic shock or U-switch design and other factors), the contacts are not in close contact, the larger contact resistan ce causes the contacts to overheat, and high temperature conditions Sulfur corrosion occurs on the surface of the lower contact, and the corrosion product gradually deposits on the surface of the contact, which further aggravates the poor contact. Although passivation agent is added in t he later period, the protection effect of the passivation agent at high temperature is limited, and it can no longer protect the contact. Under the action of current, the dynamic and static contacts that cause poor contact are gradually ablated.
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30

Kwok, Kin On, Ben Cowling, Vivian Wei, Steven Riley, and Jonathan M. Read. "Temporal variation of human encounters and the number of locations in which they occur: a longitudinal study of Hong Kong residents." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 138 (January 2018): 20170838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0838.

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Patterns of social contact between individuals are important for the transmission of many pathogens and shaping patterns of immunity at the population scale. To refine our understanding of how human social behaviour may change over time, we conducted a longitudinal study of Hong Kong residents. We recorded the social contact patterns for 1450 individuals, up to four times each between May 2012 and September 2013. We found individuals made contact with an average of 12.5 people within 2.9 geographical locations, and spent an average estimated total duration of 9.1 h in contact with others during a day. Distributions of the number of contacts and locations in which contacts were made were not significantly different between study waves. Encounters were assortative by age, and the age mixing pattern was broadly consistent across study waves. Fitting regression models, we examined the association of contact rates (number of contacts, total duration of contact, number of locations) with covariates and calculated the inter- and intra-participant variation in contact rates. Participant age was significantly associated with the number of contacts made, the total duration of contact and the number of locations in which contact occurred, with children and parental-age adults having the highest rates of contact. The number of contacts and contact duration increased with the number of contact locations. Intra-individual variation in contact rate was consistently greater than inter-individual variation. Despite substantial individual-level variation, remarkable consistency was observed in contact mixing at the population scale. This suggests that aggregate measures of mixing behaviour derived from cross-sectional information may be appropriate for population-scale modelling purposes, and that if more detailed models of social interactions are required for improved public health modelling, further studies are needed to understand the social processes driving intra-individual variation.
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31

Rinnerthaler, G., B. Geiger, and J. V. Small. "Contact formation during fibroblast locomotion: involvement of membrane ruffles and microtubules." Journal of Cell Biology 106, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 747–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.106.3.747.

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We have correlated the motility of the leading edge of fibroblasts, monitored by phase-contrast cinematography, with the relative distributions of several cytoskeletal elements (vinculin, tubulin, and actin) as well as with the contact patterns determined by interference reflection microscopy. This analysis has revealed the involvement of both ruffles and microspikes, as well as microtubules in the initiation of focal contact formation. Nascent vinculin sites within the leading edge or at its base, taken as primordial cell-substrate contacts, were invariably colocalized with sites that showed a history of transient, prolonged, or cyclic ruffling activity. Extended microspike structures, often preceded the formation of ruffles. Immunofluorescent labeling indicated that some of these primordial contacts were in close apposition to the ends of microtubules that penetrated into the leading edge. By fluorescence and electron microscopy short bundles of actin filaments found at the base of the leading edge were identified as presumptive, primordial contacts. It is concluded that ruffles and microspikes, either independently or in combination, initiate and mark the sites for future contact. Plaque proteins then accumulate (within 10-30 s) at the contract site and, beneath ruffles, induce localized bundling of actin filaments. We propose that all primordial contacts support traction for leading edge protrusion but that only some persist long enough to nucleate stress fiber assembly. Microtubules are postulated as the elements that select, stabilize, and potentiate the formation of these latter, long-lived contacts.
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32

Broué, Adrien, Jérémie Dhennin, Pierre-Louis Charvet, Patrick Pons, Nourredine Ben Jemaa, Peter Heeb, Fabio Coccetti, and Robert Plana. "Comparative study of RF MEMS micro-contact materials." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 4, no. 4 (February 22, 2012): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078711001140.

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A systematic comparison between several pairs of contact materials based on an innovative methodology early developed at NOVA MEMS is hereby presented. The technique exploits a commercial nanoindenter coupled with electrical measurements, and test vehicles specially designed to investigate the underlying physics driving the surface-related failure modes. The study provides a comprehensive understanding of micro-contact behavior with respect to the impact of low-to-medium levels of electrical current. The decrease of the contact resistance, when the contact force increases, is measured for contact pairs of soft material (Au/Au contact), harder materials (Ru/Ru and Rh/Rh contacts), and mixed configuration (Au/Ru and Au/Ni contacts). The contact temperatures have been calculated and compared with the theoretical values of softening temperature for each couple of contact materials. No softening behavior has been observed for mixed contact at the theoretical softening temperature of both materials. The enhanced resilience of the bimetallic contacts Au/Ru and Au/Ni is demonstrated.
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33

Zhao, Wenze, Jiaxing Yan, Xin Wang, Wenhua Li, Xinglin Yang, and Weiming Wang. "Study on Relay Contact Bounce Based on the Adaptive Weight Rotation Template Matching Algorithm." Applied Sciences 14, no. 6 (March 11, 2024): 2341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14062341.

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In order to analyze the relay action process from an imaging perspective and further investigate the bounce phenomenon of relay contacts during the contact process, this paper utilizes a high-speed shooting platform to capture images of relay action. In light of the situation where the stationary contact in the image is inclined and continuously changing, a rotation template matching algorithm based on adaptive weight is proposed. The algorithm identifies and obtains the inclination angle of the stationary contact, enabling the study of the relay contact bounce process. By extracting contact bounce distance data from the images, a bounce process curve is plotted. Combined with the analysis of the contact bounce process, the reasons for the bounce are explored. The results indicate that the proposed rotation template matching algorithm can accurately identify stationary contacts and their angles at different angles. By analyzing the contact status and bounce process of the relay contacts in conjunction with the relay structure, parameters such as the bounce time, bounce height, and time required to reach the maximum distance can be calculated. Additionally, the main reason for contact bounce in the relay studied in this paper is the limitation imposed on the continued movement of the stationary contact by the presence of the relay brackets when the kinetic energy of the contact is too high. This phenomenon occurs during the first vibration peak in the vibration process after the moving contact contacts the stationary contact. The research results provide a reference for further studying the relay contact bounce process, optimizing relay structure, and suppressing contact bounce.
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34

CHEN, S. C., and Z. S. YOU. "Social contact patterns of school-age children in Taiwan: comparison of the term time and holiday periods." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 6 (July 31, 2014): 1139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814001915.

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SUMMARYSchool closure is one of the most common interventions in the early weeks of an influenza pandemic. Few studies have investigated social contact patterns and compared individual student contact characteristics during the school term and holiday periods in Taiwan. Here, we conducted a well-used questionnaire survey in a junior high school (grades 7–8) in June 2013. All 150 diary-based effective questionnaires covering conversation and skin-to-skin contact behaviour were surveyed. Two questionnaires for each participant were designed to investigate the individual-level difference of contact numbers per day during the two periods. The questionnaire response rate was 44%. The average number of contacts during term time (20·0 contacts per day) and holiday periods (12·6 contacts per day) were significantly different (P < 0·05). The dominant contact frequencies and duration were everyday contact (89·10%) and contacts lasting less than 5 minutes (37·09%). The greatest differences occurred within the 13–19 years age groups. The result presented in this study provide an indication of the likely reduction in daily contact frequency that might occur if a school closure policy was adopted in the event of an influenza pandemic in Taiwan. Comparing contact patterns during term time and holiday periods, the number of contacts decreased by 40%. This study is the first research to investigate the contact numbers and contact characteristics for school-age children during the school term and a holiday period in Taiwan. With regard to public health, this study could provide the basic contact information and database for modelling influenza epidemics for minimizing the spread of influenza that depends on personal contacts for transmission.
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35

Porret, Philippe. "Un contact sans contact ?" Les Lettres de la SPF N° 44, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lspf.044.0011.

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36

Shen, Fei, and Liao-Liang Ke. "Numerical Study of Coupled Electrical-Thermal-Mechanical-Wear Behavior in Electrical Contacts." Metals 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060955.

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Electrical contacts involve complicated electrical, thermal, and mechanical phenomena. Fretting wear as a surface damage mechanism significantly weakens the performance of electrical contact components. In this study, a numerical approach is developed to investigate the electrical-thermal-mechanical-wear coupling behavior of electrical contacts. An electrical contact conductance law is used with the current conservation model to evaluate the electrical behavior. A transient heat transfer model, including the Joule heating behavior and a thermal contact conductance law, is employed to calculate the temperature field. Both contact conductance laws are related to the contact pressure distribution obtained by the contact stress analysis. Based on the predicted contact stress and relative slip on contact surfaces, the energy wear model is used to study the evolution of fretting wear depth and contact surface geometry. The material properties in these models are temperature-dependent. The proposed numerical approach is implemented in a finite element modeling of electrical contacts, which is validated by comparing the predicted and experimental results of the wear scar profile. The effects of the fretting wear on the electric potential, current density, contact resistance, temperature, and contact pressure are numerically studied.
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37

Warmuth, A. R., P. H. Shipway, and W. Sun. "Fretting wear mapping: the influence of contact geometry and frequency on debris formation and ejection for a steel-on-steel pair." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471, no. 2178 (June 2015): 20140291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0291.

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This paper examines the influence of contact geometry and oscillation frequency in a steel cylinder-on-steel flat fretting contact, with contact geometry being varied via the cylinder radius. Fretting frequency did not significantly impact the wear behaviour for more-conforming contacts, but did so for less-conforming contacts where, at high frequency, the wear rate is approximately 50% of that observed for low-frequency fretting. It is proposed that frequency and contact conformity fundamentally control wear behaviour through influence of both the debris type and the retention or ejection of that debris from the contact. The debris type (either oxide or metallic) is influenced by fretting frequency (which controls the interval between asperity contacts) and by contact conformity (which controls the distance that oxygen has to travel to fully penetrate the contact). Debris retention within the contact is promoted by higher fretting frequencies (the associated higher contact temperature promotes debris agglomeration and sintering in the contact) and by higher contact conformity (which acts as a physical barrier to debris egress). Maps are presented which categorize the observed behaviour and outline a phenomenological framework by which the basic physical processes which influence fretting behaviour can be understood.
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38

Banerjee, Sneha, and Peng Zhang. "Review of recent studies on nanoscale electrical junctions and contacts: Quantum tunneling, current crowding, and interface engineering." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 40, no. 3 (May 2022): 030802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0001724.

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The study of charge carrier transport at nanoscale electrical contacts is crucial for the development of next-generation electronics. This paper reviews recent modeling efforts on quantum tunneling, current crowding, and contact resistance across electrical interfaces with nanometer scale dimensions. A generalized self-consistent model for quantum tunneling induced electron transport in metal–insulator–metal (MIM) junctions is summarized. Rectification of a dissimilar MIM junction is reviewed. A modified two-dimensional (2D) transmission line model is used to investigate the effects of spatially varying specific contact resistivity along the contact length. The model is applied to various types of electrical contacts, including ohmic contacts, MIM junction based tunneling contacts, and 2D-material-based Schottky contacts. Roughness engineering is recently proposed to offer a possible paradigm for reducing the contact resistance of 2D-material-based electrical contacts. Contact interface engineering, which can mitigate current crowding near electrical contacts by spatially designing the interface layer thickness or properties, without requiring an additional material or component, is briefly reviewed. Tunneling engineering is suggested to eliminate severe current crowding in highly conductive ohmic contacts by introducing a thin tunneling layer or gap between the contact members. Unsolved problems and challenges are also discussed.
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39

Sulistio, Sulistio, Suryanto Suryanto, Abdullah Hadziq, and Sefa Bulut. "The mediating effect of group identity and religious fundamentalism on the association of intergroup contact with prejudice." Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v5i2.6486.

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Contact between groups continues to be recognized as a variable that affects prejudice. The effectiveness of the impact of such contacts on prejudice is influenced by other variables, according to the characteristics of the group. This study aims to determine the effect of group identity mediation and religious funda­mentalism on the influence of intergroup contact on the prejudice of transnational Islamic groups against moderate Islamic ones. The research subjects were selected randomly from 365 members of Jama’ah Tabligh, a transnational Islamic group in Semarang, Indonesia. The research data collection used the scales of prejudice, intergroup contact, group identity, and religious fundamentalism, while the data analysis employed structural equation modeling (SEM). The results show that group identity and religious fundamentalism have a mediating effect on intergroup contact's impact on the prejudice of transnational Islamic groups against moderate ones. This research's theoretical implication is that the extent of the influence of intergroup contacts on prejudice is affected by group identity and religious funda­mentalism as mediating variables.
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40

Kranz, Christopher, Bianca Lim, Ulrike Baumann, and Thorsten Dullweber. "Determination of the Contact Resistivity of Screen-printed Al Contacts Formed by Laser Contact Opening." Energy Procedia 67 (April 2015): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.03.288.

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41

Tausch, Nicole, Miles Hewstone, Katharina Schmid, Joanne Hughes, and Ed Cairns. "Extended contact effects as a function of closeness of relationship with ingroup contacts." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 14, no. 2 (March 2011): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430210390534.

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Using survey data from Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland ( N = 428), the authors examined the effects of extended contact via different types of ingroup contacts (neighbors, work colleagues, friends, and family members) and tested whether closeness to ingroup contacts moderated the effects of extended contact on outgroup trust. Results demonstrated that extended contact effects varied as a function of the relationship to ingroup contacts, and that extended contact interacted with closeness ratings in predicting outgroup trust. Consistent with hypotheses, extended contacts via more intimate ingroup relationships (i.e., friends and family) were overall more strongly related to outgroup trust than extended contacts via less intimate ingroup relations (i.e., neighbors and work colleagues). Moreover, within each level of intimacy extended contact was related to outgroup trust only at high, and not at low, levels of rated closeness to ingroup contacts. The theoretical contributions, limitations and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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42

Toizumi, Michiko, Lay-Myint Yoshida, Motoi Suzuki, Hien Anh Thi Nguyen, Amy Pinsent, Duc Anh Dang, and Stefan Flasche. "Infant contact in day-care centres in Vietnam: A cross-sectional study to understand infant infection risk." Wellcome Open Research 4 (June 11, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15238.2.

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Background: Infant contact information (skin-to-skin contact between infants and others) is important to understand Streptococcus pneumoniae transmission patterns. A few studies have investigated infant contact patterns by asking the mother/guardian to record all contacts a child makes in one day. However, this approach does not capture contact behaviour in day-care. Our study describes the frequency and nature of physical contacts of infants in day-care to understand infant infection risk in day-care in Nha Trang, Vietnam. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled infants aged <12 months, attending 10 randomly selected day-care centres in Nha Trang. Physical contacts of each infant for one day at the day-care centre were observed. The mean number of infants’ contacts and factors associated with contact numbers were assessed using negative binomial regression. Results: In total 14 infants, aged 6-11 months, were enrolled, and a total of 96 contacts were recorded. The mean number of contacts an infant made in one day was 6.9. Infants who walked independently (age-adjusted rate ratio 1.68, 95% confidence interval 1.06-2.68) and those cared for in a larger group (1.99, 1.42-2.79) had more contacts at day-care. About 50% of infants made contact with at least one person from a commune different from the infant’s, and 50% made contact with at least one other infant at day-care. Conclusion: This study found that day-care attendance may be one factor that increases contact rates of infants in Nha Trang and diversifies those contacts in terms of age and geographical spread. In this study, day-care attendance not only increased contact rates beyond those usually experienced by young children cared for at home but specifically increased contact rates with other children and adults from other communes. Day-care may play a key role in the transmission of respiratory pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae to infants.
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43

Johns-Rahnejat, Patricia M., Nader Dolatabadi, and Homer Rahnejat. "Elastic and Elastoplastic Contact Mechanics of Concentrated Coated Contacts." Lubricants 12, no. 5 (May 7, 2024): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050162.

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Machines operate under increasingly harsher contact conditions, causing significant wear and contact fatigue. Sub-surface stresses are responsible for the premature contact fatigue of rolling element bearings, meshing gears, and cam–follower pairs. Surface protection measures include hard, wear-resistant coatings. Traditionally, contact integrity has been predicted using classical Hertzian contact mechanics. However, the theory is only applicable when the contact between a pair of ellipsoidal solids of revolution may be considered as a rigid indenter penetrating a semi-infinite elastic half-space. Many coatings act as thin bonded elastic layers that undergo considerably higher pressures than those predicted by the classical theory. Furthermore, inelastic deformation of bonded solids can cause plastic flow, work-hardening, and elastoplastic behaviour. This paper presents a comprehensive, integrated contact mechanics analysis that includes induced sub-surface stresses in concentrated counterformal finite line contacts for all the aforementioned cases. Generated pressures and deformation are predicted for hard coated surfaces, for which there is a dearth of relevant analysis. The contact characteristics, which are of particular practical significance, of many hard, wear-resistant advanced coatings are also studied. The paper clearly demonstrates the importance of using efficient semi-analytical, detailed holistic contact mechanics rather than the classical idealised methods or empirical numerical ones such as FEA. The novel approach presented for the finite line contact of thin-layered bonded solids has not hitherto been reported in the open literature.
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44

Yang, C., and B. N. J. Persson. "Contact mechanics: contact area and interfacial separation from small contact to full contact." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 20, no. 21 (April 22, 2008): 215214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/20/21/215214.

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45

Ibrahim, Fatima, Mohammed A Darma, Khadeejah L. Hamza, Ahmad A. Umar, Zaharaddeen S. Babandi, Sulaimon L. Ojediran, Suleiman Usman, Shefa'atu Shehu, Sulyman O. Amosa, and Jesubunmi M. Babatunde. "Challenges of contact tracing during COVID-19 pandemic response in a tertiary hospital in Northwestern Nigeria." Kanem Journal Medical Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 21, 2023): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36020/kjms.2022.1602.004.

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Background: Contact tracing is a traditional pillar of infectious disease control, especially for illnesses involving direct transmission from person to person, such as COVID-19. Several challenges have arisen from COVID-19 contact tracing activities, particularly in low-resource settings. These include refusal of positive clients to disclose their close contacts, difficulties in conducting risk assessment for contacts traced, among others. Objectives: To explore the activities and identify challenges of contact tracing during COVID -19 pandemic response in a tertiary hospital in Northwestern Nigeria from May, 2020 to March, 2021. Methodology: A mixed method approach was done with quantitative secondary data analysis of COVID-19 contacts traced, and qualitative assessment through Key Informant Interviews (KII) of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital staff involved in COVID-19 outbreak response during the period. Results: A total of 2,249 clients were tested for COVID-19, of which 925 (41.1%) were healthcare workers. The identified challenges included problems with contact identification, delay in notification of results, refusal to disclose contacts by cases, contacts refusing to allow risk assessment, and health workers being overwhelmed by the task of contact tracing. Conclusion: Challenges identified include refusal of cases to disclose their contacts, overwhelming number of contacts, and delay in notification of results. There is need to institute contact tracing protocols to mandate cases to disclose their contacts, train more manpower to reduce the burden of contact tracing, and improve the notification of results.
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46

Yanjie, Wang, Xie Xulong, He Tianpeng, Liu Sijun, and Yu Wei. "Contact stress decomposition in large amplitude oscillatory shear of concentrated noncolloidal suspensions." Journal of Rheology 68, no. 4 (June 17, 2024): 623–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/8.0000790.

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The concentrated noncolloidal suspensions show complex rheological behavior, which is related to the existence of contact stress. However, determining the contact stress in time-varying flow like oscillatory shear is challenging. Herein, we propose a contact stress decomposition method to decompose the total stress directly into contact stress and hydrodynamic stress in large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). The results of hydrodynamic stress and contact stress are consistent with those determined by the shear reversal experiment. The contact stress decomposition also explains the failure of the Cox–Merz rule in noncolloidal suspensions because the particle contacts exist in steady shear but are absent in small amplitude oscillatory shear. The intracycle and intercycle of contact stress are further analyzed through the general geometric average method. The intracycle behaviors exhibit strain hardening, strain softening, and shear thickening. The intercycle behaviors show bifurcations in stress-strain and stress-strain rate relations, where the transition strains at different concentrations define the state boundaries between the discrete particle contacts, the growing of particle contacts, and the saturated contacts. We also established a phenomenological constitutive model using a structural parameter to describe the shear effect on the buildup and breakdown of particle contacts. The contact stress of noncolloidal suspensions with wide ranges of particle concentrations and strain amplitudes under LAOS can be well described by the model.
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47

Na, Moonkyong, In Ho Kang, Jeong Hyun Moon, and Wook Bahng. "Formation of the Uniform Interface Ni/4H-SiC Ohmic Contact with Titanium as Barrier Layer." Materials Science Forum 924 (June 2018): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.924.397.

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Nickel (Ni) is the most widely used metal for the formation of ohmic contact on n-type SiC. However, the irregular contact can potentially cause degradation in the device performance. To form the uniform ohmic interface, titanium (Ti) was applied as a barrier layer. Ni/Ti/SiC and Ti/Ni/SiC contact metal structures were prepared, and ohmic contacts were formed using a rapid thermal annealing process. The interfacial properties of both contact metal structures were enhanced by applying the Ti layer. The specific contact resistance of ohmic contacts showed a slightly lower or similar value (~ low 105 Ωcm2) compared with the specific contact resistance values formed from only the Ni contact metal.
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48

Xie, J., M. Pecht, A. Dasgupta, J. A. Swift, and S. J. Wallace. "A Statistical Mechanical Model of Electrical Carbon Fiber Contacts." Journal of Electronic Packaging 121, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2793854.

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This paper presents a model for electrical carbon fiber contacts. In the model, a statistically distributed fiber length was considered at contact surfaces. A technique of dealing with this kind of contact surfaces with statistically determined, or specifically undeterminable, geometry was developed. The results were compared with the experimental data obtained previously. Also, the contact behaviors of electrical carbon fiber contacts were discussed and some specific contact properties, which were also observed experimentally, were clarified. A contact resistance decreasing rate was defined in a logarithmic-logarithmic scale coordinate. A constant-rate contact region was identified. The objective of this research is to provide a theoretical basis for the contact surface designs of electrical connectors.
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49

de Silva, Milantha, Teruhisa Kawasaki, and Shinichiro Kuroki. "Low Resistance Ti5Si3/TiC Ohmic contact on Ion-Implanted n-Type 4H-SiC C Face." Materials Science Forum 924 (June 2018): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.924.409.

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Low-resistance Ohmic contact on n+4H-SiC C-face with Titanium was demonstrated. In a conventional NiSi Ohmic contat on n-type 4H-SiC, a carbon agglomeration at the silicide/SiC interface occurs, and contact resistance becomes larger. For suppressing the carbon agglomeration, laser annealing and Ti metal were introduced to form both silicide and carbide. Ti (75 nm)/SiC and Ni (75 nm)/SiC Ohmic contacts were formed on backside C-face of high concentration impurity doped 4H-SiC substrates with and without activation annealing. Electrical properties were investigated after 40 nanoseconds pulse laser annealing in Ar ambient. As the result, the lowest specific contact resistance of 7.9×10-5Ωcm2was obtained in Ti (75 nm)/SiC sample in the case of ion implanted sample at 500°C and with activation annealing at a laser power of 2.2 J/cm2.
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50

Rangel-Kuoppa, Victor-Tapio, Sami Suihkonen, Markku Sopanen, and Harri Lipsanen. "Metal Contacts on InN: Proposal for Schottky Contact." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 45, no. 1A (January 10, 2006): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.45.36.

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