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1
Trapuzzano, Matthew A. "Controlled Wetting Using Ultrasonic Vibration." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7974.
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Many industrial processes such as printing and cleaning, as well as products like adhesives, coatings, and biological testing devices, rely on the wetting of liquids on a surfaces. Wetting is commonly controlled through material selection, coatings, and/or surface texture, but these means are sensitive to environmental conditions. Wetting is influenced by variables like surface tension, density, the surface chemistry, local energy barriers like surface roughness, and how the droplet is placed on the surface. Wetting of droplets can also be influenced externally in many ways such as introducing surfactants, applying electrical fields, or by dynamically excitation. Low-frequency, high amplitude vibration can initiate wetting changes prompted by droplet contact line oscillations that exceed the range of stable contact angles inherent of a droplet on a solid surface.
The study of ultrasonic vibration wetting and spreading effects is sparse [1, 2], and is usually only qualitatively analyzed. Therefore, the specific goal of this thesis is somewhat unique, but also has potential as a means to controllably reverse surface adhesion.
High frequency vibration effects and the governing mechanisms are relatively uncharacterized due to difficulties posed by the spatial and temporal scales. To investigate, droplets of 10, 20, and 30 µL are imaged as they vibrate on a hydrophobic surface forced via a piezoelectric transducer over different high frequencies (>10 kHz). Wetting transitions occur abruptly over a range of parameters, but coincide with transducer resonance modes. The magnitude of contact angle change is dependent on droplet volume and surface acceleration, and remains after cessation of vibration, however new droplets wet with the original contact angle.
A more detailed investigation of this phenomenon was necessary to obtain a better understanding. This required repeatable testing conditions, which relies heavily on surface integrity. However, some “hydrophobic” coatings are sensitive to extended water exposure. To determine which hydrophobic coatings may be appropriate for investigating dynamic wetting phenomena, samples of glass slides coated with a series of fluoropolymer coatings were tested by measuring water contact angle before, during, and after extended submersion in deionized water and compared to the same coatings subjected to ultrasonic vibration while covered in deionized water. Both methods caused changes in advancing and receding contact angle, but degradation rates of vibrated coatings, when apparent, were significantly increased. Prolonged soaking caused significant decreases in the contact angle of most coatings, but experienced significant recovery of hydrophobicity when later heat-treated at 160 C. Dissimilar trends apparent in receding contact angles suggests a unique degradation cause in each case. Roughening and smoothing of coatings was noted for coatings that were submerged and heat-treated respectively, but this did not correlate well with the changing water contact angle. Degradation did not correspond to surface acceleration levels, but may be related to how well coatings adhere to the substrate, indicative of a dissolved coating. Most coatings suffered from contact angle degradation between 20-70% when exposed to water over a long period of time, however the hydrophobic fluoropolymer coating FluoroSyl was found to remain unchanged. For this reason it was found to be the most robust coating for providing long term wetting repeatability of vibrated droplets.
Droplets (10 to 70 µL) were imaged on hydrophobic surfaces as they were vibrated with ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers. Droplets were vibrated at a constant frequency with ramped amplitude. Spreading of droplets occurs abruptly when a threshold surface acceleration is exceeded of approximately 20,000 m/s2. Droplet contact area (diameter) can be controlled by varying acceleration levels above the threshold. The threshold acceleration was relatively independent of droplet volume, while initial contact angle impacts the extent of spreading. Wetting changes remain after cessation of vibration as long as the vibrated droplet remained within the equilibrium contact angle range for the surface (> the receding contact angle), however new droplets wet with the original contact angle except for some cases where vibration of liquid can affect the integrity of the coating. Reversible wettability of textured surfaces is a desired effect that has various industry applications where droplet manipulation is used, like biomedical devices, coating technologies, and agriculture [3-5].
2
Mignosi, Christine. "Non-contact optical sensing for vibration measurement." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341505.
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JOSHI, PRASAD RAMAN. "AN ELASTIC CONTACT THEORY FOR MODELING VIBRATION TRANSMISSIBILITY THROUGH ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1092882073.
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Liu, Gavin Chunye. "Vibration analysis of a thin moving web and its finite element implementation /." Online version of thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10698.
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Schreiner, Zeljko. "Vibration and capacitance coupling method for electrical contact evaluation." Thesis, University of Bath, 2004. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407480.
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Fagiani, Ramona. "Tribological activation of tactile receptors by vibrations induced at the finger contact surface." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00715822.
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This thesis deals with the tribological and dynamic aspects of tactile perception given by the scanning of the finger on a surface. The attention is focused on a direct analysis of the vibration spectrum characteristics, induced by the surface features that is a relatively new research field. In fact, it is accepted that vibrations activate the tactile afferents and their essential role for the perception of fine textures (duplex theory of tactile texture perception) but it is still unknown the link with the surface texture characteristics and the features of the induced vibration spectra. The work is aimed to contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of the tactile sense, that is basilar for manifold different applications: textile quality quantification, ergonomics of everyday objects (which largely affects their commercial competitiveness), identification of surface imperfections, the design of tactile communication devices, the development of artificial tactile sensors for intelligent prostheses or robotic assistants, the development of human-machine interfaces for interaction with virtual realities or teleoperation systems, such as for telediagnosis or microsurgery, reproducing real perception (virtual reality), increasing the human perception (augmented reality), development of tests for evaluation of tactile sensitivity during diagnosis or monitoring process in rehabilitation. The study of a finger that moves on a surface involves different difficulties that are related to the material characteristics and to the measurements themselves. For these reasons, a new experimental set-up, named TriboTouch, has been developed to reproduce the finger/surface scanning phenomena under real values of the contact feature (scanning velocity and amplitude, surface roughness, etc..), avoiding undesired vibrations. The test bench has been designed to guarantee the measurements reproducibility and to perform measurements without introducing external noise. The set-up permits to carry out both measurements of the global dynamics and local ones (at the contact zone) employing a silicone fake finger. In the presented analysis, the behavior of the right hand index finger scanning on the surface sample with periodical and isotropic roughness and on textiles has been investigated for different scanning speed, highlighting the role of fingerprints A simple numerical model have been developed for reproducing the behavior of the induced vibrations when sliding two periodical surfaces and the numerical results have been compared with the experimental ones. The presented work has shown the possibility to obtain objective indexes for the tactile perception characterization, by means of the friction induced vibration spectrum analysis, in agreement with the neurophysiological studies present in literature.
7
Brunetti, Jacopo. "Mechanical energy balance of frictional contacts : From surface to solid energy dissipation in contact dynamic instabilities." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0118/document.
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Chaque fois que se produit un mouvement relatif entre deux systèmes, avec une interface à contact sec, le contact frottant induit des vibrations. La dynamique locale au contact (ruptures et la génération d'ondes) se couple avec la dynamique du système, donnant origine à des vibrations et affectant le comportement frictionnel macroscopique du système. Dans cette thèse, afin de développer une approche globale pour l'investigation des phénomènes multi-physiques, l'énergie a été utilisée comme une caractéristique physique universelle du couplage. La formulation de un bilan énergétique mécanique est utilisé pour identifier deux termes dissipatifs différents, i.e. la dissipation par amortissement matériel/système et la dissipation au contact. Les flux d'énergie, provenant des surfaces en contact et dus aux vibrations induites par frottement, excitent la réponse dynamique du système et, vice versa, l'influence de la réponse dynamique du système sur la dissipation d'énergie locale à l'interface de contact affecte les phénomènes tribologiques connexes. Dans cette thèse, les vibrations induites par le frottement ont été analysées en utilisant: l'approche par éléments finis pour étudier, par l'analyse des flux d'énergie, le couplage entre le contact et la dynamique du système; l'approche expérimentale pour valider les résultats numériques et observer l'influence des phénomènes pas encore inclus dans les modèles numériques; une approche avec une modèle à paramètres concentrés pour évaluer rapidement les effets des paramètres du système. L'analyse numérique par le modèle éléments finis 2D permet une répartition de l’énergie introduite dans le système mécanique entre les deux termes dissipatifs (amortissement matériau et contact), au cours de la réponse transitoire aussi bien en conditions stables qu’instables. En particulier, les vibrations induites par frottement modifient la capacité globale du système à absorber et dissiper l’énergie; une estimation de la puissance dissipée au contact, sans prendre en compte le comportement dynamique du système (flux d’énergie par les vibrations induites par frottement) peut conduire à des erreurs significatives dans la quantification de l’énergie dissipée au contact, ce qui affecte directement plusieurs phénomènes tribologiques. Les mesures expérimentales de crissement montrent comment les mêmes modes instables sont reproduits soit expérimentalement soit numériquement, validant l’utilisation de la simulation 2D transitoires pour l’analyse des vibrations instables induites par le frottement. L’équilibre énergétique a été utilisé sur le modèle à paramétrés concentrés, pour approcher le problème de la surestimation d’instabilité, qui est caractéristique d’une analyse des valeurs propres complexes. Un nouvel indice d’instabilité (MAI) a été défini, par des considérations énergétiques, pour comparer les différents modes instables et pour sélectionner le mode qui devient effectivement instable pendant le crissementWhenever relative motion between two system components occurs, through a dry contact interface, vibrations are induced by the frictional contact. The local dynamics at the contact (ruptures and wave generation) couples with the system dynamics, giving origin to vibrations and affecting the macroscopic frictional behavior of the system. In this thesis, in order to develop an overall approach to the investigation of the multi-physic phenomenon, the energy has been pointed out as a coupling physical characteristic among the several phenomena at the different scales. The formulation of a mechanical energy balance is used for distinguishing between two different dissipative terms, i.e. the dissipation by material/system damping and the dissipation at the contact. The energy flows coming from the frictional surfaces, by friction induced vibrations, excites the dynamic response of the system, and vice versa the influence of the system dynamic response on the local energy dissipation at the contact interface affects the related tribological phenomena. The friction-induced vibrations have been analyzed using three different approaches: the finite element approach, to investigate the coupling between the contact and system dynamics by the analysis of the energy flows; the experimental approach to validate the numerical results and observe the influence of phenomena not still included into the numerical model; a lumped parameter model approach to quickly investigate the effects of the system parameters. The numerical analysis by the 2D finite element model allowed investigating the repartition of the energy introduced into the mechanical system between the two dissipative terms (material damping and contact) during both stable and unstable friction-induced vibrations. In particular, it has been shown how the friction-induced vibrations modify the overall capacity of the system to absorb and dissipate energy; an estimation of the power dissipated at the contact, without considering the dynamic behavior of the system (energy flows by friction induced vibrations) can lead to significant error in the quantification of the dissipated energy at the contact, which affects directly several tribological phenomena. The experimental squeal measurements show how the same unstable modes are recovered both experimentally and numerically, validating the use of the 2D transient simulations for the reproduction of the unstable friction-induced vibrations. Once the energy balance formulated, it has been used on the lumped model to approach the instability over-prediction issue characteristic of the complex eigenvalue analysis. By energy considerations, a newer instability index (MAI) has been defined to compare the different unstable modes and to select the mode that becomes effectively unstable during the transient response. The Modal Absorption Index allows quantifying the capability of each mode to exchange energy with the external environment
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Mysore, Guruprasad Jr. "Vibration Analysis of Single - Anchor Inflatable Dams." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36846.
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Inflatable dams are flexible, cylindrical structures anchored to a foundation. They are used for a variety of purposes, e.g. diverting water for irrigation or groundwater recharging, impounding water for recreational purposes, and raising the height of existing dams or spillways.
The vibration behavior of such dams is analyzed. Single-anchor inflatable dams with fins are considered. First, a static analysis is performed which yields the equilibrium shapes of the dam, both in the presence and absence of water. Then, a dynamic analysis is undertaken which analyzes the small vibrations of the inflatable dam about the equilibrium configuration, both in the presence of water (hydrostatic water as well as parallel flowing water) and absence of water.
The dam is modeled as an elastic shell. It is assumed to be air-inflated and resting on a rigid foundation. The cross-sectional perimeter, material thickness, modulus of elasticity, and Poisson's ratio are given. The analysis is performed for different values of internal pressure and external water heads.
Initially, the dam is assumed to lie flat. The internal pressure is then increased slowly until it reaches the desired value. Then the external water is applied and the equilibrium configuration is obtained. Small vibrations about this configuration are considered. The water is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible, and potential theory is used. The infinite-frequency limit is assumed on the free surface. A boundary element technique is utilized to determine the behavior of the water, and the finite element program ABAQUS is used to analyze the structural behavior. Both the cases of fluid at rest and flowing parallel to the dam are considered. The vibration frequencies and mode shapes are computed. The effect of the internal pressure of the dam is investigated, and the results are compared to those for the dam in the absence of external water.
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9
Tonazzi, Davide. "Macroscopic frictional contact scenarios and local contact dynamics : At the origins of “macroscopic stick-slip”, mode coupling instabilities and stable continuous sliding." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0110/document.
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Le comportement local au contact et son interaction avec la dynamique globale du système sont à l'origine d’innombrables problèmes de contact concernant plusieurs disciplines telles que la tribologie, la géophysique, la mécanique de vibration ou la mécanique de la rupture. Lorsque deux corps élastiques sont en mouvement relatif avec une interface de frottement, des vibrations induites se produisent dans le système. Dans un point de vue macroscopique, le scénario macroscopique de stick-slip survenant pendant le mouvement relatif est caractérisé par la chute soudaine de la force de frottement (état de glissement), séparées par des périodes d'accumulation d'énergie élastique (état d’adhérence). Autrement, une instabilité dynamique se produit quand un mode de vibration du système mécanique devient instable en raison des forces de frottement. Ces types d'instabilités, générées par des forces de frottement, ont été principalement objet de publies traitant de problèmes spécifiques dans différents domaines. Dans ce contexte, des analyses expérimentales et numériques ont été ici mis en place pour comprendre comme le comportement de l'interface locale affecte la réponse macroscopique du système et vice-versa, au cours de scénarios d'instabilité. Les scénarios macroscopiques (instabilité de « stick-slip macroscopique », instabilité modale, glissement continu stable), survenant entre deux milieux élastiques simples en mouvement relatif, ont été étudiés numériquement et expérimentalement. Un dispositif expérimental dédié (TRIBOWAVE) a été développé et a permis de reproduire et examiner les différents scénarios de frottement dans des conditions aux limites bien contrôlées. Les mêmes scénarios de frottement ont été reproduits par des simulations numériques transitoires. Une loi de frottement en fonction du temps d’adhérence (stick) a été définie à partir des essais expérimentaux. La loi de frottement obtenue a été mise en œuvre dans le modèle numérique, conduisant à une validation quantitative des scénarios de frottement par les expériences. Les simulations transitoires non linéaires, l’analyse aux valeurs propres complexes et les tests expérimentaux ont permis de dessiner des cartes de scénarios d'instabilité en fonction des paramètres clés du système. Validé par la comparaison avec les mesures des signaux expérimentaux globaux (forces, accélérations / vitesse), le modèle numérique a permis d'étudier le couplage entre le comportement du contact local (distribution de l'état du contact, propagation des ondes et des ruptures, précurseurs) et la réponse dynamique du système au cours du « stick-slip macroscopique », de l’instabilité due au couplage modale et du glissement continu stable. La compréhension du couplage entre le contact et la dynamique des systèmes apportera de nouvelles améliorations sur le contrôle des instabilités de contact et les problèmes d'usure connexesLocal contact behavior and its interaction with the global dynamics of the system are at the origin of innumerable contact issues concerning several different disciplines like tribology, geophysics, vibration mechanics or fracture mechanics. When two elastic media are in relative motion with a frictional interface, friction induced vibrations arise into the system. By a macroscopic point of view, the “macroscopic stick-slip” scenario occurring during relative motion is characterized by sudden friction force drops (sliding state) along the time, separated by periods of elastic energy accumulation (stick state). Instead, the mode dynamic instability occurs when a vibration mode of the mechanical system becomes unstable, due to frictional contact forces. This kind of instabilities, generated by frictional forces, have been mainly object of papers dealing with specific issues in different domains. In this context, experimental and numerical analyses have been focused here on understanding how the local interface behavior affects the macroscopic frictional response of the system, and, conversely, during instability scenarios. The macroscopic frictional scenarios (macroscopic stick-slip instability, mode coupling instability, stable continuous sliding) arising between two simple elastic media in relative motion have been investigated numerically and experimentally. A newer experimental setup (TRIBOWAVE) has been developed and it allowed to reproduce and to investigate the different scenarios under well-controlled boundary conditions. The same frictional scenarios have been reproduced by transient numerical simulations. A dedicated friction law as a function of adherence (sticking) time has been recovered by means of experimental tests. The obtained friction law has been implemented in the numerical model, leading to a quantitative validation of the simulated scenarios by the experiments. Nonlinear transient simulations, complex eigenvalue analyses and experimental tests allowed for drawing instability maps as a function of system key parameters. The numerical model, validated by the comparison with the experimental global measurements (forces, accelerations/velocity), allowed for investigating the coupling between the local contact behavior (contact status distribution, wave and rupture propagation, precursors) and the system dynamic response during macroscopic stick-slip instability, mode coupling instability and stable continuous sliding. The understanding of the coupling between contact and system dynamics will bring to further improvements on the control of contact instabilities and related wear issues
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Bomba, Richard D. "On axial vibration of a web-idle roller system /." Online version of thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10606.
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Labbé, Julien. "Détection et étude de micro-déplacements des contacts sous contrainte vibratoire et leurs conséquences sur les matériaux et revêtements des connecteurs-automobiles." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S146/document.
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Les vibrations issues du fonctionnement d'un véhicule automobile (moteur, route) sont transmises aux connecteurs électriques. Ces vibrations peuvent induire des déplacements relatifs entre certains des composants du connecteur à l’interface de contact. Les éléments en contact sont de diverses formes et diverses natures dont une partie femelle (dite clip) dans laquelle s’introduit une partie mâle (dite languette). Or, un déplacement relatif de quelques micromètres entre le clip et la languette est suffisant pour dégrader et ce de manière irréversible, l'interface de la zone de contact électrique (phénomène de fretting-corrosion). Il est donc nécessaire de connaître le comportement vibratoire interne d'un connecteur i.e. des connectiques pour préconiser sa meilleure son utilisation au sein d'un véhicule. Un banc d'essai sur pot vibrant a été réalisé dans le but de caractériser le comportement vibratoire d'un connecteur soumis à un profil vibratoire. Les mesures ont été réalisées par tribométrie en réalisant des orifices d'accès au clip et à la languette. De là, l'analyse des vibrations induites a mis en évidence des directions de déplacement multi-axiales des composants du connecteur et notamment celles d’un support du clip dit porte-clip, et ce malgré une vibration dont la direction est mono-axiale. L'analyse a également mis en évidence une correspondance vibratoire entre le clip et le porte-clip ainsi que des phénomènes de résonances. De là, une première approche sur une modélisation numérique, basée sur un système masse-ressort-amortisseur, a été proposée. Cette analyse permet de caractériser le comportement vibratoire général d'un connecteur sans dépendre du type de vibration appliquée. C'est une nouvelle approche dans la caractérisation de connecteurs électriques utilisés dans l’industrie automobile. Les éléments en contact d’un connecteur sont revêtus de matériaux qui les protègent des dégradations mécaniques et chimiques. Ces revêtements (de quelques micromètres d’épaisseur) peuvent être des matériaux nobles (or, argent,…) ou non nobles (étain, …). Le déplacement relatif entre un clip étamé et une languette étamée engendre la formation d'un troisième corps à l'interface de contact. Ce troisième corps est composé de débris oxydés qui perturbent la conduction des charges électriques. L'utilisation d'une atmosphère de di-azote (N2) et l’analyse de la tension de contact en fonction de l'emplacement du clip par rapport à la languette ont mis en évidence la dynamique des débris oxydés avec notamment leur évacuation hors de la zone de contact. De plus, l'analyse d'une zone de contact dégradée à la microsonde nucléaire a permis de doser l'oxygène et de mettre en valeur deux types d'oxydes de cuivre. Ces caractérisations permettent de mieux comprendre le phénomène de fretting-corrosion et ses conséquencesVibrations are generating from an operating vehicule (motor, road). Then, they are transmitted to electrical connectors. Therefor, these vibrations can induce relative displacements between some of the connector components. The components for the electrical contact are the female part (called a clip) and the male part (called the tongue).These components are coated with materials that protect them from mechanical and chemical degradation. These coatings (a few micrometers thick) can be noble materials (gold, silver,...) or not noble (tin). A relative displacement of a few micrometers between the clip and the tongue is sufficient to irreversibly degrade the interface of the electrical contact zone by fretting-corrosion phenomenon. It is therefore necessary to know the internal vibratory behavior of connectors in order to recommend its best use for a vehicle.A test bench is carried out in order to characterize the vibratory behavior of a connector subjected to a vibratory profile. The measurements are carried out by vibrometry by making holes access for the clip and the tongue. From there, the analysis of the induced vibrations has revealed multi-axial directions displacements of the components of the connector and in particulary the clip holder (external support of the clip), despite a vibration whose direction is mono-axial.The analysis also showed a vibratory correspondence between the clip and the clip holder and resonance phenomena. From there, a first approach on a numerical modeling, based on a system mass-spring-damper, has been proposed. This analysis makes it possible to characterize the general vibratory behavior of a connector without depending on the type of vibration applied. This is a new approach in the characterization of electrical connectors used in the automotive industry.The relative movement between the clip and the tongue induce formation of a third body at the contact interface. This third body is composed of tin oxidized remains which disturb the conduction of electrical charges due to their electrcail insulating characteristic. The use of a nitrogen atmosphere and the analysis of the contact voltage as a function of the location of the clip relative to the tongue have demonstrated the dynamics of the oxidized debris with, in particular, their evacuation out of the contact area. Moreover, the analysis by a nuclear microprobe of a zone degraded contact area enable the measurement of oxygen concentration. The results hilight two types of copper oxides. These characterizations make it possible to better understand the phenomenon of fretting-corrosion and its consequences
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Meftah, Rabie. "Une approche par formalisme de green réduit pour le calcul des structures en contact dynamique : application au contact pneumatique/chaussée." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00665546.
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Le travail de cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la réduction du bruit du traffic routier. Le contact pneumatique/chaussée représente la principale source de ce phénomène dès la vitesse de 50 km/h. Dans ce contexte, une nouvelle démarche de modélisation du comportement dynamique d'un pneumatique roulant sur une chaussée rigide est développée. Au niveau du pneumatique, un modèle périodique est adopté pour calculer les fonctions de Green du pneumatique dans la zone de contact. Ce modèle permet de réduire considérablement le temps de calcul et de modéliser le pneumatique dans une large bande de fréquence. Le modèle est validé en le comparant avec un modèle d'éléments finis classique réalisé sous le logiciel Abaqus. Habituellement, la réponse temporelle du pneumatique peut être calculée par une convolution des fonctions de Green et des forces de contact. Cette technique est très coûteuse en terme de temps de calcul. Nous avons adopté une nouvelle démarche. L'idée consiste à décomposer les fonctions de Green dans une base modale. Les paramètres modaux sont ensuite utilisés pour construire une convolution plus rapide. La convolution modale est adaptée au problème de contact par l'addition d'une condition de contact cinématique. Le modèle de contact est comparé à la méthode de pénalité dans le cas d'un exemple académique. Il présente l'avantage de sa stabilité et de sa facilité de mise en oeuvre. Dans la dernière partie de ce travail, le modèle de contact est appliqué au cas d'un pneumatique roulant sur différents types de chaussée. Le contenu spectral des forces de contact est étudié en fonction de la vitesse de déplacement et la rugosité des chaussées. Afin de construire le modèle de contact d'un pneumatique réel sur une chaussée réelle, plusieurs exemples à complexité croissante sont traités. Le modèle d'anneau circulaire sous fondation élastique est largement étudié dans cette thèse. Une étude détaillée du modèle est réalisée dans les cas analytique et numérique
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Ghezzi, Ilaria. "Tribological and vibro-acoustic behaviour of a lubricated contact subjected to the stick-slip phenomenon : The case of the spring-brake system." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI116.
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Les travaux de thèse proposent une approche complémentaire, combinant analyses dynamiques et tribologiques, au problème de stick-slip d’un contact graissé, dans un frein mécanique à ressort. L’instabilité de stick-slip est le résultat du couplage entre la réponse dynamique du système mécanique (frein) et la réponse locale du contact lubrifié à l’interface de freinage. La réponse locale du contact graissé a d’abord été caractérisée par des tests expérimentaux effectués sur tribomètre. Ensuite, les conditions qui conduisent à l'instabilité ont pu être investiguées en détail, à l’aide d’un modèle numérique a paramètres concentres du système complet. Ce modèle simule le comportement dynamique global du système de freinage mécanique. En entrées, il prend les paramètres propres au fonctionnement et à la conception du frein, ainsi que les courbes de frottement locales. En sortie, le poids de chacun des paramètres sur la génération du stick-slip a donc pu être analysé. Enfin, une étude expérimentale de l’influence des différents composants de la lubrification (DLC et graisse) sur le comportement du contact frottant lubrifié a été réalisée. Dépendante de l’épaississant, de l’huile et des additifs, la rhéologie complexe de la graisse est un point clé pour comprendre l'apparition du stick-slip. En effet si la lubrification est traditionnellement censée réduire les pertes par frottement, elle peut malgré tout participer à l’apparition d’instabilités. La compréhension des conditions pour lesquelles un système est prédisposé au phénomène de stick-slip peut permettre de prévenir l'apparition de telles instabilités et des nuisances qu’elles engendrent. Néanmoins, en présence de contacts lubrifiés, la littérature n’y consacre que peu de travaux. C’est dans ce contexte que l’analyse multi-approches présentée dans cette thèse permet de contribuer à la compréhension de l’apparition des instabilités de frottement dans les contacts lubrifiés avec graisse, en apportant également des éléments de solution dans le cas d’une application spécifiqueThe thesis works propose a complementary approach, combining dynamic and tribological analyzes, to the stick-slip problem of a greased contact, in a mechanical spring brake. Stick-slip instability is the result of the coupling between the dynamic response of the mechanical system (brake) and the local response of the lubricated contact at the brake interface. The local response of the greased contact was first characterized by experimental tests performed on a tribometer. Then, the conditions which lead to instability have been investigated in detail, using a numerical lumped model of the complete system. This model simulates the overall dynamic behavior of the mechanical braking system. As inputs, it takes the parameters specific to the operation and design of the brake, as well as the local frictional behavior obtained experimentally. At the output, the influence of each of the parameters on the generation of the stick-slip has been therefore analyzed. Finally, an experimental study of the influence of the different lubricant components (DLC and grease) on the behavior of the lubricated frictional contact has been carried out. Dependent on thickener, oil and additives, the complex rheology of grease is a key point for the understanding of the stick-slip appearance. Indeed, if lubrication is traditionally supposed to reduce friction losses, it can also participate in the appearance of instabilities. Understanding the conditions for which a system is predisposed to the stick-slip phenomenon can help prevent the appearance of such instabilities and the nuisance they cause. However, in the presence of lubricated contacts, the literature shows a lack of informations. It is in this context that the multi-approach analysis presented in this thesis makes it possible to contribute to the understanding of the appearance of friction instabilities in contacts lubricated with grease, by also providing elements of solution in the case of a specific application
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Pärssinen, Mikael. "Studies on dynamic response caused by contact between rough surfaces." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Vehicle Engineering, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3196.
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Issanchou, Clara. "Vibrations non linéaires de cordes avec contact unilatéral. Application aux instruments de musique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066122/document.
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Les contacts entre une corde vibrante et un obstacle unilatéral interviennent dans de nombreux instruments de musique tels que la tampoura, le sitar ou encore la basse électrique. Ils introduisent une forte non-linéarité dans le mouvement de la corde, qui se traduit notamment par d'importants transferts d'énergie. Dans ce manuscrit, une étude à la fois numérique et expérimentale du contact corde/obstacle est proposée. Trois types de schémas conservatifs sont développés. Ils s'appuient sur une description modale de la corde, ce qui permet un ajustement des fréquences propres et amortissements pour chaque mode. De plus, deux modèles de contact et frottement sont considérés, l'un régularisant et l'autre non. Des comparaisons à la solution analytique dans le cas d'un obstacle ponctuel sont menées et permettent une première validation des modèles. Des protocoles expérimentaux sont ensuite mis en place pour l'étude d'une corde isolée en présence d'un obstacle ponctuel, puis dans le cas d'une corde installée sur une basse électrique, munie ou non de frettes. Une forte concordance des signaux expérimentaux et numériques est observée sur des temps longs, montrant la capacité des modèles à rendre compte des éléments principaux observés expérimentalement. Enfin, une étude paramétrique est conduite dans le cas d'une basse munie de frettes, montrant l'influence de paramètres tels que la position de pincement de la corde et le réglage des frettes sur le son produit. Ces ajustements sont directement liés à des problématiques récurrentes et centrales rencontrées par les musiciens et les luthiersCollisions between a vibrating string and a unilateral obstacle arise in a number of instruments such as tanpuras, sitars and electric basses. Contacts introduce a strong nonlinearity in the string motion, resulting in energy transfers. In this document, a numerical and experimental study of string/obstacle contacts is investigated. Three conservative numerical schemes are developed. They rely on a modal description of the string, so that a fine tuning of eigenfrequencies and damping parameters is possible for each mode. Moreover, contact and friction models are numerically treated either with a penalty approach or with a nonsmooth contact dynamics method. In the case of a point obstacle, comparisons to an analytical solution constitute a first validation of models. Experiments are then carried out in the case of an isolated string vibrating against a point obstacle, as well as in the case of a string vibrating against the neck of a fretted or fretless electric bass on which the string is installed. A good agreement is observed between numerical and experimental signals over long durations, showing the ability of models to take into account the essential physical features experimentally observed. Finally, a parametric study is led on a fretted electric bass, showing the influence of parameters such as the plucking position and the fretboard profile on the resulting sound. These adjustements are directly related to common and central issues met by guitar makers and players
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Joshi, Prasad R. "An elastic contact theory for modeling vibration transmissibility through rolling element bearings." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1092882073.
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Weng, Ming-chih 1969. "Magnetic suspension and vibration control of flexible structures for non-contact processing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9294.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (p. 365-372).
This thesis presents the design, analysis, and experimental testing of systems for noncontact suspension and control of flexible structures. Our particular focus is on the use of such suspensions in manufacturing processes which can be facilitated by the ability to control workpiece motion without contact. This can be of significant utility in processes such as coating, painting, heat treating, and web handling. We develop a novel approach for the control of such non-contact suspensions through what we term sensor averaging and actuator averaging. The difficult stability and robustness problems imposed by the flexible dynamics of the workpiece can be overcome by taking a properly-weighted average of the outputs of a distributed array of N motion sensors (sensor averaging), and/or by applying a properly-weighted distributed array of M forces (actuator averaging) to the workpiece. The theory for these dual techniques is developed in detail in the thesis. These approaches are shown to be independent of the specific boundary conditions or the longitudinal dimensions of the workpiece. These approaches are thus generally applicable to a wide range of structural control problems. We present both analytical and numerical analyses of the structural dynamics for typical flexible workpieces such as strings, beams, membranes, and plates. The analyses include axial translation of the workpiece. We have experimentally demonstrated the utility of our theory by application in the successful magnetic suspension of a 3 m long, 6.35 mm diameter, 0.89 mm wall thickness steel tube with varying boundary conditions. This is a very challenging problem due to the extremely light damping of the modes (< 0.001 with free ends). The experiment uses a set of 8 sensors and 8 actuators to measure and control the motion of the tube in the two lateral degrees of freedom. We present the details of the developed electromagnetic actuators, position sensors, modeling of the structural dynamics, the relevant vibration control techniques, and develop the associated theory for choosing sensor and actuator locations. Our results experimentally confirm the value of our averaging techniques, and suggest the wide future application of these ideas in industrial processes which require non-contact handling of workpieces.
by Ming-chih Weng.
Ph.D.
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Conrad, Guillaume. "Friction statique et dynamique sous cisaillement oscillatoire ultrasonore." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1069/document.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à la compréhension de l'interaction entre des sollicitations de haute fréquence tangentielles et le déclenchement du glissement macroscopique, ainsi que la dynamique frictionnelle subséquente. Le travail est basé sur une approche expérimentale permettant d'étudier, à des fréquences ultrasonores, les propriétés élastiques et dissipatives de contacts sphère-plan en régime linéaire et non-linéaire. La méthode consiste à mesurer les caractéristiques de la résonance d'un piezoélectrique (fréquence de résonance et facteur de qualité) modifiées par l'établissement d'un contact mécanique. Le seuil de glissement est ajusté par le contrôle de la nature moléculaire de l'interface frictionnelle, constituée de films nanométriques greffés ou déposés par spin-coating. Nous commençons par étudier les propriétés physiques et mécaniques en régime linéaire de ces interfaces contrôlées. Ensuite, nous évaluons l'influence de l'amplitude des oscillations sur le l'angle de repos d'une sonde placée sur un plan incliné. Lorsque l'amplitude augmente, le seuil de glissement est abaissé quelle que soit la polarisation des oscillations. L'effet des vibrations est de diminuer la surface effective sur laquelle est appliquée la contrainte seuil statique, ce qui diminue la force seuil. Nous discutons de ces résultats à l'aide interprétation basée sur l'énergie vibratoire, qui jouerait un rôle proche d'une température effective dans un diagramme de « jamming ».Ensuite, nous étudions le comportement de contacts sphère-plan à de très hautes amplitudes oscillatoires. Nous observons un régime micro-glissement partiel au cours duquel le comportement du contact oscille entre micro-glissement partiel et total. Aux plus hautes amplitudes, les oscillations provoquent une fracture interfaciale et le rayon de contact diminue. Enfin, l'application d'oscillations tangentielles augmente la vitesse de glissement d'un patin soumis à une force constante. Dans le cas d'un film interfacial macromoléculaire, nous discutons des diverses interprétations possibles aux échelles microscopiquesThe aim of this work is to bring new insights to the understanding of the interaction between high frequency tangential vibrations and the macroscopic triggering of sliding, as well as the subsequent frictional dynamics. This experimental work is based on a method that allows studying, at ultrasonic frequencies, the elastic and dissipative characteristics of sphere-plane contacts, in linear and non-linear regimes. The method relies on the measurement of the resonance frequency and the quality factor of a quartz, which are modified by the mechanical contact with a probe. The sliding threshold is adjusted by the control of the molecular nature of the frictional interface, which can be either grafted or spin-coated onto the quartz. We first characterize the physical and mechanical properties of the various interfaces in the linear regime. Then, we study the effects of the oscillation amplitude on the angle of repose of the probe in contact with the quartz which is grafted with monolayers of high and low adhesion energy. When the oscillation amplitude increases, the angle of repose decreases whatever the polarisation of the vibrations. The vibrations shall decrease the effective surface area on which the static stress applies, which decreases the static force at the threshold. We discuss the results within the framework of the Mindlin model, which suggests that the oscillatory energy could play the role of an effective temperature in a jamming diagram. In the last part of the work, we study the response of the mechanical contact at very high amplitudes. We observe a micro-slip regime beyond the Mindlin limit, where the behaviour of the contact oscillates between partial and full microslip, leading eventually to interfacial fracture. When the probe is sliding on the incline at constant velocity, the high frequency vibrations increase the sliding velocity. In the case of a macromolecular interfacial film, we propose a possible explanation for this effect, based on a mechanism at the local scale
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Zouabi, Chaïma. "Dynamique d'un contact glissant rugueux-rugueux sous faible charge : expériences et modélisation." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC043/document.
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Résumé Ce travail de thèse concerne le frottement et la dynamique d’un contact glissant entre deux plans secs et rugueux soumis à une faible charge normale. La vibration normale, et le bruit qui en résulte, sont associés à l’excitation induite au cours du glissement par les deux topographies aléatoires des solides en regard. Des mesures expérimentales de l’accélération verticale d’un patin rugueux soumis à son propre poids et en glissement stationnaire sur une piste rugueuse ont permis d’identifier et de caractériser une transition entre deux régimes : un régime de contact ininterrompu entre les solides à basses vitesses et un régime de sauts pour des vitesses plus élevées. Pour ce dernier, la dynamique est gouvernée par de très nombreux impacts entre aspérités que nous avons caractérisés sur le plan statistique (nombre de chocs, durées entre chocs, forces d’impact, etc.). Ces deux régimes conduisent à des comportements en frottement bien distincts. Une des originalités de cette recherche a été de confirmer les scénarios suggérés par les mesures accélérométriques à l’aide d’une mesure haute fréquence des variations temporelles de la résistance électrique de contact au cours du glissement. En améliorant la résolution temporelle des chocs, ces mesures apportent un éclairage dynamique sur la problématique du contact électrique rugueux. Pour interpréter ces résultats expérimentaux, nous avons revisité le modèle standard du Bouncing Ball. Il décrit une bille soumise à la gravité, et rebondissant sur une table animée d’un mouvement vertical aléatoire, représentatif de l’excitation stochastique induite par les topographies de surfaces en glissement. Nous avons introduit pour la première fois dans le modèle un temps de corrélation pour l’excitation aléatoire et montré son influence sur la dynamique des rebonds. Ce temps de corrélation est directement relié aux longueurs de corrélations des surfaces en contact et à la vitesse de glissement. Ce modèle revisité permet in fine une bonne prédiction de la vitesse de transition entre les deux régimes observés expérimentalementThis work deals with the friction and dynamics of a sliding contact between two dry and rough surfaces subjected to a low normal load. The normal vibration and the resulting noise are associated with the excitation induced during slip by the random topographies of both solids. Experimental measurements of the vertical acceleration of a rough slider subjected to its own weight and steadily sliding on a rough plate enabled identification and characterization of a transition between two regimes: An uninterrupted contact regime at low speeds and a regime of jumps at higher speeds. For the latter, the dynamics are governed by many impacts between asperities that we have characterized statistically (number of shocks, duration between shocks, impact forces, etc.). These two regimes lead to distinct frictional behaviors. One of the originalities of this research was to confirm the scenarii suggested by the accelerometric measurements through high-frequency monitoring of the temporal evolution of the electrical contact resistance during sliding. By improving the temporal resolution of shocks, these measurements provide a dynamics picture of the problem of rough electrical contact. To interpret these experimental results, we have revisited the standard Bouncing Ball model. It describes a ball subjected to gravity, and bouncing on a table animated by a random vertical motion, representative of the stochastic excitation induced by the topographies of sliding surfaces. We improved the model by introducing a correlation time for the random excitation and showed its influence on the dynamics of the bounces. This correlation time is directly related to the correlation lengths of the surfaces in contact and to the sliding velocity. This revisited model enables a good prediction of the speed at which the transition between the two regimes is observed experimentally
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Li, Zheng. "Spur gear teeth contact analysis on power-train transmission noise, vibration and harshness." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3163/.
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The gear meshing is very complex process as high non-linearity behaviour is involved during the process. Normally most analysis of gear tooth contact is on the basis of a hypothesis that the contacted gear teeth are cantilever beams to obtain the approximate results quickly. However, many important factors have been ignored in simulating gear tooth contact using cantilever beam hypothesis, those factors include tooth profile variations, gear rotation speed and input torque, coefficient of friction and geometry distortion. Many of non-linear responses such as noise, vibration, abrasion and so on make the actual contact process much more complicated than those in the cantilever beam hypothesis although it is a reliable reference for integrated gear performance investigation. The main contribution of this thesis is in the investigation of the typical static and dynamic performances of meshing gears by simulating gears rolling-sliding contact processes using non-linear finite element method. A typical spur gear model has been proposed first for performance analysis and the model with integrated parameters could contribute reliable finite element conditions to simulate actual gear meshing. The bending stress and its resultant stress of contacted teeth with static model and dynamic model have been then simulated and the results can be used to provide information on the contacted teeth stresses distribution. The detailed investigation of transmission error in gear meshing has been carried out to understand harmful noise and vibration of gear set and a micro geometry modification of gear tooth profile has been proposed, i.e. tip relief. The gear contact pressure distributions and transmission errors have been then analyzed with micro geometry modification and the analysis is under static and dynamic boundary conditions. Finally, the most significant contribution of the thesis is the investigation of the frictional effect on dynamic performance, including dynamic stress and transmission errors.
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Arn, Krissa Elizabeth 1980. "Design of a non-contact vibration measurement and analysis system for electronic board testing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/18070.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 107).
Traditional vibration measurement methods involve placing accelerometers at discrete locations on a test object. In cases where the test specimen is small in mass, the addition of these measurement transducers can alter its dynamic behavior and lead to erroneous test data. In this thesis a Non-Contact Vibration Measurement and Analysis System has been designed, built, and tested for electronic board testing. Through a product design process, all feasible methods were considered and three optically based concepts were explored: holographic interferometry, area scaling, and displacement sensor grid. Through concept testing and analysis, the displacement sensor grid method was chosen for the design. The final system incorporates four laser displacement sensors with a vertical scrolling mechanism that attaches to the vibration table's side rails. This manual scanning system provides a quick, low cost method for capturing multiple points on the test object during vibration testing. The MATLAB based software package acquires the raw sensor output and processes it with a five step analysis program. With this software, an 8x4 grid of electronic board displacements were easily transformed into a movie showing the board displacing through its first mode. The system requires the sensors be positioned lcm away from the test object with the sensors reading up to [plus-minus]lmm of movement. The sensors have a maximum sample rate of 7.8 kHz and can be used to measure the displacements of any surface type or material. The measurement grid resolution is 0.7 inches horizontally 0.4 inches vertically. Testing showed that the system captured the natural frequency and peak displacement of the board's first mode within 1.5% accuracy and 0.7% accuracy respectively
(cont.) when compared with previous accelerometer grid testing. Exceeding its design goals, this non-contact measurement and analysis device provides a highly versatile, accurate, and low cost optical alternative to accelerometers. Also it shows numerous benefits over more complex and costly optical measurement methods. The use of this system eliminates any question of whether mass loading effects are tainting vibration test data. A hardware and software manual are included for reference at the end of this thesis along with a software CD.
by Krissa Elizabeth Arn.
S.M.
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石田, 幸男, Yukio ISHIDA, 剛志 井上, Tsuyoshi INOUE, 昌基 垣谷, and Masaki KAKITANI. "磁気軸受・補助軸受・ロータ系の振動解析 (磁気軸受の各故障パターン毎の振動特性の検討）." 日本機械学会, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9049.
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Langston, Paul Wesley. "Implementation and evaluation of a two-dimensional laser doppler vibrometer system for non-contact monitoring of external stress loading of aluminum samples." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33808.
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This thesis details the development and validation of a laser Doppler vibrometer-based measurement system that is capable of quantifying not only the normal vibration of a solid body but also the component of vibration that is parallel to the plane containing the surface of interest. LDV manufacturers produce various devices that capture 3D measurements in a beam configuration that can be used to decompose the measured signals into not only the normal velocity of the surface of an object but also two orthogonal in-plane components of the vibration. It was a slightly simplified two-dimensional version of this approach that was chosen for implementation in the Wave Physics Lab using individual components to create a cheaper, more flexible system than those produced by companies such as Polytec. The goal of this system is to facilitate the exploration and discovery of areas and applications where 2D measurement may provide a more complete and precise view of the physics of different phenomena. Upon completion of the system development and validation, a study was done that sought to measure the acoustoelastic effect in an Aluminum plate by measuring how increasing loads alter both the normal and in-plane components of Lamb wave propagation in the plate. The acoustoelastic effect is the effect of stress on wave speed caused by non-linearity in the propagation medium.
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Koivurova, H. (Hannu). "Dynamic behaviour of an axially moving membrane interacting with the surrounding air and making contact with supporting structures." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 1998. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514249496.
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Abstract
Axially moving material problems are concerned with the dynamic response, vibration and stability of slender members which are in a state of translation. In Finland these are particularly important in the functioning of paper machines, in which out of plane vibration in the paper web, known as flutter, which from the point of view of mechanics is a phenomenon typical of an axially moving material, limits operation speeds and therefore the productivity of the machines. This subject links together a number of physical phenomena associated with aerodynamics, web movement, material behaviour and the geometry of the system. The aim of this research is to present a theoretical and numerical formulation of the nonlinear dynamic analysis of an axially moving web.
The theoretical model is based on a mixed description of the continuum problem in the context of the dynamics of initially stressed solids. Membrane elasticity is included via a finite strain model, and the membrane transport speed through a kinematical study. Hamilton's principle provides nonlinear equations which describe the three-dimensional motion of the membrane.
The incremental equations of Hamilton's principle are discretized by the finite element method. The formulation includes geometrically nonlinear effects: large displacements, variations in membrane tension and variations in transport velocity due to deformation. This novel numerical model was implemented by adding an axially moving membrane element to a FEM program which contains acoustic fluid elements and contact algorithms. This allowed analysis of problems including interaction with the surrounding air field and contact between supporting structures.
The model was tested by comparing previous experiments and present nonlinear description of the dynamic behaviour of an axially moving web. The effects of contact between finite rolls and the membrane and interaction between the surrounding air and the membrane were included in the model. The results show that nonlinearities and coupling phenomena have a considerable effect on the dynamic behaviour of the system. The nonlinearities cause a noticeable stiffening of the membrane, and the vibration frequency of nonlinear system increases as the amplitude grows. At high values of transport velocity the first mode frequency passes over the second linear harmonic, and even the third. The results also show that the cylindrical supports have a distinct influence on the behaviour of an axially moving sheet. The boundary of the contact region clearly moves and weakens the nonlinear hardening phenomena that otherwise increase the fundamental frequency. This influence strengthens as the radius of the cylinders increases.
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Vu, Trong Dai. "Modélisation des effets tournants du pneumatique et des forces decontact pour le bruit de roulement basses fréquences." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1051/document.
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Le bruit de roulement contribue fortement au bruit perçu à l'intérieur de l'habitacle des automobiles. Ce bruit a pour origine le contact du pneumatique sur une chaussée rugueuse. En basses fréquences (0-400 Hz), il est transmis dans l'habitacle du véhicule essentiellement par la voie solidienne. La méthode actuelle de prévision de ce bruit chez PSA Peugeot Citroën repose sur une approche mixte calcul-mesure longue, coûteuse et pas suffisamment prédictive. Pour contourner ces limitations, une filière purement numérique est envisagée. Elle demande de modéliser le comportement vibro-acoustique du pneumatique en prenant en compte les effets liés à la rotation et de résoudre le problème de contact avec une chaussée rugueuse. Concernant la modélisation d'un pneumatique en rotation, des formulations des effets tournants d'un solide déformable sont établies en utilisant une approche Arbitrairement Lagrangienne Eulérienne (ALE). Ces formulations sont validées par une application sur un nouveau modèle simplifié du pneumatique. Il s'agit d'un modèle d'anneau circulaire incluant les effets de cisaillement soumis localement à une charge représentative de la masse du véhicule. Un modèle plus complexe d'ensemble monté pneu/roue/cavité intégrant l'ensemble des effets liés à la rotation est également validé par une comparaison avec des essais. Ensuite, le contact avec une chaussée réelle est formulé par différentes approches permettant de réduire le temps de calcul pour une utilisation industrielle. En particulier, le calcul du contact est décomposé en un calcul statique non linéaire suivi d'un calcul dynamique linéaire. La validation du modèle de contact est réalisée par une comparaison calcul/essai. Les résultats sont très satisfaisantsThe rolling noise contributes significantly to the noise inside cars. This noise comes from the tire/road contact. In low frequencies (0-400 Hz), it is mainly transmitted into the cabin through structural vibration. The current method used at PSA Peugeot Citroen to predict this noise, is a mixed simulation/experimental approach which is long, expensive and not sufficiently predictive. In order to overcome these difficult, a full numerical approach is considered. It requires modeling the tire vibration by taking into account the rotating effects and the contact with the rough surface. Concerning the model of rotating tire, a formulation of a deformable solid is constructed by using an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian approach (ALE). This formulation is validated by an application on a new simplified tire model which is a circular ring including the shear stresses and the non linear effects due to the vehicle weight. A more complex model composed of tire/wheel/cavity including all the rotating effects is also validated by comparison with experiments. Then the contact with a real road is calculated by different approaches to get the acceptable computing time for industrial uses. In particular, the calculation of the contact is divided into a non-linear static analysis followed by a linear dynamic calculation. The validation of this model is successfully achieved by comparison test results
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Sepehri, Ali. "MULTI-SCALE DYNAMICS OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS WITH FRICTION." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/205.
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Contact between rough surfaces occurs in numerous engineering systems and in many instances influences the macro behavior of the system. In many instances, the interaction between rough surfaces, affect the macro behavior of the system. Effective treatment of systems containing rough surface contact requires multiscale modeling and analysis approach. It is the goal of this research to develop simple methods for treating contact of rough surfaces so as to facilitate multiscale analysis of systems containing rough surface contact and friction. This dissertation considers a multi-scale approach that includes interaction at nano-scale, micron-scale and accounting for their cumulative effect as to what we normally perceive to be the influence of contact surfaces and friction. In linking each scale to a higher scale this study employs statistical means to obtain cumulative effect of smaller-scale features. A mixed interactive/optimization technique is used to derive, in approximate closed form, equations for the contact load and real area of contact dependence on approach and parameters of rough surfaces. The equations so derived relate the normal and tangential components of contact load to displacement and surface parameters for three types of contact. The nature of contact interaction that include elastic, elastic-plastic, visco-elastic, and visco-elasto-adhesive behavior are considered and equations relating the normal and tangential contact load to approach and relative sliding are obtained in approximate closed form. The approximate equations provide a tool for efficient calculation of contact force components, especially in surface optimization efforts where repetitive calculation of contact force components may be needed. The approximate equations also facilitate a multi-scale dynamic analysis wherein the effect of contact interaction can be readily included in a mechanical system model. Several dynamical problems involving mechanical systems with friction contact are presented and nonlinear dynamic analyses are employed to link the micron-scale properties of surface to the macro-scale properties of the mechanical system. These lead to, perhaps, the first derivation of contact frequency and damping in rough surface contact.
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Moussa, Wael. "Thermography-Assisted Bearing Condition Monitoring." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31379.
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Abstract
Despite the large amount of research work in condition based maintenance and condition monitoring methods, there is still a need for more reliable and accurate methods.
The clear evidence of that need is the continued dependence on time based maintenance, especially for critical applications such as turbomachinery and airplane engines. The lack of accurate condition monitoring systems could lead to not only the unexpected failures as well as the resulting hazards and repair costs, but also a huge waste of material and time because of unnecessary replacement due to false alarms and unnecessary repair and maintenance.
Temperature change is a phenomenon that accompanies every dynamic activity in the universe. However, it has not been adequately exploited for mechanical system condition monitoring. The reason is the slow response of current temperature monitoring systems compared to other condition monitoring methods such as vibration analysis. Many references inferred that the change in temperature is not sensible until approaching the end of the monitored component life and even the whole system life (Kurfess, et al., 2006; Randall, 2011; Patrick, et al., March 7-14, 2009).
On the other hand, the most commonly used condition monitoring method, i.e., vibration analysis, is not free from pitfalls. Although vibration analysis has shown success in detecting some bearing faults, for other faults like lubrication problems and gradual wear it is much less effective. Also, it does not give a reliable indication of fault severity for many types of bearing faults.
The advancement of thermography as a temperature monitoring tool encourages the reconsideration of temperature monitoring for mechanical system fault detection. In addition to the improved accuracy and responsiveness, it has the advantage of non-contact monitoring which eliminates the need for complex sensor mounting and wiring especially for rotating components.
Therefore, in current studies the thermography-based monitoring method is often used either as a distinct method or as a complementary tool to vibration analysis in an integrated condition monitoring system. The main objectives of this study are hence to:
1. Define heat sources in the rolling element bearings and overview two of the most famous bearing temperature calculation methods.
2. Setup a bearing test rig that is equipped with both vibration and temperature monitoring systems.
3. Develop a temperature calculation analytical model for rolling element bearing that include both friction calculation and heat transfer models. The friction calculated by the model will be compared to that calculated using the pre-defined empirical methods. The heat transfer model is used for bearing temperature calculation that will be compared to the experimental measurement using different temperature monitoring devices.
4. Propose a new in-band signal enhancement technique, based on the synchronous averaging technique, Autonomous Time Synchronous Averaging (ATSA) that does not need an angular position measuring device. The proposed method, in addition to the Spectral Kurtosis based band selection, will be used to enhance the bearing envelope analysis.
5. Propose a new method for classification of the bearing faults based on the fault severity and the strength of impulsiveness in vibration signals. It will be used for planning different types of tests using both temperature and vibration methods.
6. Develop and experimentally test a new technique to stimulate the bearing temperature transient condition. The technique is supported by the results of finite element modeling and is used for bearing temperature condition monitoring when the bearing is already running at thermal equilibrium condition.
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El, Mossouess Sofiane. "Étude de la conduction des liaisons électriques en vibration ou non des systèmes embarqués." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S149.
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La connectique utilisée en automobile est soumise à des sollicitations vibratoires provoquant des micro-glissements répétitifs à l'origine d'importants endommagements électriques et mécaniques. Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse ont permis de mieux comprendre les phénomènes mis en jeu lorsqu'un contact est soumis à des vibrations et ont contribué à l'évolution des connaissances et à la résolution de problèmes de connectique dans des cas spécifiques. En effet, le phénomène appelé fretting-corrosion engendre des défauts complexes dans la connectique automobile. Dans la connectique bas niveaux, il provoque une transmission erronée ou l'absence d'un signal entre les différents organes (ex : capteurs, calculateurs, etc.), tandis que dans la connectique de puissance, ce phénomène engendre des échauffements qui sont dus à l'effet Joule mais aussi à des apparitions intermittentes d'arcs électriques (> 6000 K) lors des vibrations. Ces échauffements excessifs engendrent un ramollissement des matériaux, constituant le housing (logement du connecteur). Cela peut impliquer une modification de la force de contact appliquée à ce dernier sans oublier l'accélération de l'usure mécanique entre deux parties en contact dynamique. De plus, une analyse des paramètres (courant, revêtements du substrat, épaisseurs des revêtements) qui influent sur ce phénomène a été entreprise lors de cette étudeElectrical connections used in automobiles are subject to vibration forces causing repetitive micro-sliding which is at the origin of significant electrical and mechanical damage. The thesis research performed has allowed us to better understand the phenomena in play when a contact is subject to vibrations and has contributed to the development of knowledge and to the resolution of connection problems in specific cases. In fact, the phenomenon called fretting-corrosion leads to complex faults in automotive connections. In low power level connections, it causes erroneous transmission errors or the absence of signal between different components (e.g. sensors, computers, etc.) while in power connections, this phenomenon produces heating due to the Joule Effect but also the intermittent appearance of electrical arcs (> 6000 K) during vibrations. This excessive heating causes the materials constituting the connector housing to soften. This could lead to the modification of the applied contact force of the latter and in addition, the acceleration of mechanical wear between the two parts in dynamical contact. In addition, the analysis of parameters (current, coatings of the substrate, thicknesses of coatings) which influence this phenomenon, were performed during this research
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Gunduz, Aydin. "Multi-Dimensional Stiffness Characteristics of Double Row Angular Contact Ball Bearings and Their Role in Influencing Vibration Modes." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1326397623.
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Munger, Jacob B. "Frequency Response of the Skin on the Head and Neck During Production of Selected Speech Sounds." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2936.pdf.
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Dvořáček, Jiří. "Vývoj nové generace zařízení s pokročilou diagnostikou pro stanovení kontaktní degradace." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234211.
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The thesis proposes a methodology for damage identification of thrust bearings using acoustic emission method. The work is the way of the hydraulic loading of specimens and thrust bearings with programmable settings severity and duration of load cycles during contact fatigue tests at stations Axmat. They are designed structural adjustment elements (waveguides) to capture the acoustic emission signal selected apparatus, including the modification of software to capture the data. At the described experiments is verified functionality of the circular test specimens and axial bearings . Part of this work is to propose a new methodology for identifying early stages of contact fatigue using a combination of diagnostic methods.
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Baïz, Sarah. "Etude expérimentale du contact aube/abradable : contribution à la caractérisation mécanique des matériaux abradables et de leur interaction dynamique sur banc rotatif avec une aube." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00605091.
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L'utilisation de revêtements abradables pour assurer l'étanchéité dynamique des turboréacteurs est une solution répandue qui permet d'augmenter la fiabilité et le rendement aérodynamique des turboréacteurs. En fonctionnement, des touches inévitables entre le revêtement et le bout d'aubes de rotor peuvent être à l'origine d'une usure excessive du revêtement abradable et/ou de la rupture d'aube. La simulation numérique de tels incidents butte sur un manque de connaissance des interactions aube/carter et des forces mises en jeu au contact, forces qui résultent notamment de couplages entre le frottement, l'usure du revêtement et des phénomènes vibratoires.Cette thèse a pour objectif de mieux appréhender les mécanismes d'interaction entre l'aube et le revêtement abradable. Elle résulte d'une collaboration entre l'ONERA de Lille et le Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille et concerne le revêtement de type Al-Si/hbN (Metco 320NS), couramment utilisé dans les compresseurs à basse pression.Les propriétés physico-chimiques et le comportement mécanique - notamment en dynamique - du revêtement abradable sont étudiés. Compte-tenu d'une asymétrie du comportement en traction et en compression, l'exploitation en corrélation d'images numériques d'un essai original inspiré de l'essai Brésilien permet de rendre compte des mécanismes de dégradation. Le comportement tribologique est étudié sur tribomètre dans différentes configurations de contact. L'interaction entre l'aube et le revêtement ainsi que les couplages avec les vibrations d'aube sont investigués et caractérisés dans une configuration simplifiée et fortement instrumentée, sur un banc rotatif spécifique développé à l'ONERA de Lille
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Collette, Christophe. "Usure ondulatoire en transport ferroviaire: mécanismes et réduction." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210701.
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L'usure ondulatoire des rails associée aux vibrations de torsion des essieux de métro a été mise en évidence il y a près d'un demi siècle. L'utilisation d'absorbeurs dynamiques comme solution potentielle à ce problème a été suggérée pour la première fois dans le projet américain du TCRP "Rail Corrugation Mitigation in Transit" en 1998. Cette thèse, réalisée dans le cadre du projet européén "Wheel-rail CORRUGATION in Urban transport", a pour objectif de concevoir un absorbeur dynamique et d'étudier son influence sur la réduction de l'usure ondulatoire liée aux vibrations de torsion. Dans le cadre de ce travail, d'autres types d'usure ondulatoire ont également été traités par des absorbeurs dynamiques.Les trois premiers chapitres de cette thèse sont dédiés à la description des différents types d'usure ondulatoire et à la présentation des méthodes de prédiction. La méthode de dimensionnement des absorbeurs dynamiques est présentée au chapitre 4, ainsi que quelques perspectives de leur efficacité à réduire l'usure ondulatoire. Dans le chapitre 5, un tronçon réel du RER parisien a été étudié. D'une part les prédictions obtenues par différentes méthodes ont été comparées aux mesures sur site. D'autre part, le bénéfice résultant de l'utilisation d'un absorbeur dynamique a été étudié numériquement. Dans le chapitre 6, le cas de l'usure ondulatoire liée aux vibrations de torsion a été étudié spécifiquement. Un absorbeur dynamique a été développé pour réduire ce type d'usure ondulatoire. Son efficacité a été évaluée théoriquement et numériquement, avec un modèle multi-corps flexible du véhicule et de la voie. Dans le chapitre 7, un absorbeur dynamique visant à réduire les vibrations de torsion d'un essieu de métro à échelle réduite a été construit au laboratoire. Son efficacité a été validée expérimentalement en reproduisant les conditions d'apparition des vibrations de torsion de l'essieu sur le banc d'essais du Laboratoire des Technologies Nouvelles de l'INRETS. La correspondance entre les prédictions d'usure à échelle réduite et à échelle réelle a été établie. Une demande de brevet a été déposée par le Laboratoire des Structures Actives pour ce système (N° 06120344.4).
Doctorat en sciences appliquées
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Seghir, Habib. "Calculs formels assistés par ordinateur pour les transformations de contact: dérivation systématique des Hamiltoniens effectifs rovibrationnels à partir des surfaces d'énergie potentielle." Reims, 2004. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000011.pdf.
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L'objectif principal de ce travail est de développer une série de codes de calcul permettant à partir de la fonction potentielle d'une molécule triatomique non linéaire d'obtenir de façon systématique les constantes spectroscopiques et paramètres moléculaires nécessaires à l'analyse des spectres rovibrationnels à haute résolution. Parmi les méthodes théoriques utilisées, on rencontre principalement deux approches que l'on qualifie de " globale "(varationnelle) et " locale "(effective). La première offre en principe une possibilité de prédiction de l'ensemble des états rovibrationnels notamment sur les hauts niveaux d'énergie ainsi que sur les intensités de raie. Cependant, les calculs sont assez lourds, les moyens informatiques requis doivent être de plus en plus performants et la précision expérimentale est rarement atteinte. En revanche, l'approche basée sur les Hamiltoniens effectifs se limitant à un certain intervalle de fréquences permet souvent d'arriver à la précision expérimentale par ajustement des paramètres empiriques avec des temps de calcul très réduits. La méthode des transformations de contact (TC) qui est au centre de ce travail est destinée à effectuer une liaison entre ces deux approches. Elle a pour but d'obtenir des modèles effectifs à partir de l'Hamiltonien initial et de donner une interprétation rigoureuse des paramètres spectroscopiques empiriques à condition que les ordres de calcul suffisamment élevés puissent être pris en compte de façon complète. Cette possibilité est devenue réaliste très récemment depuis que des surfaces d'énergie potentielle très précises sont disponibles dans la littérature. A l'issue d'une étude détaillée concernant le formalisme général des TC, nos codes de calcul ont été testés et validés sur les variétés isotopiques de type C2v et Cs des molécules O3 , H2S et H2OThis work is aimed at developing a series of computer codes that allow to derive systematically from a molecular potential function a set of spectroscopic constants and molecular parameters necessary for analyses of rovibrational high-resolution spectra of nonlinear triatomic molecules. Among theoretical methods for modeling spectroscopic data, two main approaches are most widely used: one that is referred to as "global" (variational) and the other called "local"(effective). The first one makes it possible, in principle, to achieve predictions for the entire set of bound rovibrational states, and what is particularly interesting, for high energy levels and for line intensities as well. However, calculations are difficult to perform and increasingly demanding in terms of time and memory requirements. An experimental precision is rarely achieved in this way. On the contrary, the effective Hamiltonian approach limited by a certain frequency range or by certain polyads of states allows to obtain in many cases an experimental accuracy with fast calculations by fitting some empirical parameters. The method of contact transformations (TC), which is studied and systematically applied in this work, was originally designed to provide a link between these two complementary approaches. It allows to derive effective models from the full initial Hamiltonian and to give a rigorous interpretation of empirical parameters provided that sufficiently complete high-order calculations are feasible. This possibility has become realistic only recently since accurate potential surfaces became available in the literature. After a detailed study of the general formalism of CT, our computer codes have been tested and validated on the C2v and Cs isotopic species of molecules O3, H2S and H2O
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Vautier, Isabelle. "Influence du contact unilatéral sur le comportement vibratoire de coques soudées par points." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECAP0363.
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Nous présentons dans cette thèse une modélisation du contact unilatéral entre coques soudées en dynamique et donnons des informations qualitatives sur l'influence de ces phénomènes sur la réponse en fréquence des structures. Notre objectif est une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de transmission des vibrations et des bruits dans les voitures. Le modèle de coques minces utilise est celui de Koiter, traité par une formulation mixte proposée par Ph. Destuynder et M. Salaun. Les soudures sont représentées comme des corps rigides. Le contact unilatéral, suppose sans frottement, est pris en compte par une méthode de dualité permettant d'éviter l'interpénétration des sous-structures nœud à nœud, le multiplicateur de Lagrange représentant l'effort de contact normal. Comme le phénomène est non linéaire, nous effectuons une résolution des équations dans le domaine temporel, suivie d'une analyse de Fourier. Les équations du contact sont résolues par un algorithme de points intérieurs très efficace du AJ. Herskovits, dans le cadre d'une intégration en temps par la méthode de Neuwmark. On présente également différentes formes d'excitations large bande permettant d'obtenir la réponse de la structure dans une gamme de fréquences donnée, et en particulier la technique du MLS. Divers outils de traitement du signal sont également adaptés ou construits en vue de l'interprétation quantitative des résultats ; un panorama rapide de quelques éléments de psycho-acoustique permet, quant à lui, d'obtenir des conclusions qualitatives en termes de gène auditive. L'implémentation des modèles est faite dans le code éléments finis Héraclès, qui est valide en statique et en dynamique sur des cas simples et sur des pièces industrielles. Nous observons alors que le contact unilatéral modifie de façon importante le spectre de réponse: renforcement de certaines composantes fréquentielles, création de nouvelles fréquences, apparition de bruit large bande, et modulations d'amplitudes de certaines fréquences, ce qui est gênant pour l'oreille
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Hmid, Abdelhak. "Dynamique d’équipements avec des non linéarités de liaisons localisées : Application aux systèmes optiques d’éclairage." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI139.
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La thèse concerne la prévision du comportement dynamique non linéaire d’équipements optique. Les travaux de recherche menés se concentrent sur la simulation des phénomènes vibratoires en jeu, afin de prévoir la réponse harmonique de l’équipement. Ces travaux ouvrent ainsi la voie à des préconisations d’évolutions dans la conception mécanique du projecteur pour augmenter sa durabilité et le confort de vision. En effet les essais pratiqués montrent que de forts niveaux de vibrations endommagent les composants du projecteur et détériorent la stabilité du faisceau d’éclairage. Afin d’éviter de telles nuisances, la conception du projecteur doit être adaptée grâce à un modèle mécanique qui intègre des comportements non linéaires causés essentiellement par les liaisons pour prévoir le mieux possible les niveaux de vibrations du projecteur embarqué. L’état de l’art est réalisé sur les comportements dynamiques non linéaires, les modèles et méthodes de résolution associés, puis les estimateurs existants de quantification des non linéarités. Les essais d’analyse modale réalisés mettent en évidence la présence de phénomènes non linéaires dus à de multiples causes (jeux-butées, frottements, stick-slip, …) localisées dans les liaisons réflecteur-boitier. Les caractérisations expérimentales menées sur les liaisons, délivrent des boucles efforts-déflexion qui montrent différents types de comportement non linéaire, aident au choix des modèles les plus pertinents et au calage de leurs paramètres. Les limites de validité des modèles de calculs linéaires sont déterminées par des critères formulés empiriquement. Les modèles non linéaires de liaison sélectionnés sont intégrés dans un modèle réduit à un puis à deux degrés de liberté d’un projecteur. La réprésentativité du modèle est évaluée sur la base des analyses modales mesurées du projecteur. Les équations décrivent le comportement dynamique de projecteur et les non linéarités sous l’hypothèse de régime stationnaire. La méthode de balance harmonique associée à une technique de continuation par longueur d’arc résout rapidement les équations et détermine avec précision les réponses dynamiques établies. L’étude est complétée par l’analyse de stabilité selon la théorie de Floquet qui met en évidence la présence des branches de solutions stables ou instables. Enfin des réponses harmoniques sont calculées avec un modèle aux éléments finis du projecteur complet. Les calculs sont basés sur l’identification des modes qui reposent sur la répartition des masses dans la structure, la nature des liaisons. Des études d’influence sont réalisées. Les paramètres étudiés sont les raideurs et précontraintes de contact, le coefficient de frottement, l’amortissement introduit. Leurs impacts sur les niveaux des vibrations sont quantifiés ce qui amène au recalage du modèle éléments finis pour améliorer les résultats modaux du projecteur automobile et sa réponse harmonique forcéeThe thesis deals with the prediction of nonlinear dynamic behavior of automotive headlamps. The attention is focused on building models to estimate the vibration behavior of lighting system to enhance its durability and comfort of vision. Vibration tests show that high levels of vibration damage projector components and degrade the stability of the illuminating beam. To avoid these issus, headlamps design must be adapted to include nonlinear phenomena provided from the joints connecting the reflector and housing subsets. The state of the art is performed on the non-linear dynamic behavior, models and methods and existing estimators quantifying nonlinearities. The modal tests performed demonstrate the presence of non-linear phenomena (clearance, friction, stick-slip, …) located in reflector-housing joints. Experimental investigations carried out on joints show different types of nonlinear behavior and help to identify the most important contact parameters (stiffness and damping). The limits of validity of the linear models are determined by empirically formulated criteria. Selected nonlinear models are integrated in a 1D-model reduced to one then two degrees of freedom of a projector. The representativeness of the model is evaluated basing of modal measurement of headlamp. The Harmonic Balance Method was used to calculate the periodic response. The algorithm calculates also the stability of the periodic solutions found, using Floquet theory, and follows stable or instable branches versus varying system parameters via the arc-length continuation technique. Finally, harmonic responses are predicted with a finite element model of the entire headlamp. The calculations are based on the identification of modes that are based on the weight distribution in the structures and joints proprities. Sensibility studies are carried out on stiffness and preloaded contact, coefficient of friction and damping. Impacts on the vibration levels were quantified that leads to update the finite element model and improve modal and harmonic results of headlamp
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Dai, Xiang. "Nonlinear Dynamics and Vibration of Gear and Bearing Systems using A Finite Element/Contact Mechanics Model and A Hybrid Analytical-Computational Model." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78861.
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This work investigates the dynamics and vibration in gear systems, including spur and helical gear pairs, idler gear trains, and planetary gears.
The spur gear pairs are analyzed using a finite element/contact mechanics (FE/CM) model.
A hybrid analytical-computational (HAC) model is proposed for nonlinear gear dynamics.
The HAC predictions are compared with FE/CM results and available experimental data for validation.
Chapter ref{{CH:GP_Strain}} investigates the static and dynamic tooth root strains in spur gear pairs using a finite element/contact mechanics approach.
Extensive comparisons with experiments, including those from the literature and new ones, confirm that the finite element/contact mechanics formulation accurately predicts the tooth root strains.
The model is then used to investigate the features of the tooth root strain curves as the gears rotate kinematically and the tooth contact conditions change.
Tooth profile modifications are shown to strongly affect the shape of the strain curve.
The effects of strain gage location on the shape of the static strain curves are investigated.
At non-resonant speeds the dynamic tooth root strain curves have similar shapes as the static strain curves.
At resonant speeds, however, the dynamic tooth root strain curves are drastically different because large amplitude vibration causes tooth contact loss.
There are three types of contact loss nonlinearities: incomplete tooth contact, total contact loss, and tooth skipping, and each of these has a unique strain curve.
Results show that different operating speeds with the same dynamic transmission error can have much different dynamic tooth strain.
Chapters ref{{CH:HAC_2DSingle}}, ref{{CH:HAC_2DMultiple}}, and ref{{CH:HAC_3DSingle}} develops a hybrid-analytical-computational (HAC) method for nonlinear dynamic response in gear systems.
Chapter ref{{CH:HAC_2DSingle}} describes the basic assumptions and procedures of the method, and implemented the method on two-dimensional vibrations in spur gear pairs.
Chapters ref{{CH:HAC_2DMultiple}} and ref{{CH:HAC_3DSingle}} extends the method to two-dimensional multi-mesh systems and three-dimensional single-mesh systems.
Chapter ref{{CH:HAC_2DSingle}} develops a hybrid analytical-computational (HAC) model for nonlinear dynamic response in spur gear pairs.
The HAC model is based on an underlying finite element code.
The gear translational and rotational vibrations are calculated analytically using a lumped parameter model, while the crucial dynamic mesh force is calculated using a force-deflection function that is generated from a series of static finite element analyses before the dynamic calculations.
Incomplete tooth contact and partial contact loss are captured by the static finite element analyses, and included in the force-deflection function.
Elastic deformations of the gear teeth, including the tooth root strains and contact stresses, are calculated.
Extensive comparisons with finite element calculations and available experiments validate the HAC model in predicting the dynamic response of spur gear pairs, including near resonant gear speeds when high amplitude vibrations are excited and contact loss occurs.
The HAC model is five orders of magnitude faster than the underlying finite element code with almost no loss of accuracy.
Chapter ref{{CH:HAC_2DMultiple}} investigates the in-plane motions in multi-mesh systems, including the idler chain systems and planetary gear systems, using the HAC method that introduced in Chap. ref{{CH:HAC_2DSingle}}.
The details of how to implement the HAC method into those systems are explained.
The force-deflection function for each mesh is generated individually from a series of static finite element analyses before the dynamic calculations.
These functions are used to calculated the dynamic mesh force in the analytical dynamic analyses.
The good agreement between the FE/CM and HAC results for both the idler chain and planetary gear systems confirms the capability of the HAC model in predicting the in-plane dynamic response for multi-mesh systems.
Conventional softening type contact loss nonlinearities are accurately predicted by HAC method for these multi-mesh systems.
Chapter ref{{CH:HAC_3DSingle}} investigates the three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic response in helical gear pairs.
The gear translational and rotational vibrations in the three-dimensional space are calculated using an analytical model, while the force due to contact is calculated using the force-deflection.
The force-deflection is generated individually from a series of static finite element analyses before the dynamic calculations.
The effect of twist angle on the gear tooth contact condition and dynamic response are included.
The elastic deformations of the gear teeth along the face-width direction are calculated, and validated by comparing with the FE/CM results.Ph. D.
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Pereira, Thiago Felipe Medeiros. "Modelagem computacional para análise de forças de contato na interação roda-trilho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3145/tde-01102018-143046/.
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As ferrovias, muito importantes para o transporte de pessoas e mercadorias, são também grandes fontes de ruído e vibração no meio urbano e rural. Os esforços dinâmicos devido ao contato aço-aço, entre as rodas e trilhos, são transmitidos à fundação da via e geram ondas vibratórias que se propagam pelo solo até atingir um receptor. Devido aos potenciais danos causados por essas excitações, modelos matemáticos capazes de prever e realizar a propagação das vibrações são de grande importância, podendo nortear ações mitigatórias. Neste contexto, este trabalho propõe a criação de um modelo numérico, utilizando-se de dinâmica multicorpos imerso em um ambiente de elementos finitos com não linearidade geométrica, que procure representar a interação dinâmica no sistema veículo-via e que permita analisar o comportamento das forças de contato roda-trilho. Tal modelo é utilizado com o objetivo de analisar e compreender como as forças dinâmicas de contato são influenciadas pelas características do veículo e da via. Alguns estudos sequenciais foram realizados. Iniciou-se com a avaliação do comportamento do veículo ao trafegar em uma superfície plana. Sequencialmente, considerou-se o veículo trafegando sobre modelos de vigas rígidas, representando os trilhos. Neste caso foram estudados cenários de rolamento e deslizamento. Posteriormente, o valor de uma rigidez equivalente da via foi avaliado por meio de um modelo estrutural e incorporado em um estudo para análise das forças de impacto das rodas ao passarem sobre descontinuidades em trilhos. Os resultados deste trabalho podem ser utilizados como dados de entrada para futuros modelos para previsão de propagação de ondas no solo devido às cargas ferroviárias.Railways are important to freight and people transportation but are also one of the greatest sources of vibration in urban and rural environments. Dynamic loads are generated in steel-steel contact between wheels and rails and are transferred to foundation. They generate oscillatory waves that propagate through the ground, until finding a receptor. Potential damage due to ground borne vibration has increased the importance of predicting and calculating wave propagation with the aid of computational models, serving as guidelines for mitigating actions. On this context, the present work proposes a numerical model, adopting a multibody rigid-flexible dynamics formulation, based on a nonlinear geometrically-exact finite element description. The aim is to represent the dynamic interaction between the vehicle and the railway, permitting one to analyze wheel-rail contact forces. The model represents the dynamic interaction between vehicle and track and allows one to analyze how the dynamic contact forces are influenced by vehicle and railway characteristics. Some sequential studies were performed, starting from the evaluation of a vehicle running on a plane surface. Next, the scenario of a vehicle running on rigid beams representing the rails was simulated. In this case both sliding and sticking scenarios of contact were considered. Then, the value of an equivalent track stiffness was obtained by a structural model. It was taken as input to another study, which analyzed impact forces between wheels and rails when the vehicle experiences the passage by a discontinuity on the track. The results of the present work may be useful as input data for future prediction models of ground borne vibration due to railway dynamic forces.
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Tournu, Erik. "Modélisation stochastique du comportement dynamique non linéaire d'un ailetage de turbine : application à une poutre avec contact oblique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL118N.
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Des méthodes d'analyse en dynamique stochastique sont étudiées pour une maquette avec contact oblique. Elles ont pour objet de déterminer les caractéristiques statistiques de la réponse de la structure non linéaire soumise à des sollicitations aléatoires. La maquette représente une ailette avec ses ailerons qui sont en contact avec les ailerons voisins. Cette maquette est modélisée par la théorie des poutres d'Euler-Bernoulli pour l'ailette et par le modèle curvilinéaire de Bouc-Wen pour la non-linéarité de contact. Les résultats de ce modèle de comportement sont comparés avec succès à ceux d'une maquette de laboratoire qui concrétise la poutre avec les contacts obliques, sollicitées par des processus aléatoires. Les caractéristiques du processus de réponse du modèle de comportement soumis à des sollicitations aléatoires sont déterminées par la méthode de Monte-Carlo basée sur la simulation numérique des processus à partir des densités spectrales et par la méthode de linéarisation stochastique gaussienne basée sur l'équation de Lyapunov. Les résultats de ces deux méthodes concordent et ont mis en évidence trois domaines de comportement: pour les faibles excitations, il y a adhérence, pour les excitations moyennes, il y a glissement avec effort tangentiel limité constant et pour les excitations élevées, il y a glissement avec effort tangentiel limité croissant
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Zdanavičiūtė, Greta. "Per rankas veikiančios vibracijos perdavimo priklausomybė nuo rankos ir darbo priemonės sąlyčio jėgų." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140616_103439-46413.
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Vibracijos žalingam poveikiui į žmogaus organizmą lemia daug įvairių veiksnių. Tyrimai šioje srityje koncentruojasi į mašinos virpesių energijos dydį ir jos mažinimo galimybes, tačiau aktualu ir žmogaus-mašinos analizavimas kaip bendros sistemos. Tokios sistemos virpesių energijos perdavimas į žmogaus kūną priklauso ir nuo sistemos standumo savybių, kurias galima apibūdinti kontaktinėmis jėgomis tarp mašinos ir žmogaus kūno dalies. Tokių tyrimų Lietuvoje nebuvo atlikta, o užsienio autorių tyrimai negausūs, todėl tyrimas yra labai aktualus. Tiriamajame darbe analizuojama kitų autorių tyrimų medžiaga apie vibracijos poveikį žmogui, sudaryta tyrimų metodika ir atlikti tyrimai, kaip nešiojamųjų ar rankomis valdomų mašinų įrankių jėgos pasiskirsto rankos plaštakoje ir kokią įtaką per rankas veikiančios vibracijos perdavimui turi rankos ir darbo priemonės sąlyčio jėgos. Nustatyta, kad didėjant sąlyčio jėgoms tarp vibruojančios darbo priemonės (įrankio) ir rankos nuo 3 N iki 29 N bendroji vibracijos vertė veikianti operatoriaus ranką didėjo nuo 2,7 m/s2 iki 3,7 m/s2.Hazardous affects of vibration against a human’s organism are caused by various factors. Researches in this field are concentrated into the energy size of machine vibration and possibilities to decrease it; however, analysis of a human-machine as a general system is also relevant. Transfer of vibration energy by such system into a human’s body depends on properties of system rigidity, which may be described as contact forces between a machine and a human’s body part. Such researches were not carried out in Lithuania and the studies of foreign authors are not numerous, thus such analysis is very relevant. The study thesis analyses research materials by other authors on vibration impact on humans. There were developed research methods and performed tests on how strengths of mobile and manually operated tools distribute over the hand and what impact hand - tool contact strengths have on transfer of vibration acting through hands. It was determined that increase in contact strength between a vibrating tool and a hand from 3 N to 29 N total vibration value on the operator’s hand increase from 2,7 m/s2 to 3,7 m/s2.
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Shurtz, Timothy E. "Influence of Supraglottal Geometry and Modeling Choices on the Flow-Induced Vibration of a Computational Vocal Fold Model." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2885.
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Computational models of the flow-induced vibrations of the vocal folds are powerful tools that can be used in conjunction with physical experiments to better understand voice production. This thesis research has been performed to contribute to the understanding of vocal fold dynamics as well as several aspects of computational modeling of the vocal folds. In particular, the effects of supraglottal geometry have been analyzed using a computational model of the vocal folds and laryngeal airway. In addition, three important computational modeling parameters (contact line location, Poisson's ratio, and symmetry assumptions) have been systematically varied to determine their influence on model output. Variations in model response were quantified by comparing glottal width, frequency, flow rate, open quotient, pressures, and wave velocity measures. In addition, the glottal jet was qualitatively analyzed. It was found that for various supraglottal geometries (either symmetrically or asymmetrically positioned), there was little asymmetry of the vocal fold motion despite significant asymmetry in the glottal jet. In addition, the vocal fold motion was most symmetric when consistent jet deflection was present (even if asymmetric). Inconsistent deflection of the glottal jet led to slightly larger asymmetries in vocal fold motion. The contact line location was found to have minimal impact on glottal width, frequency, and flow rate. The largest influence of the contact line location was seen in predicted velocity fields during the closed phase and in the pressure profiles along the vocal fold surfaces. Variations in Poisson's ratio strongly affected vocal fold motion, with lower Poisson's ratios resulting in larger amplitudes. The model did not vibrate when a Poisson's ratio of 0.49999 was used. The response of a full model (with two vocal folds) was shown to vary slightly from that of a half model (one vocal fold and a symmetry boundary condition), the greatest difference being in the deflection and dissipation of the glottal jet. It was concluded that for many scenarios the half model will be sufficient for modeling vocal fold motion; however, a full model is suggested for studies of material asymmetry or glottal jet dynamics. Application of these results to computational models of the vocal folds will lead to improved modeling and understanding of vocal fold dynamics.
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Seghir, Habib Tyuterev Vladimir. "Calculs formels assistés par ordinateur pour les transformations de contact: dérivation systématique des Hamiltoniens effectifs rovibrationnels à partir des surfaces d'énergie potentielle." Reims : S.C.D. de l'Université, 2005. http://scdurca.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000011.pdf.
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Dubois, Fabien. "Tribological and vibratory approaches for amplified piezoelectric inertia motors." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI087.
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Les SPA sont des moteurs piézoélectriques inertiels amplifiés. Ils fonctionnent en convertissant des vibrations asymétriques en μ-déplacements par frottement, grâce au phénomène d’adhérence-glissement. Ces vibrations et ce frottement soulèvent des problématiques liées à l’usure et au bruit. Pour y répondre, ces travaux étudient les comportements tribologique et vibratoire de ces moteurs. Dans un premier temps, un tribomètre pion-plan, actionné par un SPA, a été développé. Il a permis d’observer, in-situ et en fonctionnement, les débits solides interfaciaux: le 3ème corps. Ces observations directes, couplées à des analyses post-mortem ont permis de décrypter les sollicitations tribologiques et de multiplier par dix la durée de vie des moteurs. Dans un second temps, des analyses numérique et expérimentale ont été proposées afin de mieux appréhender le comportement vibratoire des SPA. Le modèle existant, à constantes localisées, a été modifié en une version hybride, constantes localisées-FEM, plus versatile. Les tests expérimentaux ont permis de déterminer le principal contributeur acoustique et de réduire le niveau de bruit de seize dBA. Finalement, la double approche tribologie/mécanique vibratoire a permis de mieux saisir les subtilités des SPA. Elle a notamment mené au développement de structures innovantes tels qu’un moteur à trois degrés de liberté et deux moteurs rotatifsSPA are amplified piezoelectric inertia motors. They operate by converting asymmetrical vibrations into μ-displacements by means of friction through stick-slip. These vibrations and this friction raise issues related to wear and noise. So, the present work investigates both the tribological and vibratory behaviours of these motors. First, a pin-on-pad tribometer, actuated by a SPA, was developed. It led us to observe, in-situ and in operation, interfacial solid flows: the 3rd body. These direct observations carried out in conjunction with post-mortem analyses resulted in decrypting the tribological solicitations and in increasing by ten the lifetime of the motors. Second, numerical and experimental considerations have been proposed to better grasp the vibratory behaviour of SPA. The existing lumped model was modified to a more versatile hybrid lumped-FEM model. The experimental tests made it possible to determine the main acoustic contributor and to reduce the noise level by sixteen dBA. Finally, this dual - tribology/vibratory - approach provided a better understanding of the SPA intricacies. In particular, it led to develop innovative structures such as a motor with three degrees of freedom and two rotary motors
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Lee, Hyunwook. "A Polynomial Chaos Approach for Stochastic Modeling of Dynamic Wheel-Rail Friction." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77195.
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Accurate estimation of the coefficient of friction (CoF) is essential to accurately modeling railroad dynamics, reducing maintenance costs, and increasing safety factors in rail operations. The assumption of a constant CoF is popularly used in simulation studies for ease of implementation, however many evidences demonstrated that CoF depends on various dynamic parameters and instantaneous conditions. In the real world, accurately estimating the CoF is difficult due to effects of various uncertain parameters, such as wheel and rail materials, rail roughness, contact patch, and so on. In this study, the newly developed 3-D nonlinear CoF model for the dry rail condition is introduced and the CoF variation is tested using this model with dynamic parameters estimated from the wheel-rail simulation model. In order to account for uncertain parameters, a stochastic analysis using the polynomial chaos (poly-chaos) theory is performed using the CoF and wheel-rail dynamics models.
The wheel-rail system at a right traction wheel is modeled as a mass-spring-damper system to simulate the basic wheel-rail dynamics and the CoF variation. The wheel-rail model accounts for wheel-rail contact, creepage effect, and creep force, among others. Simulations are performed at train speed of 20 m/s for 4 sec using rail roughness as a unique excitation source. The dynamic simulation has been performed for the deterministic model and for the stochastic model. The dynamics results of the deterministic model provide the starting point for the uncertainty analysis. Six uncertain parameters have been studied with an assumption of 50% uncertainty, intentionally imposed for testing extreme conditions. These parameters are: the maximum amplitude of rail roughness (MARR), the wheel lateral displacement, the track stiffness and damping coefficient, the sleeper distance, and semi-elliptical contact lengths. A symmetric beta distribution is assumed for these six uncertain parameters. The PDF of the CoF has been obtained for each uncertain parameter study, for combinations of two different uncertain parameters, and also for combinations of three different uncertain parameters.
The results from the deterministic model show acceptable vibration results for the body, the wheel, and the rail. The introduced CoF model demonstrates the nonlinear variation of the total CoF, the stick component, and the slip component. In addition, it captures the maximum CoF value (initial peak) successfully. The stochastic analysis results show that the total CoF PDF before 1 sec is dominantly affected by the stick phenomenon, while the slip dominantly influences the total CoF PDF after 1 sec. Although a symmetric distribution has been used for the uncertain parameters considered, the uncertainty in the response obtained displayed a skewed distribution for some of the situations investigated. The CoF PDFs obtained from simulations with combinations of two and three uncertain parameters have wider PDF ranges than those obtained for only one uncertain parameter.
FFT analysis using the rail displacement has been performed for the qualitative validation of the stochastic simulation result due to the absence of the experimental data. The FFT analysis of the deterministic rail displacement and of the stochastic rail displacement with uncertainties demonstrates consistent trends commensurate with loss of tractive efficiency, such as the bandwidth broadening, peak frequency shifts, and side band occurrence. Thus, the FFT analysis validates qualitatively that the stochastic modeling with various uncertainties is well executed and is reflecting observable, real-world results.
In conclusions, the development of an effective model which helps to understand the nonlinear nature of wheel-rail friction is critical to the progress of railroad component technology and rail safety. In the real world, accurate estimation of the CoF at the wheel-rail interface is very difficult since it is influenced by several uncertain parameters as illustrated in this study. Using the deterministic CoF value can cause underestimation or overestimation of CoF values leading to inaccurate decisions in the design of the wheel-rail system. Thus, the possible PDF ranges of the CoF according to key uncertain parameters must be considered in the design of the wheel-rail system.Ph. D.
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Kong, Lingyuan. "Coupled belt-pulley mechanics in serpentine belt drives." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1069789616.
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Rhayem, Taoufik. "Etude du confort vertical et longitudinal d'un vehicule ferroviaire : systeme deformable." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066518.
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Presentation d'un modele mathematique permettant d'etudier le confort vertical et longitudinal d'un vehicule ferroviaire. L'etude du comportement de la voie a ete faite en la considerant comme une poutre deformable reposant sur des traverses longitudinales, de raideur et d'amortissement uniformement repartis
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Dubois, Guillaume. "Modèle de contact dynamique pneumatique chaussée par approche multi-aspérités : application au bruit de roulement." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00755561.
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Le bruit de contact pneumatique/chaussée joue un rôle important dans la nuisance sonore du trafic routier. Il est généré par des mécanismes complexes influencés par plusieurs paramètres tels que la texture de chaussée, la géométrie du contact et les caractéristiques du pneumatique. Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire concerne l'étude numérique du contact pneumatique/chaussée pour la prévision du bruit en s'intéressant plus particulièrement à l'influence de la texture de chaussée. Le problème de contact est résolu à l'aide d'une Méthode Itérative à Deux Échelles (MIDE) basée sur une approche multi-aspérités de la surface de chaussée. Le pneumatique est modélisé par un massif semi-infini viscoélastique et caractérisé par des modèles rhéologiques standards (Zener ou Maxwell généralisé). Pour appliquer la MIDE au contact pneumatique/chaussée, un partitionnement de chaussée est développé permettant une description globale à partir de lois de contact sur chaque aspérité. En la comparant à des méthodes classiques, la MIDE donne des résultats identiques avec un temps de calcul largement réduit. Elle permet donc d'étudier le problème de contact sur une zone de plusieurs mètres. L'introduction de la viscoélasticité du pneu entraine une diminution de l'aire de contact identique quelle que soit la vitesse du véhicule, conformément aux résultats expérimentaux. L'introduction de la vibration du pneumatique dans le modèle de contact influence l'aire de contact apparente et le niveau des forces de contact, mais les résultats montrent la nécessité d'une validation expérimentale des effets dynamiques sur le contact pneumatique/chaussée. Enfin, les paramètres de contact permettent d'obtenir rapidement une approximation du niveau de bruit global à basses fréquences (315 - 1 000 Hz). Les forces de contact obtenues en utilisant la MIDE élastique sont très fortement corrélées avec le bruit mesuré jusqu'à 1 000 Hz pour deux configurations de pneumatique (lisse et standard). Ainsi une méthode hybride statistique est développée pour estimer le bruit de roulement à basses fréquences, donnant des résultats convaincants.
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Ferreira, Luan Jose Franchini 1987. "Resposta temporal de vigas com vibro-impacto utilizando modelos de força de contato." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264946.
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Orientador: Alberto Luiz SerpaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: O vibro-impacto de vigas ocorre devido ao contato intermitente das estruturas na presença de folgas, gerando desgaste excessivo, vibração com grandes amplitudes, falhas prematuras de componentes e altos níveis de ruído. A determinação da resposta no domínio do tempo do sistema, ou seja, deslocamentos, velocidades e acelerações, juntamente com os esforços de contato são de fundamental importância para o projeto desses sistemas, na prevenção de falhas e no controle de vibrações e ruído. Foi desenvolvido um código utilizando a linguagem MATLAB que a partir dos dados de uma malha de elementos finitos de viga, determina a resposta dinâmica da viga sobre a condição de vibro-impacto. A resposta dinâmica foi obtida utilizando a integração numérica da equação do movimento discretizada. Os métodos de integração numérica da diferença centrada, Newmark e alpha-HHT foram implementados para o caso de contato intermitente e utilizados na determinação da resposta dinâmica da estrutura. A condição de contato intermitente originada pelo processo de vibro-impacto foi tratada avaliando a condição de não penetração dos corpos nos instantes de tempo específicos definidos pelo intervalo de tempo utilizado na integração numérica. Os modelos de contato mecânico utilizados foram os modelos de força de contato proporcional e o cúbico
Abstract: The vibro-impact of beams occurs due to intermittent contact of the structures in the presence of clearances, generating excessive wear, vibration with large amplitudes, premature failure of components and high noise level. A MATLAB code was developed using the finite element model of the beam, obtaining the dynamic response of the beam with the vibro-impact condition. The dynamic response was obtained using numerical integration of the discretized equation of motion. The numerical integration method of the central difference, Newmark and alpha-HHT were implemented for the case of contact and used for the determination of the structure time response. The contact condition caused by vibro-impact process was treated evaluating the condition of nonpenetration bodies in specific instants of time defined by the numerical integration method. The mechanical contact models proportional force and cubic force were used
Mestrado
Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Kalman, Babković. "Višenamenski integrisani senzor sile i pomeraja." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2016. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=100643&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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U doktorskoj disertaciji razmatra se merenje sile i pomeraja pomoćusenzora koji mogu da se integrišu u već postojeće elemente narobotskim i industrijskim sistemima. Sila se meri merenjemdeformacije elastičnog elementa. Za merenje pomeraja postignuto jena dva načina: optičkom komponentom i induktivnom strukturomizrađenom štampanjem na fleksibilnoj foliji i njenim odgovarajućimsečenjem. Merenje sile demonstrirano je na primeru klatna sa bazomkod kojeg se meri sila kontakta sa podlogom, a merenje pomeraja jepokazano na primeru merenja vibracija. Sistem za merenje vibracijadopunjen je i sistemom za automatsko podešavanje radne tačke koji semože iskoristiti za automatsku kalibraciju.In this thesis, measurement of force and displacement has been analyzedusing sensors which can be embedded into existing elements of robotic andindustrial systems. Force is measured by measuring the deformation ofelastic elements. Two mehtods have been applied to displacementmeasurement: an optical component and an inductive structure fabricated byprinting on flexible substrate and its subsequent cutting. Measurement offorce has been demonstrated on a pendulum attached to its base, where thecontact between the base and its support is measured. Displacementmeasurement has been shown by measuring vibration. The vibrationmeasurement system is supplemented with an automatic operating pointadjustment system which also adds an automatic calibration feature.
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Drabison, John Stephen II. "Experimental Investigation of Judder in a Floating Disc-Caliper Braking System with Focus on Pad Geometry." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276795212.
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