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Journal articles on the topic 'Contact time'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

McCann, Lisa, Warwick Allan, Phillip Read, and Anna McNulty. "Contact tracing using provider referral: how difficult is it?" Sexual Health 10, no. 5 (2013): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13085.

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Contact tracing using provider referral is often perceived as time-consuming. To assess the workload involved in provider referral at a sexual health clinic, we studied the number of attempts required, the contact method used, the time taken and the success of provider referral for 230 contacts referred over a 3-year period. For 87% of these contacts, a mobile number was available; 78.7% of these were successfully contacted. A median of two calls was required and the median time to complete the contact tracing process was within the same day. In 91% of cases, contact tracing was successful. In our setting, provider notification was not time-consuming.

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Mithun, Marianne. "Grammar, Contact and Time." Journal of Language Contact 1, no. 1 (2007): 144–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000007792548378.

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AbstractA continuing issue in work on language contact has been determining the relative borrowability of various structural features. It is easy to imagine, for example, how a tendency to use particular word order patterns in one language might be replicated by bilinguals in another, but difficult to understand how abstract morphological structures could be transferred. When we look at linguistic areas, however, we often find grammatical features shared by genetically unrelated languages that seem unborrowable. Here we consider the importance of adding the dimension of time to investigations into the potential effects of contact. As a point of departure we examine a relatively straightforward example from western North America, a striking parallelism in verbal structure among large numbers of languages indigenous to California. The example illustrates the fact that parallel grammatical structures in neighboring languages need not have been borrowed in their current form. They might instead be the result of an earlier transfer of patterns of expression that set the stage for subsequent parallel developments.

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CHEN, S. C., and Z. S. YOU. "Social contact patterns of school-age children in Taiwan: comparison of the term time and holiday periods." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 6 (July 31, 2014): 1139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814001915.

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SUMMARYSchool closure is one of the most common interventions in the early weeks of an influenza pandemic. Few studies have investigated social contact patterns and compared individual student contact characteristics during the school term and holiday periods in Taiwan. Here, we conducted a well-used questionnaire survey in a junior high school (grades 7–8) in June 2013. All 150 diary-based effective questionnaires covering conversation and skin-to-skin contact behaviour were surveyed. Two questionnaires for each participant were designed to investigate the individual-level difference of contact numbers per day during the two periods. The questionnaire response rate was 44%. The average number of contacts during term time (20·0 contacts per day) and holiday periods (12·6 contacts per day) were significantly different (P < 0·05). The dominant contact frequencies and duration were everyday contact (89·10%) and contacts lasting less than 5 minutes (37·09%). The greatest differences occurred within the 13–19 years age groups. The result presented in this study provide an indication of the likely reduction in daily contact frequency that might occur if a school closure policy was adopted in the event of an influenza pandemic in Taiwan. Comparing contact patterns during term time and holiday periods, the number of contacts decreased by 40%. This study is the first research to investigate the contact numbers and contact characteristics for school-age children during the school term and a holiday period in Taiwan. With regard to public health, this study could provide the basic contact information and database for modelling influenza epidemics for minimizing the spread of influenza that depends on personal contacts for transmission.

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JIANG, L., H. L. NG, H. J. HO, Y. S. LEO, K. PREM, A. R. COOK, and M. I. CHEN. "Contacts of healthcare workers, patients and visitors in general wards in Singapore." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 14 (September 8, 2017): 3085–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817002035.

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SUMMARYTo characterize contacts in general wards, a prospective survey of healthcare workers (HCWs), patients and visitors was conducted using self-reported diary, direct observation and telephone interviews. Nurses, doctors and assorted HCWs reported a median of 14, 18 and 15 contact persons over one work shift, respectively. Within 1 h, we observed 3·5 episodes with 25·6 min of cumulative contact time for nurses, 2·9 episodes and 22·1 min for doctors and 5·0 episodes with 44·3 min for assorted-HCWs. In interactions with patients, nurses had multiple brief episodes of contact; doctors had fewer episodes and less cumulative contact time; assorted-HCWs had fewer contact episodes of longer durations (than for nurses and doctors). Assortative mixing occurred amongst HCWs: those of the same HCW type were the next most frequent class of contact after patients. Over 24-h, patients contacted 14 persons with 23 episodes and 314·5 min of contact time. Patient-to-patient contact episodes were rare, but a maximum of five were documented from one patient participant. 22·9% of visitors reported contact with patients other than the one they visited. Our study revealed differences in the characteristics of contacts among different HCW types and potential transmission routes from patients to others within the ward environment.

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5

Shah, Dipen C., and Mehdi Namdar. "Real-Time Contact Force Measurement." Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology 8, no. 3 (June 2015): 713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circep.115.002779.

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6

Babel, Anna M. "Time and reminiscence in contact." Spanish in Context 11, no. 3 (December 8, 2014): 311–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.11.3.01bab.

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The question of how and why change occurs is a persistent theme in research on language contact and sociolinguistics. In this article, I investigate the role of social context in producing change and maintenance in a contact variety of Andean Spanish. Two generations of speakers in a Quechua-Spanish contact zone in central Bolivia interpret stress shift on the first person imperfect past tense as a marker of the “reminiscent past.” An emergent but unstable grammatical distinction is entwined with lived experience and speakers’ positioning as social actors. Both stability and change are produced by speakers through practice and are closely related to the iconization of contact features as symbols of social orientation and experience.

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Kawase, Toshihiro, Keiichi Ohishi, Kazuya Yoneyama, Hiroyuki Kambara, and Yasuharu Koike. "Recalibration of time to contact." Robotics and Autonomous Systems 60, no. 5 (May 2012): 742–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2011.06.011.

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8

Pyo, Minji, Hong Kyung Lee, Jinbum Uhm, Hwa Sun Ryu, Jin Tae Hong, Youngsoo Kim, and Sang-Bae Han. "Time-lapse imaging of contact dynamics between mesenchymal stem cells and T cells (THER5P.913)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2015): 139.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.139.15.

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Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) ameliorate the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus through inhibiting T cell functions via soluble mediators and direct cell-cell contact. However, little is known about the contact dynamics at the single cell level. Using time-lapse imaging, we show that their contact is dependent on CCL2, but not CCL3, CCL4, CXCL10, and CXCL12, which are produced by MSCs. First, we analyzed contact dynamics of MSCs. Each WT MSC contacted 11 T cells and each contact lasted 107 min. In the same condition, each CCL2-/- MSC contacted 10 T cells and each contact continues 34 min. Subsequently, CCL2-/- MSCs did not inhibit T cell functions. Next, we analyzed migration dynamics of only T cells, since MSCs did not move well. When calculating the percentage of T cells contacting MSCs more than one time for 6 h, 68% T cells contacted MSCs and 59% T cells contacted CCL2-/- MSCs. T cells moved at average speeds of 7 um/min without contact and did not move well during the contact period, which was similar in cultures with either WT or CCL2-/- MSCs. Together, our data demonstrate that MSC-derived CCL2 might increase T cell migration, prolong contact duration with T cells, and finally inhibit T cell functions.

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Alarabi, Louai, Saleh Basalamah, Abdeltawab Hendawi, and Mohammed Abdalla. "TraceAll: A Real-Time Processing for Contact Tracing Using Indoor Trajectories." Information 12, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12050202.

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The rapid spread of infectious diseases is a major public health problem. Recent developments in fighting these diseases have heightened the need for a contact tracing process. Contact tracing can be considered an ideal method for controlling the transmission of infectious diseases. The result of the contact tracing process is performing diagnostic tests, treating for suspected cases or self-isolation, and then treating for infected persons; this eventually results in limiting the spread of diseases. This paper proposes a technique named TraceAll that traces all contacts exposed to the infected patient and produces a list of these contacts to be considered potentially infected patients. Initially, it considers the infected patient as the querying user and starts to fetch the contacts exposed to him. Secondly, it obtains all the trajectories that belong to the objects moved nearby the querying user. Next, it investigates these trajectories by considering the social distance and exposure period to identify if these objects have become infected or not. The experimental evaluation of the proposed technique with real data sets illustrates the effectiveness of this solution. Comparative analysis experiments confirm that TraceAll outperforms baseline methods by 40% regarding the efficiency of answering contact tracing queries.

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Porter, Benjamin, Juan Josse, Carl Spangenberg, and Keith Hafner. "Modal Contact Time Tracer Studies in Two Chlorine Contact Tanks." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, no. 16 (January 1, 2010): 1268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864710798158760.

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Keil, Tina F., Miriam Koschate, and Mark Levine. "Contact Logger: Measuring everyday intergroup contact experiences in near-time." Behavior Research Methods 52, no. 4 (January 21, 2020): 1568–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01335-w.

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Lee, Jae-Ik, Youngsup Song, Hakkyun Jung, Jungwook Choi, Youngkee Eun, and Jongbaeg Kim. "Deformable Carbon Nanotube-Contact Pads for Inertial Microswitch to Extend Contact Time." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 59, no. 12 (December 2012): 4914–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2011.2163918.

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13

Weaver, Sean, Samuel Byrne, Hollianne Bruce, Olivia Vargas, and Thomas Robey. "Prospective Case-control Study of Contact Tracing Speed for Emergency Department-based Contact Tracers." Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 23, no. 5 (August 24, 2022): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2022.5.53196.

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Introduction: In Snohomish County, WA, the time from obtaining a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test and initiating contact tracing is 4-6 days. We tested whether emergency department (ED)-based contact tracing reduces time to initiation and completion of contact tracing investigations. Methods: All eligible coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-positive patients were offered enrollment in this prospective case-control study. Contact tracers were present in the ED from 7 AM to 2 AM for 60 consecutive days. Tracers conducted interviews using the Washington State Department of Health’s extended COVID-19 reporting form, which is also used by the Snohomish Health District (SHD). Results: Eighty-one eligible SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were identified and 71 (88%) consented for the study. The mean time between positive COVID-19 test result and initiation of contact tracing investigation was 111 minutes with a median of 32 minutes (range: 1-1,203 minutes). The mean time from positive test result and completion of ED-based contact tracing investigation was 244 minutes with a median of 132 minutes (range: 23-1,233 minutes). In 100% of the enrolled cases, contact tracing was completed within 24 hours of a positive COVID-19 test result. For comparison, during this same period, SHD was able to complete contact tracing in 64% of positive cases within 24 hours of notification of a positive test result (P < 0.001). In the ED, each case identified a mean of 2.8 contacts as compared to 1.4 contacts identified by SHD-interviewed cases. There was no statistically significant difference between the percentage of contacts reached through ED contact tracing (82%) when compared to the usual practice (78%) (P = 0.16). Conclusion: When contact tracing investigations occur at the point of diagnoses, the time to initiation and completion are reduced, there is higher enrollment, and more contacts are identified.

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Ng, Guan Yee, and Biauw Chi Ong. "Contact tracing using real-time location system (RTLS): a simulation exercise in a tertiary hospital in Singapore." BMJ Open 12, no. 10 (October 2022): e057522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057522.

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ObjectiveWe aim to assess the effectiveness of contact tracing using real-time location system (RTLS) compared with the conventional (electronic medical records (EMRs)) method via an emerging infectious disease (EID) outbreak simulation exercise. The aims of the study are: (1) to compare the time taken to perform contact tracing and list of contacts identified for RTLS versus EMR; (2) to compare manpower and manpower-hours required to perform contact tracing for RTLS versus EMR; and (3) to extrapolate the cost incurred by RTLS versus EMR.DesignProspective case study.SettingSengkang General Hospital, a 1000-bedded public tertiary hospital in Singapore.Participants1000 out of 4000 staff wore staff tags in this study.InterventionsA simulation exercise to determine and compare the list of contacts, time taken, manpower and manpower-hours required between RTLS and conventional methods of contact tracing. Cost of both methods were compared.Primary and secondary outcome measuresList of contacts, time taken, manpower required, manpower-hours required and cost incurred.ResultsRTLS identified almost three times the number of contacts compared with conventional methods, while achieving that with a 96.2% reduction in time taken, 97.6% reduction in manpower required and 97.5% reduction in manpower-hours required. However, RTLS incurred significant equipment cost and might take many contact tracing episodes before providing economic benefit.ConclusionAlthough costly, RTLS is effective in contact tracing. RLTS might not be ready at present time to replace conventional methods, but with further refinement, RTLS has the potential to be the gold standard in contact tracing methods of the future, particularly in the current pandemic.

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SCHOESSLER, JOHN P. "Actual Wearing Time vs. Possession Time of Contact Lenses." Optometry and Vision Science 66, no. 4 (April 1989): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-198904000-00003.

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16

RAHADIANTI, Laksmita, Wooseong JEONG, Fumihiko SAKAUE, and Jun SATO. "Time-to-Contact in Scattering Media." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E100.D, no. 3 (2017): 564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2016edp7230.

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17

Gent, A. N., and H. J. Kim. "Effect of Contact Time on Tack." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 63, no. 4 (September 1, 1990): 613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538277.

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Abstract The following conclusions are obtained: 1. The autohesion strength of elastomers increases linearly with the rate of detachment over the range 200 to 1000 mm/s. 2. The autohesion strength increases by a factor of only 2× to 3× when the contact pressure is increased by 3 orders of magnitude, from 2 kPa to 2 MPa. 3. Autohesion strength develops rapidly in the early stages of contact for SBR, BR, and EPR, increasing from about 20 J/m2 to about 500–1000 J/m2 as the contact time increased from 1 to 100 ms. It increased more slowly thereafter, to about 10 kJ/m2 after a contact time of 1000 s. 4. The development of autohesion was exactly the same at 3°C as at 25°C. This feature is attributed to simultaneous changes in developing true contact, and in resisting separation after contact, that exactly cancel. 5. Adhesion between SBR and EPR is lower than the autohesion strength of the individual polymers over the whole range of contact time. On the other hand, the three strengths for SBR and BR are almost the same. 6. The overall similarity between the rates of development of autohesion and adhesion suggest that autohesion is governed mainly by the strength and extent of intimate molecular contact that is developed at the interface. Contributions from interdiffusion, if any, appear to be significant only in the later stages of contact.

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Watanabe, Yukitoshi, Fumihiko Sakaue, and Jun Sato. "Time-to-Contact from Photometric Information." IPSJ Transactions on Computer Vision and Applications 6 (2014): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2197/ipsjtcva.6.39.

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Grimmer, Daniel, Robert B. Mann, and Eduardo Martín-Martínez. "Thermal contact: mischief and time scales." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 52, no. 39 (September 3, 2019): 395305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ab3a19.

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20

Richard, Denis, Christophe Clanet, and David Quéré. "Contact time of a bouncing drop." Nature 417, no. 6891 (June 2002): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/417811a.

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Xie, Fang-Fang, Shu-Hang Lv, Yan-Ru Yang, and Xiao-Dong Wang. "Contact Time of a Bouncing Nanodroplet." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 11, no. 8 (March 20, 2020): 2818–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00788.

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Kobayashi, Hajime, and Katsunori Ohta. "Multimarket contact in continuous-time games." Economics Letters 101, no. 1 (October 2008): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2008.03.031.

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Duggal, K. L. "Space time manifolds and contact structures." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 13, no. 3 (1990): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171290000783.

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A new class of contact manifolds (carring a global non-vanishing timelike vector field) is introduced to establish a relation between spacetime manifolds and contact structures. We show that odd dimensional strongly causal (in particular, globally hyperbolic) spacetimes can carry a regular contact structure. As examples, we present a causal spacetime with a non regular contact structure and a physical model [Gödel Universe] of Homogeneous contact manifold. Finally, we construct a model of 4-dimensional spacetime of general relativity as a contact CR-submanifold.

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Rojek, Artur, and Marek Skrzyniarz. "Contact arc time – important parameter of DC high-speed circuit-breakers." MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929405002.

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The parameters of DC high-speed circuit-breakers (HSCB) and test methods are specified in the standards. These standards define requirements of the circuit breakers opening time and the total breaking time. During the direct current (DC) breaking after opening the contacts, the arc ignites, the voltage of which is so low that it does not limit the switched off current. The time in which this phenomenon occurs is defined as the contact arc time.The contact arc time has a significant influence on the breaking process. It can take up to over 40% of arcing time. Therefore, tests were carried out, which were to answer the questions about what and to a what extent affects the contact arc time.Since the standards for high-speed circuit-breakers do not refer to the contact arc time, definitions of this parameter are proposed in the article. Using this definition numerous tests of various factors have been carried out on contact arc time.The conducted research shows that shortening the DC breaking time through high-speed breakers is possible by limiting the contact arc time, which can be obtained by modifying the circuit breaker’s construction.

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Creton, Costantino, and Ludwik Leibler. "How does tack depend on time of contact and contact pressure?" Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 34, no. 3 (February 1996): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(199602)34:3<545::aid-polb13>3.0.co;2-i.

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Martin, Jennifer, Ciara Carroll, Zuneera Khurshid, Gemma Moore, Grainne Cosgrove, Robert Conway, Claire Buckley, Mary Browne, Maureen Flynn, and Sarah Doyle. "An overview of the establishment of a national contact tracing programme: a quality improvement approach in a time of pandemic." HRB Open Research 5 (February 14, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13484.1.

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Background: With the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Irish health system needed a contact tracing and management intervention at a national level to undertake high volume, low complexity contact tracing. This paper describes the establishment and first year of a national Contact Management Programme (CMP) in Ireland, its core components, outcomes on key measures (coverage, timeliness, and training) and learnings from the process. Methods: CMP is centred on four steps, 1) case: rapid notification to a person of a result and provision of advice, 2) contacts: rapid identification of contacts, 3) control: rapid public health management of contacts, which includes testing and 4) active follow-up of close contacts with additional testing and public health advice reminder SMS and calls. The outcome measures used in this study are: 1) The proportion of all Irish cases contact traced through the CMP (Coverage), 2) the time taken to complete the 3 types of CMP calls (timeliness), 3) number of contact tracers trained and their feedback (training). Results: 246,666 positive cases were recorded using the CMP between 17th March 2020 and 30th April 2021, with contact tracing successfully completed for 237,759 cases, representing 99% and 96%, respectively, of the 248,529 cases notified in Ireland up to the 30th of April 2021. The average time taken for contact tracing to be completed was 29.4 hours (95% CI 28.9, 29.9) and the median was 16.8 hours (approximate 95% CI 15.9, 17.7). Conclusion: Using the Quality Improvement (QI) approach, the Health Service Executive (HSE) successfully established and scaled up a Contact Management Programme that rapidly notified results to people and traced their close contacts. CMP contributed to the success of the Irish health service in managing the pandemic. CMP slowed COVID-19 transmission and lessened the impact on health services capacity.

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England, Danelle O., Marian J. Currie, and Francis J. Bowden. "An audit of contact tracing for cases of chlamydia in the Australian Capital Territory." Sexual Health 2, no. 4 (2005): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh05021.

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Background: Contact tracing is one of the central pillars of the management of sexually transmitted infections. The aims of this audit were to determine the yield of chlamydia infection from contact tracing the sexual partners of individuals diagnosed with chlamydia and to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of contact tracing undertaken at the Communicable Diseases Control Section (CDCS) of Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Health and the Canberra Sexual Health Centre (the clinic). Methods: A retrospective review of the notification records and contact-tracing documentation was undertaken at CDCS and the clinic from 1 September 2002 to 30 September 2003 (13 months). Results: The background rate of chlamydia in those tested in the ACT community is 3–5%. During the study period, 512 cases of chlamydia were notified to CDCS. Of these, 351 were referred for contact tracing, 293 by CDCS and 98 by the clinic. Of the 437 nominated sexual contacts (average of 1.12 per index case), 272 (62.2%) were contacted, 125 (28.6%) were tested and 51 (11.7%; 95% CI 8.8–15.1) tested positive for chlamydia (15.5%; 95% CI 11.5–20.6% in sexual contacts of CDCS index cases and 7.8%; 95% CI 4.8–12.5% in those of the clinic patients). Contact tracing through the CDCS reached significantly more nominated sexual contacts (78.4% v. 41.7%; P = 0.001) and significantly more of the nominated sexual contacts of index cases reported to CDCS were described as tested (34.7% v. 20.8%; P = 0.01). The average time taken to identify each chlamydia-positive sexual contact was 6.8 hours. Conclusions: Contact tracing more than doubled the case finding effectiveness of chlamydia screening, but was time consuming. These results suggest that provider-initiated contact tracing has clinical and public health value, but that the cost-effectiveness of this approach to chlamydia control should be further evaluated.

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Jones, Simon. "CLs: Time to specialise." Optician 2022, no. 2 (February 2022): 244079–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/opti.2022.2.244079.

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Kim, Jisung, Yong Guk Kim, Eun Jae Park, Bo Yeong Kim, Jin Tae Hong, Youngsoo Kim, and Sang-Bae Han. "Time-lapse imaging of contact dynamics between natural killer cells and cancer cells (TUM10P.1035)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2015): 211.16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.211.16.

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Abstract Natural killer (NK) cell -mediated killing of cancer cells is essentially dependent on the direct cell-cell interaction. Using time-lapse imaging, we examine how NK cells contact melanoma cells at the single cell level. First, we analyzed contact dynamics of NK cells. Among 1,134 NK cells appeared in 36 movies in time-lapse imaging for 6 h, 121 NK cells (named competent NK, cNK) showed lytic contact with melanoma cells and 158 NK cells (named incompetent NK, iNK) showed non-lytic contact. Although contact numbers of both cell types was similar each other, the duration of contact appeared to be different. cNK cells contacted melanoma cells for 25 min without movement, but iNK cells contacted target cells for 13~14 min with moving around cancer cells. Both cell types moved at average speed of 5~6 um/min before contact and 1.6~2.1 um/min during contact. Next, we analyzed lytic process of melanoma cells, which could be described by two phases: rounding and membrane damage. Immediately after contacting cNK cells, all melanoma cells rounded up and it took 35 min (6-120) having small deviation. Then, melanoma cells lost membrane integrity and it took 103 (6-298) showing big deviation. Together, our data demonstrate that a small fraction of NK cells are cytotoxic to melanoma cells.

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Osborn, K. F., and F. Sadeghi. "Time Dependent Line EHD Lubrication Using the Multigrid/Multilevel Technique." Journal of Tribology 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920870.

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A numerical solution of time dependent compressible elastohydrodynamic lubrication of line contacts has been obtained. The results show the effects of various operating parameters on the transient response behavior of a lubricated contact. The analysis models a startup situation where the surfaces are initially at rest and in contact. Then, with the contacts operating at a given load and speed, the analysis is run until the pressure and film thickness reach a steady-state condition. A multigrid/multilevel technique is used to simultaneously solve the time dependent Reynolds and elasticity equations. The effects of various loads and speeds have been investigated. Results are presented for nondimensional loads ranging from W = 2.0 × 10−5 to W = 2.3 × 10−4 and nondimensional speeds ranging from U = 1.0 × 10−12 to U = 1.0 × 10−10.

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Chong, Nak Young, Donghoon Choi, and Il Hong Suh. "A motion planning strategy for multifingered hands considering sliding and rolling contacts." Robotica 13, no. 2 (March 1995): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700017653.

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SummaryAn algorithm for the motion planning of the multifingered hand is proposed to generate finite displacements and changes in orientation of objects by considering sliding contacts as well as rolling contacts between the fingertip and the object at the contact point. Specifically, a nonlinear optimization problem is firstly formulated and solved to find the minimum joint velocity and the minimum contact force to impart a desired motion to the object at each time step. Then, the relative velocity at the contact point is found by calculating the velocity of the fingertip and the object at the contact point. Finally, time derivatives of the surface variables and the contact angle of the fingertip and the object at the current time step is computed using the Montana's contact equation to find the contact parameters of the fingertip and the object at the next time step. To show the validity of the proposed algorithm, a numerical example is illustrated by employing the robotic hand manipulating a sphere with three fingers each of which has four joints

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Wilson, Arun, Anup Warrier, and Balram Rathish. "Contact tracing: a lesson from the Nipah virus in the time of COVID-19." Tropical Doctor 50, no. 3 (May 31, 2020): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475520928217.

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Without a vaccine or proven therapeutic options in COVID-19, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a combination of measures: rapid diagnosis and immediate isolation of cases; rigorous contact tracing; and precautionary self-isolation of close contacts to curb the spread of COVID-19. During a Nipah outbreak in Kerala, India in 2019, it was confined to a single case. The authors were involved in the in-hospital contact tracing. With a single patient producing a contact list of 98 in a healthcare setting, the implications in a community setting during a pandemic of the scale of COVID-19 are huge but it proves that early and rigorous tracing with quarantining is an effective strategy to limit clusters. We believe that if the public is encouraged to maintain their own contact list on a daily basis, it would help in significantly reducing the time and effort invested into contact tracing in the event of a person contracting COVID-19.

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Forster, H., and J. Fisher. "The Influence of Loading Time and Lubricant on the Friction of Articular Cartilage." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 210, no. 2 (June 1996): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_399_02.

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Friction of cartilage on metal, metal on cartilage and cartilage on cartilage contact configurations, within a mixed lubrication regime, was measured using synovial fluid, Ringer's solution or with no lubricant present. The main test variable was the period of stationary loading which ranged from 5 s to 45 min, prior to sliding and consequently measuring friction. The coefficient of friction rose gradually with increasing stationary loading time, up to a value of approximately 0.3 at 45 min for all the contact configurations. Following the re-application of load, after short periods of load removal, friction was also found to drop sharply. The flow of liquid in the biphasic cartilage and load carriage by the fluid phase was highlighted as being an important factor in reducing friction within the mixed or boundary lubrication regime. Movement of the contact zone over the cartilage counterface ensured very low friction as the slider moved over fully hydrated cartilage. For the cartilage-cartilage contacts synovial fluid significantly reduced friction compared to Ringer's solution. This was attributed to an effective boundary lubrication action, which was not as effective for the cartilage-metal contacts. contacts.

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Comby-Dassonneville, Solène, Fabien Volpi, Guillaume Parry, Didier Pellerin, and Marc Verdier. "Resistive-nanoindentation: contact area monitoring by real-time electrical contact resistance measurement." MRS Communications 9, no. 3 (June 7, 2019): 1008–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2019.74.

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Chang, Chia-Jung, and Mehrdad Jazayeri. "Integration of speed and time for estimating time to contact." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 12 (March 5, 2018): E2879—E2887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713316115.

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To coordinate movements with events in a dynamic environment the brain has to anticipate when those events occur. A classic example is the estimation of time to contact (TTC), that is, when an object reaches a target. It is thought that TTC is estimated from kinematic variables. For example, a tennis player might use an estimate of distance (d) and speed (v) to estimate TTC (TTC = d/v). However, the tennis player may instead estimate TTC as twice the time it takes for the ball to move from the serve line to the net line. This latter strategy does not rely on kinematics and instead computes TTC solely from temporal cues. Which of these two strategies do humans use to estimate TTC? Considering that both speed and time estimates are inherently uncertain and the ability of the human brain to combine different sources of information, we hypothesized that humans estimate TTC by integrating speed information with temporal cues. We evaluated this hypothesis systematically using psychophysics and Bayesian modeling. Results indicated that humans rely on both speed information and temporal cues and integrate them to optimize their TTC estimates when both cues are present. These findings suggest that the brain’s timing mechanisms are actively engaged when interacting with dynamic stimuli.

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Karas, I., and R. Gálik. "Contact and non-contact thermometry in the milk acquisition process." Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 1 (December 11, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4264-cjas.

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Temperatures of the northern wall, ceiling and floor of a 2 × 12 milking house as well as of a waiting area in front of the milking house were measured for 24 hours a day in the winter season with an average external daily temperature of –8.6°C. The influence of low external temperatures on the temperatures of cows’ mammary glands was measured with a non-contact thermometer RAYNGER ST 6 equipped with laser. The analysis showed that the low external temperatures and insufficiently warmed external walls [average 24-hour temperatures: (t<sub>st</sub> = +1.32°C), ceiling (t<sub>s</sub> = +2.65°C), floor (t<sub>p</sub> = +3.29°C)] as well as the waiting area in front of the milking house (t<sub>d</sub> = +1.9°C) produced unsuitable temperature conditions despite of the use of heaters in the milking house, resulting in the undercooling of mammary glands and the traumatising of dairy cows. The temperatures of mammary glands of tested dairy cows were evaluated by a multifactor analysis of variance. The time and place of measuring were statistically significant on the significance level 0.05. The F -test value for the factor of time was 12.342, with probability 0.0007. The F -test value for the place of temperature measuring was 1061.979, probability 0.0000. Among the equations of curves of the dependences of teat end temperature on the milking time, the closest seemed to be the logarithmic function with determination index R<sup>2</sup> = 0.7404.  

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Tadrist, Loïc, Baptiste Darbois Texier, François Lanzetta, and Lounès Tadrist. "Impact of a pressurised membrane: Contact time." International Journal of Impact Engineering 156 (October 2021): 103963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2021.103963.

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38

Ranjit, Manish, Harshvardhan Gazula, Simon M. Hsiang, and Patricia R. DeLucia. "Stochastic Resonance in Time-to-Contact Judgments." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 14, no. 02 (May 4, 2015): 1550021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477515500212.

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Stochastic resonance (SR) is a counterintuitive phenomenon in which additive noise enhances performance of a nonlinear system. Previous studies demonstrated SR effect on human tactile sensitivity by adding noise of same modality and cross modality. Similarly, enhancement of human hearing through additive noise has been studied. In this study, we investigate the effect of noise in visual perception, specifically time-to-contact (TTC) judgments. This study explores four research questions: (1) Does noise help in TTC judgments? (2) How does noise affect speed and accuracy of TTC judgments? (3) Does cross modal noise help in TTC judgments? (4) How does cross modal noise affect speed and accuracy of TTC judgments? Through simulation, we show that noise in optical cue can enhance weak signals. We also demonstrate that noise can improve speed of TTC judgments at the expense of accuracy. Similarly, we demonstrate SR by adding noise of cross modality. These findings provide plausible hypotheses regarding how much noise should be added to enhance TTC judgments.

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Hauser, Kris. "Fast interpolation and time-optimization with contact." International Journal of Robotics Research 33, no. 9 (August 2014): 1231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0278364914527855.

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EFRON, NATHAN, and SOPHIA McCUBBIN. "Grading Contact Lens Complications Under Time Constraints." Optometry and Vision Science 84, no. 12 (December 2007): 1082–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0b013e31815b9dfc.

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41

Sánchez, José, and James Irwin. "Drumhead contact time measurement using metallic leaf." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111, no. 5 (2002): 2395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4778146.

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Brenner, E., and A. Holcombe. "Time to contact does not pop out." Journal of Vision 11, no. 11 (September 23, 2011): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.11.1213.

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Pai, Dinesh, Robert Rolin, Jolande Fooken, and Miriam Spering. "Time to Contact Estimation in Virtual Reality." Journal of Vision 17, no. 10 (August 31, 2017): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.10.417.

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Shaw, Brian K., Richard S. McGowan, and M. T. Turvey. "An Acoustic Variable Specifying Time-to-Contact." Ecological Psychology 3, no. 3 (September 1991): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco0303_4.

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Hancock, P. A., and M. P. Manster. "Time-to-Contact: More Than Tau Alone." Ecological Psychology 9, no. 4 (December 1997): 265–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco0904_2.

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Fathi, M., R. Lødeng, E. S. Nilsen, B. Silberova, and A. Holmen. "Short contact time oxidative dehydrogenation of propane." Catalysis Today 64, no. 1-2 (January 2001): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(00)00515-0.

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Henrique, Antonio, Pinto Selvatici, Anna Helena, and Reali Costa. "Obstacle avoidance using time-to-contact information." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, no. 8 (July 2004): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)32029-3.

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Lugtigheid, Arthur J., and Andrew E. Welchman. "Evaluating methods to measure time-to-contact." Vision Research 51, no. 20 (October 2011): 2234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2011.08.019.

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Anderson, Raymond P., Bruce F. Alexander, Charles H. Wright, and John Freel. "Short contact-time liquefaction of subbituminous coal." Fuel 64, no. 11 (November 1985): 1564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(85)90374-6.

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Hannoun, Imad A., Paul F. Boulos, and E. John List. "Using hydraulic modeling to optimize contact time." Journal - American Water Works Association 90, no. 8 (August 1998): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1998.tb08487.x.

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