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1
Li, Hui, and De-Hua Han. "Rock Physics Modeling of Unconsolidated Sands: Accounting for Partial Friction Grain Contacts and Heterogeneous Stress Field." Journal of Computational Acoustics 23, no. 04 (December 2015): 1540001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x15400019.
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A partial friction heterogeneity model of a random-compacted granular pack can be formulated using two parameters ([Formula: see text],[Formula: see text] to account for (1) macroscopic stress heterogeneity distribution of grain packs and (2) microscopic partial friction on the area of grain contact. This proposed partial friction heterogeneity model indicates that surface friction between grain contact is nonignorable, which results in tangential loading path being irreversible. Meanwhile, the tangential stress causes partial sliding on grain contact surface. Macroscopically, the effective shear modulus increases when either fraction of partial slip grain contacts or micro-friction on the area of grain contacts increases.
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Yaya, Aboubakar, R. Golsia, B. Hamadou, A. Amara, and François Thiaucourt. "Essai comparatif d'efficacité des deux souches vaccinale T1/44 et T1st contre la préripneumonie contagieuse bovine." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 52, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1999): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9659.
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La péripneumonie est une maladie infectieuse qui touche uniquement les bovidés et connaît actuellement une recrudescence en Afrique. Dans le passé de nombreux pays ont pu contrôler la maladie, voire l'éradiquer, grâce à une prophylaxie médicale basée sur l'utilisation de deux souches vaccinales : T1/44 et sa variante streptomycino-résistante T1sr. Des échecs récents ont pu jeter un doute sur l'identité et l'efficacité de la souche T1sr. Depuis, son identité a été confirmée. Il devenait indispensable de vérifier son efficacité dans des conditions contrôlées. Les deux souches ont été utilisées en primovaccination à la dose minimum recommandée, soit 107 mycoplasmes par dose vaccinale. La reproduction expérimentale de la maladie a été réalisée par intubation endobronchique de 40 zébus du Nord-Cameroun qui ont servi à infecter par contact des animaux vaccinés et des animaux témoins. Tous les animaux ont fait l'objet d'un suivi clinique et sérologique. La transmission de la maladie a pleinement réussi et près de 40 % des animaux témoins ont succombé à la péripneumonie. La mortalité a été inférieure chez les animaux vaccinés mais la différence est à la limite de la signification statistique (p = 0,054). Quelle que soit la souche, la protection conférée par la vaccination, calculée sur la réduction de la mortalité, avoisine 37 % seulement. Il est difficile de comparer ces résultats avec des essais anciens qui étaient pratiquement tous réalisés avec des doses vaccinales beaucoup plus élevées et qui utilisaient une souche d'épreuve isolée en Australie. Les résultats obtenus soulignent le caractère partiel de la protection conférée par la vaccination actuellement pratiquée. Ils appellent d'une part à une meilleure définition des stratégies actuelles de lutte contre la péripneumonie et d'autre part à la mise au point de vaccins plus efficaces.
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Menga, N., C. Putignano, G. Carbone, and G. P. Demelio. "The sliding contact of a rigid wavy surface with a viscoelastic half-space." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 470, no. 2169 (September 8, 2014): 20140392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0392.
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In this paper, the contact of a rigid sinusoid sliding on a viscoelastic half-space is studied. The solution of the problem is obtained by following the path drawn by Hunter for cylindrical contacts. Results show that depending on the remote applied load, a transition from full contact conditions to partial contact may occur depending on the sliding velocity. This effect, which is not observed in smooth single asperity contacts, is related to the viscoelastic stiffening of the material and to the periodicity of the contacts. Frictional properties as well as contact area, displacement and pressure distributions are discussed in detail.
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de Silva, Milantha, Tadashi Sato, Shinichiro Kuroki, and Takamaro Kikkawa. "Low Resistance Ohmic Contact Formation of Ni Silicide on Partially Si Ion Implanted n+ 4H-SiC." Materials Science Forum 778-780 (February 2014): 689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.778-780.689.
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In this work, a partial amorphization is introduced to form a Nickel silicide ohmic contact for 4H-SiC bottom electrode. In a conventional Nickel silicide electrode, a carbon agglomeration at the silicide/SiC interface has been occured, and contant resistance between Ni silicide and SiC substrate became larger. For the reduction of the contact resistance, the partial amorphization of surface of SiC substrate was introduced. By this partial amorphization, the space position of the carbon agglomeration is controlled, and contact resistance can be reduced. As a result, with an amorphous 100 nm line pattern, a reliable contact resistance of 1.9×10-3Ωcm2was realized.
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Juhász, Ágnes. "Interpretation and contractual intention : Some issues concerning the partial invalidity of the contract." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 12, no. 3 (2022): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2022.3.3.
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The interpretation of both the judicial act and the contract is an essential and much-researched topic of contract law since interpretative questions relating to the contract are raised in almost all cases. The intention is a basic ‘building block’ of contractual agreements, therefore, in case of a legal dispute, revealing the parties’ real intention is indispensable. Nevertheless, there are also cases where the application of certain legal consequences raises the need for interpretation. For instance, when a ground for invalidity concerns only a certain part of the contract, the legislator provides partial invalidity or the invalidity of the contract in its entirety. Regardless of what type of invalidity is declared as a general rule, contractual parties, or in case of debate, the court shall decide about the legal status of the parties’ contract. In the lack of the parties’ expressed declaration, the decision shall be made on the real, interpreted, or ultimately, on the hypothetic contractual intention of the parties. In the study, both the issues of the interpretation of the contract and the problem of partial invalidity are examined comprehensively by the review and analysis of both the Hungarian and foreign literature. It is also reviewed, how the interpretation theories and methods can help the exploration of the contractual parties’ real intention, if parties did not provide the future legal status of their contract for the case of partial invalidity.
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Wu, Shifeng, and H. S. Cheng. "A Sliding Wear Model for Partial-EHL Contacts." Journal of Tribology 113, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920579.
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A sliding wear model has been developed for partial-EHL contacts, in which both the thermal desorption wear mechanism at low asperity contact temperature and the oxidative wear mechanism at elevated asperity contact temperature are considered. To include micro-EHL effects, digitized actual surface roughness profiles are used in simulating two contacting rough surfaces, and in obtaining the asperity contact area and asperity contact temperature distributions within a Hertzian contact region. Wear measurements in a two-disk machine configuration have been made over a comprehensive range of slide-to-roll ratios. The experimental results show a continuous decrease in wear rate with the increase in slide-to-roll ratio when the slide-to-roll ratio is relatively small, and a drastic rise in wear rate when slide-to-roll ratio is further increased. The experimental wear rate curve as a function of slide-to-roll ratio verifies the model prediction. The drastic rise in wear rate with the increase in slide-to-roll ratio in the range of slide-to-roll ratio beyond unity seems to suggest that a transitional phenomenon exists in the relation between wear rate and slide-to-roll ratio.
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Juhász, Ágnes. "Partial invalidity in Hungarian contract law." European Integration Studies 18, no. 1 (2022): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46941/2022.e1.123-136.
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The study aims at reviewing certain questions relating to a legal institution, partial invalidity, which is rarely examined by the contemporary civil law literature. After a short historical overview, examinations focus on the provisions on partial invalidity contained by the Hungarian civil code in force. These examinations cover both the problems of assessment of the legal institution’s legal nature and the difficulties of its application in the judicial practice. Concerning the question of the divisibility or separability of the contract which is a preliminary question when assessing partial invalidity, foreign regulatory examples are also reviewed. The last part of the study attempts to reveal the parties’ contractual intention during the assessment of the partial or full invalidity of the contract, outlines the difficulties of interpretation, and drafts the potential interpretation methods.
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Khalaf, Dr Muna Saleem. "Bite force in Iraqi children in relation to teeth contact and mandibular incisors angulation." Mustansiria Dental Journal 7, no. 2 (March 19, 2018): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32828/mdj.v7i2.396.
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Clinical and animal experiments have demonstrated the role of masticatory musclefunction in normal and abnormal dentofacial development. This study was aimed atobserving the role of antagonistic tooth contacts in the value of maximum bite forceamong a sample of Iraqi children and to seek the existence of a correlation betweenmaximum bite force and the angulations of the mandibular incisors.Maximum bite force was measured in 46 children (23 males and 23 females). Theteeth that occluded with its antagonist were counted clinically and the children werethen classified as those with full contact of opposing teeth and those with partialcontact. The angle of inclination of the mandibular incisors was obtained bycephalometric lateral views for each child.Maximum biting force was higher in children with full contact of teeth than inchildren with partial contact of teeth. The difference was statistically insignificant. Aclear correlation existed between maximum bite force and the angulations of themandibular incisors.Maximum biting force affected the inclination of the mandibular incisors.No difference was found in the value of maximum biting force between patientswith full contact of teeth and those with partial contacts.
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Varavka, V. "SMART CONTRACT AS A FORM OF CIVIL CONTRACT." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 111 (2019): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2019/4.111-3.
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Development of information technologies, cryptocurrencies and technology of distributed networks has caused the appearance of smart con- tracts as new types of civil contract. They have been widely used in recent years in such areas as initial coins offering (ICO), financial sector, inter- national trade and public services. At the same time the legal status and legal regulation of smart contracts are uncertain. These uncertainties cause many legal risks of smart-contractsutilization. The purpose of this article is to find out the conception of smart contract as a form of civil contract, to research its legal status and legal regula- tion issues and to develop proposals for the improvement of legal regulation of smart contracts and cryptocurrencies in Ukraine. By its legal nature a smart contract is a digital form of a civil contract realized in programming code automatically executed in a distributed network. Like a civil contract, smart contract has such elements as parties, subject and essential terms of the contract. The legal force of a smart contract depends on whether it includes the fundamental features of a civil contact, such as evidence that parties have intention to create legal relations, understandabil- ity of contract conditions and possibility to perform the terms of the contract under duress. The main advantages of a smart contract are its ability to significantly accelerate and reduce costs of the transaction and guarantee the fulfillment of contract terms regardless of the contractual parties' and third parties' will. The main risks of a smart contract are uncertainty of legal status of a smart contract and cryptocurrencies as a means of payment, complexity of expressing the contact terms in a mathematical algorithm, risk of software bugs and hacking attack. To solve the problems of legal regulation of smart contracts in Ukraine it is necessary to change the legislation in order to settle the legal status of cryptocurrencies and recognize a smart contract as a form of a civil contract. It is necessary to identify parties of the smart contract, confirm their agreement on the terms of the smart contract by using digital electronic signature. A smart contract should be supplemented by text application containing the es- sential terms of the contract which will have legal force in trail. It is necessary to implement blockchain technology in the state registers and pro- vide legal ability to make adjustments in the registers automatically for the performance of smartcontracts.
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Reichler, Mary R., Awal Khan, Timothy R. Sterling, Hui Zhao, Bin Chen, Yan Yuan, Joyce Moran, et al. "Risk Factors for Tuberculosis and Effect of Preventive Therapy Among Close Contacts of Persons With Infectious Tuberculosis." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 8 (May 24, 2019): 1562–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz438.
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Abstract Background Close contacts of persons with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) have high rates of TB disease. Methods We prospectively enrolled TB patients and their close contacts at 9 US/Canadian sites. TB patients and contacts were interviewed to identify index patient, contact, and exposure risk factors for TB. Contacts were evaluated for latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB, and the effectiveness of LTBI treatment for preventing contact TB was examined. Results Among 4490 close contacts, multivariable risk factors for TB were age ≤5 years, US/Canadian birth, human immunodeficiency virus infection, skin test induration ≥10 mm, shared bedroom with an index patient, exposure to more than 1 index patient, and index patient weight loss (P < .05 for each). Of 1406 skin test–positive contacts, TB developed in 49 (9.8%) of 446 who did not initiate treatment, 8 (1.8%) of 443 who received partial treatment, and 1 (0.2%) of 517 who completed treatment (1951, 290, and 31 cases/100 000 person-years, respectively; P < .001). TB was diagnosed in 4.2% of US/Canadian-born compared with 2.3% of foreign-born contacts (P = .002), and TB rates for US/Canadian-born and foreign-born contacts who did not initiate treatment were 3592 and 811 per 100 000 person-years, respectively (P < .001). Conclusions Treatment for LTBI was highly effective in preventing TB among close contacts of infectious TB patients. Several index patient, contact, and exposure characteristics associated with increased risk of contact TB were identified. These findings help inform contact investigation, LTBI treatment, and other public health prevention efforts.
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Naves, Marina Melo, Helder Henrique Machado de Menezes, Denildo de Magalhães, Cleudmar Amaral de Araújo, and Paulo Cézar Simamoto Júnior. "The Influence of Interproximal Contact on Implant-Supported Fixed Partial Dentures in the Posterior Jaw: A Photoelastic Analysis." Journal of Oral Implantology 41, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-12-00118.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the separation of prosthetic crowns from fixed partial dentures by means of stress gradient evaluation. Three photoelastic models were created to examine contiguous implants with varying contact between the crowns (contact point [CP], contact surface [CS], splinted [SP]). The SP group presented the best results, followed by the CS group, indicating that the use of splinted prosthetic crowns and crowns with broad surface contacts is viable when considering the stress values.
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Sawyer, W. Gregory, and Thierry A. Blanchet. "Vapor-Phase Lubrication in Combined Rolling and Sliding Contacts: Modeling and Experimentation." Journal of Tribology 123, no. 3 (July 6, 2000): 572–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1308039.
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The in situ vapor-phase lubrication of M50 steel, in combined rolling and sliding contacts at 540°C using nitrogen atmospheres containing acetylene, is achieved. Acetylene partial pressures of 0.05 atmospheres are capable of providing continuous lubrication to combined rolling and sliding contacts through pyrolytic carbon deposition. In these tests, friction coefficients as low as μ=0.01 are found for contacts at 2.0 m/s rolling speed, 10 cm/s sliding speed, 100 N load (1.3 GPa Hertzian contact pressure), and ambient temperature of 540°C, with even lower values observed at more modest sliding speeds. One example of a model for vapor phase lubrication of combined rolling and sliding contacts is developed which predicts the lubricant steady-state fractional coverage of the contact surfaces, and from this makes friction coefficient predictions using a linear rule-of-mixture. Friction coefficient responses to step changes in acetylene partial pressure, sliding speed, and disk wear-track diameter are measured. Increased partial pressure of acetylene and increased area available for deposition are observed to be beneficial, while increased sliding speed is detrimental to lubrication performance. Shapes and trends of steady-state friction coefficient versus acetylene partial pressure, sliding speed, and disk wear-track diameter are described and curve-fit by the model. In combined rolling and sliding this example model predicts large regions of operating conditions over which friction coefficient is independent of rolling speed, as well as regions of independence of vapor partial pressure. In the special case of pure sliding, a region of friction coefficient independence of a ratio of partial pressure to sliding speed and another region of independence of a ratio of partial pressure to the product of sliding speed and normal load are predicted.
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Dai, Hongyi, Igor Shikhov, Rupeng Li, Ji-Youn Arns, and Christoph H. Arns. "Mechanisms of Confining Pressure Dependence of Resistivity Index for Tight Sandstones by Digital Core Analysis." SPE Journal 26, no. 02 (February 10, 2021): 883–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205026-pa.
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Summary Resistivity measurements are a major input into hydrocarbon reserve estimation and are usually described by Archie’s laws. In this study, we use digital rock physics to analyze the mechanisms of non-Archie and Archie behavior of formation factor (FF) and resistivity index (RI) of low-porosity Fontainebleau (FB) sandstone for ambient conditions and under high confining pressure, respectively. FB sandstone was imaged by micro-X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) at a resolution of 1 µm. Subresolution details of the grain contact width distribution along with their length were extracted from a set of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The nanoscale aperture of grain contacts, which is below tomogram resolution, is accounted for in micro-CT-based numerical calculations by assigning effective porosity and conductivity to individual voxels of the extracted grain contact network. A porosity reduction of grain contacts and open pore space as a function of applied confining pressure is introduced, capturing the pressure dependence. The concept was implemented by grain contact labeling, introducing an additional phase derived from a Euclidean distance transform (EDT). Subvoxel stress-strain effects were incorporated by attributing all compressibility effects to the pore space (open pore space and grain contacts), treating the solid phase as perfectly rigid. Voxel-scale input conductivities are assigned using Archie’s law followed by solving the Laplace equation for sample-scale rock resistivity and RI directly on the segmented image using the finite element method. For the numerical modeling of the FF and RI of low-porosity FB sandstone as a function of confining pressure, which depends on subresolution features, a set of hypotheses were tested. These are based on two segmentation scenarios incorporating the measured contact aperture distribution from SEM analysis—a homogeneous aperture-based segmentation by assuming all grain contacts as an average constant value and a heterogeneous aperture-based segmentation assigning two groups of grain contact apertures. The segmentation scenarios enable homogeneous and heterogeneous morphological change of grain contacts due to confining pressure effects. Furthermore, partial saturation of grain contacts is considered. In all cases, strong water-wetness was assumed, and discretization effects were analyzed carefully. The numerical results highlight the relative contribution of each of two conductive components of FB sandstone (open pores vs. grain contacts) over the full range of partial saturations. Of importance is the connectivity of the system, with discretization effects having a significant effect on FF, but a small effect on the RI. Grain contacts and confining pressure are found to have a significant impact on RI behavior of low-porosity FB sandstone. Both the grain contact network with homogeneous aperture and the heterogeneous grain contact network are able to describe experimental observations. However, it is not sufficient to assume a homogeneous change in contact area, and an inhomogeneous deformation of grain contact zones is required to match the experiment.
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Harbak, Jonathan. "Effect of partial closure of an emergency department on utilization of emergency departments." Dansk Tidsskrift for Akutmedicin 5, no. 1 (March 27, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/akut.v5i1.132155.
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Background: As a result of multiple recommendations from the Danish Health Authority during 2005-2006, the structure of emergency care was reconfigured, including a reduction in the number of entry points in the form of EDs. The reconfiguration process was set to start in 2007, with a goal of completion within 5-10 years. The aim of this study is to shed light on the effect of partial closure of an ED on the utilization of EDs.
Methods: Our population-based historic cohort study was based on data from Statistics Denmark and from Danish health registries, including the Danish Civil Registration System and the Danish National Patient Registry. We included all non-psychiatric ED contacts in citizens of Vejle municipal in the period 2014 to 2015 as Vejle ED on 5 January 2015 ceased its intake of acute orthopedic injuries between 10 pm and 7 am. As of 2015, Vejle municipality had 111,138 citizens. Contacts were excluded if patients where below 18 years old. For each contact emergency department utilized, residential municipal, and date of contact was extracted. Difference-in-difference (DID) estimation based on linear regression was employed, the dependent variable being aggregated daily ED contacts. The control group was defined as contacts between 7 am and 11 pm, and the cases being contacts between 11 pm and 7 am.Results: The study included a total of 39,659 contacts. Out of these 34,901 where between 7 am and 11 pm, and 4,758 where between 11 pm and 7 am. In days before 5 January 2015 there was on average 7.33 contacts between 11pm and 7am, in days after the average was 5.75 contacts, resulting in a 21.6% drop. The DID analysis’ comparison of contacts before and after 5 January 2015 resulted in a coefficient of -2.07, p<0.01, 95%CI [-3.44, -0.70].
Conclusion: In conclusion, the negative DID coefficient found shows a drop of 2 contacts per day between 11pm and 7am. This drop in utilization of EDs could indicate an inequality in accessibility to healthcare. This begs the question; which citizens does not utilize the EDs after reconfiguration, and what conquests this brings?
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Lee, S. C., and H. S. Cheng. "Scuffing Theory Modeling and Experimental Correlations." Journal of Tribology 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920624.
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The scuffing behavior for contacts operating in the partial elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime is shown to be greatly affected by the asperity contact temperatures and the lubricant pressures inside the elastohydrodynamic lubrication conjunction. A scuffing model which takes into account the temperature and pressure effects for predicting the onset of scuffing failure has been developed. This model is based on the lubricant molecule physisorption theory and is capable of predicting the scuffing failures for general contact conditions including the boundary lubrication contacts and the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (ehl) contacts. A preliminary investigation into this model showed a good correlation existing between the theory and some scuffing experiment results conducted on a twin disk machine. However, more experimentation is necessary to further ascertain the validity of this new model. To validate the new scuffing theory, a method for calculating the asperity flash temperatures is formulated. The flash temperature calculations were performed using the actual digitized run-in surface profiles of the mating bodies. The necessary informations for calculating the flash temperatures such as, the real areas of contact and the asperity contact pressures were all determined using a recently developed rough surface contact simulation model.
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Goryacheva, I. G., P. T. Rajeev, and T. N. Farris. "Wear in Partial Slip Contact." Journal of Tribology 123, no. 4 (November 3, 2000): 848–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1338476.
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An analytical method that evaluates the evolution of stress and surface profile in fretting under the partial slip conditions is presented. The repeated slip occurring near the edges of contact generates wear that changes the contact geometry and contact stresses. The method is based on two scales of time: time for one cycle of the oscillating tangential force and time corresponding to the number of cycles. Archard’s wear law is used to evaluate wear and gap variation within the slip zones during one cycle. The governing integral equations are reduced to calculate the contact pressure after each cycle. Evolution of the contact characteristics (contact pressure and shear stress, contact width, gap and slip functions) in fretting is calculated using a stepwise procedure. It is shown that the size of stick zone does not change in wear process of bodies with similar elastic properties under the constant amplitude load conditions, and that an asymptotic solution corresponding to the number of cycles approaching to infinity exists. Analytical expressions for the asymptotic contact pressure, shear and tensile stress, and the gap function are presented. It is proved that the asymptotic contact pressure and shear stress are singular at the ends of stick zone. Detailed results are given for two initial shapes of elastic indenter contacting with an elastic half-space: for the parabolic cylinder and for the indenter having a flat base with rounded edges.
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Vlachová, Jana, Rebekka König, and Diethelm Johannsmann. "Stiffness of sphere–plate contacts at MHz frequencies: dependence on normal load, oscillation amplitude, and ambient medium." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (March 30, 2015): 845–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.87.
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The stiffness of micron-sized sphere–plate contacts was studied by employing high frequency, tangential excitation of variable amplitude (0–20 nm). The contacts were established between glass spheres and the surface of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), where the resonator surface had been coated with either sputtered SiO2 or a spin-cast layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The results from experiments undertaken in the dry state and in water are compared. Building on the shifts in the resonance frequency and resonance bandwidth, the instrument determines the real and the imaginary part of the contact stiffness, where the imaginary part quantifies dissipative processes. The method is closely analogous to related procedures in AFM-based metrology. The real part of the contact stiffness as a function of normal load can be fitted with the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) model. The contact stiffness was found to increase in the presence of liquid water. This finding is tentatively explained by the rocking motion of the spheres, which couples to a squeeze flow of the water close to the contact. The loss tangent of the contact stiffness is on the order of 0.1, where the energy losses are associated with interfacial processes. At high amplitudes partial slip was found to occur. The apparent contact stiffness at large amplitude depends linearly on the amplitude, as predicted by the Cattaneo–Mindlin model. This finding is remarkable insofar, as the Cattaneo–Mindlin model assumes Coulomb friction inside the sliding region. Coulomb friction is typically viewed as a macroscopic concept, related to surface roughness. An alternative model (formulated by Savkoor), which assumes a constant frictional stress in the sliding zone independent of the normal pressure, is inconsistent with the experimental data. The apparent friction coefficients slightly increase with normal force, which can be explained by nanoroughness. In other words, contact splitting (i.e., a transport of shear stress across many small contacts, rather than a few large ones) can be exploited to reduce partial slip.
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Yuan, Xiao Hua. "The Application of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors in High Voltage Switchgear Contact Temperature Measurement Monitoring System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.558.
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The power system is the system by a large number of generation, transmission, distribution and utilization electrical equipment connected. The reliability of these devices directly determines the stability and security of the entire system. High Voltage Switchgear contacts run in high voltage and high current state, is closely related to its operational reliability and contact temperature rising. During the grid operation, the mechanical vibration, the contact ablation and other reasons could deteriorate the exposure conditions; increase in contact resistance, causing the temperature rise of the contact, exacerbate the contact surface oxidation. Resulting arcing at partial of welded or contact loose. Eventually cause damage to the electrical equipment and even power outages and other major incidents. Therefore, the contact temperature of the high-voltage cabinet line monitoring is of great significance.
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Kaldybayev, Askar. "The principle of freedom of contract and corporate contract." Bulletin of the Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 1, no. 64 (March 30, 2021): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52026/2788-5291_2021_64_1_142.
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The agreement between the participants (shareholders) of the company as a corporate governance tool is widely used in foreign practice. In Kazakhstan, the corporate agreement is not yet fully used, although it can provide flexible and appropriate regulation between the participants of the company, between the participants and third parties, the company itself. This type of agreement is not named in the legislation. Domestic law enforcement officials, and especially judges, are wary of the new mechanisms for regulating corporate relations. A corporate agreement is usually understood as an agreement through which the participants of the company agree on actions to manage the company and ensure their interests within the framework of such management. Such an agreement is actively used to regulate corporate relations in many countries. The operation of the contract in the corporate environment and the greater number of peremptory norms does not mean that the principle of freedom of contract, including in terms of determining its content, has only partial application in relation to a corporate contract. And if so, then general restrictions on the freedom of contract apply to this agreement. Relying on freedom of contract and autonomy of will, company participants can include in their contract those provisions that they consider important and necessary to ensure and protect their rights and interests, to achieve their legitimate goals. But when establishing such provisions, the parties to the contract must take into account the restrictions that exist in the law to protect the public interests and the interests of persons in need of such protection.
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Szolwinski, M. P., G. Harish, T. N. Farris, and Takahide Sakagami. "In-Situ Measurement of Near-Surface Fretting Contact Temperatures in an Aluminum Alloy." Journal of Tribology 121, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2833791.
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Fretting is the tribological phenomenon observed in nominally-clamped components which experience vibratory loads or oscillations. Associated with fretting contacts are regions of small-amplitude relative motion or microslip that occurs at the edges of contact. A newly-available infrared technology capable of resolving temperatures fields finely, both spatially and temporally, is used to characterize the near-surface conditions associated with fretting contact between an aluminum alloy cylinder and flat. Both frictional heating due to interfacial slip and the coupled-thermoelastic effect arising from strains in the material induce these temperatures. The experimental results provide insight into not only the magnitude and distribution of near-surface temperatures, but also the nature of the contact stress field and the mechanics of partial slip fretting contacts. Comparisons of the measured temperature fields are made with those predicted by considering both conduction of the frictional heat flux and coupled-thermoelastic theory.
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Lee, S. C., and H. S. Cheng. "Correlation of Scuffing Experiments With EHL Analysis of Rough Surfaces." Journal of Tribology 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920623.
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Scuffing experiments were conducted on a twin disk machine using straight mineral oil. The purpose of these experiments was to validate some existing scuffing theories based on the breakdown of lubrication film in concentrated partial ehl (elastohydrodynamic lubrication) contacts. The verify these scuffing theories, a model for solving the complete inlet half ehl solution to the line contact between two rough longitudinally ground surfaces was developed. This ehl contact model was based on a newly developed concept, “average gap.” The effect of surface roughness on lubrication was taken into account by simulating the contacts between many different pairs of rough surfaces. In order to solve for the ehl contact solutions of the two disks under scuffing conditions, the actual run-in surface profiles of the mating disks, digitized just prior to failure, were used. Finally the correlations were made between the scuffing theory and the experimental data.
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Yasmin, Munnie. "Legal Liability in Standard Form of Contract." International Research Journal of Engineering, IT & Scientific Research 2, no. 9 (September 3, 2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjeis.v2i9.233.
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The validity of standard form of contract is not necessary to be disputed. Standard form of contract has become a business necessity in relation to efficiency and effectiveness. The aspect of problems arising in the standard form of contract is the aspect of imbalance position of the parties. Standard form of contract is potential to be abused by parties having stronger bargaining power. One of the forms of the imbalence is the inclusion of exemption clauses which aims to limit or release the liability of one of the parties. Currently, the rules governing the exemption clause exists only in the Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection (LCP). Article 18 of LCP governing the standard form of clause is limited to the extent of prohibited form and content, and only aimed at final consumer contracts. In reality, the standard form of clause is also found in commercial contracts which are not only on final consumers but also midst consumers. Based on this matter, it is necessary to elaborate the liabilities of the parties and state in drawing up standard form of contacts.
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Gojani, Skender. "Mortgage as a legal instrument for enforcement of the contract of sale." Technium Social Sciences Journal 22 (August 9, 2021): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v22i1.4214.
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Mortgage is a real means of securing the contract, the contracting parties, in many cases agree to finalize their agreement on a certain item by concluding a written contact, but in some cases the contracting parties can also be ensured in various ways to adhere to the rights and obligations arising from their contract.
The creditor on the one hand as the pledgee and the debtor on the other hand as the pledgor are those who enter into a contract by which they create their rights and obligations arising from the contract which must be drafted in support of the provisions of the Law on Obligational Relationships. At the time of entering into the contract they can also enter into a mortgage contract as a real means of securing the contract, where the creditor is assured that if the debtor does not meet the main contractual requirement, then by mortgage as a real means of securing the contract he will realize the main requirement of the contract, i.e. through the mortgage as a real means of securing the contract the pledgee creditor manages to fulfill the main requirement of the contract which the debtor has not been able to meet by the pledgor.
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Huang, Lingqin, Sumin Pan, Xuliang Deng, and Wenwen Cui. "4H-SiC Ohmic contacts formation by MoS2 layer intercalation: A first-principles study." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 24 (December 28, 2022): 245702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0122722.
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Due to the difficulty of forming a low Schottky barrier at the interface of a metal/SiC contact, preparing Ohmic contacts is still a key technical problem in developing SiC devices. In this paper, the effects of MoS2 intercalation on the interface properties of metal/SiC (Al, Ag, Ti, Au, and Mg) systems were investigated by first-principles calculation. The calculations show that all the metal/SiC contacts exhibit p-type Schottky contacts with strong Fermi level pinning (FLP) at the interfaces. After inserting a layer of MoS2, the Schottky barrier heights are significantly reduced. All the metal/MoS2/SiC systems are tuned to be n-type Ohmic contacts. By calculating and analyzing electron localization functions, projected band structure, partial density of states, and planar-averaged charge density difference, the Ohmic contact formation mechanism may be due to the saturation of dangling bonds of the SiC surface, the reduction in metal-induced gap states, the formation of interface dipole layer, and the shift of FLP position to the interface of metal/MoS2.
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Willert, Emanuel. "Smith–Watson–Topper Parameter in Partial Slip Bimodal Oscillations of Axisymmetric Elastic Contacts of Similar Materials: Influence of Load Protocol and Profile Geometry." Eng 5, no. 1 (February 19, 2024): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng5010018.
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Based on a very fast numerical procedure for the determination of the subsurface stress field beneath frictional contacts of axisymmetric elastic bodies under arbitrary 2D oblique loading, the contact mechanical influences of loading parameters and contact profile geometry on the Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT) fatigue crack initiation parameter in elastic fretting contacts with superimposed normal and tangential oscillations are studied in detail. The efficiency of the stress calculation allows for a comprehensive physical analysis of the multi-dimensional parameter space of influencing variables. It is found that a superimposed normal oscillation of the contact can significantly increase or decrease the SWT parameter, depending on the initial phase difference and frequency ratio between the normal and tangential oscillation. Written in proper non-dimensional variables, the rounded flat punch always exhibits smaller values of the SWT parameter, compared to a full paraboloid with the same curvature, while the truncated paraboloid exhibits larger values. A small superimposed profile waviness also significantly increased or decreased the SWT parameter, depending on the amplitude and wave length of the waviness. While both the load protocol and the profile geometry can significantly alter the SWT parameter, the coupling between both influencing factors is weak.
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Davey, D. W. "Screw Rotors with Partial Length Contact." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 604 (September 3, 2019): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/604/1/012006.
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Wielhouwer, Peter W. "Strategic Canvassing by Political Parties, 1952-1990." American Review of Politics 16 (November 1, 1995): 213–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1995.16.0.213-238.
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The activities of political parties, and particularly local party organizations, are geared toward cultivating the relationship between the electorate and those who govern. This paper adds to the theoretical and empirical literature on party activities by focusing on one of the primary mechanisms by which parties attempt to stimulate political participation on behalf of their candidates: the party canvass. Using the 1952-90 National Election Studies, I examine the contacting patterns of the two major U.S. parties, and argue that political parties contact individuals in the electorate not randomly, but strategically, targeting their canvassing efforts to specific individuals and groups within the electorate. This can only be done imperfectly, but with technological increases over the last 40 years, the parties have become somewhat more efficient in their contacting activities and in their ability to target such contacts.
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Aramaki, H., H. S. Cheng, and D. Zhu. "Film Thickness, Friction, and Scuffing Failure of Rib/Roller End Contacts in Cylindrical Roller Bearings." Journal of Tribology 114, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920889.
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The lubrication performance of rib/roller end contacts of cylindrical roller bearings was studied both theoretically and experimentally for end-crowned rollers and inclined ribs. A partial EHL program was used to calculate the film thickness and the friction in the rib/roller end contact. Calculated minimum film thickness shows a strong load dependence although the central film thickness is still a weak function of the load. The influence of the contact position on the film thickness was also investigated for roller skewness and design tolerance. It was found that the contact location affects the minimum film thickness strongly in spite of a weak influence on the central film thickness. Friction and scuffing experiments were conducted on a special rig, which can achieve arbitrary slide/roll ratio to simulate the rib/roller end contacts. Good agreements were found between measured and calculated friction based on the assumption that the lubricant was Newtonian. In scuffing experiments, scuffing propagation was observed on the rib contact surface. The critical load for scuffing is strongly correlated with the sliding velocity. The critical load at high speeds is lower than that at low speeds although the friction at high speeds is lower. These data imply the importance of the contact location and the wear process for film breakdown.
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Aydemir, Hakan. "An Attempt at a Selected and Annotated Bibliography of Tocharian-Turkic Language Contacts, Part I." International Journal of Old Uyghur Studies 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46614/ijous.1494493.
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Tocharian-Turkic language and ethnic relations have many unknown aspects and many problems awaiting solutions. One of the fundamental questions about Tocharian-Turkic language contacts is undoubtedly when and where these contacts began and how long they lasted. This problem has long intrigued scholars. As Sarah G. Thomason (2001) also remarks, there are “two crucial historical questions about language contact situations - how they come about in the first place, and how long they last.” And as she notes, “even partial answers to these questions will be useful for orientation and predicting the future of current contact situations with some degree of confidence.” Therefore, even the partial answers we provide to the problem of Tocharian-Turkic language contacts will make significant contributions to its resolution. Thus, this bibliographic essay serves this purpose. In this first part, the study tries to summarize and describe the significant problems related to the question in the studies listed below and explain what each study is about. The study attempts to evaluate the data included in them, such as lexical correspondences, reconstructions, hypotheses, proofs, and their strengths and weaknesses. However, in this study, not all the studies listed below were evaluated, but only some of them for now. The rest will be evaluated in detail in the next parts of this article series.
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Midorović, Sloboda. "On the legal institute of partial nullity through the prism of the freedom of contract." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 54, no. 4 (2020): 1475–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns54-30204.
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The paper examines the relationship between the principle of party autonomy and the institute of partial nullity of a contract. This interrelation has been brought to the spotlight due to the fact that the application of the institute of partial nullity inevitably triggers court's intervention in the initial content of the contract, which, to be dogmatically correct, shall, in principle, be upheld by the contracting parties. This is so, given that the parties, in the specific case, may favour the elimination of their contract over its survival in the modified content. The analysis has indicated that the stance on this subject matter cannot be uniform, since the occasions in which this relationship may come into play are not identical. Thus, this relation has been assessed in the three different sets of cases: 1) these in which the legislator a priori foresaw nullity of a specific contractual clause opting at the same time for the survival of the rest of the contract; 2) these in which the parties anticipated in their contract the influence of the nullity of a specific clause to the rest of the contract, and eventually, 3) these in which the court established the nullity of a concrete contract provision based on a general nullity clause to be found in Art. 103 in conjunction with Art. 105 of the Law on Obligations (LoO). Given that the LoO does not provide any guidelines on how the courts should handle the last group of cases, the approach advocated to this end in the legal doctrine and jurisprudence of the countries belonging to the Germanic legal family has been analysed. There, the dilemma between the partial nullity and nullity in toto is being solved with the help of the legal concept of hypothetical will. This is followed by the explanation of the concept of hypothetical will along with the legal standards and criteria according to which it shall be established. The paper concludes with the finding that the objective approach in the examining of the hypothetical will, which is advocated in the examined legal systems, is also acceptable from the viewpoint of Serbian law.
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Kulkarni, J., B. Curran, M. Ebdon-Parry, and D. Harrison. "Total contact silicone partial foot prostheses for partial foot amputations." Foot 5, no. 1 (March 1995): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0958-2592(95)90031-4.
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Panjaitan, Wijaya Natalia. "Abrogation “Privity of Contract” Due To One Sided Withdrawal of A Third Party As An Emergency Contact From Borgtocht Perspective." Batulis Civil Law Review 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/ballrev.v5i1.1998.
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Introduction: The inclusion of a third party's personal data as an emergency contact in an agreement is often done one-sidedly by the debtor, to the detriment of the third party who is often disturbed to find the debtor's whereabouts, even though the third party does’nt know and never agreed to have his personal data included as an emergency contact.Purposes of the Research: This research aims to find out the abrogation of the principle of privity of contract in the context of one-sided withdrawal of a third party as an emergency contact in the perspective of personal guarantee law (borgtocht).Methods of the Research: This research is using the normative juridical method. The approach is through legislation, which is the Civil Code and conceptual approaches.Results of the Research: The principle of privity of contract in the perspective of personal guarantee law (borgtocht) will be invalid and cannot be applied to emergency contact if the third party whose name is included is not asked for prior approval by the parties in the agreement.
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Kavarić, Milena. "Liability of contract parties in the franchising contract." Strani pravni zivot, no. 2 (2018): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz1802065k.
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Furustig, J., R. Larsson, A. Almqvist, CA Bates, and P. Ennemark. "A wear model for EHL contacts in gerotor type hydraulic motors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 229, no. 2 (May 9, 2014): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214534204.
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The heart of gerotor motors is a gear-set. The gear-set consists of an inner gear which is rotating and orbiting in contact with an outer gear. Wear in these contacts is investigated experimentally and with a numerical implementation of an Archard based wear model in combination with a load sharing concept. The model utilizes the symmetry of the motor and is based on a three-scale approach to estimate the wear on the gears. The global model calculates contact forces, relative surface velocities and contact radii in the contacts between inner and outer gear. The calculations performed on the local scale are used to collect information about the influence of the surface roughness on lubricant film thickness. The wear depth is calculated on a semi-local scale, involving only one tooth on the outer gear. In partial elastohydrodynamic lubrication, load is carried by the part of the conjunction where there is direct contact between the mating surfaces and by the lubricant pressure. In the wear model, wear only occurs as a direct consequence of contact between the mating surfaces. Experimental results are compared with the model predictions for equivalent running conditions. The wear predicted by the model agrees with the experimental results. For this reason, it is concluded that wear in the gerotor motor is dominated by the wear mechanisms which are considered in the tribological model.
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S Pillai, Jayashree, and T. Padma. "ParQuoSCI: Pseudorandom Partial Quotient Sequences for Content based Image Authentication." Bonfring International Journal of Advances in Image Processing 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2015): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/bijaip.10395.
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Ju, Y., and T. N. Farris. "Spectral Analysis of Two-Dimensional Contact Problems." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831303.
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Contact problems can be converted into the spatial frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) techniques. Spectral analysis is used to develop an algebraic relationship between the surface displacement and the contact pressure. This relationship can be used to find the contact pressure or displacement for the contact of smooth surfaces or the complete contact of rough surfaces. In addition to providing rapid, robust solutions to contact problems, the algebraic relationship contains details of the relationship between surface displacement and contact pressure on different length scales. In particular, it is shown that the frequency composition of pressure is similar to that for slope of the surface displacement. Thus, the high frequency content of the surface profile gives rise to high localized contact pressure, in some cases singular pressure for complete contact. However, measurement limitations always lead to the omission of certain high frequency components of the surface profile. Assuming that the high frequency content of the surface profile obeys a power law, spectral analysis is also used to estimate partial contact parameters. This result relates the exponent of the power law to the contact pressure and implied surface integrity. It is concluded that spectral analysis can be combined with the FFT to provide a useful technique for classifying rough surface contacts.
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Bellemare, Marc F., Yu Na Lee, and Lindsey Novak. "Contract farming as partial insurance." World Development 140 (April 2021): 105274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105274.
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Bottoni, Francesco. "Partial Agreement and Contract Formation." European Business Law Review 31, Issue 2 (April 1, 2020): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2020014.
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The article discusses the possibility for contracts to be partially formed or not fully complete under the Italian Civil Code and how these are to be treated in relation to enforcement and remedies. Partial agreement, incomplete contract, letter of intent, pre-contractual liability, breach
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Ranjbar, Masoudreza, and Mehdi Dehshiri. "General and Specific Conditions of Arbitration Agreement." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 5 (November 29, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n5p95.
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Arbitration as an alternative method of dispute resolution intrinsically is considered an exceptional institution. Being exceptional the arbitration institution requires to form it under the agreement of the will of the parties in the form of the arbitration agreement and thus until the parties have not agreed, Judgment is not imposed on them. Arbitration agreement is a contract in term of nature, and like all contacts must be respected the general rules of contract in it. The noteworthy point about this is that how is the observation of these conditions in arbitration agreement? In addition, this contract has the contents and conditions that the contracting parties agree to it and the basis of action of arbitrator or arbitrators is in the dispute settlement that it is interpreted as the specific conditions of the contract. The most important cases that often are noticed them in arbitration agreements and in the case of silence of the parties, the law governing the arbitration is replaced with their will in this regard, as follow: competence of arbitrator, language arbitration, the arbitration time, the arbitration costs, location of investigation and the number of arbitrators. The main question in this regard is this, how is the mutual consent of the parties of agreement in this regard. The answer to these two questions is the subject of this paper, which has been dealt with it through library studies and with the content analysis method.
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Chen, Du, and David B. Bogy. "Dynamics of Partial Contact Head Disk Interface." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 43, no. 6 (June 2007): 2220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2007.894011.
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Manners, W. "Methods for analysing partial contact between surfaces." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 45, no. 6-7 (June 2003): 1181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7403(03)00143-7.
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Goryacheva, I. G., and A. P. Goryachev. "The wear contact problem with partial slippage." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 70, no. 6 (January 2006): 934–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappmathmech.2007.01.010.
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Suppauksorn, Sunikom, Edward Beck, Jourdan Cancienne, Elizabeth Shewman, Jorge Chahla, Laura Krivicich, Shane Nho, and Jonathan Rasio. "Comparison of Contact Pressures Between Partial and Complete Femoral Osteoplasty Treatment in Hips with CAM Impingement." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7_suppl6 (July 1, 2020): 2325967120S0042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00422.
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Objectives: To determine hip biomechanical properties in three conditions including 1) native cam deformity 2) cam deformity with incomplete resection and 3) cam deformity with complete resection. Methods: A cadaveric study was performed using 8 frozen hemi-pelvises with cam-type deformity (alpha angle >55 degrees) with an intact labrum. Intraarticular pressure maps were produced for each specimen under the following conditions: 1) native cam deformity, 2) cam deformity with incomplete resection and 3) cam deformity with complete resection. A 5.5-mm burr was used to resect the lateral portion of the cam deformity. The specimen was placed in a custom-designed jig in the MTS electromechanical test system to create pressure and area map measurements. In each condition, contact pressure, contact area, and peak force within a region-of-interest (ROI) were obtained. Repeated measurements were performed three times in each condition and the average value of each parameter was used for statistical analysis. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare biomechanical parameters between three conditions. Results: Contact pressures averages of hips with complete resection of cam lesions were significantly lower when compared to averages of hips with incomplete femoral cam lesion and intact cam deformity (2.48+0.56 kg/cm3 vs 2.32+0.50 kg/cm3 vs 2.02+0.54 kg/cm3, respectively; p-value<0.01). Percentage reduction of contact pressure in the complete and incomplete resection groups compared to the native CAM deformity groups were 18.49% and 1.58%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in contact pressures between the incomplete resection and unoperated group. Contact area and peak force showed no statistically significant differences across three conditions. Conclusion: There are lower intraarticular hip contract pressures in complete resection of the cam lesions when compared to an incomplete resection and intact hip without resection. These observations underscore the importance of ensuring complete resection of femoral cam lesions in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. [Table: see text]
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Hendryan, Dery, Leonardo Ganiarta, and Gustina Aryani. "Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Dalam Transaksi Jual Beli-Online (E-Commerce)." Viva Themis Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 6, no. 1 (January 29, 2024): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24967/vt.v6i1.2766.
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Advances in technology and the internet have caused many negative things for the users. To do business and transaction on the internet need an understanding, seriousness and a desire. In an agreement, one of the parties/parties often has to face difficult conditions and, in the end, the agreed contact/agreement cannot work/be carried out as well as it should. The factors that cause difficult events can occur intentionally or unintentionally.
Breach of contract is a condition/situation that can be committed by one of the parties or parties in an agreement, that is, in general it can be described as that the contents of the agreement are not carried out properly and are not in accordance with what was agreed upon from the start. Plunging directly into the business of buying and selling online/transacting electronically (e-commerce) is an action that is rarely done but has become a lifestyle and trend in this modern era, but you must also be careful and pay attention to it. These include things that can later be called forms of Breach of contract.
Default in online sales and purchase agreements has many forms and sometimes we experience it but are still not aware that this thing/event can be called an act of Breach of contract. For example: late payment, not making payment, sending goods but not according to what was agreed, sending goods but late, which will give rise to certain legal consequences.
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Wang, Yuechang, and Ying Liu. "Understanding the Influences of Multiscale Waviness on the Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Performance, Part II: The Partial-Film Condition." Lubricants 12, no. 6 (May 28, 2024): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12060190.
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This paper is the second part of a two-part report studying the responses of a typical point-contact elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) system to multiscale roughness mimicked by wavy surfaces. The wavy surfaces are defined by three key parameters: amplitudes, frequencies, and directions. The previous Part I paper focuses on the full film lubrication condition, while the current paper focuses on the partial film regime where asperity contacts occur. A transient thermal EHL model simulates lubrication problems with different waviness parameters, loads, and speeds. The total number of simulations is 1600. Performance parameters, including the asperity contact ratio, minimum film thickness, maximum pressure, central point film thickness, central point pressure, mean film thickness, coefficient of friction (COF), and the maximum temperature rise, are obtained for each simulation. These performance parameters are post-processed in the same manner as those in the previous Part I paper. The influences of the waviness parameters, load, and speed values on the eight performance parameters are discussed.
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Hardy, Robert. "The Feasibility Studys Rules on Contract Interpretation." European Review of Private Law 19, Issue 6 (December 1, 2011): 817–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2011059.
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Abstract: In this paper, I use an economic approach to analyse the rules on contract interpretation of the Feasibility Study for a Future Instrument in European Contract Law (hereinafter 'Feasibility Study'). The main findings of this paper are twofold. First, assuming that primarily (medium-sized) firms in international transactions will choose the Feasibility Study to govern their contract, the subjective (or contextual) approach of Article 56 of the Feasibility Study should not have been chosen as the default. Firms typically prefer courts to adhere as closely as possible to the ordinary meaning of the words in the agreement. That is to say, firms typically prefer the textualist (or objective) approach. The textualist theory will not always suit contracting parties. Therefore, parties should have the possibility to contract around the textualist default. Second, Article 57 of the Feasibility Study is less advantageous for contracting parties. In principle - assuming again that primarily (medium-sized) firms in international transactions will choose the Feasibility Study to govern their contract - courts should use narrow evidentiary bases when interpreting contracts. However, courts should also comply with party requests to broaden the base that is applicable to them. Résumé: Dans le présent article, j'utilise une approche économique pour analyser les règles d'interprétation de l'Etude de Faisabilité pour un Futur Instrument en Droit Européen des Contrats ('L'Etude de Faisabilité'). Les principales constatations sont doubles. Premièrement, en supposant que les entreprises (de taille moyenne) choisiront principalement l'Etude de Faisabilité pour gouverner leur contrat dans les transactions transfrontalières, l'approche subjective (ou contextuelle) de l'article 56 de l'Etude de Faisabilité n'aurait pas dû être choisie par défaut. Les entreprises préfèrent en général que les tribunaux s'en tiennent le plus possible au sens commun des termes du contrat. Autrement dit, les entreprises donnent la préférence en général à l'approche textuelle (ou objective). La théorie de l'approche textuelle ne conviendra pas toujours aux parties contractantes. C'est pourquoi les parties devraient avoir la possibilité de contracter sur base de l'approche textuelle choisie par défaut. Deuxièmement, l'article 57 de l'Etude de Faisabilité est moins avantageux pour les parties contractantes. En principe - en supposant encore une fois que les entreprises de taille moyenne choisiront principalement l'Etude de Faisabilité pour gouverner leur contrat dans des transactions transfrontalièrs - les tribunaux devraient utiliser des bases étroites d'établissement de la preuve quand ils interprètent les contrats. Quoiqu'il en soit, les tribunaux devraient aussi se conformer aux demandes d'une partie d'élargir la base qui leur est applicable.
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Dezzani, M. M., and P. K. Pearson. "Hybrid Ceramic Bearings for Difficult Applications." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816610.
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The Torrington Company, under contract from the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), has developed a hybrid bearing with improved properties for difficult applications. M50 and M50 NiL steel rings were nitrided to produce rolling contact raceway surfaces with hardnesses near Rockwell C 70. Rings were assembled with NBD-200 silicon nitride balls. Full-scale bearing tests were run under conditions that included 150°C temperature, surface flaws created by hard particle contamination, partial EHD lubrication, and the sliding action of balls running under thrust loading. The hybrid bearings had longer life than all steel bearings and demonstrated resistance to the surface peeling mode of failure initiation. Higher strength of the rolling contact surfaces, high residual compressive stresses in the nitrided layers, and a more favorable action in ceramic to steel rolling contact are discussed as the reasons for improved performance of the hybrid over all-steel bearings.
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Tarhoniy, Yu Ya. "The peculiarities of the escrow account contract under the legislation of Ukraine." Actual problems of improving of current legislation of Ukraine, no. 60 (September 15, 2022): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/apiclu.60.175-183.
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In the process of research, the analysis of peculiarities, subject matter, object, essential terms of the escrow account contract was made. Based on the study of the legal concept of this contract, it was concluded that it should be considered tripartite, and in some exceptional cases - bilateral. An exhaustive legislative regulation of the cases when the escrow contract can be bilateral, in particular, within the squeeze-out procedure, is proposed. In turn, the escrow contact must be tripartite if it is used in other areas, in particular, for trade settlements with counterparties, the subject of which are goods, services, intellectual property rights, as well as the purchase/sale of real estate, including relations between the developer and the investor .The positions of scientists regarding the moment of concluding of the contract were analyzed. It was researched, that the escrow contract is consensual. It was found out, that one more peculiarity of the contract is reciprocity. The subject matter and the object of the escrow account contract are differentiated: cash in non-cash form should be considered the object of the contract, and the actions of the client (account holder) concerning the transfer of funds to the bank for safekeeping, as well as the actions of the bank regarding the preservation of these funds and their transfer to the beneficiary after the occurrence of the grounds specified in the contract - should be considered the subject matter of the contract. It was found out that the essential terms of the escrow contract are the subject matter of the contract and the grounds for transferring to the beneficiary the funds received from the account holder and/or from third parties, or their return to the account holder(s) or third parties, and the term of the contract.
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Hayati, Dian, Misnaniarti Misnaniarti, and Haerawati Idris. "Peran Komunikasi dalam Implementasi Kebijakan Pelacakan Kontak Erat dan Pemantauan Isolasi Mandiri Penderita Covid-19 Oleh Puskesmas di Kota Palembang." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 21, no. 3 (October 11, 2021): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v21i3.1708.
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Carrying out close contact tracing and immediately isolating cases and contacts, is the chosen mitigation to offset the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This analysis of the implementation of the close contact tracing policy and monitoring of self-isolation is an important step for input from various parties to determine better policies in the future so that the pandemic can end soon. So good communication is needed between the parties involved in implementing the policy. This study is a qualitative research with a descriptive design that aims to determine the role of communication in the implementation of close contact tracing policies and self-isolation monitoring by the comunnity health centers in Palembang City 2020 which can be seen from the transmission, clarity and consistency variables using Edward III Theory. Methods of collecting data were in-depth interviews, observation and document review. The results of the study found that the lack of socialization carried out related to guidelines for prevention and contact tracing and self-isolation of COVID-19 sufferers, the ineffectiveness of socialization of guidelines carried out virtually, as well as inconsistencies in contact tracing due to several factors, firstly patient dishonesty, community stigma, data late case release, unclear address/telephone number, uncooperative patient and changes in guidelines that occurred from revision 4 to revision 5. Suggestions from this study are to evaluate the socialization of guidelines, increase knowledge and abilities of implementors, improve coordination and cooperation of implementers, empowerment of community roles so as to reduce stigma in society.
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Rosenberg, Nurit, Rivka Yatuv, Vladimir Sobolev, Hava Peretz, Ariella Zivelin, and Uri Seligsohn. "Major mutations in calf-1 and calf-2 domains of glycoprotein IIb in patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia enable GPIIb/IIIa complex formation, but impair its transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus." Blood 101, no. 12 (June 15, 2003): 4808–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-08-2452.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The crystal structure of integrin αvβ3 comprises 3 regions of contact between αv and β3. The main contact on αv is located in the β-propeller while calf-1 and calf-2 domains contribute minor interfaces. Whether or not contacts between calf-1 and calf-2 domains of glycoprotein (GP) IIb (αIIb) and GPIIIa (β3) play a role in GPIIb/IIIa complex formation has not been established. In this study we analyzed the effects of 2 naturally occurring mutations in calf-1 and calf-2 domains on GPIIb/IIIa complex formation, its processing, and transport to the cell membrane. The mutations investigated were a deletion-insertion in exon 25 located in calf-2 and an in-frame skipping of exon 20 located in calf-1. Mutated GPIIb cDNAs were cotransfected in baby hamster kidney cells with normal GPIIIa (β3) cDNA. Analysis by flow cytometry failed to demonstrate detectable amounts of GPIIb or GPIIb/IIIa complex on the surface of cells transfected with each mutation, but immunohistochemical staining revealed their intracellular presence. GPIIb was mainly demonstrable as pro-GPIIb by immunoprecipitation of cell lysates expressing each mutation. Differential immunofluorescence staining of GPIIb and cellular organelles suggested that most altered complexes were located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Homology modeling of normal GPIIb based on the αvβ3 crystal structure revealed similar contacts between αv and β3 and between αIIb and β3. Introduction of the mutations into the model yielded partial disruption of the normal contacts in the corresponding domains. These data suggest that despite partial disruption of calf-1 or calf-2 domain, GPIIb/IIIa complex is formed but its transport from the endoplasmic reticulum is impaired.