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Published: 4 April 2023

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1

California. Legislature. Senate. Committee on Energy and Public Utilities. Hearing on local and long distance telephone "flexibility" and "social contract" rate regulation: Santa Monica City Hall, Santa Monica, California, December 1, 1987. Sacramento, CA (Box 94894, Sacramento 94249-0001): Joint Publications, State Capitol, 1987.

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2

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Subcommittee on Compensation, Pension, Insurance, and Memorial Affairs, ed. VA health care: How distance from VA facilities affects veterans' use of VA services : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Compensation, Pension, Insurance, and Memorial Affairs, Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 1995.

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3

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: The effect of competition from satellite providers on cable rates : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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4

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Issues related to local telephone service : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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5

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: FCC should include call quality in its annual report on competition in mobile phone services : report to the Honorable Anthony D. Weiner, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2003.

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6

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Competition issues in international satellite communications : report to the Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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7

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Technological and regulatory factors affecting consumer choice of internet providers : report to the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Business Rights and Competition, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 2000.

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8

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Status of research on the safety of cellular telephones : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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9

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Costs reported by federal organizations for fiscal year 1995 : report to the Subcommittee on Treasury, Postal Service, and General Government, Senate Committee on Appropriations. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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10

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: The changing status of competition to cable television : report to the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Business Rights, and Competition, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1999.

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11

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Management and operation of FCC's public reference rooms : report to the chairman, Government Information, Justice, and Agriculture Subcommittee, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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12

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: The effect of competition from satellite providers on cable rates : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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13

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Telephone slamming and its harmful effects : report to the Chairman, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.

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14

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Additional federal efforts could help advance digital television transition : report to the ranking minority member, Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.]: General Accounting Office (441 G St. NW, Room LM, Washington, 20548), 2002.

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15

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Issues related to competition and subscriber rates in the cable television industry : report to the Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2003.

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16

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: FTS 2000 cost comparison : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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17

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Development of competition in local telephone markets : report to the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Business Rights, and Competition, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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18

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Impact of sports programming costs on cable television rates : report to the Honorable Byron L. Dorgan, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 1999.

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19

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Federal and state universal service programs and challenges to funding : report to the ranking minority member, Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2002.

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20

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: GSA's estimates of FTS2001 revenues are reasonable : report to the Chairman, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. : (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 2000.

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21

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: The changing status of competition to cable television : report to the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Business Rights, and Competition, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1999.

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22

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Telephone slamming and its harmful effects : report to the Chairman, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 1998.

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23

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Update on state-level cramming complaints and enforcement actions : report to the Chairman, Committee on Small Business, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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24

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Financial information on 16 telephone and cable companies : fact sheet for the Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, U.S. Senate. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1994.

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25

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: GSA's estimates of FTS2001 revenues are reasonable : report to the Chairman, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. : (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 2000.

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26

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: GSA needs to improve process for awarding task orders for local service : report to the Chairman, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 2003.

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27

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Initiatives taken by three states to promote increased access and investment : report to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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28

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: The effect of competition from satellite providers on cable rates : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 2000.

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29

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Characteristics and competitiveness of the Internet backbone market : report to the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Business Rights and Competition, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2001.

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30

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Concerns about competition in the cellular telephone service industry : report to the Honorable Harry Reid, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1992.

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31

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Competitive impact of restructuring the international satellite organizations : report to the Chairman, Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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32

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Issues related to federal funding for public television by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2004.

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33

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Follow-up national survey of cable television rates and services : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1990.

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34

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Process by which mergers of local telephone companies are reviewed : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1999.

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35

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Many broadcasters will not meet May 2002 digital television deadline : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 2002.

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36

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Issues in providing cable and satellite television services : report to the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition, and Business and Consumer Rights, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate. Washington D.C: United States General Accounting Office, 2002.

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37

Bemiller, Michelle. Distance Mothering. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265076.003.0013.

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Contemporary families are diverse, though the diversity of configurations is not necessarily represented in society’s narrow definitions. This chapter focuses specifically on mothers who parent from a distance either because they have involuntarily lost custody or chose to relinquish custody to another caregiver. Noncustodial parents typically visit their children. This parenting arrangement creates a sociological opportunity to explore what it means to parent from a distance within the context of gendered notions and the family. Because noncustodial mothers violate expectations associated with dominant ideologies of motherhood (i.e., mother as primary caregiver), they provide a unique opportunity to explore the intersection between gender role expectations and parenting. This chapter discusses dominant definitions of motherhood, the experience of noncustodial mothers within the context of these dominant expectations—both in the United States and abroad—as well as the impact of long-distance mothering on the well-being of mothers and children.

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38

Mufwene, Salikoko S. Population Movements, Language Contact, Linguistic Diversity, Etc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657543.003.0018.

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This chapter argues that languages move with people for various reasons, including nomadism, long-distance trade, colonization, exile and refuge, and deportations. While not necessarily mutually exclusive, these categories enable a better understanding of the differential evolution of languages at home and in the diasporas, owing to differing population structures and other ecological conditions resulting from different kinds of migrations within, into, and out of Africa in particular. In contrast with the fragility of its languages in the diaspora, the continent has been remarkable for the resilience of its indigenous vernaculars relative to the prestigious European colonial languages and the urban varieties that European colonization generated. This resilience is due to the division of labor in communicative functions as well as to stagnation of African economies, both of which have sustained multilingualism through socioeconomic and cultural segregation. From this theoretical foundation, the chapter then engages with the previous contributions to the volume.

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39

de Guzman, Maria Rosario T., Aileen S. Garcia, and Minerva D. Tuliao. Fictive Kinships and the Remaking of Family Life in the Context of Paid Domestic Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265076.003.0004.

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For many migrants, mediated communication and other forms of contact can provide a means to maintain some semblance of family life across distance. For others, economic and other constraints can make meaningful long-distance connections challenging or impractical. This chapter highlights how some migrants reconfigure family life not by bridging physical distance with biological kin but by developing close connections in their host communities. The authors draw from their research on Philippine rural-to-urban migrants who work as yayas (i.e., live-in, domestic workers caring for children) and how they build family life with peers in their neighborhoods and with their employers in the context of paid domestic work. The chapter highlights how culturally embedded notions of family are reflected in these fictive kinships and how indigenous notions of obligations and family life can provide protections and benefits but also make yayas more vulnerable to abuse in the workplace.

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40

de Guzman, Maria Rosario T., Jill Brown, and Carolyn Pope Edwards, eds. Parenting From Afar and the Reconfiguration of Family Across Distance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265076.001.0001.

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The definition of family as a conjugal group consisting of parents and children living in the same household is in the process of a profound reworking, one that includes the constellation of family life that exists around the world. Increased migration and mobility have challenged traditional notions of what constitutes a family, yet much mainstream research relies on past notions of a cohesive unit under one domicile. Many families today are separated across distance and maintain ties in a multitude of ways. And although researchers have increasingly paid attention to this new picture of the family, much of this work has focused on transnational families separated in the context of overseas economic migration. In fact, family separation and long-distance parenting result from a multitude of reasons undertaken in various circumstances. This volume presents work from scholars who collectively show reasons that motivate parenting across distance, how families cope with separation and maintain ties, the impact of separation on family members, and how family is redefined and reconfigured in these various settings. By better understanding how we parent from a distance, this volume synthesizes ideas of kinship, relationships, and bonding and helps readers broaden their own ideas of parenting and family life.

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41

Sotomayor-Peterson, Marcela, and Ana A. Lucero-Liu. Untold Transnational Family Life on the Sonora–Arizona Border. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265076.003.0009.

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Research on transnational families mostly assumes long physical distances and long periods of separation. However, transnational families are diverse and reconfigure in a multitude of ways. The US–Mexican border in Arizona is historically a fluid one, where contact between families is a potential. This possibility of physical contact on a semi-regular basis makes the current sample unique from other transnational families. Using exploratory and descriptive analysis, this chapter provides a portrait of family life for migrant families along the Arizona–Sonora border with the goal of illustrating the diversity of family life for transnational families. Study findings suggest multiple family configurations, including transborder families (with members living within 60 miles of the border on either side) who have frequent physical contact and transnational families with long physical separations and little physical contact. Various aspects of family life (e.g., parenting) between transborder and transnational families are also compared.

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42

Gupta, Sunil. The Archaeological Record of Indian Ocean Engagements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.46.

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With the Bay of Bengal littoral as its focus, this chapter reviews the archaeological evidence for human expansions, migrations, formation of exchange networks, long-distance trade, political impulses, and transmissions of technocultural traditions in deep time, from around 5000 bc to 500 ad. In doing so, the author offers the idea of the Bay of Bengal Interaction Sphere, a “neutral” model of analysis that sets aside the constraints of the old Indianization debate for South-Southeast Asian interaction and situates the Bay within a broader global framework extending from the Mediterranean to the Far East in a new narrative of contact and change.

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43

Smyth, J. E. The Fourth Warner Brother. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190840822.003.0002.

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Bette Davis crafted her career in opposition to conventional images of femininity, battling for equal treatment and pay, and by the end of the 1930s, the media, her fans, and the Hollywood industry itself paid tribute to “Queen Bette.” While Harry, Sam, and Jack Warner concealed their repressive studio practices behind the mask of a family brand, as “the fourth Warner Brother” Davis shrewdly promoted filmmaking’s capacity for transparency, realism, and equality, from her public contract dispute in 1936 to her unconventional roles and off-screen persona. While a number of actresses kept their distance from long-term studio contracts, Davis put her “team player” capital to good use. As president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, president of the Hollywood Canteen, and public Democrat, she built networks of working women inside Hollywood and inspired her female fans to develop their independent political voice and faith in equal rights.

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44

Jablonka, Peter. Troy in Regional and International Context. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0032.

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This article presents an overview of Troy's place in the larger Aegean/Anatolian world, highlighting the continued important role this settlement played over three millennia. From the point of view of archaeology, Hisarlık–Troy ranks high among important sites of the Anatolian and Aegean Bronze Age. Both its Early and Late Bronze Age architecture, the treasures as well as ceramics and other finds reflecting long-distance contacts, the size of the site, its layout comprising a fortified stronghold surrounded by a larger, outlying settlement, and its strategic position clearly show that Troy served as the center of the surrounding region.

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45

Brown, Kathleen M. Gender Frontiers and Early Encounters. Edited by Ellen Hartigan-O'Connor and Lisa G. Materson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190222628.013.8.

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Gender frontiers are but one starting point for comparing cultural contact zones and analyzing imperialism and racial formation in the early modern Atlantic. Recent scholarship on Native American and African encounters with Europeans suggests a need for a more complex analytical framework. Africans and Native Americans participated actively in creating this cultural frontier—by persisting in, adjusting, or transforming precontact practices or by assuming that the uninvited newcomers might share enough core beliefs and desires to be incorporated or vanquished. Europeans who participated in producing colonialism engaged in creative and destructive processes, but they remained connected to elite people in imperial centers that were buffered—by distance, money, and power—from such changes. The significance of gender frontiers is best understood as one phase in the longer historical processes they gave rise to: the emergence of new, syncretic cultures and populations, and the racialized and reactive cultures that quickly followed.

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46

Nurse, Derek. Language Change and Movement as Seen by Historical Linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657543.003.0002.

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The focus of this chapter is on how languages move and change over time and space. The perceptions of historical linguists have been shaped by what they were observing. During the flowering of comparative linguistics, from the late 19th into the 20th century, the dominant view was that in earlier times when people moved, their languages moved with them, often over long distances, sometimes fast, and that language change was largely internal. That changed in the second half of the 20th century. We now recognize that in recent centuries and millennia, most movements of communities and individuals have been local and shorter. Constant contact between communities resulted in features flowing across language boundaries, especially in crowded and long-settled locations such as most of Central and West Africa. Although communities did mix and people did cross borders, it became clear that language and linguistic features could also move without communities moving.

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47

Faust, Avraham. The Neo-Assyrian Empire in the Southwest. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841630.001.0001.

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The Neo-Assyrian empire—the first large empire of the ancient world—had attracted a great deal of public attention ever since the spectacular discoveries of the nineteenth century. The southwestern part of this empire, located in the lands of the Bible, is archaeologically speaking the best-known region in the world, and its history is also described in a plethora of texts, including the Hebrew Bible. Using a bottom-up approach, this book utilizes this unparalleled information to reconstruct the outcomes of the Assyrian conquest of the region, and how it impacted the diverse political units and ecological zones that comprised it, forcing the reader to appreciate the transformations the imperial takeover brought in its wake. The analysis reveals the marginality of the annexed territories in the southwest, and that the empire focused its activities in small border areas, facing the prospering clients. A comparison of this surprising picture to the information available from other parts of the empire suggests that the distance of these provinces from the imperial core is responsible for their fate, leading to a better appreciation of factors influencing imperial expansion, the considerations leading to annexation, and the imperial methods of control, challenging some old conventions about the development of the Assyrian empire and its rule. The detailed information also enables an examination of the Assyrian empire within the context of other ancient Near Eastern empires, and of imperialism at large, shedding a new light on the nature of Assyrian domination, and the reasons for the harsh treatment of the distant provinces. The book also examines what set the limits on the Assyrian empire, and highlights the historical development of imperial control in antiquity, and how later empires were able to overcome these limitations, paving the way to much larger and longer-lasting polities.

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48

Reynolds, Don R., and Jason W. Chapman. Long-range migration and orientation behavior. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0007.

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The dramatic long-distance flights of butterflies and other large insects, occurring near the ground, have long been regarded as migratory. In contrast, high-altitude wind-borne movements of small insects have often been viewed differently, as uncontrolled or even accidental displacements. This chapter shows how an individual-based behavioral definition provides a unifying framework for these, and other modes of migration in insects and other terrestrial arthropods, and how it can distinguish migration from other types of movement. The chapter highlights some remarkable behavioral phenomena revealed by radar, including sophisticated flight orientations shown by high-flying migrants. Migration behavior is always supported by a suite of morphological, physiological and life-history traits—together forming a ‘migration syndrome’, itself one interacting component of a ‘migration system’. These traits steer the migrants along a ‘population pathway’ through space and time, while natural selection acts contemporaneously, continually modifying behavior and other aspects of the syndrome.

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49

McDonald, Peter D. Against State Literacy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725152.003.0007.

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Seen in the context of UNESCO’s analysis of apartheid education and its long-running debates about indigenous knowledge, this chapter reflects on J. M. Coetzee’s critical relations with the traditions of the European novel, whether in its ‘realist’ or in its ‘modernist’ modes. It begins by examining the school edition of F. A. Venter’s Swart Pelgrim (1958), arguably the most prescribed novel of the apartheid era, which included a curiously high-minded supplementary essay by the leading Afrikaans literary critic A. P. Grové who also happened to be an influential censor. Through detailed readings of Life & Times of Michael K (1983) and Foe (1986), it then shows how Coetzee sought to distance himself and his ideal reader from the European novel, taking issue with its representational powers, its claims to knowledge, and its apparent cultural mobility.

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50

McDougal, Topher L. Interstitial Economies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792598.003.0008.

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The first conclusion chapter draws out the implications of Chapter 7 more fully, putting them in comparative perspective with the lessons drawn from the West African cases. In particular, it draws an explicit link between transportation networks (the “hardware” of rural–urban trade) and the social systems that inform trade relations (the “software”). This chapter argues that ranked-society trade networks may be better able to exploit redundant transportation networks, since there is no taboo against long-distance trade amongst second-tier cities. By contrast, the radial trade networks that formed in the unranked society of West Africa seem to exacerbate monopsonistic and monopolistic relationships between rural and urban areas, since interethnic trade becomes more risky. It concludes with implications for managing coercive violence, as well as the effects of the rural–urban divide on state identity.

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