Academic literature on the topic 'Contact longue distance'
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Journal articles on the topic "Contact longue distance"
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Dobrica-Tudor, Viorica, and Alexandra Coutlée. "Le développement professionnel autonome chez les enseignants dans le contexte de la pandémie." Revue internationale du CRIRES : innover dans la tradition de Vygotsky 5, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.51657/ric.v5i2.51378.
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Lors de cette recherche, menée au printemps 2021, nous avons exploré si les médiations d’ordre cognitif, social et technique, développées entre certains acteurs de l’éducation dans le contexte particulier de la pandémie de COVID-19 ont débouché sur le développement professionnel chez les enseignants travaillant dans des écoles primaires et secondaires québécoises. Forcés d’enseigner à distance ou en mode hybride par une longue période de confinement, les enseignants ont dû garder le contact avec les élèves et assurer la continuité des apprentissages de ceux-ci. Ce contexte a amené les enseignants à se tourner vers différentes ressources de médiation, notamment vers les réseaux sociaux et les conseillers pédagogiques. Opérationnalisé par des changements de pratiques dans le contexte d’une crise sanitaire sans précédent, le développement professionnel des 29 enseignants participants a été étudié par l’intermédiaire de la méthodologie Q. Les classements des énoncés élaborés à cette fin font ressortir trois profils d’enseignants : ceux dont le développement professionnel a reposé en majorité sur les interactions avec des collègues connus, les enseignants qui se sont plutôt fiés à leurs réflexions et aux conseillers pédagogiques qu’aux autres ressources investiguées dans l’étude et ceux qui se sont inspirés des échanges professionnels sur les réseaux sociaux pour développer leur pratique. Rapportés à l’enseignement dans des contextes particuliers et concernés par la façon dont les enseignants ont fait appel aux différentes ressources, nos résultats pourraient servir aux conseillers pédagogiques pour mieux soutenir le développement de compétences professionnelles permettant l’adaptation des pratiques enseignantes à des situations hors du commun.
Mots-clés : développement professionnel, pandémie, profil des enseignants, réseaux sociaux, conseiller pédagogique
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Cristina Stéfani, Kelly, Leonardo Vinicius De Matos Moraes, James T. McMurtrie, Haley M. McKissack, Jianguang Peng, and Ashish B. Shah. "PO 18145 - Anatomical structures at risk in proximal fifth metatarsal fracture fixation." Scientific Journal of the Foot & Ankle 13, Supl 1 (November 11, 2019): S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30795/scijfootankle.2019.v13.1019.
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Introduction: Proximal fifth metatarsal fracture fixation is usually treated conservatively, but when chosen for surgical treatment, percutaneous fixation with screws is the most used. This study aims to evaluate the presence of injury of the structures at risk and to measure the distance of these structures to the entry point. Methods: Eleven fresh-frozen below-the-knee specimens underwent standard operative fixation for a Jones fracture via the “High and inside” percutaneous technique. A guide wire was placed through the medullary canal and confirmed on fluoroscopy. The cannulated drill with a drill sleeve was then placed over the wire and advanced to the diaphysis. The guide wire was left, and the skin and subcutaneous tissues were carefully removed from the lateral midfoot to fully expose the structures at risk. The guidewire was then removed, and then the solid screw was placed. Neurovascular and tendinous structures were assessed for any injury. The distance of the wire in the base of the fifth metatarsal and these structures was measured and documented, including the branches of the sural nerve, cuboid, fourth metatarsal, peroneus longus, and peroneus brevis tendons. Results: The structure with the shortest average distance from the pin was the peroneus brevis, measuring 0.91 mm (±1.22 mm S.D.), followed by the cuboid articular surface, sural nerve, peroneus longus, and base of the fourth metatarsal, respectively. The pin had damaged the peroneus brevis in 5 of 11 cadavers. The average distance from the tendon insertion point was 7.2 mm. The furthest measured distance was 10 mm, while the closest was 3 mm. The screw head contacted the articular surface of the cuboid in 3 of 11 cadavers. There were no instances of pin contact with or damage to the peroneus longus, sural nerve, or fourth metatarsal head. Conclusion: We conclude that percutaneous fixation of fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsus presents a risk of partial lesion of the peroneus brevis tendon and lateral aspect of the cuboid. Therefore, specific care with these structures should be taken during the procedure.
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Shofoluwe, Ademola, Kurt Krautmann, Lucas Marques, and Gary Stewart. "The Relationship of the Lapidus Intramedullary Nail to Neurologic and Tendinous Structures in the Foot: An Anatomic Study." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 2473011419S0039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419s00394.
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Category: Bunion, Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: The lapidus procedure is a longstanding operation performed for the treatment of hallux valgus deformity with a concomitant hypermobile first ray. Orthopaedic surgeons have a myriad of options to choose from in performing the lapidus procedure. The implantation of orthopaedic implants comes with the risk of iatrogenic injury to surrounding anatomy. Several cadaveric studies in the humerus and femur have described potential neurovascular structures at risk during placement of intramedullary nail systems. The purpose of this study was to determine the proximity of nail insertion and interlocking mechanisms in the Lapidus Phantom Intramedullary Nail System (Paragon 28, Inc.) to neurologic and tendinous structures in the foot. Methods: A titanium intramedullary nail was inserted from the first metatarsal to the medial cuneiform spanning the first tarsometatarsal joint in 10 fresh-frozen cadaver feet. K-wires were inserted in the proximal lateral, proximal medial, and distal medial-to-lateral interlock screw paths. The tibialis anterior tendon, extensor hallucis longus tendon, and superficial peroneal nerve were carefully dissected and exposed, and the distance from each of these anatomic landmarks were then measured and recorded from four different aspects of the nail: Proximal lateral interlocking screw path, proximal medial interlocking screw path, nail insertion, distal interlocking screw path. Distances were averaged, ranges were determined. Results: The tibialis anterior tendon was in closest proximity to the proximal medial interlock K-wire with an average distance of 0.4 mm. The proximal medial interlock bisected the tibialis anterior tendon in three of the specimens. The extensor hallucis longus tendon was in closest proximity to the nail insertion with an average distance of 1.2 mm. A branch of the superficial peroneal nerve was in closest proximity to the distal interlock K-wire with an average distance of 7.5 mm, however, the nerve came in direct contact with the proximal medial interlock K-wire in two of the specimens. Conclusion: The Lapidus intramedullary nail’s proximal medial interlock screw poses the greatest threat to the tibialis anterior tendon, with the distance from the tendon to the interlock K-wire being 3 mm or less in all specimens tested. The extensor hallucis longus tendon is at risk of injury with insertion of the nail. Medial to lateral interlocking poses the greatest danger to a branch of the superficial peroneal nerve. Blunt dissection should be performed using this system with a path to bone before instrumentation to reduce the risk of nerve and tendon injury in the foot.
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de Matos Moraes, Leonardo Vinicius, Kelly Cristina Stéfani, James T. McMurtrie, Haley M. McKissack, Jianguang Peng, Gean C. Viner, Jun Kit He, Tyler P. Montgomery, and Ashish B. Shah. "Anatomical Structures at Risk in Proximal Fifth Metatarsal Fracture Fixation: A Cadaver Study." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 2473011419S0005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419s00058.
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Category: Sports, Trauma, Cadaver study Introduction/Purpose: Jones fractures are fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal involving the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction. They have an increased risk for refracture, delayed union and nonunion secondary to poor blood supply to this área. They are usually treated conservatively, but when chosen for surgical treatment percutaneous fixation with screws is the most used. Few studies have evaluated the complications of injury to nearby structures during the percutaneous fixation. It has been shown, however, that the peroneal brevis and longus, the cuboid, and the sural nerve lie in close proximity to this starting point and are, therefore, at theoretical risk of injury. The study aims to evaluate the presence of injury of the structures at risk and to measure the distance of these structures to the entry point. Methods: Eleven fresh-frozen below-the-knee specimens underwent standard operative fixation for a Jones fracture via the “High and inside” percutaneous technique. A guide wire was placed through the medullary canal and confirmed on fluoroscopy. The cannulated drill with drill sleeve was then placed over the wire and advanced to the diaphysis. The guide wire was left and the skin and subcutaneous tissues were carefully removed from the lateral midfoot to fully expose the structures at risk. The guidewire was then removed, and then the solid screw was placed. Neurovascular and tendinous structures were assessed for any injury. The distance of the wire in the base of fifth metatarsal and these structures was measured and documented, including the branches of the sural nerve, cuboid, fourth metatarsal, peroneus longus, and peroneus brevis tendons. Results: The structure with the shortest average distance from the pin was the peroneus brevis, measuring 0.91 mm (±1.22 mm S.D.), followed by the cuboid articular surface, sural nerve, peroneus longus, and base of the fourth metatarsal, respectively. The pin had damaged the peroneus brevis in 5 of 11 cadavers. However, it did not damage at the tendon insertion point in any specimen. The average distance from the tendon insertion point was 7.2 mm. The furthest measured distance was 10 mm, while the closest was 3 mm. The screw head contacted the articular surface of the cuboid in 3 of 11 cadavers. There were no instances of pin contact with or damage to the peroneus longus, sural nerve, or fourth metatarsal head. Conclusion: This is the only study that evaluated the risk of injury the structures after a procedure that simulated an actual surgical act. It is also the only one that was aware of the risk of tendon injury not only in its insertion but also in its path during the placement of the wire and drill. We conclude that percutaneous fixation of fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsus presents a risk of partial lesion of the peroneus brevis tendon and lateral aspect of the cuboid. Therefore, specific care with these structures can be taken during the procedure.
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Shih, Hai-Jung Steffi, K. Michael Rowley, and Kornelia Kulig. "Lower Limb Takeoff Mechanics During a Leap in Dancers With and Without Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendinopathy." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2021.1003.
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OBJECTIVE: Altered ground reaction force (GRF) and joint torsional stiffness are associated with various lower extremity injuries, but these have yet to be examined in dancers with flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendinopathy. Additionally, a simple, field-friendly kinematic correlate to ground contact kinetics would be useful for clinical application. The purpose of this study was to compare lower extremity biomechanics during takeoff of a dance leap (saut de chat) in dancers with and without FHL tendinopathy, and to examine lower limb posture at initial contact as a clinical correlate of injury-related kinetic factors. METHODS: Motion capture and inverse dynamics were used to analyze saut de chat takeoff performed by 11 uninjured dancers and 8 dancers with FHL tendinopathy. GRF parameters, joint torsional stiffness of the metatarsophalangeal, ankle, and knee joints, and lower extremity posture at initial contact were compared between groups using Welch’s t-tests. RESULTS: Dancers with FHL tendinopathy maintained similar jump height as the uninjured dancers, but exhibited lower peak vertical GRF, longer time to peak force, and less joint torsional stiffness at the metatarsophalangeal, ankle, and knee joints during loading response of the takeoff step. Lower extremity contact angle was smaller and the horizontal distance between center-of-mass and center-of-pressure was greater in dancers with FHL tendinopathy. These two measures of lower limb posture at initial contact were significantly correlated with kinetic factors occurring later in ground contact (R2=0.29-0.51). CONCLUSION: Dancers with FHL tendinopathy demonstrated altered lower extremity kinetics during takeoff of a leap compared to uninjured dancers, which may contribute to, or be a compensation response to, injury
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Shah, Ashish, Ezan A. Kothari, Sean M. Young, Thomas Sanchez, Turner Sankey, Sudarsan Murali, Zachary Littlefield, Kevin S. Luque-Sanchez, Srihari R. Prahad, and Matthew Young. "Medial Structures at Risk During Sinus Tarsi Approach for Fixation of Sustentaculum Tali Fractures: A Cadaveric Study." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 4 (October 2022): 2473011421S0093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00934.
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Category: Hindfoot; Trauma; Other Introduction/Purpose: Calcaneal fractures are a common injury with potential for concomitant involvement of the sustentaculum tali. Common surgical repair involves a sinus tarsi approach with placement of a lag screw from lateral to medial. There is no current study that focuses on the potential damage to the medial structures after screw placement. The goal of this paper was to describe the incidence in which medial structures were damaged using a sinus tarsi approach for lateral to medial screw fixation of the sustentaculum tali. Methods: Seven fresh-frozen below-the-knee cadaver specimens were used for the present anatomic dissection study. Prior to investigations, specimens were inspected with fluoroscopic radiographs for any pathology or prior operational intervention Each specimen underwent screw placement using the sinus tarsi approach. Medial dissection of the calcaneus was performed after screw placement to determine the proximity of the anatomical structures of interest to the inserted hardware. The four anatomical structures of interest were the tibialis posterior tendon, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and posterior neurovascular bundle. Distance from the 4.0 mm screw to the previously mentioned anatomic structures was measured with a scientific ruler and recorded to the nearest millimeter. The mean, standard deviation, and range for distances were calculated for all structures. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine statistical significance. Results: The average patient age, height, and weight were 79.3 years, 5 feet 4 inches, and 127 lbs respectively. The primary outcome of interest was the longitudinal distance between the medial aspect of the screw to the anatomical structures of interest. On average, the posterior neurovascular bundle had the closest proximity to the medial aspect of the screw for all seven specimens with a mean distance of 6.4 mm. The second closest structure was the FHL with a mean distance of 7 mm, followed by the FDL and tibialis posterior tendon, with mean distances of 9.9 mm and 13.9 mm respectively. The posterior neurovascular bundle was hit by the screw on one occasion, whereas the hardware contacted the FDL on two separate occasions. The screw was placed through the FDL in one of the two occasions; however, the FDL was not transected or ruptured. Conclusion: This study sheds more light on the potential risks to medial structures when placing the sustentacular screw during open reduction and internal fixation of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures. We urge the orthopedic surgeon to exercise extreme caution when performing this critical step of the procedure to minimize avoidable injury to structures of importance that may increase the morbidity of the patient.
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Wilk, Iwona. "The efectiveness of therapeutic massage in professional long-distance runners - case study." Medical Science Pulse 8, no. 4 (December 23, 2014): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0003.3179.
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Background: Regardless of the sport discipline, the rules of prophylaxis, coaching methods and experience, injuries and contusions in athletes occur. They are inevitable, and when they eventually appear, a comprehensive therapy should be applied to avoid complications and further injuries.Material and methods: A female runner was given a classical massage, before and after the training session each of 10 minutes and, additionally, two sessions of 45-minute-tensegrity massage. Two diferent confgurations were worked out (I and II) because only selected connective tissues were intensively sensitive to compression. Results: After the classical massage the decrease in pain of fbular muscles (peroneus longus and brevis) was achieved, however, after the tensegrity massage the reduction of pain in inguinale ligaments was additionally observed. The massage of the tissues being in direct and indirect contact with the injured area resulted in complete pain elimination.Conclusions: Tensegrity massage can be used in the cases of connective tissue injuries and other mild injuries which are found in athletes. The choice of the type of the massage always depends on current symptoms and needs of the athletes. The therapy ought to be completed with the education on the preventive activities which athletes should follow. Keywords: classical and tensegrity massage, injury, pain
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Kersten, Carool. "Southeast Asia and the Middle East." American Journal of Islam and Society 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v27i1.1349.
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As part of a growing interest in global and transnational patterns connectingdifferent parts of the Muslim world, scholarship on Islam in Southeast Asia,which has long suffered from what Robert Hefner once called a “double marginalisation” in the work of both Islamicists and Asianists, has madeconsiderable progress in mapping the networks connecting Dar al-Islam’seastern geographical peripheries with its perceived Middle Eastern “heartland.”And while Cornell historian Eric Tagliacozzo notes that several studiesdeal with the history of the commercial, educational, and religiousexchanges between the Hijaz and insular Southeast Asia, making good forthe “paucity of historiography of this particular transregional dialogue,” hesees his edited volume as filling the lacuna on “what the parameters of thislong-distance dialogue between civilizations have meant over the centuries”(p. 1). Using Fernand Braudel’s notion of longue durée as a rubric, he hasgrouped the collected essays under the respective headings of “The EarlyDimensions of Contacts,” “The Colonial Age,” “The First Half of the 20thCentury,” and “Into Modernity.” ...
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Stornebrink, Tobias, Sjoerd A. Stufkens, Daniel Appelt, Coen A. Wijdicks, and Gino Kerkhoffs. "Safe and Effective Tendoscopy around the Ankle with A 2-mm Diameter Operative System." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 1 (January 2022): 2473011421S0046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00461.
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Category: Arthroscopy; Basic Sciences/Biologics Introduction/Purpose: To assess whether 2-mm-diameter operative tendoscopy of the tibialis posterior, peroneal, and Achilles tendons was safe and effective in a cadaveric model. Methods: A 2-mm-diameter arthroscopic system was used to perform a tendoscopic procedure in 10 nonpaired, freshfrozen, human ankles. Standard tendoscopic portals were utilized. Visual examination and operative reach with tailored tendoscopic instruments within the tendon sheaths were recorded and documented. Adhesiolysis and vincula resections were performed. After dissection, distances between portal tracts and neurovascular structures were measured and the tendons were inspected for signs of iatrogenic damage. Results: The entire tendon sheath and tendon of the tibialis posterior, peroneus brevis, and Achilles tendons were visualized and reached with tailored operative instruments. The proximal part of the peroneus longus tendon was visible and reachable from proximally up to the cuboid bone distally. Adhesiolysis and vincula resections were successfully performed in all specimens. The mean distances between portal tracts and local neurovascular structures ranged between 9.4 and 19.2 mm and there were no cases of contact. None of the tendons showed signs of iatrogenic damage. Conclusion: Two-millimeter-diameter operative tendoscopy provided safe and effective visualization and operative reach of the tibialis posterior, peroneal, and Achilles tendons.
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Jaeger, Mateusz. "The stone fortifications of the settlement at Spišský Štvrtok. A contribution to the discussion on the long-distance contacts of the Otomani-Füzesabony culture." Praehistorische Zeitschrift 89, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pz-2014-0020.
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Zusammenfassung: In den letzten Jahrzehnten nahm die Siedlung von Spišský Štvrtok eine wichtige Rolle in der Debatte über jene Fernbeziehungen ein, die die Welt der mykenischen Kultur mit Mitteleuropa verbanden. Obwohl die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen auf dem Gelände noch immer nicht in ihrer Gesamtheit veröffentlicht sind, postulierte der Ausgräber J. Vladár eine Übereinstimmung der Steinmauern und Bastionen mit solchen mykenischer Architektur und fand für diese Thesen wissenschaftlichen Zuspruch. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird der Annahme jedoch widersprochen. Die Befestigungen von Spišský Štvrtok werden in einem vergleichenden Ansatz diskutiert und Siedlungsstrukturen gegenübergestellt, die aus der Otomani-Füzesabony-Kultur und der mykenischen Kultur bekannt sind. Der Autor zeigt im Vergleich mit weiteren Befunden bronzezeitlicher Verteidigungsarchitektur die Alleinstellung der vorliegenden Anlage. Die dabei sichtbar werdenden Unterschiede rechtfertigen die Notwendigkeit, nach alternativen chronologischen Ansätzen für die steinerne Befestigungsanlage von Spišský Štvrtok zu suchen. Résumé: L’habitat fortifié de Spišský Štvrtok a joué un rôle important au cours des dernières décennies dans le débat sur les relations à longue portée entre le monde de la civilisation mycénienne et l’Europe centrale. Quoique les résultats des fouilles de ce site n’aient pas été entièrement publiés, les opinions de leur auteur, J. Vladár, proposant que les murs et bastions en pierre encerclant le site démontrent des affinités avec l’architecture mycénienne, ont largement été acceptées. L’auteur du présent article conteste cette thèse. Les fortifications de Spišský Štvrtok font ici l’objet d’une approche comparative, les confrontant à d’autres structures d’habitat appartenant à la culture d’Otomani-Füzesabony et à la civilisation mycénienne. L’auteur démontre ainsi le caractère distinct de Spišský Štvrtok par rapport aux modèles courants de l’architecture de l’âge du Bronze. Cette disparité demande un autre modèle pour expliquer la chronologie des fortifications en pierre sur le site en question. Abstract: In recent decades, the settlement at Spišský Štvrtok played an important role in the debate concerning the long-distance relationships linking the world of the Mycenaean civilisation with Central Europe. Although the findings of the excavations at the site have not been published in their entirety, the views of its excavator, J. Vladár, who suggested that the site’s stone walls and bastions bore a similarity to Mycenaean architecture, have been widely accepted. In this article, the author challenges this thesis. The Spišský Štvrtok fortifications are discussed in a comparative approach, set against other settlement structures known from the Otomani-Füzesabony culture and the Mycenaean culture. The author demonstrates the apparent distinctiveness of Spišský Štvrtok when compared with the known models of Bronze Age defensive architecture. The disparity justifies the need to seek an alternative explanation for the chronology of the stone fortifications at the site in question.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contact longue distance"
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Heurteau, Alexandre. "Etude bioinformatique intégrative : déterminants et dynamique des interactions chromosomiques à longue distance." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30343.
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Les protéines se liants aux insulateurs (IBPs) seraient impliquées dans la structuration tri-dimensionnelle des génomes en domaines topologiques (ou " TADs). Les TADs contribueraient notamment à séparer les compartiments inactifs/hétérochromatine et actifs/euchromatine. Les IBPs sont également capables de bloquer les contacts spécifiques entre les éléments activateurs ou "enhancers" d'un TAD et les promoteurs de gènes cibles présents dans un autre TAD. Ainsi, les insulateurs influenceraient l'expression des gènes selon plusieurs modes de régulations qui reste à être caractérisés à l'échelle du génome. Les résultats obtenus dans la première partie de ma thèse montrent comment les IBPs influenceraient l'expression des gènes selon un nouveau mécanisme de régulation, comme montré à l'échelle du génome de la Drosophile. Nos analyses bioinformatiques montrent que les IBPs régulent l'étalement de l'hétérochromatine répressive (H3K27me3) à la fois en cis et en trans. Les régulations en trans impliquent des boucles de chromatine entre insulateurs positionnés à la frontière de l'hétérochromatine et des insulateurs distants positionnés aux abords de gènes euchromatiniens. Ces étalements en trans conduisent à la formation de "micro-domaines" d'hétérochromatine réprimant ainsi les gènes distants. En particulier, un mutant d'insulateur qui empêche la formation de boucle diminue significativement l'établissement des micro-domaines. De plus, ces micro-domaines se formeraient au cours du développement suggérant un nouveau mécanisme insulateur-dépendant de régulation des gènes. De plus, nous un nouveau rôle de la Cohésine, un régulateur clé des boucles 3D chez l'homme, dans la régulation des ARN non codants (ncRNAs), incluant les "PROMoters uPstream Transcripts" (PROMPTs) et les enhancers RNAs (eRNAs). L'hélicase MTR4 est essentielle au contrôle de la stabilité des ARNs codants et non codants par son rôle dans les complexes nuclear-exosome targeting (NEXT) et pA-tail exosome targeting (PAXT). De manière intéressante, la déplétion de MTR4 et des sous-unités ZFC3H1 et ZCCHC8 (ou Z1 et Z8), a conduit à l'apparition de ncRNAs à l'échelle du génome. Curieusement, la cartographie des sites de liaison de MTR4 a mis en évidence que cette hélicase se lie sur des sites distants des PROMPTs. Plutôt que d'agir en cis, nos données suggèrent que la régulation des PROMPTs pourrait impliquer des contacts spécifiques à longue distance entre ces sites distants de liaison MTR4 et les promoteurs liés par Z1/Z8. Ainsi, l'intégration des données Hi-C et la détection des PROMPTS en conditions de déplétion de MTR4, Z1 ou Z8 ont souligné le rôle possible des interactions à longue distance dans la régulation des PROMPTs, depuis les sites distants MTR4. Ces travaux pourraient établir une nouvelle relation entre la structure 3D des génomes et la régulation des ARNs non codantsInsulator Binding Proteins (IBPs) could be involved in the three-dimensional folding of genomes into topological domains (or "TADs"). In particular, TADs would help to separate the inactive/heterochromatin and active/euchromatin compartments. IBPs are also able to block specific contacts between the activator or enhancer elements of one TAD and target gene promoters present in another TAD. Thus, insulators may influence gene expression according to several regulatory modes that have yet to be characterized at genome level. The results obtained in the first part of my thesis show how IBPs influence gene expression according to a new regulatory mechanism, as shown at the scale of the Drosophila genome. Our bioinformatics analyses show that IBPs regulate the spread of repressive heterochromatin (H3K27me3) both in cis and trans. Trans regulations involve chromatin loops between insulators positioned at the heterochromatin boundary and distant insulators positioned at the edges of euchromatic genes. Trans spreading leads to the formation of "micro-domains" of heterochromatin, thereby repressing distant genes. In particular, an insulator mutant that prevents loop formation significantly reduces the establishment of micro-domains. In addition, these micro-domains would be formed during development suggesting a new insulator-dependent mechanism for gene regulation. Furthermore, we could uncover a novel function of cohesion, a key regulator of 3D loops in humans, in regulating non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including "PROMoters uPstream Transcripts" (PROMPTs) and enhancers RNAs (eRNAs). The MTR4 helicase is essential to the control of coding and noncoding RNA stability by the human nuclear-exosome targeting (NEXT) complex and pA-tail exosome targeting (PAXT) complex. Remarkably, ncRNAs could be detected upon depletion of the Mtr4 helicase of the human NEXT complex. Moreover, depletion of additional NEXT subunits, ZFC3H1 and ZCCHC8 (or Z1 and Z8), also led to uncover ncRNAs often produced from the same loci as upon MTR4 depletion. Curiously however, mapping of Mtr4 binding sites highlighted that Mtr4 binds to sites that are distant from PROMPTs. Rather than acting in cis, our data suggest that regulation of PROMPTs could involve specific long-distance contacts between these distant MTR4 binding sites and promoters bound by Z1/Z8. As such, integration of Hi-C data together with the detection of PROMPTS upon MTR4-, Z1- or Z8- depletions highlight possible role of long-range interactions in regulating PROMPTs, from distant MTR4-bound sites. This work may establish a new relationship between the 3D structure of genomes and the regulation of ncRNAs
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Rossouw, Samantha. "Friendship patterns among the elderly / Samantha Rossouw." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/957.
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During old age there are many challenges that the elderly have to meet. These challenges
can include adapting to diminished bodily abilities, decreased intellectual vitality, the
death of a spouse and the loss of friends, adapting to new roles and activities, a change in
income, a change of housing conditions and retirement. Due to advanced technology and
to more sophisticated medical services, life expectancy has changed significantly, which
implies that generally speaking people could grow older and that they have to deal with
life transitions and daily demands. Friendships enable people to cope better with life
transitions and challenges. Very little research, however, is available on the friendship
patterns of the elderly. A quantitative, single cross-sectional survey study was conducted
where 200 elderly people in South Africa were interviewed by means of a semi-structured
questionnaire. The purpose of the research was to investigate friendship
patterns among the elderly, and to confirm whether or not people have fewer friendships
as they grow older. Data has been statistically analysed by means of frequencies. Results
indicate that as people age, they indeed have fewer friendships due to the death of
friends, transport problems, illness and the fact that friends moved away. It was also
found that although the number of friends becomes fewer, friendship is still regarded as
an important aspect. Suggestions are made regarding the value of having different kinds
of friendships, which will promote resilience and create more social resources to deal
with challenging life transitions.Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Fourty, Guillaume. "Recherche de contraintes structurales pour la modélisation ab initio du repliement protéique." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077101.
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La compréhension du processus de repliement protéique et la détermination de la structure tridimensionnelle à partir de la seule information de séquence sont des problématiques majeures de la biologie structurale. Nous observons, tout d'abord, la proximité quasi-systématique des extrémités N- et C-terminales des domaines protéiques qui pourrait être liée aux premières étapes du repliement. Puis, nous abordons le repliement de polymères sur des réseaux réguliers. L'énumération des orbites et des orbites cycliques hamiltoniennes sur des réseaux carrés n x n permet d'évaluer la réduction de l'espace conformationnel associée à la proximité des extrémités des chaînes. L'exploration exhaustive de ces structures de compacité maximale fournit une limite énergétique pour les algorithmes de recherche de minima pour des séquences HP. Enfin, nous étudions des alignements multiples à faible identité de séquence et nous introduisons une mesure de la conservation de l'hydrophobie, que nous appelons topohydrophobie généralisée. A l'aide d'arbres de décision, nous prédisons des caractéristiques structurales telles que la position Central/Bord des brins becta dans les feuillets et l'accessibilité au solvant (RAPT - Relative Accessibility Prédiction Tool). Ces informations peuvent être intégrées dans des approches de prédiction ab initio du repliement protéiqueUnderstanding the protein folding process and predicting protein structures from sequence data only remain two challenging questions for structural biologists. In this work, we first observe highly frequent proximities between N- and C-termini of protein domain, probably reflecting early stages of folding. Then we address the problem of polymer folding on regular lattices. We enumerate Hamiltonian Orbits and Cyclic Hamiltonian Orbits on n x n square lattices to evaluate the conformational space reduction associated to the termini contact constraint. Exhaustive Exploration of those maximally compact structures provides a baseline for minimum search algorithm in the HP- folding problem. Finally, we study multiple alignments at low sequence identity and introduce topohydrophobicity, a measure of topohydrophobicity conservation. We use it through decision tree to predict structural features such as Central/Edge position of beta strands in beta sheets and solvent accessibility (RAPT - Relative Accessibility Prediction Tool). These data can be used in ab initio prediction procedures of protein structures
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Tezenas, du Montcel Benoît. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation d’un plasma de vapeurs métalliques dans une ampoule à vide pour le développement de disjoncteurs Haute-Tension." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0110.
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Dans le cadre d’un projet étudiant la possibilité de remplacer le SF6 par du vide comme milieu de coupure dans les disjoncteurs Haute-Tension, un travail ayant pour objet d’acquérir une meilleure compréhension du comportement d’un arc de vapeurs métalliques à grandes distances inter-électrodes (> 10 mm) et contrôlé par un champ magnétique axial (AMF) a été entrepris. Ce travail a premièrement donné lieu à l’élaboration d’une expérience au cours de laquelle des arcs, créés entre deux contacts en CuCr25 fixes, ont été visualisés par vidéo rapide dans une maquette démontable d’ampoule à vide. Différents types de régime d’arc ont été observés. En outre, à l’aide d’une méthode numérique de détection des spots cathodiques, nous avons pu étudier l’évolution de la distribution spatiale des spots cathodiques, mesurer l’intensité moyenne du courant porté par un spot et déterminer le profil radial moyen de la densité de courant cathodique. Cette thèse a aussi eu pour objet le développement d’un modèle magnétohydrodynamique à 2 fluides, 2D-axysimétrique et quasi-stationnaire, de la zone d’écoulement hydrodynamique de l’arc, permettant de traiter le cas des régimes d’arc diffus supersonique et diffus subsonique. Ce modèle a permis d’étudier le comportement du plasma d’arc en fonction des intensités du courant d’arc et de l’AMF et de la distance inter-électrodesIn the frame of a project investigating the possibility to replace SF6 by vacuum as a breaking medium in High-Voltage circuit breakers, a study that focusses on acquiring a better understanding of the behavior of a metal vapor arc at long contact gap (> 10 mm) and controlled by an axial magnetic field (AMF) has been undertaken. The study involves first the building of an experimental setup where arcs, created between two fixed CuCr25 contacts, were visualized using a high-speed camera in a vacuum demountable chamber. Various types of arc regime have been observed. Moreover, by means of a numerical method of detection of the cathode spots, we were able to study the evolution of the spatial distribution of the cathode spots, to measure the average current carried by a spot and to determine the average radial profile of the current density at the cathode surface. This study had also for object the development of a 2D-axisymetric and quasi-steady magnetohydrodynamic model of the hydrodynamic flow region of the arc based on a two-fluid approach. The model allows to simulate the supersonic and the subsonic diffuse arc regimes. It is used to study the arc behavior as a function of to the arc current, the AMF intensity and the contact gap
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Pistikopoulos, Panayotis. "Comportement physiochimique des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, particulaires et gazeux, dans l'atmosphere : mode de formation des aerosols, transport a meso-echelle, adaptation d'un modele-recepteur a des composes reactifs." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077140.
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Segoe, Bobo Aaron. "Learner support in the provision of distance teaching programmes for under qualified teachers." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/8559.
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Presently all over the world, there is a great concern among teachers, parents, organisations, community leaders and higher education lecturers about the problems that beset teaching and learning particularly in the teaching programmes, for example, for under-qualified teachers studying at a distance. Most distance education (DE) programmes are concerned with education of adults and it seems fairly obvious that the research plans should be informed by the theories and research about learning in higher education institutions. In terms of teacher education, such studies could, inter alia, focus on teacher development, curriculum planning, learner support programmes, communication and evaluation of DE. DE itself refers to a field of education that focuses on teaching methods and technology with the aim of delivering teaching, often on an individual basis, to learners who are not physically present in a traditional educational setting such as a classroom. Distance learning is becoming an increasingly popular way of studying, and most universities now provide courses using this mode of teaching and learning. Today’s learners, though, are demanding high quality, consumer-focused and flexible courses and learning resources, and active learner support. This means that providers of DE need to reconsider key issues about learner support systems, to ensure that this is delivered appropriately and effectively. This study focuses on learner support in DE education for under-qualified teachers. The concept, learner support, can be traced far back to Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development, which refers to a learners’ optimal developmental potential if assistance that is timely and appropriate is provided by another person (Vygotsky, 1978). The appeal of the concept of the zone of proximal development lies in the fact that it directs attention to the need for maximum support in the learning process, and does so in a way that emphasises that good teaching is necessarily responsive to the state of understanding achieved by particular learners.
Learner support systems may include the resources that the learner can access in order to engage in the learning process, for example, libraries or the resources that relate to the mediation of the communication process such as the media or technology. This study acknowledges that there are different kinds of learner support structures, but argues that there are critical or main components of support services which are registration support, learner support services, contact sessions, technological support and feedback strategies. Therefore, this study focuses on the role played by these five learner support structures as used in the programmes of DE under-qualified teachers at The University of South Africa (UNISA). Supported by empirical data, this study seeks to argue that instructional designers and tutors in the programmes of under-qualified teachers studying through DE need to ensure quality learning support as learning environments are increasingly designed according to the principles of resource-based and independent learning. In a sustainable learning environment, support must be designed according to principles that ensure that learners progress from teacher-directed activity to self-regulated activity. The challenge to deliver a high-quality learner support system, and for tutors and administrators to assume a central educational role in developing effective distance learning environments, the need for teaching and research is increasingly emphasised in research literature. Finally, it is hoped that this piece of work will help to promote more discussion and debate about the use of learner support programmes in DE institutions in particular, and in teaching and learning in general.Curriculum and Instructional Studies
D. Ed. (Didactics)
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Babušková, Štěpánka. "Revize dokladů dálkových kontaktů na území Čech a Moravy ve starší době halštatské." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-345076.
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: The theses deals with long-distance contacts in Bylany culture in the Early Iron Age (Ha C1-Ha D1). The research is based on detailed typological and chronological analysis of exogenous material artefacts and their comparation with other analogical european finds. The invisible evidence of long-distance contacts (technology, art, burial practices, life style) is also included.
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Maas, Bea. "Birds, bats and arthropods in tropical agroforestry landscapes: Functional diversity, multitrophic interactions and crop yield." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5E77-5.
Full textBooks on the topic "Contact longue distance"
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California. Legislature. Senate. Committee on Energy and Public Utilities. Hearing on local and long distance telephone "flexibility" and "social contract" rate regulation: Santa Monica City Hall, Santa Monica, California, December 1, 1987. Sacramento, CA (Box 94894, Sacramento 94249-0001): Joint Publications, State Capitol, 1987.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Subcommittee on Compensation, Pension, Insurance, and Memorial Affairs, ed. VA health care: How distance from VA facilities affects veterans' use of VA services : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Compensation, Pension, Insurance, and Memorial Affairs, Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 1995.
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Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: The effect of competition from satellite providers on cable rates : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.
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Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Issues related to local telephone service : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.
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Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: FCC should include call quality in its annual report on competition in mobile phone services : report to the Honorable Anthony D. Weiner, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2003.
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Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Competition issues in international satellite communications : report to the Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.
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Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Technological and regulatory factors affecting consumer choice of internet providers : report to the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Business Rights and Competition, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 2000.
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Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Status of research on the safety of cellular telephones : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.
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Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Costs reported by federal organizations for fiscal year 1995 : report to the Subcommittee on Treasury, Postal Service, and General Government, Senate Committee on Appropriations. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.
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Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: The changing status of competition to cable television : report to the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Business Rights, and Competition, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Contact longue distance"
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Glennie, Jenny, and Ross Paul. "ODDE Strategic Positioning in the Post-COVID-19 Era." In Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education, 1–19. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0351-9_29-1.
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AbstractThis chapter considers some of the challenges of the development of strategy, both for the conventional and ODDE sectors of higher education, with a brief look at the literature since strategic planning was first in vogue in the private sector in the early 1960s. Although the most common approach in higher education, so much so-called strategic planning does little to advance long-term visions and strategies or to differentiate one institution from another. The sudden pivot to online learning and other distance education that the COVID-19 pandemic has forced on conventional (contact) institutions has blurred distinctions between traditional and ODDE universities, thus rendering effective strategy development and implementation more important than ever.This chapter conducts the literature review considering both institutional and system-wide strategy development, underlining their common elements. Then, from the unique vantage point of the South African Institute of Distance Education (Saide), a nongovernmental organization based in Johannesburg but conducting projects throughout South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, it discusses the challenges for ODDE strategy development in the particular context of COVID-19. The chapter concludes with implications from the analysis for both the conventional and ODDE sectors in higher education in South Africa and elsewhere based, in part, on the lessons learned during the pandemic.
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Glennie, Jenny, and Ross Paul. "ODDE Strategic Positioning in the Post-COVID-19 Era." In Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education, 527–45. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2080-6_29.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis chapter considers some of the challenges of the development of strategy, both for the conventional and ODDE sectors of higher education, with a brief look at the literature since strategic planning was first in vogue in the private sector in the early 1960s. Although the most common approach in higher education, so much so-called strategic planning does little to advance long-term visions and strategies or to differentiate one institution from another. The sudden pivot to online learning and other distance education that the COVID-19 pandemic has forced on conventional (contact) institutions has blurred distinctions between traditional and ODDE universities, thus rendering effective strategy development and implementation more important than ever.This chapter conducts the literature review considering both institutional and system-wide strategy development, underlining their common elements. Then, from the unique vantage point of the South African Institute of Distance Education (Saide), a nongovernmental organization based in Johannesburg but conducting projects throughout South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, it discusses the challenges for ODDE strategy development in the particular context of COVID-19. The chapter concludes with implications from the analysis for both the conventional and ODDE sectors in higher education in South Africa and elsewhere based, in part, on the lessons learned during the pandemic.
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Kaprāns, Mārtiņš. "Latvian Migrants in Great Britain: ‘The Great Departure’, Transnational Identity and Long Distance Belonging." In IMISCOE Research Series, 119–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12092-4_6.
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Abstract This chapter explores the transnational aspects of identity and the long distance belonging of Latvian migrants in Great Britain. In particular, it focuses on the discourses and practices of long distance belonging to Latvia. The article is based on a comparative analysis of The Emigrant Communities of Latvia survey data as well as semi-structured interviews with Latvian migrants in Great Britain. The analytical sections are organised so as to discuss the three main analytical contexts of long distance belonging: ethno-cultural, political and social. In the ethno-cultural context, migrants who identify themselves as ethnic Latvians rediscover and strengthen their links to the Latvian cultural space, its traditions and its ways of collective self-understanding. Conversely, the absence of this cultural capital among Russian-speaking migrants from Latvia advances their faster assimilation into British society. The political context of long distance belonging reveals high levels of distrust of the Latvian government and the migrants’ overall disappointment with Latvia’s political elite, as well as political apathy. Nevertheless, Latvian migrants in the United Kingdom are discovering new motivation and fresh opportunities to influence the political reality in Latvia and that has increased participation in Latvian national elections. The social context of long distance belonging, in turn, enables new forms of allegiance towards Latvia. These are manifested in philanthropic initiatives, in participation in various interest groups and in regular interest in what is happening in Latvia. The social context does not put the migrants’ activities into ethno-cultural or political frameworks, but encourages moral responsibility towards the people of Latvia.
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Schaffar, Birgit, and Eevi E. Beck. "Means and Meanings of Research Collaboration in the Face of a Suffering Earth: A Landscape of Questions." In Academic Flying and the Means of Communication, 297–325. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4911-0_12.
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AbstractThe Earth is speaking to us in its own language of suffering—rising average temperatures, increasingly extreme weather conditions, mass extinction of species and so on. Academic habits of travelling long distances and/or frequently, as many of us have, affect the Earth and its inhabitants. This chapter argues the need for changing habits not just by developing technical infrastructure but through developing awareness among academics of the issues involved including the dynamics that may be slowing down change. The chapter contributes by discussing the means and meanings of research collaboration in this context. We explore the role of collaboration across distance in scholarship (Erkenntnis), various ways (technical and otherwise) that materialities can affect remote collaboration and reflect on the ethics of commitments intrinsic to academic work. The challenge facing academics is to integrate these three aspects—sharing, the material/technical and the ethical—in developing ways of working which are responsive to the Earth crises. To support this, we indicate a set of questions which can be helpful to consider when, as scholars, we make decisions about why and how to collaborate.
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Nichols, Mark. "Transforming Conventional Education through ODDE." In Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education, 1–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0351-9_35-1.
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AbstractOpen and distance education has a long history and rich heritage, its literature affirming that a systems approach based on industrial production is an optimal means of providing education that is accessible, cost-effective, flexible, open, and scalable. This approach to education, based on an asynchronous separation of participants, continues to find its expression in the Internet age. The recent COVID-19 global pandemic necessitated a rapid shift to emergency remote teaching (ERT). This sudden adoption of online education took place more in response to need than careful strategizing. Significantly, the term “online distance education” is often used to describe the mostly synchronous ERT model, even though this is out of step with classic distance education theory. This chapter explores the differences across educational models beneath the terms “conventional education” and “open, distance digital education (ODDE),” and the nature of “transformation” as conventional and distance models of education are expressed online. Transforming conventional education through ODDE challenges our thinking as to the nature of education practice and the potential of digital technology in the twenty-first-century context. The potential of ODDE – anytime enrolment and assessment, effectiveness and efficiency in tuition, enhancing student success by design and personalized provision – goes well beyond extending the classroom into the online space. For on-campus providers to become effective ODDE providers, a transformation is required. The final part of this chapter deals with the challenges of rethinking the role of the educator and of reformulating a university’s operating model.
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Nichols, Mark. "Transforming Conventional Education through ODDE." In Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education, 641–57. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2080-6_35.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractOpen and distance education has a long history and rich heritage, its literature affirming that a systems approach based on industrial production is an optimal means of providing education that is accessible, cost-effective, flexible, open, and scalable. This approach to education, based on an asynchronous separation of participants, continues to find its expression in the Internet age. The recent COVID-19 global pandemic necessitated a rapid shift to emergency remote teaching (ERT). This sudden adoption of online education took place more in response to need than careful strategizing. Significantly, the term “online distance education” is often used to describe the mostly synchronous ERT model, even though this is out of step with classic distance education theory. This chapter explores the differences across educational models beneath the terms “conventional education” and “open, distance digital education (ODDE),” and the nature of “transformation” as conventional and distance models of education are expressed online. Transforming conventional education through ODDE challenges our thinking as to the nature of education practice and the potential of digital technology in the twenty-first-century context. The potential of ODDE – anytime enrolment and assessment, effectiveness and efficiency in tuition, enhancing student success by design and personalized provision – goes well beyond extending the classroom into the online space. For on-campus providers to become effective ODDE providers, a transformation is required. The final part of this chapter deals with the challenges of rethinking the role of the educator and of reformulating a university’s operating model.
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Poortman, Anne-Rigt. "Postdivorce Parent-Child Contact and Child Outcomes: The Role of Spatial Mobility." In European Studies of Population, 207–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68479-2_10.
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AbstractShared physical custody, or more generally, frequent contact with both parents is often assumed to benefit children, but having to move back and forth between parents’ homes may also be harmful, particularly when parents live far apart. This study examined the role of spatial mobility in the association between frequent parent-child contact and multiple child outcomes. Using the New Families in the Netherlands survey, analyses firstly showed that frequent parent-child contact, on average, was found to be not or modestly associated with better child outcomes. Second, spatial mobility mattered, but in varying ways. Long travel times were negatively associated with children’s contact with friends and their psychological well-being, but positively related to educational performance. Furthermore, frequent commutes were negatively associated with how often children saw their friends, but positively associated with child psychological well-being. Third, and most importantly, the impact of parent-child contact and frequent commutes on child outcomes were found to be dependent on traveling time. For child psychological well-being and contact with friends, frequent parent-child contact and/or frequent commutes were found to have positive effects when travel distances were short, but these positive effects disappeared when traveling times increased.
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Tang, Lijun. "On-Line Support Groups for Families in China." In The World of the Seafarer, 189–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49825-2_15.
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AbstractSeafarer-partners (seafarers’ wives or girlfriends) face a number of problems in everyday life, including consecutive long-term separations and social isolation. In the context that seafaring families are likely to be geographically dispersed, a virtual community provided Chinese seafarer-partners with a valuable space to talk about problems and to both offer and receive support. Despite the physical distances between community members they felt closely connected to each other in the community because they were all seafarer-partners and had similar concerns and experiences. By examining their interaction in this community, the chapter reveals the ways in which this virtual community may offer, essential, largely unseen, informal, support to seafarers by serving to protect their very vulnerable relationships in their absence.
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Bosch, María José, and Mireia Las Heras. "Small Changes that Make a Great Difference: Reading, Playing and Eating with your Children and the Facilitating Role of Managers in Latin America." In Engaged Fatherhood for Men, Families and Gender Equality, 245–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75645-1_14.
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AbstractParenting is challenging in today’s world. Dual careers, hyper-connectivity, and long distances take almost all our time, and parents must integrate their different roles. A direct impact of this hectic life is on the time parents spend with their children. Additionally, the role of fathers has gained importance, and it is important to understand his influence. In this chapter we will analyze the importance of the time fathers spend in positive engagement activities with their children, such as eating and reading with their children, and also how organizations, through their managers, can promote these positive engagement activities. Also, to show how context influences this relationship, we compare different countries in Latin America: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic.
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Selouani, S. A., T. H. Lê, Y. Benahmed, and D. O’Shaughnessy. "Enhanced Speech-Enabled Tools for Intelligent and Mobile E-Learning Applications." In Advances in Distance Education Technologies, 147–65. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-934-2.ch010.
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Web-based learning is rapidly becoming the preferred way to quickly, efficiently, and economically create and deliver training or educational content through various communication media. This chapter presents systems that use speech technology to emulate the one-on-one interaction a student can get from a virtual instructor. A Web-based learning tool, the Learn IN Context (LINC+) system, designed and used in a real mixed-mode learning context for a computer (C++ language) programming course taught at the Université de Moncton (Canada) is described here. It integrates an Internet Voice Searching and Navigating (IVSN) system that helps learners to search and navigate both the web and their desktop environment through voice commands and dictation. LINC+ also incorporates an Automatic User Profile Building and Training (AUPB&T) module that allows users to increase speech recognition performance without having to go through the long and fastidious manual training process. New Automated Service Agents based on the Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML) are used to provide naturalness to the dialogs between users and machines. The portability of the e-learning system across a mobile platform is also investigated. The findings show that when the learning material is delivered in the form of a collaborative and voice-enabled presentation, the majority of learners seem to be satisfied with this new media, and confirm that it does not negatively affect their cognitive load.
Conference papers on the topic "Contact longue distance"
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GuoDong, Zhou. "Modeling of long distance context dependency." In the 20th international conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1220355.1220369.
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Lu, Ming-Chih, Tien-Yu Tang, Cheng-Pei Tsai, and Yu-An Cho. "The Non-Contact Landslides Monitoring System for Long-Distance." In 2010 International Conference on Internet Technology and Applications (iTAP). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itapp.2010.5566431.
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Cao, Donglin, Dazhen Lin, and Jiansong Yu. "Automatic image annotation with long distance spatial-context." In 2014 14th UK Workshop on Computational Intelligence (UKCI). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ukci.2014.6930181.
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Zhou, GuoDong. "Modeling of long distance context dependency in Chinese." In the second SIGHAN workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1119250.1119260.
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Jörke, Matthew, Jon Gillick, Matthew Sims, and David Bamman. "Attending to Long-Distance Document Context for Sequence Labeling." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.330.
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Blackford, Ethan B., Justin R. Estepp, Alyssa M. Piasecki, Margaret A. Bowers, and Samantha L. Klosterman. "Long-range non-contact imaging photoplethysmography: cardiac pulse wave sensing at a distance." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Gerard L. Coté. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2208130.
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Mast, Timothy, Yu Pan, Carvel Holton, and Mehdi Ahmadian. "Intermediate Distance Testing of Optical Top-of-Rail (TOR) Lubricity Sensors on a Remote-Controlled Rail Cart." In 2021 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2021-58347.
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Abstract The primary intent of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and utility of a laser-based measurement unit for qualitative assessment of the presence and amount of Top-of-Rail Friction Modifier (TOR or TORFM), at reasonably high speeds and over long distances in the field. As a capstone to this phase of development, a series of field tests were conducted on revenue service track in partnership with a local Class 1 railroad. For these tests, the Third Generation Rail Lubricity Sensor was mounted on a Remote-Controlled Rail Cart and tested continuously over several miles of track. This longer window is able to cover the domain of multiple wayside applicators over a distance of more than 3 miles, the expected carry distance of TORFM. The results of this testing demonstrate the capacity of optical sensors to measure and evaluate track lubricity. The signal characteristics at or near wayside applicators demonstrate a clear impulse from the heavy lubricant close to the applicator. Further, by collecting continuous data down track from a wayside applicator it is possible to observe several novel ways in which the TORFM and flange grease carries beyond the point of application. One such example is a clear spike in track lubricity when entering or exiting curves caused by the lateral shift of the wheelsets drawing fresh lubricant previously out of contact with the rail into contact creating a “phantom applicator” effect. These observations are crucial to understanding in detail the way the TORFM and flange grease is carried down track. They are also essential to creating predictive models for most effective application of friction modifiers to specific track geometries.
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Naaijen, Peter, and Rene´ Huijsmans. "Real Time Wave Forecasting for Real Time Ship Motion Predictions." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57804.
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This paper presents results of a validation study into a linear short term wave and ship motion prediction model for long crested waves. Model experiments have been carried out during which wave elevations were measured at various distances down stream of the wave maker simultaneously. Comparison between predicted and measured wave elevation are presented for 6 different wave conditions. The theoretical relation between spectral content of an irregular long crested wave system and optimal prediction distance for a desired prediction time is explained and validated. It appears that predictions can be extended further into the future than expected based on this theoretical relation.
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Panigrahi, Swapnesh, Julien Fade, and Mehdi Alouini. "Optimal contrast enhancement in long distance snapshot polarimetric imaging through fog." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Joseph A. Shaw and Daniel A. LeMaster. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2188590.
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Bacchi, Luca, Fabio Brugnetti, Michele Castano, and Fabio Zanardo. "An Approach to Coating and Cathodic Protection Design on Long Distance Gas Pipeline." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0285.
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Eni group is working on a gas transportation project aimed to develop and verify the technology for a “LD-HC-HP-HG” (Long Distance–High Capacity–High Pressure–High Grade) gas pipeline named TAP (Trasporto Alta Pressione). Interest in high pressure and high grade pipe steels is due to the increasing necessity of economic gas transportation on long distances between upstream and downstream in an international context. In the past Eni group has already studied long distance pipeline materials from the economic and pre-feasibility point of view. Now, with TAP project, Eni is going to do an “in field experience” with high pressure and high grade steels to concur and to promote the “gas to market” with the “pipeline” option. Snam Rete Gas competences in the project are related to: • partial contribution to the technical characterization of field welding joints; • analysis of solutions for coating and cathodic protection especially dedicated for long distance pipelines. The building of a pilot pipeline in X100 grade steel is an opportunity to test new technologies and new instrumentations to economically prevent corrosion with coating and cathodic protection in long distance pipelines where there could be logistic problems for the systems inspection and maintenance due also to the extreme environmental conditions. Design of the system solutions according to a “life cycle costing” approach and analysis of the experimental results of the pilot pipeline in X100 grade steel will be both included in the project. Aim of this paper is to suggest an experimental approach to coating and cathodic protection design on long distance gas pipeline in order to minimize inspection and maintenance costs, very relevant for such a type of application.
Reports on the topic "Contact longue distance"
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MORELLI, D. Long-distance transport of live animals: WOAH’s standards and best practices including societal perception and communication aspects. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/tt.3334.
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During the 88th General Session held virtually in May 2021, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH: founded as OIE) Regional Commission for Europe agreed “Long-distance transport of live animals: WOAH’s standards and best practices including societal perception and communication aspects” as the Technical Item I to be presented during the 30th Conference of the Regional Commission in Catania (Italy), from 3 to 7 October 2022. An online questionnaire was designed and distributed to WOAH Members of the Regional Commission for Europe from 21 June to 8 July 2022 (with minor finalisations by 2 August 2022). The persons responsible for completing the questionnaire (of 47 Members in total) were mainly WOAH Delegates, National Focal Points for animal welfare or National Contact Points for long-distance transportation. The qualitative analysis of the information provided was carried out by grouping similar answers and, when proper, the United Nations geoscheme was applied to highlight any spatial clustering of the results. The wide majority of the Members (46 out of 47) declared to have in place specific legislation on animal welfare during transport, and most of them stated to be “generally aligned” with WOAH standards, there are still many countries in the Region where certain crucial requirements are not mandatory. Journey and contingency plans are commonly part of the specific legislation on animal welfare during transport, as well as monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the legal requirements concerning animal transport by the Competent Authority or other certification bodies. The presence of major gaps in budget and/or available resources and trained personnel was declared by almost half of the responding Members (21 out of 47). Concerning the awareness of the civil society regarding animal welfare issues during transport, 11 Members reported a “low” level of awareness, and they were mostly included in the areas of Southern Europe, Western and Central Asia. The greatest part of Members responding “high awareness” clustered in the Northern and Western Europe geographical areas. Members were also asked to indicate possible WOAH initiatives that could improve the implementation of the standards, and most of them suggested to develop training activities and provide additional guidance through revised and/or new standards in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code and/or through other WOAH documents.
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Kvalbein, Astrid. Wood or blood? Norges Musikkhøgskole, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.481278.
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Wood or Blood? New scores and new sounds for voice and clarinet Astrid Kvalbein and Gjertrud Pedersen, Norwegian Academy of Music What is this thing called a score, and how do we relate to it as performers, in order to realize a musical work? This is the fundamental question of this exposition. As a duo we have related to scores in a variety of ways over the years: from the traditional reading and interpreting of sheet music of works by distant (some dead) composers, to learning new works in dialogue with living composers and to taking part in the creative processes from the commissioning of a work to its premiere and beyond. This reflective practice has triggered many questions: could the score for instance be conceptualized as a contract, in which some elements are negotiable and others are not? Where two equal parts, the performer(s) and the composer might have qualitatively different assignments on how to realize the music? Finally: might reflecting on such questions influence our interpretative practices? To shed light on these issues, we take as examples three works from our recent repertoire: Ragnhild Berstad’s Vevtråd (Weaving thread, 2010), Jan Martin Smørdal’s The Lesser Nighthawk (2012) and Lene Grenager’s Tre eller blod (Wood or blood, 2005). We will share – attempt to unfold – some of the experiences gained from working with this music, in close collaboration and dialogue with the composers. Observing the processes from a certain temporal distance, we see how our attitudes as a duo has developed over a longer span of time, into a more confident 'we'.
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Díaz de Astarloa, Bernardo, Nanno Mulder, Sandra Corcuera-Santamaría, Winfried Weck, Lucas Barreiros, Rodrigo Contreras Huerta, and Alejandro Puente. Post Pandemic Covid-19 Economic Recovery: Enabling Latin America and the Caribbean to Better Harness E-commerce and Digital Trade. Edited by Marcee Gómez. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003436.
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This report shows that Latin America and the Caribbean faces critical policy challenges going forward. It must accelerate the digital transformation to allow businesses and consumers to adapt to a new normal and leverage pandemic recovery to create stronger economies, and also tackle long-standing barriers to adopting digital technologies and bridging digital divides. These have impeded sustained and equitable economic growth even before the pandemic struck. This crisis should be a wake-up call for governments, the private sector, civil society, and international development partners to come together and take concerted actions to advance on consistent, long-term, and sustainable e-commerce strategies that are at the forefront of national and regional productive development agendas. Just as digital solutions allowed countries to overcome the increased role of distance within the context of the pandemic in shaping consumption and business, they should also be harnessed to increase regional economic integration beyond this emergency situation.
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Dasberg, Shmuel, Jan W. Hopmans, Larry J. Schwankl, and Dani Or. Drip Irrigation Management by TDR Monitoring of Soil Water and Solute Distribution. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568095.bard.
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Drip irrigation has the potential of high water use efficiency, but actual water measurement is difficult because of the limited wetted volume. Two long-term experiments in orchards in Israel and in California and several field crop studies supported by this project have demonstrated the feasibility of precise monitoring of soil water distribution for drip irrigation in spite of the limited soil wetting. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) enables in situ measurement of soil water content of well defined small volumes. Several approaches were tried in monitoring the soil water balance in the field during drip irrigation. These also facilitated the estimation of water uptake: 1. The use of multilevel moisture probe TDR system. This approach proved to be of limited value because of the extremely small diameter of measurement. 2. The placement of 20 cm long TDR probes at predetermined distances from the drippers in citrus orchards. 3. Heavy instrumentation with neutron scattering access tubes and tensiometers of a single drip irrigated almond tree. 4. High resolution spatial and temporal measurements (0.1m x 0.1m grid) of water content by TDR in corn irrigated by surface and subsurface drip. The latter approach was accompanied by parametric modelling of water uptake intensity patterns by corn roots and superimposed with analytical solutions for water flow from point and line sources. All this lead to general and physically based suggestions for the placement of soil water sensors for scheduling drip irrigation.
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Collyer, Michael, Tahir Zaman, and Dolf te Lintelo. Displacement and Social Assistance. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.029.
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Displacement forms part of virtually any major crisis. It introduces a level of complexity when providing social assistance that leads to a specific, usually context-dependent set of challenges. It is widely recognised that the vast majority of displaced people will travel as short a distance as possible to reach safety, whether as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), refugees or irregular migrants in neighbouring countries. Displaced people are disproportionately hosted in low- and middle-income countries, and the length of their displacement is increasing. This highlights the urgent priority of displacement; indeed, it has received sustained attention from the highest levels of global decision-making, particularly since 2016, including two Global Compacts in 2018 (Global Compact for Migration, Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration). Although some have argued that such global summits offer a replacement for meaningful action, these events at least highlight clear political will to shift the emphasis from humanitarian responses to a much longer-term development focus. Interest in social assistance and displacement has also grown since 2018 and resulting policy must respond to this concern for more sustainable responses. High-level commitments are slowly filtering through to policy, while recent research has provided clear frameworks for analysing developing policy approaches. Gaps remain in the analysis of policy implementation and in the assessment of how to access social assistance beyond official state channels.
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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research. Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices. Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed. Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data. Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.
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Mizrach, Amos, Michal Mazor, Amots Hetzroni, Joseph Grinshpun, Richard Mankin, Dennis Shuman, Nancy Epsky, and Robert Heath. Male Song as a Tool for Trapping Female Medflies. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586535.bard.
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This interdisciplinaray work combines expertise in engineering and entomology in Israel and the US, to develop an acoustic trap for mate-seeking female medflies. Medflies are among the world's most economically harmful pests, and monitoring and control efforts cost about $800 million each year in Israel and the US. Efficient traps are vitally important tools for medfly quarantine and pest management activities; they are needed for early detection, for predicting dispersal patterns and for estimating medfly abundance within infested regions. Early detection facilitates rapid response to invasions, in order to contain them. Prediction of dispersal patterns facilitates preemptive action, and estimates of the pests' abundance lead to quantification of medfly infestations and control efforts. Although olfactory attractants and traps exist for capturing male and mated female medflies, there are still no satisfactorily efficient means to attract and trap virgin and remating females (a significant and dangerous segment of the population). We proposed to explore the largely ignored mechanism of female attraction to male song that the flies use in courtship. The potential of such an approach is indicated by studies under this project. Our research involved the identification, isolation, and augmentation of the most attractive components of male medfly songs and the use of these components in the design and testing of traps incorporating acoustic lures. The project combined expertise in acoustic engineering and instrumentation, fruit fly behavior, and integrated pest management. The BARD support was provided for 1 year to enable proof-of-concept studies, aimed to determine: 1) whether mate-seeking female medflies are attracted to male songs; and 2) over what distance such attraction works. Male medfly calling song was recorded during courtship. Multiple acoustic components of male song were examined and tested for synergism with substrate vibrations produced by various surfaces, plates and loudspeakers, with natural and artificial sound playbacks. A speaker-funnel system was developed that focused the playback signal to reproduce as closely as possible the near-field spatial characteristics of the sounds produced by individual males. In initial studies, the system was tasted by observing the behavior of females while the speaker system played songs at various intensities. Through morning and early afternoon periods of peak sexual activity, virgin female medflies landed on a sheet of filter paper at the funnel outlet and stayed longer during broadcasting than during the silent part of the cycle. In later studies, females were captured on sticky paper at the funnel outlet. The mean capture rates were 67 and 44%, respectively, during sound emission and silent control periods. The findings confirmed that female trapping was improved if a male calling song was played. The second stage of the research focused on estimating the trapping range. Initial results indicated that the range possibly extended to 70 cm, but additional, verification tests remain to be conducted. Further studies are planned also to consider effects of combining acoustic and pheromonal cues.
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Murray, Chris, Keith Williams, Norrie Millar, Monty Nero, Amy O'Brien, and Damon Herd. A New Palingenesis. University of Dundee, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001273.
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Robert Duncan Milne (1844-99), from Cupar, Fife, was a pioneering author of science fiction stories, most of which appeared in San Francisco’s Argonaut magazine in the 1880s and ’90s. SF historian Sam Moskowitz credits Milne with being the first full-time SF writer, and his contribution to the genre is arguably greater than anyone else including Stevenson and Conan Doyle, yet it has all but disappeared into oblivion. Milne was fascinated by science. He drew on the work of Scottish physicists and inventors such as James Clark Maxwell and Alexander Graham Bell into the possibilities of electromagnetic forces and new communications media to overcome distances in space and time. Milne wrote about visual time-travelling long before H.G. Wells. He foresaw virtual ‘tele-presencing’, remote surveillance, mobile phones and worldwide satellite communications – not to mention climate change, scientific terrorism and drone warfare, cryogenics and molecular reengineering. Milne also wrote on alien life forms, artificial immortality, identity theft and personality exchange, lost worlds and the rediscovery of extinct species. ‘A New Palingenesis’, originally published in The Argonaut on July 7th 1883, and adapted in this comic, is a secular version of the resurrection myth. Mary Shelley was the first scientiser of the occult to rework the supernatural idea of reanimating the dead through the mysterious powers of electricity in Frankenstein (1818). In Milne’s story, in which Doctor S- dissolves his terminally ill wife’s body in order to bring her back to life in restored health, is a striking, further modernisation of Frankenstein, to reflect late-nineteenth century interest in electromagnetic science and spiritualism. In particular, it is a retelling of Shelley’s narrative strand about Frankenstein’s aborted attempt to shape a female mate for his creature, but also his misogynistic ambition to bypass the sexual principle in reproducing life altogether. By doing so, Milne interfused Shelley’s updating of the Promethean myth with others. ‘A New Palingenesis’ is also a version of Pygmalion and his male-ordered, wish-fulfilling desire to animate his idealised female sculpture, Galatea from Ovid’s Metamorphoses, perhaps giving a positive twist to Orpheus’s attempt to bring his corpse-bride Eurydice back from the underworld as well? With its basis in spiritualist ideas about the soul as a kind of electrical intelligence, detachable from the body but a material entity nonetheless, Doctor S- treats his wife as an ‘intelligent battery’. He is thus able to preserve her personality after death and renew her body simultaneously because that captured electrical intelligence also carries a DNA-like code for rebuilding the individual organism itself from its chemical constituents. The descriptions of the experiment and the body’s gradual re-materialisation are among Milne’s most visually impressive, anticipating the X-raylike anatomisation and reversal of Griffin’s disappearance process in Wells’s The Invisible Man (1897). In the context of the 1880s, it must have been a compelling scientisation of the paranormal, combining highly technical descriptions of the Doctor’s system of electrically linked glass coffins with ghostly imagery. It is both dramatic and highly visual, even cinematic in its descriptions, and is here brought to life in the form of a comic.
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Epel, Bernard L., Roger N. Beachy, A. Katz, G. Kotlinzky, M. Erlanger, A. Yahalom, M. Erlanger, and J. Szecsi. Isolation and Characterization of Plasmodesmata Components by Association with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Proteins Fused with the Green Fluorescent Protein from Aequorea victoria. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573996.bard.
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The coordination and regulation of growth and development in multicellular organisms is dependent, in part, on the controlled short and long-distance transport of signaling molecule: In plants, symplastic communication is provided by trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels termed plasmodesmata (Pd). Plant viruses spread cell-to-cell by altering Pd. This movement scenario necessitates a targeting mechanism that delivers the virus to a Pd and a transport mechanism to move the virion or viral nucleic acid through the Pd channel. The identity of host proteins with which MP interacts, the mechanism of the targeting of the MP to the Pd and biochemical information on how Pd are alter are questions which have been dealt with during this BARD project. The research objectives of the two labs were to continue their biochemical, cellular and molecular studies of Pd composition and function by employing infectious modified clones of TMV in which MP is fused with GFP. We examined Pd composition, and studied the intra- and intercellular targeting mechanism of MP during the infection cycle. Most of the goals we set for ourselves were met. The Israeli PI and collaborators (Oparka et al., 1999) demonstrated that Pd permeability is under developmental control, that Pd in sink tissues indiscriminately traffic proteins of sizes of up to 50 kDa and that during the sink to source transition there is a substantial decrease in Pd permeability. It was shown that companion cells in source phloem tissue export proteins which traffic in phloem and which unload in sink tissue and move cell to cell. The TAU group employing MP:GFP as a fluorescence probe for optimized the procedure for Pd isolation. At least two proteins kinases found to be associated with Pd isolated from source leaves of N. benthamiana, one being a calcium dependent protein kinase. A number of proteins were microsequenced and identified. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against proteins in a purified Pd fraction. A T-7 phage display library was created and used to "biopan" for Pd genes using these antibodies. Selected isolates are being sequenced. The TAU group also examined whether the subcellular targeting of MP:GFP was dependent on processes that occurred only in the presence of the virus or whether targeting was a property indigenous to MP. Mutant non-functional movement proteins were also employed to study partial reactions. Subcellular targeting and movement were shown to be properties indigenous to MP and that these processes do not require other viral elements. The data also suggest post-translational modification of MP is required before the MP can move cell to cell. The USA group monitored the development of the infection and local movement of TMV in N. benthamiana, using viral constructs expressing GFP either fused to the MP of TMV or expressing GFP as a free protein. The fusion protein and/or the free GFP were expressed from either the movement protein subgenomic promoter or from the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein. Observations supported the hypothesis that expression from the cp sgp is regulated differently than expression from the mp sgp (Szecsi et al., 1999). Using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, it was determined that paired wall-appressed bodies behind the leading edge of the fluorescent ring induced by TMV-(mp)-MP:GFP contain MP:GFP and the viral replicase. These data suggest that viral spread may be a consequence of the replication process. Observation point out that expression of proteins from the mp sgp is temporary regulated, and degradation of the proteins occurs rapidly or more slowly, depending on protein stability. It is suggested that the MP contains an external degradation signal that contributes to rapid degradation of the protein even if expressed from the constitutive cp sgp. Experiments conducted to determine whether the degradation of GFP and MP:GFP was regulated at the protein or RNA level, indicated that regulation was at the protein level. RNA accumulation in infected protoplast was not always in correlation with protein accumulation, indicating that other mechanisms together with RNA production determine the final intensity and stability of the fluorescent proteins.
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Dolja, Valerian V., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Suppression of Potyvirus Infection by a Closterovirus Protein. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580682.bard.
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The plant virus family Polyviridae is the largest and most destructive of all plant viruses. Despite the continuous effort to develop resistant plant varieties, there is a desperate need for novel approaches conferring wide-range potyvirus resistance. Based on experiments with the tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV)-derived gene expression vector, we suggested approach for screening of the candidate resistance genes. This approach relies on insertion of the genes into a virus vector and evaluation of the phenotypes of the resulting recombinant viruses. The genes which suppress infection by the recombinant virus are selected as candidates for engineering transgenic resistance. Our analysis of the TEV variants expressing proteins of the beet yellows closterovirus (BYV) revealed that one of those, the leader proteinase (L-Pro), strongly and specifically interfered with the hybrid TEV infection. Since closterovirus L-Pro is evolutionary related to potyviral helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), we suggested that the L-Pro interfered with HC-Pro function via a trans-dominant inhibitory effect. Based on these findings, we proposed to test two major hypotheses. First, we suggested that L-Pro-mediated suppression of potyvirus infection is a general phenomenon effective against a range of potyviruses. The second hypothesis stated that the suppression effect can be reproduced in transgenic plants expressing L-Pro, and can be utilized for generation of resistance to potyviruses. In accord with these hypotheses, we developed two original objectives of our proposal: A) to determine the range of the closterovirus-derived suppression of potyviral infection, and B) to try and utilize the L-Pro-mediated suppression for the development of transgenic resistance to potyviruses. In the first phase of the project, we have developed all major tools and technologies required for successful completion of the proposed research. These included TEV and ZYMV vectors engineered to express several closteroviral L-Pro variants, and generation of the large collection of transgenic plants. To our satisfaction, characterization of the infection phenotypes exhibited by chimeric TEV and ZYMV variants confirmed our first hypothesis. For instance, similar to TEV-L- Pro(BYV) chimera, ZYMV-L-Pro(LIYV) chimera was debilitated in its systemic spread. In contrast, ZYMV-GUS chimera (positive control) was competent in establishing vigorous systemic infection. These and other results with chimeric viruses indicated that several closteroviral proteinases inhibit long-distance movement of the potyviruses upon co-expression in infected plants. In order to complete the second objective, we have generated ~90 tobacco lines transformed with closteroviral L-Pro variants, as well as ~100 lines transformed with BYV Hsp70-homolog (Hsp70h; a negative control). The presence and expression of the trans gene in each line was initially confirmed using RT-PCR and RNA preparations isolated from plants. However, since detection of the trans gene-specific RNA can not guarantee production of the corresponding protein, we have also generated L-Pro- and Hsp70h-specific antisera using corresponding synthetic peptides. These antisera allowed us to confirm that the transgenic plant lines produced detectable, although highly variable levels of the closterovirus antigens. In a final phase of the project, we tested susceptibility of the transgenic lines to TEV infection. To this end, we determined that the minimal dilution of the TEV inoculum that is still capable of infecting 100% of nontransgenic plants was 1:20, and used 10 plants per line (in total, ~2,000 plants). Unfortunately, none of the lines exhibited statistically significant reduction in susceptibility. Although discouraging, this outcome prompted us to expand our experimental plan and conduct additional experiments. Our aim was to test if closteroviral proteinases are capable of functioning in trans. We have developed agroinfection protocol for BYV, and tested if co- expression of the L-Pro is capable of rescuing corresponding null-mutant. The clear-cut, negative results of these experiments demonstrated that L-Pro acts only in cis, thus explaining the lack of resistance in our transgenic plants. We have also characterized a collection of the L-Pro alanine- scanning mutants and found direct genetic evidence of the requirement for L-Pro in virus systemic spread. To conclude, our research supported by BARD confirmed one but not another of our original hypotheses. Moreover, it provided an important insight into functional specialization of the viral proteinases and generated set of tools and data with which we will be able to address the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins provide a variety of critical functions during virus life cycle.