Relevant bibliographies by topics / Contact element

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Contact element'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Contact element"

1

Bai, Run Bo, Fu Sheng Liu, and Zong Mei Xu. "Element Selection and Meshing in Finite Element Contact Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.279.

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Contact problem, which exists widely in mechanical engineering, civil engineering, manufacturing engineering, etc., is an extremely complicated nonlinear problem. It is usually solved by the finite element method. Unlike with the traditional finite element method, it is necessary to set up contact elements for the contact analysis. In the different types of contact elements, the Goodman joint elements, which cover the surface of contacted bodies with zero thickness, are widely used. However, there are some debates on the characteristics of the attached elements of the Goodman joint elements. For that this paper studies the type, matching, and meshing of the attached elements. The results from this paper would be helpful for the finite element contact analysis.
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Chamoret, D., A. Rassineux, and J. M. Bergheau. "A new smooth contact element: 3D diffuse contact element." International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 2, no. 1 (January 2008): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/smdo:2008003.

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Sivitski, Alina, and Priit Põdra. "Contact Stiffness Parameters for Finite Element Modeling of Contact." Key Engineering Materials 799 (April 2019): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.799.211.

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Contact modeling could be widely used for different machine elements normal contact pressure calculations and wear simulations. However, classical contact models as for example Hertz contact models have many assumptions (contact bodies are elastic, the contact between bodies is ellipse-shaped, contact is frictionless and non-conforming). In conditions, when analytical calculations cannot be performed and experimental research is economically inexpedient, numerical methods have been applied for solving such engineering tasks. Contact stiffness parameters appear to be one of the most influential factors during finite element modeling of contact. Contact stiffness factors are usually selected according to finite element analysis software recommendations. More precise analysis of contact stiffness parameters is often required for finite element modeling of contact.
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Ilincic, S., G. Vorlaufer, P. A. Fotiu, A. Vernes, and F. Franek. "Combined finite element-boundary element method modelling of elastic multi-asperity contacts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 223, no. 5 (March 26, 2009): 767–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet542.

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A novel formulation of elastic multi-asperity contacts based on the boundary element method (BEM) is presented for the first time, in which the influence coefficients are numerically calculated using a finite element method (FEM). The main advantage of computing the influence coefficients in this manner is that it makes it also possible to consider an arbitrary load direction and multilayer systems of different mechanical properties in each layer. Furthermore, any form of anisotropy can be modelled too, where Green's functions either become very complicated or are not available at all. The rest of the contact analysis is then performed applying a custom-developed boundary element algorithm. The scheme was tested by considering the frictionless contact between a flat surface and a sphere. The obtained results are in good agreement with the analytical solution known for a Hertzian contact. Applied to either a frictionless or a frictional contact between real surfaces of different samples, our FEM-BEM method has shown that the composite roughness of surfaces in contact uniquely determines the contact pressure distribution.
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Ju, S. H., and R. E. Rowlands. "A Three-Dimensional Frictional Contact Element Whose Stiffness Matrix is Symmetric." Journal of Applied Mechanics 66, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2791070.

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A three-dimensional contact element based on the penalty function method has been developed for contact frictional problems with sticking, sliding, and separation modes infinite element analysis. A major advantage of this contact element is that its stiffness matrix is symmetric, even for frictional contact problems which have extensive sliding. As with other conventional finite elements, such as beam and continuum elements, this new contact element can be added to an existing finite element program without having to modify the main finite element analysis program. One is therefore able to easily implement the element into existing nonlinear finite element analysis codes for static, dynamic, and inelastic analyses. This element, which contains one contact node and four target nodes, can be used to analyze node-to-surface contact problems including those where the contact node slides along one or several target surfaces.
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Xu, S., and S. D. Yu. "FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC CONTACT PROBLEMS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 4B (December 1998): 533–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1998-0031.

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This paper presents a finite element analysis of dynamic contact between two solids with and without surface friction. The finite element solutions obtained using the linear complementary equations of incremental form for kineo-elastic displacements and contact stresses satisfy both normal boundary conditions and contact boundary conditions. Three examples solving dynamic contact between two solids of different shapes are given. Numerical results indicate that there is excellent agreement between independent analytical solution and results obtained using CONTACT2D - a computer written in FORTRAN77 by the authors.
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Haas, Peter, Milan Kadnár, Juraj Rusnák, František Tóth, and Dušan Nógli. "Influence of RC Element Wiring in Electrical Circuit on Electromechanical Thermostat Contact Wear." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ata-2016-0014.

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Abstract Contact wear caused by electric arc during electric contact make (cut-in) and break (cut-out) has the direct impact on the contact lifetime. The RC element wired parallelly to the contact will eliminate or reduce the arcing and subsequently extend the lifetime. Comparative tests of the two sets of identical Danfoss 077B electromechanical thermostats have been carried out. In the first batch, standard thermostats were tested. In the second batch, the same thermostat types, but with RC elements wired parallel to thermostats main contacts were tested. Measurement has not proven any improvement of the contact wear. Temperature drift and change of the critical dimension caused by contact wear were very similar in the both cases. Thus, the application of RC element is considered not reasonable measure for reduction of contact wear of electromechanical thermostats.
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Komvopoulos, K., and D. H. Choi. "Elastic Finite Element Analysis of Multi-Asperity Contacts." Journal of Tribology 114, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920955.

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The plane-strain contact problem of an elastic half-space indented by a nominally flat rigid surface having a finite number of regularly spaced cylindrical asperities is investigated using the finite element method to gain an understanding of the interactions in multi-asperity contacts. The significance of the number and spacing of asperities on the contact behavior at the center and edges of the interfacial region is examined. Subsurface stress fields of multi-asperity contacts are presented for various asperity distributions and indentation depths. Asperity interaction effects are quantified in terms of representative parameters, such as the maximum contact pressure, normal load, and maximum von Mises equivalent stress, normalized with similar quantities of the single-asperity contact problem. These nondimensional parameters are principally affected by the spacing and radius of asperities and secondarily by the indentation depth. Significant deviations from the single-asperity Hertzian solution may be encountered, especially in the neighborhood of asperity contacts, because of the unloading and superposition mechanisms which depend on the distance and radius of asperities and indentation depth. The finite element results are in fair qualitative agreement with the phenomenological behavior and analytical predictions.
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HEEGE, A., and P. ALART. "A FRICTIONAL CONTACT ELEMENT FOR STRONGLY CURVED CONTACT PROBLEMS." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39, no. 1 (January 15, 1996): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0207(19960115)39:1<165::aid-nme846>3.0.co;2-y.

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Ju, Shen‐Haw. "A cubic‐spline contact element for frictional contact problems." Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers 21, no. 2 (March 1998): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533839.1998.9670377.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contact element"

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Rashid, Asim. "Finite Element Modeling of Contact Problems." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanik och hållfasthetslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-124572.

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Contact is the principal way load is transferred to a body. The study of stresses and deformations arising due to contact interaction of solid bodies is thus of paramount importance in many engineering applications. In this work, problems involving contact interactions are investigated using finite element modeling. In the first part, a new augmented Lagrangian multiplier method is implemented for the finite element solution of contact problems. In this method, a stabilizing term is added to avoid the instability associated with overconstraining the non-penetration condition. Numerical examples are presented to show the influence of stabilization term. Furthermore, dependence of error on different parameters is investigated. In the second part, a disc brake is investigated by modeling the disc in an Eulerian framework which requires significantly lower computational time than the more common Lagrangian framework. Thermal stresses in the brake disc are simulated for a single braking operation as well as for repeated braking. The results predict the presence of residual tensile stresses in the circumferential direction which may cause initiation of radial cracks on the disc surface after a few braking cycles. It is also shown that convex bending of the pad is the major cause of the contact pressure concentration in middle of the pad which results in the appearance of a hot band on the disc surface. A multi-objective optimization study is also performed, where the mass of the back plate, the brake energy and the maximum temperature generated on the disc surface during hard braking are optimized. The results indicate that a brake pad with lowest possible stiffness will result in an optimized solution with regards to all three objectives. Finally, an overview of disc brakes and related phenomena is presented in a literature review. In the third part, a lower limb donned in a prosthetic socket is investigated. The contact problem is solved between the socket and the limb while taking friction into consideration to determine the contact pressure and resultant internal stress-strain in the soft tissues. Internal mechanical conditions and interface stresses for three different socket designs are compared. Skin, fat, fascia, muscles, large blood vessels and bones are represented separately, which is novel in this work.
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Bodur, Mehmet Ata. "Finite Element Analysis Of Discontinuous Contact Problems." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606964/index.pdf.

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Contact is a phenomenon faced in every day life, which is actually a complex problem to tackle for engineers. Most of the times, may be impossible to get analytic or exact results for the interaction of bodies in contact. In this thesis work, solution of the frictionless contact of an elastic body, touching to a rigid planar surface for two-dimensional elasticity
namely plane stress, plane strain and axi-symmetric formulations is aimed. The problem is solved numerically, with Finite Element Method, and an Object Oriented computer program in C++ for this purpose is written, and the results are verified with some basic analytic solutions and ABAQUS package program. It is not aimed in this thesis work to give a new solution in the area of solution of contact problems, but instead, it is aimed to form a strong basis, and computational library, which is extendible for further development of the subject to include friction, plasticity, and different material modeling in this advanced field of mechanics.
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Liu, Shubin Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Aerospace. "Boundary element analysis in contact fracture mechanics." Ottawa, 1994.

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KATRAGADDA, SRIRAMAPRASAD. "FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF 3D CONTACT PROBLEMS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1123812018.

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Im, Moon Hyuk. "Finite element analysis of frictional contact problems /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487598748017846.

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Nesemann, Leo [Verfasser]. "Finite element and boundary element methods for contact with adhesion / Leo Nesemann." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2011. http://d-nb.info/1013365542/34.

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Neto, Dorival Piedade. "Sobre estratégias de resolução numérica de problemas de contato." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-14072009-165646/.

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Os problemas de contato representam uma classe de problemas da mecânica dos sólidos para a qual a não-linearidade é introduzida pela alteração das condições de contorno, as quais só podem ser determinadas no decorrer do processo de resolução. O presente trabalho trata dos problemas de contato abordando aspectos de sua formulação e implementação numérica. Apresentam-se, em particular, as formulações de dois diferentes tipos de elemento de contato revendo-se, mais detalhadamente, o tratamento numérico das restrições decorrentes de contato. Algumas estratégias para resolução computacional desta classe de problemas, consistindo em técnicas de otimização, foram implementadas num programa computacional de elementos finitos e avaliadas comparativamente por meio de exemplos numéricos com diferentes graus de complexidade.
Contact problems represent a class of solid mechanics problems for which the nonlinear behavior is caused by the change of the boundary conditions during the solution process. The present work treats contact problems observing aspects of its formulation and numerical implementation. Specifically, the formulation for two different contact elements is presented, analyzing, in details, the numerical formulation that results from the contact. Some strategies for the computational solution of this class of problems, given by optimization techniques, were implemented in a finite element computational program and were compared and evaluated by numerical examples with different levels of complexity.
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Pascoe, Steven Keith. "Contact stress analysis using the finite element method." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240266.

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Man, Kim Wai. "Boundary element analysis of contact in fracture mechanics." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317864.

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Eterovic, Adrian Luis. "Finite element analysis of large deformation contact problems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13063.

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Books on the topic "Contact element"

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Litewka, Przemysław. Finite element analysis of beam-to-beam contact. New York: Springer, 2010.

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Finite element procedures for contact-impact problems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

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Man, K. W. Contact mechanics using boundary elements. Southampton, UK: Computational Mechanics Publications, 1994.

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Litewka, Przemysław. Finite Element Analysis of Beam-to-Beam Contact. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12940-7.

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Man, Kim Wai. Boundary element analysis of contact in fracture mechanics. Ashurst: Wessex Institute of Technology, 1993.

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Karami, G. A boundary element method for two-dimensional contact problems. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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Susumu, Takahashi. Elastic contact analysis by boundary elements. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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Richards, W. Lance. Finite-element analysis of a Mach-8 flight test article using nonlinear contact elements. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1997.

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Plesha, Michael E. A constitutive law for finite element contact problems with unclassical friction. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1986.

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Discontinuum mechanics: Using finite and discrete elements. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Contact element"

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Boulbes, Raphael Jean. "Contact." In Troubleshooting Finite-Element Modeling with Abaqus, 227–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26740-7_7.

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Auricchio, Ferdinando, and Elio Sacco. "An Effective Plate Element for Contact Problems." In Contact Mechanics, 237–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1983-6_30.

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Wriggers, P. "Finite Element Methods for Rolling Contact." In Rolling Contact Phenomena, 85–162. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2782-7_2.

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Wriggers, P., and O. Scherf. "An Adaptive Finite Element Technique for Nonlinear Contact Problems." In Contact Mechanics, 183–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1983-6_24.

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Wriggers, Peter. "Adaptive Finite Element Methods for Contact Problems." In Computational Contact Mechanics, 423–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32609-0_14.

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Litewka, Przemysław. "Electric Contact." In Finite Element Analysis of Beam-to-Beam Contact, 99–119. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12940-7_5.

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Rust, Wilhelm. "Contact Detection." In Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis in Structural Mechanics, 321–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13380-5_12.

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Baillet, L., and J. C. Boyer. "Comparisons of Friction Models for Finite Element Modelling of Closed-Die Forging." In Contact Mechanics, 287–97. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1983-6_39.

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Laursen, Tod A. "Finite Element Implementation of Contact Interaction." In Computational Contact and Impact Mechanics, 145–209. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04864-1_5.

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Hirose, S. "Dynamic Crack Contact Analysis by Boundary Integral Equation Method." In Boundary Element Methods, 102–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06153-4_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Contact element"

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Feng, Y. T., and D. R. J. Owen. "An Energy Based Corner to Contact Algorithm." In Third International Conference on Discrete Element Methods. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40647(259)6.

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Tijskens, E., H. Ramon, and J. De Baerdemaeker. "Contact Resolution for General Level Surfaces using Automatic Differentiation." In Third International Conference on Discrete Element Methods. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40647(259)13.

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Garland, P. P., and R. J. Rogers. "Progress on experimental and finite element studies of oblique elastic impact." In CONTACT/SURFACE 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/secm070161.

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Cannon, Jesse R., Craig P. Lusk, and Larry L. Howell. "Compliant Rolling-Contact Element Mechanisms." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84073.

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This paper presents three planar mechanisms capable of performing the functions of a bearing and a spring: the compliant rolling-contact element (CORE), the CORE bearing, and the elliptical CORE bearing. The designs use compliant rolling-contact joints to achieve low friction rotation and to bear high in-plane lateral loads. A model for predicting the behavior of the designs is presented, and manufacturing considerations are discussed for the macro, meso, and micro scales. A case study is presented, and the designs are shown to be capable of meeting the demanding design constraints of the study.
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Ali, Liaqat, and Richard D. Woods. "Pendular Element Model for Contact Grouting." In GeoHunan International Conference 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41049(356)14.

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Yung-ming, Cheng, Chen Wensheng, and Ge Xiurun. "Procedure to Detect the Contact of Three-Dimensional Blocks using Penetration Edges Method." In Third International Conference on Discrete Element Methods. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40647(259)15.

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Jackson, Robert L., and Itzhak Green. "A Finite Element Study of Elasto-Plastic Hemispherical Contact." In STLE/ASME 2003 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2003-trib-0268.

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This work presents a finite element study of elasto-plastic hemispherical contact. The results are normalized such that they are valid for macro contacts (e.g., rolling element bearings) and micro contacts (e.g., asperity contact). The material is modeled as elastic-perfectly plastic. The numerical results are compared to other existing models of spherical contact, including the fully plastic case (known as the Abbott and Firestone model) and the perfectly elastic case (known as the Hertz contact). At the same interference, the area of contact is shown to be larger for the elasto-plastic model than that of the elastic model. It is also shown, that at the same interference, the load carrying capacity of the elasto-plastic modeled sphere is less than that for the Hertzian solution. This work finds that the fully plastic average contact pressure, or hardness, commonly approximated to be a constant factor (about three) times the yield strength, actually varies with the deformed contact geometry, which in turn is dependant upon the material properties (e.g., yield strength). The results are fit by empirical formulations for a wide range of interferences and materials for use in other applications.
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Maas, Steve A., Benjamin J. Ellis, David S. Rawlins, and Jeffrey A. Weiss. "Finite Element Modeling of Joint Contact Mechanics With Quadratic Tetrahedral Elements." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14556.

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Tetrahedral elements are one of the most popular finite element (FE) modeling primitives for complex, biological geometries, partially due to the availability of automatic meshing schemes for creating tetrahedral meshes. However, constant strain tetrahedral elements require a very fine mesh to obtain accurate solutions, and these elements can lock, yielding overly stiff results [1].
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Yang, Guoqing, Jun Hong, Linbo Zhu, Shaofeng Wang, Meihua Xiong, and Guoqing Yang. "Finite Element Modeling of the Elastic-Plastic Contact Between Two Rough Surfaces." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86522.

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In order to investigate the complex contact behaviors of micro-rough interfaces, this paper proposed a novel finite element method (FEM) for simulating the contact between two rough surfaces. The numerical methods for generating Gaussian and non-Gaussian rough surfaces were introduced, and the contact surfaces were produced with given autocorrelation function (ACF) and the first four moments of surface height. Finite element (FE) models were constructed based on the generated rough surfaces, in which 3D structural modeling and meshing strategies were utilized to improve the mesh quality and solution efficiency. A 3D finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to investigate the contact characteristics including the contact stiffness, real contact area and the contact pressure distribution of rough interfaces. The results of the contacts between two rough surfaces were compared with those of the conventional equivalent contact models in which an equivalent rough surface contacted with a rigid smooth plane. The proposed FEM makes it effective to predicate or evaluate the contact characteristics of the contact of two rough surfaces, and may provide a new way to optimize the design of surface topographies and improve the performances of contact interfaces.
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Okazawa, Shigenobu. "Contact Algorithm for Eulerian Finite Element Method." In MATERIALS PROCESSING AND DESIGN: Modeling, Simulation and Applications - NUMIFORM 2004 - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Industrial Forming Processes. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1766859.

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Reports on the topic "Contact element"

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Pierce, Timothy G. A Parallel Algorithm for Contact in a Finite Element Hydrocode. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15005375.

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Tzuang, Ching-Kuang C., Dean P. Neikirk, and Tatsuo Itoh. Finite Element Analysis of Slow-Wave Schottky Contact Printed Lines. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada179259.

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Hales, J., and I. Parsons. A Parallel Multigrid Method for the Finite Element Analysis of Mechanical Contact. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15004304.

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Jones, R. E., and P. Papadopoulos. A Novel Three-Dimensional Contact Finite Element Based on Smooth Pressure Interpolations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/767443.

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Landers, Joseph A., and Robert L. Taylor. An Augmented Alagrangian Formulation for the Finite Element Solution of Contact Problems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada166649.

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Spilker, R. L., and D. M. Jakobs. Development of a Reduced Mindlin Hybrid Stress Thin Multilayer Plate Element with Application to Edge Contact Problems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada160453.

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Tordesillas, Antoinette. A Large Deformation Finite Element Analysis of Soil-Tire Interaction Based on the Contact Mechanics Theory of Rolling and/or Sliding Bodies. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada384198.

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Ames, D. E., C. E. G. Farrow, I. R. Jonasson, E. F. Pattison, and J. P. Golightly. Geochemistry of 44 Ni-Cu-platinum group element deposits in the contact, footwall, offset, and breccia belt environments, Sudbury mining district, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/295176.

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Arroyo, Marcos, Riccardo Rorato, Marco Previtali, and Matteo Ciantia. 2D Image-based calibration of rolling resistance in 3D discrete element models of sand. University of Dundee, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001229.

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Abstract:
Contact rolling resistance is the most widely used method to incorporate particle shape effects in the discrete element method (DEM). The main reason for this is that such approach allows for using spherical particles hence offering substantial computational benefits compared to non-spherical DEM models. This paper shows how rolling resistance parameters for 3D DEM models can be easily calibrated with 2D sand grain images.
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Shmulevich, Itzhak, Shrini Upadhyaya, Dror Rubinstein, Zvika Asaf, and Jeffrey P. Mitchell. Developing Simulation Tool for the Prediction of Cohesive Behavior Agricultural Materials Using Discrete Element Modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697108.bard.

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The underlying similarity between soils, grains, fertilizers, concentrated animal feed, pellets, and mixtures is that they are all granular materials used in agriculture. Modeling such materials is a complex process due to the spatial variability of such media, the origin of the material (natural or biological), the nonlinearity of these materials, the contact phenomenon and flow that occur at the interface zone and between these granular materials, as well as the dynamic effect of the interaction process. The lack of a tool for studying such materials has limited the understanding of the phenomena relevant to them, which in turn has led to energy loss and poor quality products. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable prediction simulation tool for cohesive agricultural particle materials using Discrete Element Modeling (DEM). The specific objectives of this study were (1) to develop and verify a 3D cohesionless agricultural soil-tillage tool interaction model that enables the prediction of displacement and flow in the soil media, as well as forces acting on various tillage tools, using the discrete element method; (2) to develop a micro model for the DEM formulation by creating a cohesive contact model based on liquid bridge forces for various agriculture materials; (3) to extend the model to include both plastic and cohesive behavior of various materials, such as grain and soil structures (e.g., compaction level), textures (e.g., clay, loam, several grains), and moisture contents; (4) to develop a method to obtain the parameters for the cohesion contact model to represent specific materials. A DEM model was developed that can represent both plastic and cohesive behavior of soil. Soil cohesive behavior was achieved by considering tensile force between elements. The developed DEM model well represented the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force. Laboratory test results showed that wedge penetration resistance in highly compacted soil was two times greater than that in low compacted soil, whereas DEM simulation with parameters obtained from the test of low compacted soil could not simply be extended to that of high compacted soil. The modified model took into account soil failure strength that could be changed with soil compaction. A three dimensional representation composed of normal displacement, shear failure strength and tensile failure strength was proposed to design mechanical properties between elements. The model based on the liquid bridge theory. An inter particle tension force measurement tool was developed and calibrated A comprehensive study of the parameters of the contact model for the DEM taking into account the cohesive/water-bridge was performed on various agricultural grains using this measurement tool. The modified DEM model was compared and validated against the test results. With the newly developed model and procedure for determination of DEM parameters, we could reproduce the high compacted soil behavior and reaction forces both qualitatively and quantitatively for the soil conditions and wedge shapes used in this study. Moreover, the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force was well represented with the same parameters. During the research we made use of the commercial PFC3D to analyze soil tillage implements. An investigation was made of three different head drillers. A comparison of three commonly used soil tillage systems was completed, such as moldboard plow, disc plow and chisel plow. It can be concluded that the soil condition after plowing by the specific implement can be predicted by the DEM model. The chisel plow is the most economic tool for increasing soil porosity. The moldboard is the best tool for soil manipulation. It can be concluded that the discrete element simulation can be used as a reliable engineering tool for soil-implement interaction quantitatively and qualitatively.
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