Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Consumption of thermal and electric energy'

Nowadays the aviation industry is playing an important role in our daily life, since is the main medium that satisfies the present human needs to reach long distances in the fastest way. But such benefit doesn’t come free of collateral consequences. It is estimated that each year, only the air transport industry produces 628 mega tonnes of CO2. Therefore, urgently actions need to be implemented considering that the current commercial fleet will be doubled by 2050. The research field for more efficient aircraft systems is a very constructive field; where novel ideas can be exploited towards the mitigation of the coming air transport development. In this research the configuration of the Environmental Control System (ECS) has been analysed aiming to reduce its energy consumption for both, fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. This goal is expected to be achieved mainly through the replacement of the main source of power that supplies the ECS, from pneumatic to electric. Differently from the conventional ECS, a new electric-source technology is integrated in the system configuration to compare its effects on the energy consumption. This new technology doesn’t bleed air directly from the engines; instead of that, it takes the air directly from the atmosphere through the implementation of an electric compressor. This new technology has been implemented by Boeing in one of its most recent airplanes, the B787. Towards achieving the main goal, a framework integrated with five steps has been designed. An algorithmic analysis is integrated on the framework. The first step meets the required aircraft characteristics for the analysis. The second step is in charge of meeting the mission profile characteristics where the overall analysis will be carried out. The third step assesses the conventional ECS penalties. The fourth step carries out a complex analysis for the proposed electric ECS model, from its design up to its penalties assessment. The fifth step compares the analysis results for both, the conventional and the electric models. The fourth step of the framework, which analyses the electric ECS, is considered the most critic one; therefore is divided in three main tasks. Firstly, a small parametric study is done to select an optimum configuration. This task is carried out towards meeting the ECS air conditioning requirements of a selected aircraft. Secondly, the cabin temperature and pressurization are simulated to analyse the response of the configured electric ECS for a mission profile. And finally, the fuel penalties are assessed in terms of system weight, drag and fuel due power-off take. To achieve the framework results, a model which receives the name ELENA has been created using the tool Simulink®. This model contains 5 interconnected modules; each one reads a series of inputs to perform calculations and exchange information with other modules.

Orientadores: Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi, Elizabeth Ferreira Cartaxo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar os impactos da redução do consumo de energia elétrica em Manaus através de medidas de eficiência energética em climatização residencial. A escolha da correta orientação geográfica, a pintura das paredes e dos telhados com cores claras, a inclusão de isolamento térmico EPS (Isopor) no forro, a inclusão de isolamento reflexivo por baixo do telhado e a abertura de áticos, foram medidas de eficiência energética aplicadas na residência do estudo de caso para avaliar a redução das cargas térmicas dos seus respectivos recintos internos (quartos). Outra medida de eficiência energética utilizada foi a substituição de condicionadores de ar do tipo janela de baixa eficiência por equipamentos de alta eficiência. As estimativas das cargas térmicas resultantes das aplicações das medidas de eficiência energética foram obtidas por meio da utilização do software CARRIER E20-II, HAP, v4.33., cuja licença de uso é encontrada à venda no mercado nacional. Definidas as cargas térmicas dos quartos, foram especificados os condicionadores de ar do tipo janela que seriam usados na climatização desses ambientes. O emprego combinado dessas medidas de eficiência energética permitiu que fossem quantificadas as respectivas economias de consumos e de redução de demanda de energia elétrica e seus efetivos impactos sobre o Sistema Manaus.
Abstract: This thesis aims to assess the impacts of electricity consumption reduction in Manaus through energy efficiency measures applied in home climatization. The choice of correct geographical orientation, walls and roofs painting with clear colors, the inclusion of thermal insulation EPS (Styrofoam) in the lining, the inclusion of reflective insulation under the roof, attic opening and closing, are energy efficiency measures applied in the case study residence to reduce the thermal loads on their respectives rooms. Another efficiency measure used was the replacement of low efficiency window air-conditioners for high-efficiency ones. The resulting thermal loads from the application of these measures were obtained through the use of software CARRIER E20-II, HAP, v4.33., whose using license is found for sale on the domestic market. Defined the rooms thermal loads, the cooling capacities of the window air-conditioners were specified to be used in the cooling of these environments. The combined employment of these energy efficiency measures has allowed quantify their electric energy consumption economies and demand reductions and its impacts on the Manaus System.
Mestrado
Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos
Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Магістерська дисертація «Підвищення енергоефективності дитячого садочку та моделювання енергоспоживання з використанням сучасного програмного забезпечення» складається з 99 сторінок, 28 рисунків, 49 таблиць, а також містить 42 джерел в переліку посилань. Актуальність теми полягає у використанні сучасних методів моніторингу споживання енергоресурсів для прийняття найбільш ефективних управлінських рішень з точки зору енергоефективності. Метою роботи є дослідження енергоспоживання будівлі на прикладі дитячого садка та впровадження заходів з енергозбереження. Завдання дослідження – провести енергоаудит дитячого садку, розрахувати навантаження на систему опалення та електропостачання, визначити шляхи підвищення енергоефективності будівлі та провести розрахунок доцільності проведення заходів з енергозбереження, розробити систему автоматизованого обліку енергоносіїв. Об'єкт дослідження – дитячий садочок у м. Києві серійних часів забудови. В ході роботи виконано детальне енергетичне обстеження, що включало: - збір вихідних даних щодо характеристик будівлі, її огороджувальних конструкцій та внутрішньобудинкових інженерних систем; - збір даних щодо енергоспоживання об’єкту; - вивчення режимів експлуатації; - уточнення геометричних характеристик будівлі; - розрахунки теплотехнічних показників огороджень, - дослідження умов мікроклімату будівель, - виконання необхідних інструментальних вимірювань і розрахунків; - визначення питомих енергетичних характеристик; - розробка економічно обґрунтованих заходів з енергозберження з доведенням характеристик огороджень до нормативних вимог; - моделювання енергоспоживання будівлі в спеціалізованому програмному продукті з визначенням енергетичних характеристик; - розробка пропозицій щодо розвитку системи енергетичного менеджменту. Предмет дослідження – аналіз доцільності проведення заходів з енергозбереження в сферах тепло- та електропостачання в дитячому садку в місті Київ з використанням сучасного програмного забезпечення. Наукова новизна магістерської дисертації полягає у розробці системи автоматизованого обліку енергоносіїв у дитячому садку. Отримані результати, запропоновані методики та підходи можуть використовуватись для аналізу енергоспоживання інших будівель.
The master's dissertation "Improving the energy efficiency of kindergarten and modeling energy consumption using modern software" consists of 99 pages, 28 figures, 49 tables, and also contains 42 sources in the list of references. The relevance of the topic is to use modern methods of monitoring the consumption of energy resources to make the most effective management decisions in terms of energy efficiency. The purpose of the work is to study the energy consumption of the building on the example of a kindergarten and the implementation of energy saving measures. The task of the research is to conduct an energy audit of the kindergarten, calculate the load on the heating and electricity supply system, determine ways to increase the energy efficiency of the building and calculate the feasibility of energy saving measures, develop an automated energy metering system. The object of research is a kindergarten in Kyiv of serial times of construction. In the course of the work a detailed energy audit was performed, which included: - collection of initial data on the characteristics of the building, its enclosing structures and indoor engineering systems; - collection of data on energy consumption of the facility; - study of operating modes; - specification of geometrical characteristics of the building; - calculations of thermal indicators of protections, - study of the microclimate of buildings, - performance of necessary instrumental measurements and calculations; - determination of specific energy characteristics; - development of economically justified measures for energy saving with bringing the characteristics of fences to regulatory requirements; - modeling of energy consumption of the building in a specialized software product with the definition of energy characteristics; - development of proposals for the development of the energy management system. The subject of the research is the analysis of the expediency of carrying out energy saving measures in the spheres of heat and electricity supply in a kindergarten in the city of Kyiv with the use of modern software. The scientific novelty of the master's dissertation is to develop a system of automated energy accounting in kindergarten. The obtained results, proposed methods and approaches can be used to analyze the energy consumption of other buildings.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Esta dissertação desenvolveu-se de forma articulada com o projeto de PeD LIGH-ANEEL, coordenado pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Metrologia (PósMQI), Projeto Ref. PeD 003/2008, intitulado Racionalização do uso de energia e aplicação da termoacumulação como estratégia para proposição de tarifa diferenciada voltada a clientes comerciais de alto consumo. A dissertação teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e validação de um algoritmo para identificação de clientes potenciais ao uso da tecnologia de termoacumulação. O trabalho orientou-se no contexto da crescente demanda por energia imposta ao setor elétrico pela expansão da economia, notadamente em horários de alta demanda. A motivação deste trabalho, atendendo aos interesses do PósMQI na área de energia, é oferecer uma ferramenta de auxílio à decisão para o planejamento energético das concessionárias. Como resultado obteve-se o mapeamento das curvas de cargas, obtidas por meio do sistema computacional desenvolvido (SIMCAR). Este sistema (amigável) permite enquadrar os clientes potenciais, segundo características de consumo estruturadas em três categorias indicativas do uso da termoacumulação: muito potencial, potencial e já modula. Dentre as conclusões, o algoritmo desenvolvido mostrou-se ferramenta eficaz de auxílio ao planejamento energético e a termoacumulação uma alternativa sustentável para adequação da matriz energética do país, podendo gerar economias de até 40 porcento.
An algorithm to measure and detect potential thermo-accumulation customers among the clients of a distributing utility was proposed in this work. Such algorithm uses statistical methods for the treatment of missing data and is applied to the measured hourly demands of medium and high voltage customers of the utility. Basically, the thermo-accumulation technique can be defined as a strategy to shift load from peak hours to off-peak hours. The algorithm allows the construction of load curves from the observed load series after the removal of outliers and/or missing values. From the profile of such curves, the algorithm produces the classification of the clients into three possible categories: higly potential, just potential and non potential (i.e. an already modulated client). Also important to mention this dissertation, is part of an R&D project developed for a brazilian southern utility. A friendly computer system named SIMCAR, developed in Visual Basic, implemented the proposed algorithm. As a final word, in surveys conducted with users of this technology, it was mentioned that the savings on energy consumption can be as high as 40 per cent.

A busca de melhoria de produtos siderúrgicos leva uma atenção especial para a área de aciarias. A introdução da metalurgia da panela, e portanto no refino secundário, contribuiu fundamentalmente para o aumento da qualidade do aço produzido. Um dos efeitos foi o aumento do tempo de residência do aço na panela, o que obrigou a utilização de materiais refratários de melhor qualidade. O controle da temperatura do aço líquido ao longo do processo de produção é de fundamental importância para se atingir os requisitos de qualidade e produtividade exigidos atualmente. Com o desenvolvimento de tecnologias siderúrgicas e a busca pela eficiência energética, torna-se necessário o conhecimento e redução das perdas térmicas do aço durante todo o ciclo produtivo. Neste trabalho foram estudadas, em uma aciaria elétrica a arco, as correlações entre as perdas térmicas das panelas através do conhecimento dos tempos de espera e do tempo de transporte das panelas do forno elétrico a arco até o forno-panela, além de comparar a temperatura do revestimento refratário de panelas com e sem isolante refratário. Melhorias no ciclo de panelas foram propostas visando diminuir as perdas térmicas das panelas, otimizar o ciclo de panelas e, consequentemente, reduzir o consumo de energia elétrica do forno-panela, diminuindo os custos envolvidos durante o processo de fabricação do aço. Os resultados apresentaram significância estatística entre o consumo de energia elétrica do fornopanela e as perdas térmicas das panelas. Através dos resultados obtidos observou-se que a minimização do tempo de espera da panela antes de iniciar o vazamento e a diminuição do tempo de transporte da panela até o forno-panela são fundamentais para diminuir as perdas térmicas nas panelas.
The search for improved steel products takes special attention to the melthops. The introduction of ladle metallurgy, and therefore the secondary refining, contributed essentially to increase the quality of steel produced. One effect was to increase the residence time of the steel in the ladle, forcing the use of refractory materials of better quality. Temperature control of liquid steel during the process is of fundamental importance for achieving the requirements of quality and productivity currently required. With the development of technologies and the reach of energetic efficiency, it becomes necessary to reduce the thermal losses during the steel production cycle. In this study the correlations between the thermal losses in the ladles through the knowledge of waiting times and transport times of the ladles to the of the electric arc furnace to the ladle furnace were determined as well as a comparison between temperatures of ladle refractory lining with and without refractory insulation. Improvements in the ladle cycle were proposed to reduce the thermal losses in the ladles and to optimize the ladle cycle and, consequently, to reduce the electric energy in the ladle furnace, reducing the costs involved during the manufacturing process of steel. The results showed statistical significance between the energy consumption in the ladle furnace and heat losses in the ladles. The results obtained showed that minimizing the waiting time of the ladle before the tap and reducing transportation time of the ladle to the ladle furnace are essential to reduce the heat losses in the ladles.

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Rossi
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: A importância da suinocultura brasileira no contexto socioeconômico do país é cada vez mais evidente. Por ser uma atividade que gera milhares de empregos anualmente, além de incrementar o produto interno bruto da nação por meio das expressivas exportações da carne suína, cada vez mais atenção é despendida com os requerimentos dos animais. Apesar disso, pouco tem sido pesquisado sobre as exigências de uma categoria em especial, a dos machos reprodutores do plantel, que são extremamente susceptíveis a condições climáticas adversas. Deste modo, torna-se importante a realização de estudos acerca dos requisitos necessários para mantê-los em conforto térmico, visto que são grandes as perdas na produção devido aos dias muito quentes e às grandes amplitudes térmicas. Uma alternativa para minimizar estas perdas é o uso de sistemas de climatização. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar dois grupos de cachaços, grupos A e B, alojados, respectivamente, em instalações climatizadas por meio de sistema automatizado de ventilação artificial e nebulização, e em instalações climatizadas apenas por ventilação artificial e seguindo o manejo de acionamento dos ventiladores já praticado na propriedade. Foram considerados aspectos de desempenho reprodutivo e conforto térmico dos animais e do uso de energia elétrica pelos equipamentos de climatização. O experimento foi conduzido em uma granja comercial localizada na cidade de Capivari/São Paulo, com animais de uma mesma linhagem genética. O parâmetro utilizado na comparação do desempenho reprodutivo dos animais de ambos os grupos foi a análise das características do sêmen, que se relacionam diretamente com a taxa de prenhez das fêmeas. As edificações de alojamento dos animais também foram comparadas, avaliando-se variáveis climáticas, custos operacionais, gastos com equipamentos de climatização e automação, além da utilização da energia elétrica por parte dos mesmos. Os principais resultados obtidos demonstraram que o sistema de climatização automatizado manteve os animais em uma condição ambiental mais segura, porém não houve melhora nos índices de qualidade seminal dos animais deste grupo. Os valores médios de volume seminal e concentração espermática foram superiores nos animais do grupo B. Os impactos no custo mensal da conta de energia elétrica do posto transformador que fornece energia elétrica para a instalação dos cachaços foram de 2,26% e de 4,82%, para os dois meses completos avaliados
Abstract: Swine grow activities in Brazil is exhibiting an increasing importance to the national social economy. The particular attention devoted to the animal physical requirements is strongly supported by the direct and indirect job opportunities generated as well as by the significant swine meet exportation which push the national internal gross product to high levels. In spite of that, little research efforts has been directed to a special animal group identified as the breeding stock reproducing males, which are very susceptible to temperature changes. That information gives support to a deep study on animal thermal comfort, which is strongly associated to production losses and to the thermal amplitude variations. The application of environmental controlling systems aims to minimize these above referred losses. This research work aimed to evaluate two groups of males, named group A and group B, kept under artificial automatic ventilation and nebulization, as well as only under artificial ventilation following the traditional fan operation, respectively. Factors as reproducing performance, animal thermal comfort, as well as electrical energy use by the environment controlling system have been considered. Experimental trials were carried in a swine growing facility located at Capivari, SP, Brazil by employing animals belonging to a same commercial genetic group. Semen characteristics were employed as a factor of comparison, which are associated to the female pregnancy rate. The shelter¿s building of those animals were also compared, by assessing up climatic variables, operating costs, spending on air conditioning equipment and automation, and the use of electric energy by them. The main results showed that the automated system of air conditioning kept the animals in a safer environmental condition, however there was no improvement in seminal quality scores for the animals of this group. The mean values of seminal volume and sperm concentration were higher in the animals of group B. The impacts on the cost of monthly account of electric energy of the post processor, which provides electricity for the installation of males, were 2.26% and 4.82% for the two whole months assessed.
Mestrado
Construções Rurais e Ambiencia
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

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FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
A contribuição das fontes de energias alternativas, principalmente a solar térmica, para a diversificação da matriz energética brasileira é importante devido, principalmente, ao aumento da demanda do consumo de energia elétrica, ocasionado pelo progresso e desenvolvimento da população e do País. Parte deste aumento é consequência do uso simultâneo de milhares de chuveiros elétricos, na maioria das vezes no horário de ponta, considerado um dos responsáveis pelo elevado pico na curva de demanda entre 18 e 21 horas. Frente a isso, a utilização da energia solar através de sistemas de aquecimento solar para o uso doméstico, vem ao encontro deste propósito. Após análise do consumo médio mensal de energia elétrica fornecida pela concessionária AES Sul no período de um ano em um conjunto residencial na cidade de Canoas – RS, foi possível estimar o custo da utilização do chuveiro elétrico nesse local, por domicílio, que representa entre 25 a 30 % da fatura de energia elétrica. A produção de energia térmica através de sistemas de aquecimento solar para pré- aquecimento de água quente para uso doméstico foi simulada utilizando-se o software TRNSYS, para diversas configurações de sistemas (área de coletor e capacidade de armazenamento). A relação entre a demanda de energia para aquecimento de água e a energia produzida pelo SAS foi parametrizada utilizando-se o conceito de fração solar mensal e anual. Foi considerada uma temperatura mínima de consumo de água quente de 40 °C e um perfil de consumo correspondente à taxa de ocupação média dos domicílios no local. Os dados climáticos necessários para a simulação foram obtidos a partir do ano meteorológico típico (TMY) para Porto Alegre. Os resultados obtidos das diversas simulações mostraram que é possível obter uma economia direta para consumidor de até 58% de energia consumida pelo chuveiro elétrico e uma economia de energia estimada em 12.399 kWh para o sistema elétrico ao longo de 20 anos. Estes resultados podem ser melhorados com a diminuição do custo unitário do SAS ou através de incentivos decorrentes da diminuição dos custos de ampliação da capacidade da rede elétrica por parte das concessionárias, decorrentes da mudança do perfil de carga do sistema.
The contribution of alternative energy sources, particularly solar thermal, to diversify the Brazilian energy matrix is important, mainly due to increased demand of electricity consumption, caused by the progress and development of the population as well as the country. Part of this increase is a consequence of the simultaneous use of thousands of electric showers, mostly during peak hours, considered one of the chief responsible for the high peak in the demand curve between 6.00 and 9.00PM. Given this, the use of solar energy, through solar heating systems for domestic use, meets this purpose. After the analysis of the average monthly consumption of electricity provided by the supplier AES Sul in the period of one year in a residential complex in the city of Canoas – RS, it was possible to estimate the cost of using electric showers in that location, per household, which was between 25 to 30% of the electricity bill. The production of thermal energy through solar heating systems for preheating domestic hot water was simulated using the TRNSYS software for various system configurations (collector area and storage capacity). The relationship between energy demand for water heating and energy produced by SAS was parameterized using the concept of monthly and annual solar fraction, considering a minimum temperature of hot water of 40 ° C, and a profile of consumption corresponding to the average occupancy rate of households at the site. The climatic data required for the simulation were obtained from the typical meteorological year (TMY) to Porto Alegre and the results of several simulations showed that it is possible to get direct savings to the consumer up to 58% of energy consumed by electric shower and energy savings estimated at 12,399 kWh for the electricity system over a period of 20 years. These results can be improved by reducing the unit cost of SAS or through incentives from lowering the cost of expanding the capacity of the electric grid by suppliers, resulting from the change of the system load profile.

La presente dissertazione investiga la possibilità di ottimizzare l’uso di energia a bordo di una nave per trasporto di prodotti chimici e petrolchimici. Il software sviluppato per questo studio può essere adattato a qualsiasi tipo di nave. Tale foglio di calcolo fornisce la metodologia per stimare vantaggi e miglioramenti energetici, con accuratezza direttamente proporzionale ai dati disponibili sulla configurazione del sistema energetico e sui dispositivi installati a bordo. Lo studio si basa su differenti fasi che permettono la semplificazione del lavoro; nell’introduzione sono indicati i dati necessari per svolgere un’accurata analisi ed è presentata la metodologia adottata. Inizialmente è fornita una spiegazione sul layout dell’impianto, sulle sue caratteristiche e sui principali dispositivi installati a bordo. Vengono dunque trattati separatamente i principali carichi, meccanico, elettrico e termico. In seguito si procede con una selezione delle principali fasi operative della nave: è seguito tale approccio in modo da comprendere meglio la ripartizione della richiesta di potenza a bordo della nave e il suo sfruttamento. Successivamente è svolto un controllo sul dimensionamento del sistema elettrico: ciò aiuta a comprendere se la potenza stimata dai progettisti sia assimilabile a quella effettivamente richiesta sulla nave. Si ottengono in seguito curve di carico meccanico, elettrico e termico in funzione del tempo per tutte le fasi operative considerate: tramite l’uso del software Visual Basic Application (VBA) vengono creati i profili di carico che possono essere gestiti nella successiva fase di ottimizzazione. L’ottimizzazione rappresenta il cuore di questo studio; i profili di potenza ottenuti dalla precedente fase sono gestiti in modo da conseguire un sistema che sia in grado di fornire potenza alla nave nel miglior modo possibile da un punto di vista energetico. Il sistema energetico della nave è modellato e ottimizzato mantenendo lo status quo dei dispositivi di bordo, per i quali sono considerate le configurazioni di “Load following”, “two shifts” e “minimal”. Una successiva investigazione riguarda l’installazione a bordo di un sistema di accumulo di energia termica, così da migliorare lo sfruttamento dell’energia disponibile. Infine, nella conclusione, sono messi a confronto i reali consumi della nave con i risultati ottenuti con e senza l’introduzione del sistema di accumulo termico. Attraverso la configurazione “minimal” è possibile risparmiare circa l’1,49% dell’energia totale consumata durante un anno di attività; tale risparmio è completamente gratuito poiché può essere raggiunto seguendo alcune semplici regole nella gestione dell’energia a bordo. L’introduzione di un sistema di accumulo termico incrementa il risparmio totale fino al 4,67% con un serbatoio in grado di accumulare 110000 kWh di energia termica; tuttavia, in questo caso, è necessario sostenere il costo di installazione del serbatoio. Vengono quindi dibattuti aspetti economici e ambientali in modo da spiegare e rendere chiari i vantaggi che si possono ottenere con l’applicazione di questo studio, in termini di denaro e riduzione di emissioni in atmosfera.

This master thesis report has studied several methods to improve the energy consumption of an electric vehicle equipped with two permanent magnet synchronous motors. Two driving torque distribution maps are developed based on efficiency map and load transfer, respectively. The drive torque distribution map based on the efficiency map shows up to 8.94% energy saving. Two regenerative braking strategies are designed and compared. Both strategies have pure regenerative brake at low decelerations and it is controlled by a modified acceleration pedal map. Strategy 1 does not add more regenerative braking when the brake pedal is pressed thus it is simpler while strategy 2 can blend in more motor torque. Rear axle steering is also studied in terms of contribution to energy consumption and an LQR controller is developed to control the vehicle with rear axle steering.
Denna rapport avhandlar ett examensarbete där flera metoder har studerats för att förbättra energikonsumptionen för ett elektriskt fordon med två permanentmagnetsynkrona motorer. Två fördelningskartor för drivande moment är framtagna baserat på effektivitetskartor och lastöverföring. Fördelningskartorna för drivande moment som är baserat på effektivitet visar upp till 8,94% energiminskning. Två olika regenerativa bromsstrategier är framtagna och jämförda. Båda strategierna har ren regeneration vid låga decelerationer och är reglerat genom modifierat gaspedalsmappning. Strategi 1 ger inte mer regeneration när bromspedalen trycks ned och är då enklare medans strategi 2 kan blanda in mer vridmoment från elmotorn. Bakaxelstyrning är också studerat i termer av dess bidrag till energikonsumption samt en LQR regulator är utvecklad för reglering av fordonets bakaxelstyrning.

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
Hoje em dia assistimos a uma grande pressão e esforço no sentido de estimular a conservação de energia, seja devido a limitações económicas, preocupações ambientais, ou normas regulatórias. No topo do consumo de energia está a energia sob a forma de electricidade Para se conseguir incentivar a utilização eficiente da energia é necessário fornecer consciencialização energética. Se os consumidores de elecricidade tiverem acesso a informação detalhada sobre como, quando e que aparelhos estão a consumir energia, estes poderão tomar boas e bem suportadas decisões e anuir mudar os seus hábitos de modo a reduzir o consumo de energia, e por fim, gastar menos dinheiro. O projecto aqui apresentado desenvolve as bases para um aparelho que fornece informação detalhada sobre o consumo de energia eléctrica para uma casa. A informação a ser fornecida deverá ser separada individualmente para virtualmente cada aparelho singular presente. A técnica escolhida para desenvolver o aparelho foi Monitorização Não Intrusiva de Cargas de Aparelhos. A partir de um único ponto de medida o sistema deverá identificar as cargas individuais na casa, o que faz com que o hardware tenda a ser simples e minimal, recaindo a complexidade para o software. O sistema desenvolvido deverá ser de baixo custo e de fácil instalação. O sistema que foi desenvolvido foi capaz de identificar individualmente e com grande sucesso os aparelhos presentes num ambiente controlado. Ao contrário de outros sistemas deste tipo, o sistema apresentado nesta dissertação é capaz de distinguir cargas eletricamente idênticas, através do uso da técnica de Medição Indirecta de Potência implementada através de uma Rede de Sensores Sem Fios.
Nowadays we witness a great pressure and effort in order to stimulate energy conservation, either due to economic constraints, environmental concerns, or regulatory pressures. At the top of the energy consumption is the consumption of energy in the form of electricity. The first step to improve energy utilization efficiency is energy awareness. So if there is some manner to provide the average person information about how he is consuming electricity, he may take it by its own interest, and In fact, if electricity consumers have access to detailed information about how, when and by which devices energy is consumed, they can make good and well supported decisions on how they can change their habits to spend less energy and ultimately spend less money. The project hereby presented, develops the basis for a device that provides detailed information on electrical energy expenditure for a home. The information to be provided aims to be disambiguated for virtually every individual appliance present. The chosen technique to develop such a device was Non-Intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring. The system identifies individual loads from a single measurement point. That makes that the hardware tends to be simple and minimal, passing the complexity to the software. The system aims to be very low cost and easy to deploy. The system developed was able to identify with great success individual appliances in the total load on a controlled environment. Unlike other systems of this type, the system presented in this dissertation has the ability of disambiguating electrically identical loads, by the use of the technique of Indirect Power Sensing deployed with a Wireless Sensor Network

Le réchauffement climatique, la pollution de l'environnement et l'épuisement des énergies pétrolières ont attiré l'attention de l'humanité dans le monde entier. Les véhicules électriques hybrides à pile à combustible (FCHEV), utilisant l’hydrogène comme carburant et n’émettant aucune émission, sont considérés par les organismes publics et privés comme l’un des meilleurs moyens de résoudre ces problèmes. Cette thèse de doctorat considère un FCHEV avec trois sources d'énergie: pile à combustible, batterie et supercondensateur, ce qui complique l'élaboration d'une stratégie de gestion de l'énergie (EMS) pour répartir la puissance entre différentes sources d'alimentation. Parmi les méthodes de gestion de l'énergie de la littérature actuelle, la stratégie de minimisation de la consommation équivalente (ECMS) a été sélectionnée car elle permet une optimisation locale sans connaissance préalable des conditions de conduite et cela en donnant des résultats optimaux.En raison de la faible densité énergétique du supercondensateur, sa consommation équivalente d'hydrogène est négligée dans la plupart des références bibliographiques, ce qui va non seulement à l'encontre de l'objectif de minimiser la consommation totale d'hydrogène, mais accroît également la complexité du système EMS en raison du besoin d'un système EMS supplémentaire pour calculer la demande en puissance du supercondensateur. Ainsi, une stratégie ECMS à programmation quadratique séquentielle (SECMS) est proposée pour prendre en compte le coût énergétique des trois sources d’énergie dans la fonction objectif. Une stratégie de contrôle basée sur des règles (RBCS) et une stratégie hybride (HEOS) a été également conçues pour être comparée à SECMS. La dégradation des sources d'énergie représente un défi majeur pour la stabilité du système SECMS développé. Basé sur l'estimation en ligne de l'état de santé de la pile à combustible et de la batterie, le système ECMS adaptatif (AECMS) a été implémenté en ajustant le facteur équivalent et le taux de changement dynamique de la pile à combustible. Les résultats de la simulation montrent que l’AECMS peut assurer le maintien de la charge de la batterie et l’augmentation de la durabilité de la pile à combustible.Pour valider les algorithmes de gestion de l'énergie et les modèles numériques proposés, un banc d'essai expérimental a été construit autour de l'interface temps réel DSPACE. La comparaison des résultats de la simulation numérique et des résultats expérimentaux a montré que le système SECMS proposé fonctionne à un rendement maximal, que le supercondensateur fournit la puissance de pointe et que la batterie fonctionne comme un tampon d’énergie. Il a été prouvé que la négligence de la consommation d'hydrogène équivalente au supercondensateur dans l'ECMS conduit à un fonctionnement non optimal. Comparé à RBCS et HEOS, la SECMS a le moins d'hydrogène consommé et le courant de pile à combustible le plus stable
Global warming, environment pollution and exhaustion of petroleum energies have risen their attention of the humanity over the world. Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) taking hydrogen as fuel and have zero emission, is thought by public and private organisms as one of the best ways to solve these problems. This PhD dissertation consider a FCHEV with three power sources: fuel cell, battery and supercapacitor, which increases the difficult to design an energy management strategy (EMS) to split the power between the different power sources.Among the EMS available in the current literature, the Equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) was selected because it allows a local optimization without rely on prior knowledge of driving condition while giving optimal results.Due to low energy density of supercapacitor, its equivalent hydrogen consumption is neglected in most bibliographic references, which not only counter to the aim of minimizing whole hydrogen consumption but also increase the complication of EMS due to the need of an additional EMS to calculate supercapacitor power demand. Thus, a sequential quadratic programming ECMS (SECMS) strategy is proposed to consider energy cost of all three power sources into the objective function. A rule based control strategy (RBCS) and hybrid strategy (HEOS) are also designed in order to to be compared with SECMS. Degradation of energy sources represents a major challenge for the stability of the developed SECMS system. So, based on online estimating state of heath of fuel cell and battery, an adaptive ECMS (AECMS) has been designed through adjusting the equivalent factor and dynamical change rate of fuel cell. The simulation results show that the AECMS can ensure the charge sustenance of battery and the increase of fuel cell durability.To validate the proposed energy management algorithms and the numerical models an exerimental test bench has been built around the real time interface DSPACE. The comparison of the simulation and experimental results showed that the proposed SECMS is operated at around maximum efficiency, supercapacitor supplies peak power, battery works as the energy buffer. It has been proved that the neglect of supercapacitor equivalent hydrogen consumption in ECMS leads to not optimal operation. Compared with RBCS and HEOS, SECMS has least hydrogen consumption and most stable fuel cell current

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 222 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 203-207).

Thesis (DTech (Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
The world has been experiencing energy-related problems following pressuring energy demands which go along with the global economy growth. These problems can be phrased in three paradoxical statements: Firstly, in spite of a massive and costless solar energy, global unprecedented energy crisis has prevailed, resulting in skyrocketing costs. Secondly, though the sun releases a clean energy, yet conventional plants are mainly being run on unclean energy sources despite their part in the climate changes and global warming. Thirdly, while a negligible percentage of the solar energy is used for power generation purposes, it is not optimally exploited since more than its half is wasted in the form of heat which contributes to lowering efficiency of solar cells and causes their premature degradation and anticipated ageing. The research is geared at addressing the issue related to unsatisfactory efficiencies and anticipated ageing of solar modules. The methodology adopted to achieve the research aim consisted of a literature survey which in turn inspired the devising of a high-efficiency novel thermal electric solar power panel. Through an in-depth overview, the literature survey outlined the rationale of the research interest, factors affecting the performance of PVs as well as existing strategies towards addressing spotted shortcomings. While photovoltaic (PV) panels could be identified as the most reliable platform for sunlight-to-electricity conversion, they exhibit a shortcoming in terms of following the sun so as to maximize exposure to sunlight which negatively affects PVs’ efficiencies in one hand. On the other hand, the inability of solar cells to reflect the unusable heat energy present in the sunlight poses as a lifespan threat. Strategies and techniques in place to track the sun and keep PVs in nominal operational temperatures were therefore reviewed.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Rolla, 2007.
Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed March 26, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-84).

An electricity demand profile is a graph showing the amount of electricity used by customers over a unit of time. It shows the variation in electricity demand versus time. In the demand profiles, the shape of the graph is of utmost importance. The variations in demand profiles are caused by many factors, such as economic and en- vironmental factors. These variations may also be due to changes in the electricity use behaviours of electricity users. This study seeks to model daily profiles of energy demand in South Africa with a model which is a composition of two de Moivre type models. The model has seven parameters, each with a natural interpretation (one parameter representing minimum demand in a day, two parameters representing the time of morning and afternoon peaks, two parameters representing the shape of each peak, and two parameters representing the total energy per peak). With the help of this model, we trace change in the demand profile over a number of years. The proposed model will be helpful for short to long term electricity demand forecasting.

In the current electrical grid, utility companies have begun to use demand side management (DSM) programs and time-of-use (TOU) pricing schemes to shape the residential load profile. However, it is difficult for the residential users to respond to the pricing signal and manually manage the operation of various household appliances. Hence, the autonomous energy consumption scheduling of residential loads and electric vehicles (EVs) is necessary for the users to benefit from the DSM programs. In this thesis, we propose different algorithms to schedule the energy consumption of residential loads and EVs, and provide ancillary services to the electrical grid. First, we study the DSM for areas with high photovoltaic (PV) penetration. Since many rooftop PV units can be integrated in the distribution network, the voltage rise issue occurs when the reverse power flow from the households to the substation is significant. We use stochastic programming to formulate an energy consumption scheduling problem, which takes into account the voltage rise issue and the uncertainty of the power generation from PV units. We propose an algorithm by solving the formulated problem and jointly shave the peak load and reduce the reverse power flow. Subsequently, we study using the EVs to provide the frequency regulation service. We formulate a problem to schedule the hourly regulation capacity of the EVs using the probabilistic robust optimization framework. Our formulation takes into account the limited battery capacity of the EVs and the uncertainty of the automatic generation control (AGC) signal. An efficient algorithm is proposed to solve the formulated problem based on duality. Last but not least, we study the market participation of an aggregator which coordinates a fleet of EVs to provide frequency regulation service to an independent system operator (ISO). The two-settlement market system (i.e., the day-ahead market (DAM) and real-time market) is considered. We analyze two types of DAMs based on the market rules of New York ISO and California ISO. We formulate a problem to determine the bid for the aggregator in the DAM using stochastic program and conditional value at risk. Efficient algorithms are proposed to tackle the formulated problem.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate

The present work is a contribution towards the integration of building simulation tools in order to better represent the complexity of the real world. It attempts to overcome certain shortfalls of contemporary simulation applications with respect to indoor air flows. As a result, the evaluation of building energy consumption and indoor air quality is expected to be improved. Advanced fluid flow models (as employed within Building Thermal Simulation - BTS - and Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD) with different degrees of detail were investigated and their modelling deficiencies identified. The CFD technique which defines the fluid flow on a micro scale was integrated into BTS in which fluid flow is described in a larger scale. The resulting combined approach strengthens the modelling potential of each methodology by overcoming their specific deficiencies. BTS's inability to predict air flow property gradients within a single space was surmounted and the difficult of estimating CFD boundary conditions are now supplied by BTS. The conflation approach is expected to be employed where gradients of indoor air flow properties can be considered crucial to the evaluation of thermal comfort and energy consumption. The BTS environment, ESP-r, was elected to perform the current work and a new CFD program, dfs, was specifically developed for the analysis of three-dimensional, turbulent, transient air flow. Finally, the two approaches were integrated. The integration work focuses on the CFD boundary conditions where the interactions of BTS and CFD take place; these occur at the inside zone surfaces and at the zone openings. Three conflation approaches were devised addressing different degrees of complexity and sophistication. The first one, involving the two types of zone boundaries, corresponds to a simple approach where the BTS and CFD systems exchange information without any direct interaction. The second approach consists of three other schemes to handle the thermal coupling at the internal zone surfaces. The third approach comprises coupling between the nodal network approach as employed by the BTS environment, and the continuity and momentum equations in the CFD technique. A validation methodology consisting of analytical validation, intermodel comparison and empirical validation is described and applied. The technique is shown to be adequate for modelling indoor air flows when compared to existing models. Three situations, covering the different types of air flows encountered within buildings are discussed to demonstrate the combined method's applicability when compared with the nodal network approach. Finally, general conclusions are presented and some possible future work is identified showing that the developed methodology is very promising.

Installation and utilization of residential distribution transformers has not changed substantially over a long period of time. Utilities typically size their transformers based on a formula that takes into account broadly what types and how many dwellings will be connected. Most new residential dwellings feature 200 Amp service per household with an anticipated energy demand of under 20,000 kWh per year. Average electrical energy consumption varies from state to state but averages to 11,280 kWh per year. Energy demand is expected to fall into a typical residential load curve that shows increased demand early in the morning, then decreasing during the day and another peak early to late evening. Distribution transformers are sized at the limit of the combined evening peak with the assumption that the transformer has enough thermal mass to absorb short overloads that may occur when concurrent loading situations among multiple dwellings arise. The assumption that concurrent loading is of short duration and the transformer can cool off during the night time has been validated over the years and has become standard practice. This has worked well when dwelling loads follow an averaging scheme and low level of coincidence. With the arrival of electric vehicles (EV's) this assumption has to be reevaluated. The acquisition of an electric vehicle in a household can drive up energy demand by over 4000 kWh per year. Potentially problematic is the increased capacity of battery packs and the resulting proliferation of Level 2 chargers. The additional load of a single Level 2 charger concurring with the combined evening peak load will push even conservatively sized distribution transformers over their nameplate rating for a substantial amount of time. Additionally, unlike common household appliances of similar power requirements such as ovens or water heaters, a Level 2 battery charger will run at peak power consumption for several hours, and the current drawn by the EVs has very high levels of harmonic distortion. The excessive loading and harmonic profile can potentially result in damaging heat build-up resulting in asset degradation. In this thesis I present a device and method that monitors pole mounted distribution transformers for overheating, collect and wirelessly upload data and initiate commands to chargers to change output levels from Level 2 to Level 1 or shut down EV charging altogether until the transformer returns into safe operational range.

The primary purpose of the current research was to implement a numerical model to investigate the interactions between the energy consumption in Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems and occupants’ thermal comfort in commercial buildings. A numerical model was developed to perform a thermal analysis of a single zone and simultaneously investigate its occupants’ thermal sensations as a non-linear function of the thermal environmental (i.e. temperature, thermal radiation, humidity, and air speed) and personal factors (i.e. activity and clothing). The zone thermal analyses and thermal comfort calculations were carried out by applying the heat balance method and current thermal comfort standard (ASHRAE STANDARD 55-2004) respectively. The model was then validated and applied on a single generic zone, representing the perimeter office spaces of the Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS), to investigate the impacts of variation in occupants’ behaviors, building’s envelope, HVAC system, and climate on both energy consumption and thermal comfort. Regarding the large number of parameters involved, the initial summer and winter screening analyses were carried out to determine the measures that their impacts on the energy and/or thermal comfort were most significant. These analyses showed that, without any incremental cost, the energy consumption in both new and existing buildings may significantly be reduced with a broader range of setpoints, adaptive clothing for the occupants, and higher air exchange rate over the cooling season. The effects of these measures as well as their combination on the zone thermal performance were then studied in more detail with the whole year analyses. These analyses suggest that with the modest increase in the averaged occupants’ thermal dissatisfaction, the combination scenario can notably reduce the total annual energy consumption of the baseline zone. Considering the global warming and the life of a building, the impacts of climate change on the whole year modeling results were also investigated for the year 2050. According to these analyses, global warming reduced the energy consumption for both the baseline and combination scenario, thanks to the moderate and cold climate of Vancouver.

Automotive vehicle manufacturers have been facing increased pressures from legislative bodies and consumers to reduce the fuel consumption and harmful emissions of their newly produced vehicles as a result of new research showing the detrimental effects these emissions have on the environment. These pressures are encouraging manufactures and researchers to invest billions of dollars into the development of new advanced vehicle technologies. Some of these investments have resulted in substantial progress in powertrain technologies that have led to the preliminary adoption of electrified powertrain vehicles. Other areas of research are actively working to reduce the energy consumption of a vehicle, regardless of its powertrain, by influencing driver behavior and by optimizing the way a vehicle travels between an origin and destination. This intelligent vehicle routing is done by analyzing a range of possible routes and selecting the route that consumes the least amount of fuel. An accurate method for predetermining vehicle energy expenditure along a given route before it is driven is needed to effectively implement intelligent vehicle routing systems. One common method is the generation of a road network-wide database with energy use figures for each section of road. This method requires expensive experimentation trials or network simulation software. Individual-level vehicle predictive energy estimation eliminates the need for costly fuel use generation by utilizing vehicle velocity generation techniques and vehicle powertrain models. Estimation of individual vehicle energy consumption along a route is done by identifying an origin-destination pair, detecting required full-stops along the path, and synthesizing multiple stop-to-stop velocity modes between each set of stops. The resulting velocity profile is paired with a specific vehicle powertrain model to determine fuel consumption. A drawback of this route generation technique is that the vehicle path is assumed to be one-dimensional and lacks inclusion of road curves and their associated velocity changes to maintain passenger comfort. This thesis evaluates the merit of discounting road curves in predictive vehicle energy consumption analyses and presents a technique for modeling common road corners that require velocity changes to limit passenger discomfort. The resulting corner synthesis method is combined with a validated vehicle powertrain model to complete full route consumption modeling. Two routes, an urban and highway, are modeled and driven to evaluate the accuracy of the full simulation model when compared with on-road data. The results show that corners can largely be ignored during energy consumption analysis for highways. The cornering effects on a vehicle during urban driving, however, should be included in urban route analyses with multiple road curves. Inclusion of the cornering effects during an example urban route analysis decreased the error between the on-road consumption data and the simulation results.
Master of Science

With electric vehicles becoming increasingly prevalent in the automotive market consumers are becoming more conscientious of total driving range. In light of this trend, reliable and accurate modeling methods are necessary to aid the development of more energy efficient vehicles with greater drivable range. Many methods exist for evaluating energy consumption of current and future vehicle designs over the US certification drive cycles. This work focuses on utilizing the well-established Willans line approximation and proposes a simplified modeling method to determine electric vehicle energy consumption and powertrain efficiency. First, a backwards physics-based model is applied to determine tractive effort at the wheel to meet US certification drive cycle demand. Second, the Willans line approximation then augments the tractive effort model and parameterizes the vehicle powertrain to establish a bi-directional power flow method. This bi-directional approach separates propel and brake phases of the vehicle over the certification City and Highway drive cycles to successfully isolate the vehicle powertrain from non-intrinsic losses, such as parasitic accessory loads. The proposed method of bi-directional modeling and parameter tuning provides significant insight to the efficiency, losses, and energy consumption of a modeled electric vehicle strictly using publicly available test data. Results are presented for eight electric vehicles with production years varying from 2016 to 2021. These electric vehicles are chosen to encapsulate the electric vehicle market as performance electric vehicles to smaller commuter electric vehicles are selected. All vehicles are modeled with an accessory load constrained between 300 and 850 W and a regenerative braking ("regen") low-speed cutoff of 5 mph with six of the eight vehicles modeled with a regenerative braking fraction of 94%. The bi-directional Willans line is then tuned to reach agreement with the net EPA energy consumption test data for each vehicle with the results presented as representative of the chosen vehicle. Lastly, a transfer function relating major model inputs to the output is derived and lends considerable insight for the sensitivity of the modeling method. Sensitivity of the proposed modeling method is conducted for a 2017 BMW i3 with the model deemed reasonably resilient to changes in input parameters. The model is most sensitive to changes in powertrain marginal efficiency with a 6% decrease of marginal efficiency leading to a 0.404 kW and 0.793 kW cycle average net battery power increase for the City and Highway drive cycles respectively. Additionally, the model is also sensitive to changes in vehicle accessory load with a direct relationship between increases of vehicle accessory load to increases of cycle average net battery power for the City and Highway cycles. The sensitivity results justify the use of the proposed model as a method for evaluating vehicle energy consumption and powertrain efficiency solely using publicly available test data.
Master of Science
Developing robust and accurate methods for analyzing electric vehicle energy consumption and powertrain efficiency is of great interest. For the purposes of this paper, powertrain refers to a motor / inverter pair which is coupled to a simple gear reduction for torque multiplication. Many vehicles are designed with motors of varying power and torque capabilities which can present challenges when attempting to effectively compare electric vehicles from different manufacturers. The proposed modeling method presented in this work utilizes public test data to derive detailed vehicle and powertrain information. Vehicle energy consumption is also modeled and compared to net EPA test data. Eight electric vehicles are modeled with each vehicle representing a specific segment of the current electric vehicle market. A bi-directional Willans line is applied to model the propel and brake phases of each electric vehicle over the US certification drive cycles. The bi-directional approach effectively isolates the vehicle powertrain from non-intrinsic losses. From the derived powertrain parameters and modeled energy consumption, the proposed method is deemed accurate and highly useful for translating public test data to detailed vehicle information. Lastly, a sensitivity analysis is presented with the proposed method deemed reasonably resilient to changes in input parameters. The modeling method is most sensitive to changes of powertrain marginal efficiency and vehicle accessory load but constraining these inputs to reasonable ranges for electric vehicles proves sufficient.

Thesis (PhD (Electrical Engineering))--Potchefstroom University, 1993.
The domestic sector is one of the largest users of nett energy in the RSA (24%, excluding energy used for transport), but it accounts for only 14% of the electrical energy used in the RSA. There is a very strong correlation between the time of the peak of the load for the domestic sector and the time of the peak of the national load. The domestic load is the largest contributor to the peak of the national load. This makes the domestic load more important than is generally realised. Only limited research has been done about the ways in which domestic energy is used in South Africa. Developed countries, such as the United States of America, are continuously engaged in end-use load research, so they have vast data banks available on domestic end-uses of electricity. Data on domestic end-use of electricity are urgently needed especially for South Africa with its very fast growing newly urbanised sector. Since most energy sources are not replenishable, ways and means must be found to promote the wise and effective use of all forms of energy. Effective use of energy can only be promoted if the ways in which electricity is used are known. In this dissertation the electrical energy requirements of the South African domestic sector are analyzed for the present situation and for the next few decades. A model is developed to represent the electrical load. The model has subsections representing the components of the national domestic electrical load, concentrating on electrical energy for domestic water heating, with responses to factors such as: * population growth, * urbanisation, * electrification, * energy efficiency of appliances, * consumer awareness of energy conservation. The model is to be used for scenario planning of the electrical grid. The results of this study will assist to ensure effective planning of the electrical grid of South Africa into the next century.

The automotive industry is facing some of the most difficult design challenges in industry history. Developing innovative methods to reduce fossil fuel dependence is imperative for maintaining compliance with government regulations and consumer demand. In addition to powertrain design, route selection contributes to vehicle environmental impact. The objective of this thesis is to develop a methodology for evaluating the energy consumption of each route option for a specific vehicle. A 'backwards' energy tracking method determines tractive demand at the wheels from route requirements and vehicle characteristics. Next, this method tracks energy quantities at each powertrain component. Each component model is scalable such that different vehicle powertrains may be approximated. Using an 'ecorouting' process, the most ideal route is selected by weighting relative total energy consumption and travel time. Only limited powertrain characteristics are publicly available. As the future goal of this project is to apply the model to many vehicle powertrain types, the powertrain model must be reasonably accurate with minimal vehicle powertrain characteristics. Future work expands this model to constantly re-evaluate energy consumption with real-time traffic and terrain information. While ecorouting has been applied to conventional vehicles in many publications, electrified vehicles are less studied. Hybrid vehicles are particularly complicated to model due to additional components, systems, and operation modes. This methodology has been validated to represent conventional, battery electric, and parallel hybrid electric vehicles. A sensitivity study demonstrates that the model is capable of differentiating powertrains with different parameters and routes with different characteristics.
Master of Science

This study is concerned with the identification and utilisation of design solutions for improving the thermal environment of residential buildings in hot dry climates in general and the hot arid zone of Iran in particular. The influence of various energy conservation options on energy use in a prototype house has been analysed using the ESP dynamic computer simulation program. The research was aimed at providing a range of design guidelines for use in the process of building design by builders, architects and engineers. It also suggests programs relying on occupancy behaviour such as; thermostat settings or operating windows. The recommended design solutions are among those which can be obtained economically through the architectural application of commonly available construction materials and skills whilst also being appropriate in the socio-economic context in which the design and use of buildings take place. The effect of parameters such as; thermal mass and insulation, surface characteristics, orientation, window design, shading and environmental control strategies on the thermal performance of the prototype house has been investigated. Energy and comfort have been used as indicators of performance.

This report discusses the ambition of EDF, a French electricity provider, to offer new services to its customers. With the emergence of the smart grid that will be operational in 2020 in France, there are several opportunities that have to be taken. One of them is to be able to offer a suitable monitoring system to its customer. This study tried to emphasize the important aspects and features that are required in such a system. Several solutions that are currently being commercialized in France have been analyzed. A grading has been made according to the technical functionalities and the business models have been analyzed.  Recommendations for EDF have also been made in order to help the company to choose the right monitoring system.

Hospital is of interest when consider its especial function. Because of the obviously different between the normal residential buildings, the requirement of hospitals’ indoor climate strictly differs from other buildings. The author starts this report by briefly stating the building construction currently. Surrounded the topic of thermal comfort and energy consumption, many suggestion and options came out in this report to develop a better condition. Firstly, the introduction of the hospital buildings requires the background of the hospital object and the purpose to this report will be stated. Secondly, the simulation tool and how to use this tool simulate our real case are introduced. Then, the summer case is investigated by this tool after the model is proved to be validated. Finally, the improvement of establishing a better indoor environment is raised and the results of improvement and conclusion can be found. The final result will show the optimal solution that discovered by this study after compared different alternatives carefully.

1. Confronto fra i componenti termici ed elettrici sulla base delle conoscenze dei circuiti elettrici. Svilluppo di modelli termici tradizionali per le finestre e le pareti, realizzando la quantizzazione della perdita di calore di un edificio. Per quanto riguarda le teorie, i dati edi risultati di ricerche esistenti relativi al tempo, materiali di costruzione, termotecnica, astronomia e meteorologia, viene proposta la metodologia sulla stima oraria dell'energia solare e della radiazione atmosferica laddove l'approssimazione matematica risulta la più adatta al problema . 2. Definizione del concetto di "unit wall " basato sul miglioramento innovativo del modello di edificio tradizionale grazie all'ausilio della termocamera ad infrarossi e del quadricottero che consente di ottenere direttamente le informazioni sulla distribuzione della temperatura anziché dover ricorrere al calcolocome nel modello tradizionale, con il rischio di errori aggiuntivi. 3. Costruzione sistematica di un modello matematico per una termocamera ad infrarossi, basata sulla teoria dell'infrarosso termico e della radiazione, realizzando la conversione di file RAW originali a 14 bit. 4. Esecuzione della calibrazione dell'immagine, distorsione dell’obiettivo e la rettifica prospettica comprese, tramite la conoscenza della visione artificiale e dell'elaborazione delle immagini. Le finestre possono essere selezionate e rimosse con precisione dalle pareti usando il cursore in un'interfaccia utente grafica. La misurazione manuale delle dimensioni degli edifici può essereevitatagrazie all’utilizzo dei parametri dell'obiettivo e della distanza dell'oggetto. Infine, per convalidare l'applicabilità e l'accuratezza del modello, viene presentato il framework applicativo costituito dalla termocamera ad infrarossi Flir VUE Pro 640 trasportata da un quadricottero SAGA D600 alimentato dal Pixhawk firmware open source, seguito da esperimenti e test di moduli singoli.

Building portfolio management on campus and metropolitan scale involves decisions about energy retrofits, energy resource pooling, and investments in shared energy systems, such as district cooling, community PV and wind power, CHP systems, geothermal systems etc. There are currently no tools that help a portfolio/campus manager make these decisions by rapid comparison of variants. The research has developed an energy supply network management tool at the campus scale. The underlying network energy performance (NEP) model uses (1) an existing energy performance toolkit to quantify the energy performance of building energy consumers on hourly basis, and (2) added modules to calculate hourly average energy generation from a wide variety of energy supply systems. The NEP model supports macro decisions at the generation side (decisions about adding or retrofitting campus wide systems) and consumption side (planning of new building design and retrofit measures). It allows testing different supply topologies by inspecting which consumer nodes should connect to which local suppliers and to which global suppliers, i.e. the electricity and gas utility grids. A prototype software implementation allows a portfolio or campus manager to define the demand and supply nodes on campus scale and manipulate the connections between them through a graphical interface. The NEP model maintains the network topology which is represented by a directed graph with the supply and demand nodes as vertices and their connections as arcs. Every change in the graph automatically triggers an update of the energy generation and consumption pattern, the results of which are shown on campus wide energy performance dashboards. The dissertation shows how the NEP model supports decision making with respect to large-scale building energy system design with a case study of the Georgia Tech campus evaluating the following three assertions: 1. The normative calculations at the individual building scale are accurate enough to support the network energy performance analysis 2. The NEP model supports the study of the tradeoffs between local building retrofits and campus wide energy interventions in renewable systems, under different circumstances 3. The NEP approach is a viable basis for routine campus asset management policies.

Manufacturers of passenger vehicles are experiencing increased pressure from consumers and legislators due to the impact of transportation on the environment. Automotive manufacturers are responding by designing more sustainable forms of transportation through a variety of efforts, including increased vehicle efficiency and the electrification of vehicle powertrains (plug in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV)). An additional method for reducing the environmental impact of personal transport is eco-routing, a methodology which selects routes on the basis of energy consumption. Standard navigation systems offer route alternatives between a user clarified origin and destination when there are multiple paths available. These alternatives are commonly weighted on the basis of minimizing either total travel time (TTT) or trip distance. Eco-routing offers an alternative criterion – minimizing route energy consumption. Calculation of the energy consumption of a route necessitates the creation of a velocity profile which models how the route will be driven and a powertrain model which relates energy consumption to the constructed velocity profile. Existing research efforts related to both of these aspects typically require complex analysis and proprietary vehicle properties. A new approach to weighting the energy consumption of different routes is presented within this paper. The process of synthesizing velocity profiles is an improvement upon simpler models while requiring fewer variables as compared to more complex models. A single input, the maximum acceleration, is required to tune driver aggressiveness throughout an entire route. Additionally, powertrain results are simplified through the application of a new parameter, predictive terminal energy. The parameter uses only glider properties as inputs, as compared to dedicated powertrain models which use proprietary vehicle information as inputs which are not readily available from manufacturers. Application of this research reduces computation time and increases the number of vehicles for which this analysis can be applied. An example routing scenario is presented, demonstrating the capability of the velocity synthesis and predictive terminal energy methodologies.
Master of Science

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) are new generation Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) with larger battery capacity compared to Hybrid Electric Vehicles. They can store electrical energy from a domestic power supply and can drive the vehicle alone in Electric Vehicle (EV) mode. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation 80 % of the American driving public on average drives under 50 miles per day. A PHEV vehicle that can drive up to 50 miles by making maximum use of cheaper electrical energy from a domestic supply can significantly reduce the conventional fuel consumption. This may also help in improving the environment as PHEVs emit less harmful gases. However, the Energy Management System (EMS) of PHEVs would have to be very different from existing EMSs of HEVs. In this thesis, three different Energy Management Systems have been designed specifically for PHEVs using simulated study. For most of the EMS development mathematical vehicle models for powersplit drivetrain configuration are built and later on the results are tested on advanced vehicle modeling tools like ADVISOR or PSAT. The main objective of the study is to design EMSs to reduce fuel consumption by the vehicle. These EMSs are compared with existing EMSs which show overall improvement. x In this thesis the final EMS is designed in three intermediate steps. First, a simple rule based EMS was designed to improve the fuel economy for parametric study. Second, an optimized EMS was designed with the main objective to improve fuel economy of the vehicle. Here Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is used to obtain the optimum parameter values. This EMS has provided optimum parameters which result in optimum blended mode operation of the vehicle. Finally, to obtain optimum charge depletion and charge sustaining mode operation of the vehicle an advanced PSO EMS is designed which provides optimal results for the vehicle to operate in charge depletion and charge sustaining modes. Furthermore, to implement the developed advanced PSO EMS in real-time a possible real time implementation technique is designed using neural networks. This neural network implementation provides sub-optimal results as compared to advanced PSO EMS results but it can be implemented in real time in a vehicle. These EMSs can be used to obtain optimal results for the vehicle driving conditions such that fuel economy is improved. Moreover, the optimal designed EMS can also be implemented in real-time using the neural network procedure described.

[EN] The electricity sector is currently undergoing a process of liberalization and separation of roles, which is being implemented under the regulatory auspices of each Member State of the European Union and, therefore, with different speeds, perspectives and objectives that must converge on a common horizon, where Europe will benefit from an interconnected energy market in which producers and consumers can participate in free competition. This process of liberalization and separation of roles involves two consequences or, viewed another way, entails a major consequence from which other immediate consequence, as a necessity, is derived. The main consequence is the increased complexity in the management and supervision of a system, the electrical, increasingly interconnected and participatory, with connection of distributed energy sources, much of them from renewable sources, at different voltage levels and with different generation capacity at any point in the network. From this situation the other consequence is derived, which is the need to communicate information between agents, reliably, safely and quickly, and that this information is analyzed in the most effective way possible, to form part of the processes of decision taking that improve the observability and controllability of a system which is increasing in complexity and number of agents involved. With the evolution of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), and the investments both in improving existing measurement and communications infrastructure, and taking the measurement and actuation capacity to a greater number of points in medium and low voltage networks, the availability of data that informs of the state of the network is increasingly higher and more complete. All these systems are part of the so-called Smart Grids, or intelligent networks of the future, a future which is not so far. One such source of information comes from the energy consumption of customers, measured on a regular basis (every hour, half hour or quarter-hour) and sent to the Distribution System Operators from the Smart Meters making use of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). This way, there is an increasingly amount of information on the energy consumption of customers, being stored in Big Data systems. This growing source of information demands specialized techniques which can take benefit from it, extracting a useful and summarized knowledge from it. This thesis deals with the use of this information of energy consumption from Smart Meters, in particular on the application of data mining techniques to obtain temporal patterns that characterize the users of electrical energy, grouping them according to these patterns in a small number of groups or clusters, that allow evaluating how users consume energy, both during the day and during a sequence of days, allowing to assess trends and predict future scenarios. For this, the current techniques are studied and, proving that the current works do not cover this objective, clustering or dynamic segmentation techniques applied to load profiles of electric energy consumption from domestic users are developed. These techniques are tested and validated on a database of hourly energy consumption values for a sample of residential customers in Spain during years 2008 and 2009. The results allow to observe both the characterization in consumption patterns of the different types of residential energy consumers, and their evolution over time, and to assess, for example, how the regulatory changes that occurred in Spain in the electricity sector during those years influenced in the temporal patterns of energy consumption.
[ES] El sector eléctrico se halla actualmente sometido a un proceso de liberalización y separación de roles, que está siendo aplicado bajo los auspicios regulatorios de cada Estado Miembro de la Unión Europea y, por tanto, con distintas velocidades, perspectivas y objetivos que deben confluir en un horizonte común, en donde Europa se beneficiará de un mercado energético interconectado, en el cual productores y consumidores podrán participar en libre competencia. Este proceso de liberalización y separación de roles conlleva dos consecuencias o, visto de otra manera, conlleva una consecuencia principal de la cual se deriva, como necesidad, otra consecuencia inmediata. La consecuencia principal es el aumento de la complejidad en la gestión y supervisión de un sistema, el eléctrico, cada vez más interconectado y participativo, con conexión de fuentes distribuidas de energía, muchas de ellas de origen renovable, a distintos niveles de tensión y con distinta capacidad de generación, en cualquier punto de la red. De esta situación se deriva la otra consecuencia, que es la necesidad de comunicar información entre los distintos agentes, de forma fiable, segura y rápida, y que esta información sea analizada de la forma más eficaz posible, para que forme parte de los procesos de toma de decisiones que mejoran la observabilidad y controlabilidad de un sistema cada vez más complejo y con más agentes involucrados. Con el avance de las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicaciones (TIC), y las inversiones tanto en mejora de la infraestructura existente de medida y comunicaciones, como en llevar la obtención de medidas y la capacidad de actuación a un mayor número de puntos en redes de media y baja tensión, la disponibilidad de datos sobre el estado de la red es cada vez mayor y más completa. Todos estos sistemas forman parte de las llamadas Smart Grids, o redes inteligentes del futuro, un futuro ya no tan lejano. Una de estas fuentes de información proviene de los consumos energéticos de los clientes, medidos de forma periódica (cada hora, media hora o cuarto de hora) y enviados hacia las Distribuidoras desde los contadores inteligentes o Smart Meters, mediante infraestructura avanzada de medida o Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). De esta forma, cada vez se tiene una mayor cantidad de información sobre los consumos energéticos de los clientes, almacenada en sistemas de Big Data. Esta cada vez mayor fuente de información demanda técnicas especializadas que sepan aprovecharla, extrayendo un conocimiento útil y resumido de la misma. La presente Tesis doctoral versa sobre el uso de esta información de consumos energéticos de los contadores inteligentes, en concreto sobre la aplicación de técnicas de minería de datos (data mining) para obtener patrones temporales que caractericen a los usuarios de energía eléctrica, agrupándolos según estos mismos patrones en un número reducido de grupos o clusters, que permiten evaluar la forma en que los usuarios consumen la energía, tanto a lo largo del día como durante una secuencia de días, permitiendo evaluar tendencias y predecir escenarios futuros. Para ello se estudian las técnicas actuales y, comprobando que los trabajos actuales no cubren este objetivo, se desarrollan técnicas de clustering o segmentación dinámica aplicadas a curvas de carga de consumo eléctrico diario de clientes domésticos. Estas técnicas se prueban y validan sobre una base de datos de consumos energéticos horarios de una muestra de clientes residenciales en España durante los años 2008 y 2009. Los resultados permiten observar tanto la caracterización en consumos de los distintos tipos de consumidores energéticos residenciales, como su evolución en el tiempo, y permiten evaluar, por ejemplo, cómo influenciaron en los patrones temporales de consumos los cambios regulatorios que se produjeron en España en el sector eléctrico durante esos años.
[CAT] El sector elèctric es troba actualment sotmès a un procés de liberalització i separació de rols, que s'està aplicant davall els auspicis reguladors de cada estat membre de la Unió Europea i, per tant, amb distintes velocitats, perspectives i objectius que han de confluir en un horitzó comú, on Europa es beneficiarà d'un mercat energètic interconnectat, en el qual productors i consumidors podran participar en lliure competència. Aquest procés de liberalització i separació de rols comporta dues conseqüències o, vist d'una altra manera, comporta una conseqüència principal de la qual es deriva, com a necessitat, una altra conseqüència immediata. La conseqüència principal és l'augment de la complexitat en la gestió i supervisió d'un sistema, l'elèctric, cada vegada més interconnectat i participatiu, amb connexió de fonts distribuïdes d'energia, moltes d'aquestes d'origen renovable, a distints nivells de tensió i amb distinta capacitat de generació, en qualsevol punt de la xarxa. D'aquesta situació es deriva l'altra conseqüència, que és la necessitat de comunicar informació entre els distints agents, de forma fiable, segura i ràpida, i que aquesta informació siga analitzada de la manera més eficaç possible, perquè forme part dels processos de presa de decisions que milloren l'observabilitat i controlabilitat d'un sistema cada vegada més complex i amb més agents involucrats. Amb l'avanç de les tecnologies de la informació i les comunicacions (TIC), i les inversions, tant en la millora de la infraestructura existent de mesura i comunicacions, com en el trasllat de l'obtenció de mesures i capacitat d'actuació a un nombre més gran de punts en xarxes de mitjana i baixa tensió, la disponibilitat de dades sobre l'estat de la xarxa és cada vegada major i més completa. Tots aquests sistemes formen part de les denominades Smart Grids o xarxes intel·ligents del futur, un futur ja no tan llunyà. Una d'aquestes fonts d'informació prové dels consums energètics dels clients, mesurats de forma periòdica (cada hora, mitja hora o quart d'hora) i enviats cap a les distribuïdores des dels comptadors intel·ligents o Smart Meters, per mitjà d'infraestructura avançada de mesura o Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). D'aquesta manera, cada vegada es té una major quantitat d'informació sobre els consums energètics dels clients, emmagatzemada en sistemes de Big Data. Aquesta cada vegada major font d'informació demanda tècniques especialitzades que sàpiguen aprofitar-la, extraient-ne un coneixement útil i resumit. La present tesi doctoral versa sobre l'ús d'aquesta informació de consums energètics dels comptadors intel·ligents, en concret sobre l'aplicació de tècniques de mineria de dades (data mining) per a obtenir patrons temporals que caracteritzen els usuaris d'energia elèctrica, agrupant-los segons aquests mateixos patrons en una quantitat reduïda de grups o clusters, que permeten avaluar la forma en què els usuaris consumeixen l'energia, tant al llarg del dia com durant una seqüència de dies, i que permetent avaluar tendències i predir escenaris futurs. Amb aquesta finalitat, s'estudien les tècniques actuals i, en comprovar que els treballs actuals no cobreixen aquest objectiu, es desenvolupen tècniques de clustering o segmentació dinàmica aplicades a corbes de càrrega de consum elèctric diari de clients domèstics. Aquestes tècniques es proven i validen sobre una base de dades de consums energètics horaris d'una mostra de clients residencials a Espanya durant els anys 2008 i 2009. Els resultats permeten observar tant la caracterització en consums dels distints tipus de consumidors energètics residencials, com la seua evolució en el temps, i permeten avaluar, per exemple, com van influenciar en els patrons temporals de consums els canvis reguladors que es van produir a Espanya en el sector elèctric durant aquests anys.
Benítez Sánchez, IJ. (2015). Dynamic segmentation techniques applied to load profiles of electric energy consumption from domestic users [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59236
TESIS

Highly reflective roofing systems have been analyzed over several decades to evaluate their ability to meet sustainability goals, including reducing building energy consumption and mitigating the urban heat island. Studies have isolated and evaluated the effects of climate, surface reflectivity, and roof insulation on energy savings, thermal load mitigation and also ameliorating the urban heat island. Other sustainable roofing systems, like green-roofs and solar panels have been similarly evaluated. The motivation for the present study is twofold: the first goal is to present a method for simultaneous evaluation and inter-comparison of multiple roofing systems, and the second goal is to quantitatively evaluate the realized heating and cooling energy savings associated with a white roof system compared to the reduction in roof-top heat flux. To address the first research goal a field experiment was conducted at the International Harvester Building located in Portland, OR. Thermal data was collected for a white roof, vegetated roof, and a solar panel shaded vegetated roof, and the heat flux through these roofing systems was compared against a control patch of conventional dark roof membrane. The second research goal was accomplished using a building energy simulation program to determine the impact of roof area and roof insulation on the savings from a white roof, in both Portland and Phoenix. The ratio of cooling energy savings to roof heat flux reduction from replacing a dark roof with a white roof was 1:4 for the month of July, and 1:5 annually in Portland. The COP of the associated chillers ranges from 2.8-4.2, indicating that the ratio of cooling energy savings to heat flux reduction is not accounted for solely by the COP of the chillers. The results of the building simulation indicate that based on energy savings alone, white roofs are not an optimal choice for Portland. The benefits associated with cooling energy savings relative to a black roof are offset by the winter-time penalty, and the net benefit from adopting white roof technology in Portland is small. That said, there are other potential benefits of white roofing such as impact on urban heat islands and roof life that must also be considered.

The high costs and high risks of transporting fuel to combat zones make fuel conservation a dire need for the US military. A towable hybrid electric system can help relieve these issues by replacing less fuel efficient standalone diesel generators to deliver power to company encampments. Currently, standalone generators are sized to meet peak demand, even though peak demand only occurs during short intervals each day. The average daily demand is much less, meaning generators will be running inefficiently most of the day. In this thesis, a simulation is created to help determine an optimal system design given a load profile, size and weight constraints, and relocation schedule. This simulation is validated using test data from an existing system. After validation, many hybrid energy components are considered for use in the simulation. The combination of components that yields the lowest fuel consumption is used for the optimal design of the system. After determining the optimal design, a few design parameters are varied to analyze their effect on fuel consumption. The model presented in this thesis agrees with the test data to 7% of the measured fuel consumption. Sixteen system configurations are run through the simulation and their results are compared. The most fuel efficient system is the system that uses a 3.8kW diesel engine generator with a 307.2V, maximum capacity LiFeMgPO? battery pack. This system is estimated to consume 21% less fuel than a stand-alone generator, and up to 28% less when solar power is available.
Master of Science