Journal articles: 'Consumption of bulk materials'

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Ishkov, Alexander D., Dmitri A. Semernin, Svjatoslav V. Miloradov, and Irina V. Voronina. "Energy-Efficient Technology Supply Bulk Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 741 (March 2015): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.741.500.

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Submission materials are the main manufacturing operation in the industry. It largely determines the quality parameters of products. Mechanization and automation of bulk material supply operation in the process eliminates human error and improves the product quality. This work was aimed at finding technical solutions that the reduction of specific energy consumption and enhance the reliability of the vibrating and pneumatic feeders. The article describes the developed the authors vibratory and pneumatic feeders.

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Ishkov, Alexander D., Alexander V. Stepanov, Svjatoslav V. Miloradov, and Irina V. Voronina. "Energy-Efficient Vibratory Feeder of Bulk Construction Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.458.

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Any processing of bulk materials requires their moving and uniform feed (dosage). On this depends the quality and efficiency of many technological processes. For uniform and controlled supply of bulk, materials for transporting or processing machines use feeders. Among feeders in recent years, an increasing distribution received disk vibrating feeders, which are characterized by small size, without moving parts, prostate, reliability, accuracy and smooth control supply. Disk vibrating feeder has a horizontal spreading disk, which is located coaxially and with a gap below the outlet of the hopper. Spreading disk is connected with vibratory drive. This research was aimed at finding technical solutions ensuring the reduction of specific energy consumption of disk vibrating feeder. The study showed, that if the spreading disc perform with a central hole, which is closed by an elastic membrane, then this can significantly reduce the specific energy consumption per unit of production.

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Suraneni, Prannoy. "Recent developments in reactivity testing of supplementary cementitious materials." RILEM Technical Letters 6 (December 29, 2021): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.150.

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Identification and rapid characterization of novel supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) is a critical need, driven by shortfalls in conventional SCMs. In this study, we present a discussion of recently developed reactivity tests – the R3 test, the modified R3 test, the lime strength test, and the bulk resistivity index test. These tests measure reactivity parameters such as heat release, bound water, calcium hydroxide consumption, strength, and bulk resistivity. All tests can screen inert from reactive materials. To additionally differentiate pozzolanic and latent hydraulic materials, two parameters, for example, calcium hydroxide consumption and heat release, are needed. The influences of SCM bulk chemistry, amorphous content, and fineness on measured reactivity are outlined. Reactivity test outputs can predict strength and durability of cement paste/mortar/concrete; however, caution must be exercised as these properties are influenced by a variety of other factors independent of reactivity. Thoughts are provided on using reactivity tests to screen materials for concrete durability.

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Murskii, A. D., I. I. Shigapov, Kh Kh Gubeidullin, and D. V. Zhabin. "Calculation of Power Consumption for a Helical-Screw Conveyer Transporting Bulk Materials." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 50, no. 1-2 (May 2014): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-014-9849-2.

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Han, Hong Pei, and Xin Ping Dong. "Research on Topological Insulating Materials Induced by Uniaxial Strains with Properties of Insulating Materials." Advanced Materials Research 675 (March 2013): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.675.180.

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A series of calculations are carried out to investigate systematically the electronic band structure of bulk HgTe under uniaxial strains with the relaxed-volume by means of the full potential linearized augmented plane-wave method. Our results show that there is a topological insulating phase induced by proper uniaxial strains, which is consistent with previous theoretical and experimental results. Interestingly, the strain-induced band gap is large up to 0.21 and 0.17 eV in expansion and compression along c-direction, respectively. It is indicated that the bulk HgTe under proper uniaxial strains would be possibly made the room temperature application for material engineering with low energy consumption.

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Isaev, Yu M., N. M. Semashkin, V. A. Zlobin, T. A. Dzhabrailov, and V. V. Khabarova. "Theoretical Research and Practical Analysis of a Device for Dosing and Mixing Bulk Materials." Machinery and Equipment for Rural Area, no. 11 (November 25, 2021): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33267/2072-9642-2021-11-17-20.

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A device for loading and mixing mineral fertilizers is discussed and described. Theoretical studies to determine the flow rate of bulk materials are described. Mathematical expressions are given that determine the consumption of bulk bacterial fertilizer taking into account the geometric and operating parameters of the metering hopper.

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Ratnikov, S. A., D. M. Borodulin, D. V. Sukhorukov, and D. K. Cherkashina. "Study of energy consumption when mixing bulk materials in a centrifugal-blade mixer." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 640, no. 7 (February 1, 2021): 072040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/640/7/072040.

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Liu, Guang Hua, Rui Ma, Jiang Tao Li, and Yu Yang Li. "Combustion Synthesis: A Rapid Way for Preparing Bulk Cu₂SnSe₃ Thermoelectric Materials." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 1712–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.1712.

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The fabrication of bulk thermoelectric materials usually involves multi-step processes with considerable time and energy consumption. Here we applied a direct and rapid way of gas pressure assisted combustion synthesis to produce thermoelectric materials. As an example, bulk samples of Cu2SnSe3 had been prepared and their thermoelectric properties were investigated. Thermal analysis indicated that the Cu2SnSe3 samples kept stable up to 850 K. The un-doped Cu2SnSe3 showed ZT of 0.51 at 773 K, and by doping with Ag and In the ZT could be much increased to 1.42 at 823 K. The gas pressure assisted combustion synthesis method might provide a rapid way to directly produce bulk thermoelectric materials.

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Spiridonov, E. К., G. G. Yakubov, and D. F. Khabarova. "HYDROJET EJECTION HYDROMETER OF BULK MATERIALS. WORKFLOW AND CHARACTERISTICS." Bulletin of the South Ural State University series "Mechanical Engineering Industry" 20, no. 1 (2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/engin200106.

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Among hydrodynamic machines, jet pumps are among the most common. The high demand for this type of pump is due to their following features: the absence of moving parts and the simplicity of the device, small overall dimensions and weight, high self-priming ability, the ability to pump aggressive media and hydraulic mixtures containing solid impurities. In the hydromechanical method of developing deposits of building materials (sand, gravel, etc.), jet pumps – hydraulic elevators are used for underwater mining and transportation of bulk materials to the sorting plant, and after classification of the sand-gravel mixture – hydraulic transport of sand and gravel to dumps through pipelines. With this method of laying the finished product, the jet pump creates a static pressure of the hydraulic mixture, sufficient for its transport to the dump. However, another way of laying the finished product in dumps is also possible – through the air with a slurry stream. In this case, the jet pump performs the function of a hydrometer – a device for creating a high-speed slurry jet. A review of the literatureshowed that this mode of operation of the jet pump was not investigated. The effective operation of the jet pump-hydrometer depends on the ratio of the areas of the outlet section of the nozzle and the normal section of the mixing chamber, the relative density of the slurry in the input hopper. For each value of the relative density of the slurry, there is an optimal ratio of the areas of the nozzle and the chamber at which the specific energy consumption of the active stream will be minimal. The aim of this work is to determine and analyze the characteristics of an ejection hydrometer and to identify the most effective modes of its operation.

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Synák, František, Vladimír Rievaj, Monika Kiktová, and Tomasz Figlus. "THE POSSIBILITIES OF REDUCING THE FUEL CONSUMPTION BY COVERING THE LOADING CAPACITY OF TIPPING SEMI-TRAILER DESIGNED TO CARRY BULK MATERIALS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i1.2018.1654.

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The amount of fossil fuels consumed has direct impact on global pollution and health status of the human population. An increasing amount of fuel consumed leads to the increase using of non-renewable resources of energy. This article deals with possibilities of reducing the fuel consumption by covering the loading capacity of tipping semi-trailer. The introduction of this paper describes the impact the amount of fuel consumed on production of carbon dioxide. The ratio of driving resistances to fuel consumption is shown in the graph. In the second part of the article there is the methodology of the measurements. The measurements were conducted by driving test. The fuel consumption of tipping semi-trailer was measured during the driving with uncovered and covered loading capacity. The importance of this paper lies in the quantified the possibilities of reducing the fuel consumption by covering the loading capacity of tipping semi-trailer designed to carry bulk materials.

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Vin-Nnajiofor, Makua C., Wenqi Li, Seth Debolt, Yang-Tse Cheng, and Jian Shi. "Characterization of the Composition, Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Endocarp Biomass." Journal of the ASABE 65, no. 1 (2022): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.14866.

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HighlightsEndocarps have higher lignin content, cellular and bulk density, and hardness than typical biomass feedstocks.The impacts of lignin content, bulk density, and mechanical properties on energy consumption are discussed.Endocarps can be a potential feedstock for a biorefinery coproducing biofuel and bioproducts.Abstract. Lignin is an abundant biopolymer and a promising source of feedstock for high-value chemicals and materials. This study aims to characterize the lignin-rich endocarp biomass and identify features of this unique feedstock that are relevant to feedstock preprocessing and logistics. The chemical composition and cellular structure of walnut and peach endocarps were characterized using HPLC and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. Mechanical properties of the endocarps were investigated using nanoindentation. Mechanical tests revealed hardness values of up to 0.48 and 0.40 GPa for walnut and peach endocarps, respectively. With screen sizes of 1 and 2 mm, the specific energy consumption was 9.21 and 1.86 MJ kg-1 for walnut and 12.6 and 2.72 MJ kg-1 for peach, respectively, as determined using a knife mill. Milling energy consumption was correlated to screen size, lignin content, bulk density, and mechanical properties. This study provides critical information on feedstock supply logistics necessary to implement a novel feedstock in biorefineries and evaluate the economic feasibility for coproduction of biofuels and lignin-derived products. Keywords: Biomass feedstock, Lignin, Mechanical properties, Nanoindentation, Size reduction.

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Averkova, O. A., A. A. Golyshev, K. I. Logachev, and V. A. Uvarov. "Local exhaust ventilation with reduced energy consumption during bulk materials overloads into receiving cones of coarse crushing plants." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1926, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1926/1/012022.

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Mei, Lei, Ji Quan Hu, Yong Zhi Li, and Gong Bo Yang. "Modeling and Simulation of Horizontal Single Head Screw Conveyor with Different Fill Levels and Rotational Speed Based on EDEM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 1611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.1611.

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Horizontal-screw conveyor is a key equipment for bulk delivery. In order to optimize the design and improve the efficiency of bulk delivery, this paper makes a depth research on it. Analysis tool (EDEM) with discrete element and a setting periodic boundary model are applied in this work to simulate the horizontal single head screw conveyors grain (e.g. rice) delivery condition under different fill levels and screw rotational speeds. From the analysis of the simulation results, a conclusion can be drawn that when conveying grain materials, horizontal single head screw conveyor should set an appropriate fill level and screw rotational speed according to the property of grain materials, to make the horizontal screw conveyor with a high transmission efficiency and low energy consumption.

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Gladkikh, Vitaliy, Evgenij Valerjevich Korolev, Olga I. Poddaeva, and Vladimir A. Smirnov. "Sulfur-Extended High-Performance Green Paving Materials." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.58.

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Currently, there is a strong need of high-performance and environment-friendly paving materials in Russian Federation. Sulfur dumps near the oil industry enterprises consumes area which otherwise could be occupied by vegetation, contributing to the improvement of the environmental situation. Incorporation of sulfur in bulk building materials contributes to decrease of load to the environment. The results of numerous studies of sulfur-extended asphalt concretes are summarized in the present work. For the suppression of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide we propose to use the complex nanoscale modifier. The application of such modifier leads to several positive effects. Both amount of sulfur in constructional mix and mobility of the mix can be increased. The values of operational properties, notably compressive strength and resistance to rutting, can also be increased. Due to consumption of industrial by-product, the environmental load decreases in regions near the oil and gas industry enterprises.

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Gao, Junning, Guorong Liu, Jie Li, and Guoqiang Li. "Recent developments of film bulk acoustic resonators." Functional Materials Letters 09, no. 03 (June 2016): 1630002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604716300024.

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Film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR) experienced skyrocketing development in the past 15 years, owing to the explosive development of mobile communication. It stands out in acoustic filters mainly because of high quality factor, which enables low insertion loss and sharp roll off. Except for the massive application in wireless communication, FBARs are also promising sensors because of the high sensitivity and readily integration ability to miniaturize circuits. On the ground of summarizing FBAR’s application in wireless communication as filters and in sensors including electronic nose, bio field, and pressure sensing, this paper review the main challenges of each application faced. The number of filters installed in the mobile phone has being grown explosively, which leads to overcrowded bands and put harsh requirements on component size and power consumption control for each unit. Data flow and rate are becoming increasingly demanding as well. This paper discusses three promising technical strategies addressing these issues. Among which coupled resonator filter is given intense attention because it is able to vigorously reduce the filter size by stacking two or more resonators together, and it is a great technique to increase data flow and rate. Temperature compensation methods are discussed considering their vital influence on frequency stability. Finally, materials improvement and novel materials exploration for band width modulation, tunable band acquisition, and quality factor improvement are discussed. The authors appeal attention of the academic society to bring AlN epitaxial thin film into the FBAR fabrication and have proposed a configuration to implement this idea.

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Schweiger, Kurt, and Horst Zimmermann. "High-Gain Double-Bulk Mixer in 65 nm CMOS with 830µW Power Consumption." ETRI Journal 32, no. 3 (June 8, 2010): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.10.0209.0504.

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Cherkasov, Roman, Kasyan Adigamov, Victor Pershin, and Arkady Cherepenko. "Factors to improve the efficiency of a vertical screw mixer of bulk materials." E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911001041.

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The paper shows that it is possible to increase the efficiency of a vertical screw mixer of bulk materials and reduce costs by determining the required size of the feeding hole in the lower part of the casing, as well as by installing a screw flange with a reverse winding in relation to the screw spiral inside the screw casing and by installing a replaceable tip with a variable lead angle at the lower end of the screw. The analysis of the process of screw loading in the hopper allowed us to obtain an analytical dependence to determine the required size of the feeding hole, in which mixed materials freely enter the screw spiral. It is proved that the placement of the screw flange on the inner surface of the casing increases the driving force of material by 1.05 – 1.80 times depending on the screw speed, which significantly reduces specific energy consumption for preparation of mixture of the desired quality. The paper provides the formula for calculating the angle of installation of the flange with respect to the screw spiral, in which the maximum effect of the flange on the mixed materials is obtained. In order to ensure the effective capture of mixed materials in the loading zone of the screw, it is proposed to perform the first spiral turn from the lower end of the screw with a variable lead angle and place it on a replaceable tip. A technical solution to the placement of spirals on the double-threaded screw is also proposed.

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Szyszlak-Bargłowicz, Joanna, Tomasz Słowik, Grzegorz Zając, Agata Blicharz-Kania, Beata Zdybel, Dariusz Andrejko, and Sławomir Obidziński. "Energy Parameters of Miscanthus Biomass Pellets Supplemented with Copra Meal in Terms of Energy Consumption during the Pressure Agglomeration Process." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 10, 2021): 4167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144167.

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The process of pelleting miscanthus biomass often encounters issues related to the low durability of the obtained pellets and high energy inputs. To solve these issues, the use of copra meal as a supplement is proposed. This paper presents the results of research on energy parameters of miscanthus biomass pellets supplemented with copra meal in terms of energy consumption in the pressure agglomeration process. As part of this research, the energy parameters of miscanthus biomass, copra meal biomass, and their blends were characterized. Next, the raw materials were used for the production of pellets in the pressure agglomeration process. The investigations included proximate and ultimate analysis and estimation of heating values. Moreover, the total fat content, mechanical durability, kinetic strength, and bulk density were determined, and the energy consumption in the pelleting process was assessed. The results indicate that the energy consumption in the miscanthus biomass pelleting process can be substantially reduced by adding copra meal as a biocomponent. When the copra meal addition did not exceed 30%, the pellets exhibited over 95% durability, over 1200 kg∙m−3 density, and over 417 kg∙m−3 bulk density. Given the 44% reduction in energy consumption in the pellet production process and the energy efficiency of 4815 Wh·kg−1 determined in this study, copra meal may be an interesting material for use as an additive in the production of miscanthus biomass pellets.

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Németh, Csaba, and Ján Brodniansky. "Silo with a Corrugated Sheet Wall." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2013-0013.

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Abstract Silos and tanks are currently being used to create reserves of stored materials. Their importance is based on balancing the production and consumption of bulk materials to establish an adequate reserve throughout the year. The case study introduced within the framework of this paper focuses on thin-walled silos made of corrugated sheets and on an approach for designing these types of structures. The storage of bulk materials causes compression or tensile stresses in the walls of a silo structure. The effect of a frictional force in the silo walls creates an additional bending moment in a wave, which ultimately affects the resulting bending moments. Several mathematical and physical models were used in order to examine various types of loading and their effects on a structure. Subsequently, the accuracy of the computational models was verified by experimental measurements on a grain silo in Bojničky, Slovakia. A comparison of the experimental and mathematical models shows a reasonable match and confirms the load specifications, while indicating that the mathematical model was correct.

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Zhang, Chi, Junyang Tan, Yikun Pan, Xingke Cai, Xiaolong Zou, Hui-Ming Cheng, and Bilu Liu. "Mass production of 2D materials by intermediate-assisted grinding exfoliation." National Science Review 7, no. 2 (October 21, 2019): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz156.

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Abstract The scalable and high-efficiency production of 2D materials is a prerequisite to their commercial use. Currently, only graphene and graphene oxide can be produced on a ton scale, and the inability to produce other 2D materials on such a large scale hinders their technological applications. Here we report a grinding exfoliation method that uses micro-particles as force intermediates to resolve applied compressive forces into a multitude of small shear forces, inducing the highly efficient exfoliation of layer materials. The method, referred to as intermediate-assisted grinding exfoliation (iMAGE), can be used for the large-scale production of many 2D materials. As an example, we have exfoliated bulk h-BN into 2D h-BN with large flake sizes, high quality and structural integrity, with a high exfoliation yield of 67%, a high production rate of 0.3 g h−1 and a low energy consumption of 3.01 × 106 J g−1. The production rate and energy consumption are one to two orders of magnitude better than previous results. Besides h-BN, this iMAGE technology has been used to exfoliate various layer materials such as graphite, black phosphorus, transition metal dichalcogenides, and metal oxides, proving its universality. Molybdenite concentrate, a natural low-cost and abundant mineral, was used as a demo for the large-scale exfoliation production of 2D MoS2 flakes. Our work indicates the huge potential of the iMAGE method to produce large amounts of various 2D materials, which paves the way for their commercial application.

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Попов, Евгений, and Evgeniy Popov. "RESEARCH OF THE EJECTING PROPERTIES OF A POLYFRACTION BULK MATERIAL FLOW." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 3, no. 3 (March 25, 2018): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5abfc9b98fb328.24921610.

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This work is aimed at confirming the adequacy of the probabilistic and statistical approach to determining the aerodynamic resistance coefficient of particles in a flow of the free falling polyfractional material, suggested by the author. The aerodynamic resistance coefficient of particles in a flow of falling material is defined by calculating the probability of finding particles out of air shadows of the neighboring particles. The laboratory experiment was performed on the offered experimental samples of bulk materials having different particle size distribution, but the identical average diameter of particles. The design of a laboratory experimental installation which allows determining the consumption of air, ejected by a polyfractional material flow, was described. The amount of the air, ejected with experimental samples, depends on their particle size distribution that confirms the insufficiency of describing the properties of bulk material only with the average diameter value. The given comparison of results of the analytical calculations with experimental data shows the reliability and adequacy of the calculated values.

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Łosiewicz, Bożena, Joanna Maszybrocka, Julian Kubisztal, Grzegorz Skrabalak, and Andrzej Stwora. "Corrosion Resistance of the CpTi G2 Cellular Lattice with TPMS Architecture for Gas Diffusion Electrodes." Materials 14, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010081.

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The corrosion of materials used in the design of metal-air batteries may shorten their cycle life. Therefore, metal-based materials with enhanced electrochemical stability have attracted much attention. The purpose of this work was to determine the corrosion resistance of commercially pure titanium Grade 2 (CpTi G2) cellular lattice with the triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) architecture of G80, D80, I-2Y80 in 0.1 M KOH solution saturated with oxygen at 25 °C. To produce CpTi G2 cellular lattices, selective laser melting technology was used which allowed us to obtain 3D cellular lattice structures with a controlled total porosity of 80%. For comparison, the bulk electrode was also investigated. SEM examination and statistical analysis of the surface topography maps of the CpTi G2 cellular lattices with the TPMS architecture revealed much more complex surface morphology compared to the bulk CpTi SLM. Corrosion resistance tests of the obtained materials were conducted using open circuit potential method, Tafel curves, anodic polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The highest corrosion resistance and the lowest material consumption per year were revealed for the CpTi G2 cellular lattice with TPMS architecture of G80, which can be proposed as promising material with increased corrosion resistance for gas diffusion in alkaline metal-air batteries.

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Otwinowski, Henryk, Jaroslaw Krzywanski, Dariusz Urbaniak, Tomasz Wylecial, and Marcin Sosnowski. "Comprehensive Knowledge-Driven AI System for Air Classification Process." Materials 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010045.

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Air classifier devices have a distinct advantage over other systems used to separate materials. They maximize the mill’s capacity and therefore constitute efficient methods of reducing the energy consumption of crushing and grinding operations. Since improvement in their performance is challenging, the development of an efficient modeling system is of great practical significance. The paper introduces a novel, knowledge-based classification (FLClass) system of bulk materials. A wide range of operating parameters are considered in the study: the mean mass and the Sauter mean diameter of the fed material, classifier rotor speed, working air pressure, and test conducting time. The output variables are the Sauter mean diameter and the cut size of the classification product, as well as the performance of the process. The model was successfully validated against experimental data. The maximum relative error between the measured and predicted data is lower than 9%. The presented fuzzy-logic-based approach allows an optimization study of the process to be conducted. For the considered range of input parameters, the highest performance of the classification process is equal to almost 362 g/min. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first one available in open literature dealing with the fuzzy logic approach in modeling the air classification process of bulk materials.

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Hevko, Roman, Sergii Zalutskyi, Ihor Tkachenko, Oleg Lyashuk, and Oleksandra Trokhaniak. "Design development and study of an elastic sectional screw operating tool." Acta Polytechnica 61, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2021.61.0624.

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The results of an elastic sectional screw operating tool development and its production technique are presented in the article under consideration. The operating tool has been made to fix the elastic sections, providing the transportation of bulk materials of agricultural production, in order to ensure their minimal damage and the process minimal power capacity. The article presents constructed regression dependencies and response surfaces for the effects of the design, kinematic and technological parameters of a sectional screw operating tool on power consumption and the damage rate of grain material in the process of its transportation. As the result of the conducted experimental research, authors came to a conclusion that the arrangement of an elastic auger without a gap between its peripheral part and the inner surface of the guiding tube significantly reduces vibrations in the process of conveying bulk material.

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Ma, Xiaowei, Chuandong Li, and Bin Li. "Carbon Emissions of China’s Cement Packaging: Life Cycle Assessment." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 9, 2019): 5554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205554.

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China is the largest producer of cement in the world. With this tremendous production of cement, the extensively used cement packaging embodies significant carbon dioxide emissions. However, this has scarcely been investigated. This paper presents the first investigation into three types of cement packaging in China using the life cycle assessment methodology. The carbon dioxide emissions in each production phase of cement packaging were calculated and compared to the emissions in the western, middle, and eastern regions in China. The results show that in the production phase, the consumption of electricity accounted for the highest proportion of total carbon dioxide emissions (23.39–35.14%), followed by the consumption of polypropylene-based material (23.39%). From a packaging perspective, laminated plastic woven bags emitted the most carbon dioxide (0.637 kg/bag), followed by paper–plastic composite bags (0.536 kg/bag) and paper bags (0.022 kg/bag). In regional terms, the western region emitted the most carbon dioxide (3.06 million tons) compared with the eastern (2.01 million tons) and middle (1.81 million tons) regions due to the low bulk rate. Our findings indicate that using paper–plastic composite bags instead of laminated plastic woven bags and using recycled materials instead of new materials in certain production phases can considerably reduce the environmental impacts of cement packaging. The government should encourage the use of non-coal energy power generation for the production phase. Further improvements could focus on the use of bulk cement instead of packaged cement.

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Rykała, Magdalena, and Łukasz Rykała. "Economic Analysis of a Transport Company in the Aspect of Car Vehicle Operation." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010427.

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The article describes the issues of transport of bulk materials. The knowledge of this process has a key impact on the rational planning of transport tasks. It is necessary to have knowledge about the transport services market and the competition that exists in it. In order to achieve a competitive advantage on the market, enterprises should analyze data on the implementation of transport tasks on an ongoing basis. It is also important that the costs incurred from the conducted activity are minimized, while increasing the quality of services and taking into account the sustainable development of the enterprise. The study analyzes data from a few selected motor vehicles in the period of 3 years of operation, coming from an enterprise specializing in the transport of bulk materials. Moreover, a global sensitivity analysis was performed based on a neural model describing the impact of the analyzed factors on the company’s profit. The results show that the most important factors influencing the company’s profit are the fuel consumption of individual vehicles, the driver (driving style) and the month (average temperature, weather conditions).

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KHETAGUROV, Valery, Evgeny KAMENETSKY, Mikhail GEGELASHVILI, and Azamat MARZOEV. "EQUIPMENT MODIFICATION FOR FINE GRINDING OF MINERAL RAW MATERIALS." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2021-13-2-292-303.

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Introduction. The huge energy costs of fine and ultrafine grinding operations have led to numerous studies aimed at developing new devices and methods for producing powdered materials. The first way leads to an increase in specific productivity while maintaining energy consumption at approximately the same level. The second way allows not only to increase the specific productivity, but also to reduce the specific energy consumption, since with a decrease in the exposure time, the body is more easily deformed and destroyed. The grinders in which the intensification of the destruction process is carried out in the first way can include planetary and vibrating mills. The second method of intensification is used in jet and various types of centrifugal mills. It is determined that vertical centrifugal mills are the equipment of a new type that can effectively perform grinding operations at high technological indicators and low energy consumption. The purpose of the research. Development of measures for obtaining a finely dispersed product by destroying mineral raw materials in vertical centrifugal mills by mechanical means. Research methodology. The paper uses a comprehensive research method: analysis of the state of grinding equipment according to literary and patent sources; development of mathematical models of the movement of bulk material in the working space of a vertical centrifugal mill based on the Navie-Stokes equations; computer modeling of the movement of the crushed material using the OpenFOAM package for solving hydrodynamic equations; a solver program was created to perform calculations, implementing the SIMPLER algorithm and using the MRF model; laboratory experiments; granulometric method for the analysis of grinding products; fractional analysis of crushed material with a grain size of 0.08 mm using an X-ray analytical centrifuge ВrооkhаvеnBI-ХDС. The development of measures for the effective evacuation of the crushed product from the working space of a centrifugal mill was evaluated by comparative tests of mills using various design solutions. Research results and discussion 1. It is established that vertical centrifugal mills are the devices of a new type capable of effectively performing grinding operations at high technological indicators and low energy consumption. 2. A mathematical model of the movement of bulk material in the working space of a vertical centrifugal mill has been developed based on the Navier-Stokes equations, which allows determining the speed and direction of movement of material layers at any point in the working space, the energy costs for their movement, the influence of the height of the material column on the nature of its movement in the space above the rotor. 3. The directions of increasing the efficiency of grinding mineral raw materials in a vertical centrifugal mill are determined by reducing the number of radial ribs installed in the cavity of the mill rotor; making cutouts in the radial ribs of the rotor, in the area near the rotor hub; installing coaxial rings in the working space of the mill above the rotor. 4. A method of effective evacuation of the crushed product from the mill body by installing additional screening surfaces in the peripheral part of the working space of the mill has been developed. 5. For the first time, the distribution of the granulometric composition of fine and medium - dispersed crushed product obtained as a result of processing lump dolomite in a centrifugal mill was obtained. It was found that particles with a size class of -0.08 + 0.03 mm are absent in the output of the crushed product from the mill. Conclusions. A mass-produced vertical centrifugal mill will find its effective application at enterprises of the Russian Federation for the preparation of powdered materials and will allow to obtain a significant effect by reducing the price of the final product, simplicity of design and maintenance of equipment, as well as small occupied production areas.

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Zagoruiko, Mikhail Gennadyevich, Marina Evgenievna Belyshkina, Roman Aleksandrovich Marin, and Igor Andreevich Bashmakov. "Justification of mathematical models of variable heat supply during grain drying." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 11 (November 29, 2021): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i11pp87-92.

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The article presents the results of studies of the efficiency of drying grain by reducing the specific energy consumption, allowing improving the quality of the resulting products and in-creasing the productivity of drying. The achievement of the results was a mathematical model, which was based on the general laws of heat and mass transfer, reflecting the specific features of the research. It is not that most continuous dryers for bulk materials have several zones with different parameters of the input and output-drying substance, which carry out drying under variable dynamic conditions.

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Zhbanov, Nikita, Nikolay Byshow, Natalia Kostenko, George Rembalovich, and Mihail Kostenko. "Improvement of the working bodies of the harvesting machines by means of the use of composite materials." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700191.

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Potato production is associated with high energy and labor costs, and the final part (harvesting) accounts for the bulk of the costs. When designing potato harvesting technology, the main focus is on the separation of soil impurities, which make up about 97 % with a high yield of 300 kg/ha, and lower yields increase them to 98–99 %. Nowadays, with the advent of new materials and new technologies in agricultural engineering, there is modernization of existing structures using innovative materials, as a result of which some new and having no analogues models are created that can improve the quality of the machine, increase its service life, and reduce energy costs. The effectiveness of the working bodies of potato harvesters determines the ratio of the separating ability of the working body to its energy consumption. As a result of the studies, power parameters and the separating ability of the main working bodies were generalized. The modernization of the separating elevator consists in replacing the metal rods of an existing elevator apron with a similar apron with rods of some composite material. This modernization can significantly reduce the mass of the working body and the whole combine as a whole and reduce energy consumption.

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Dovbush, Taras, Anatolii Dovbush, Nadiia Khomyk, and Hanna Tson. "Substantiation of flexible screw conveyor metal consumption under productivity maintenance conditions." Scientific journal of the Ternopil national technical university 103, no. 3 (2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/visnyk_tntu2021.03.033.

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Transportation, as well as loading and unloading, of bulk materials by flexible screw conveyors has wide practical application and its share is approximately 40–45%. The flexible screw conveyors are also widely used as they can change the trajectory and height of technological raw material transportation. The above-mentioned mechanisms consist of separate rigid sections which are pivotally connected between each other. Though, high metal consumption is one of their disadvantages. Taking into account that the load on section is increasing from the unloading area to the working body, it has enabled us to reduce their metal consumption.Some theoretical substantiation of productivity determination and energy values of flexible screw conveyors depending on the type of technological raw material and the height of transportation has been given in the article under discussion. The obtained characteristics have made possible to substantiate the force factors acting on separate sections. The rigid sections where the rotary moment transmission is taking place due to the flat plates action have been used in the flexible screw conveyor. Therefore, some recommendations on the mechanism metal consumption reduction without its productivity decrease due to the plates size optimization have been made in the article under discussion.

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Mohamed, Guendouz, and Boukhelkhal Djamila. "Properties of dune sand concrete containing coffee waste." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901039.

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In the last years, an increase of coffee beverages consumption has been observed all over the world; and its consumption increases the waste coffee grounds which will become an environmental problems. Recycling of this waste to produce new materials like sand concrete appears as one of the best solutions for reduces the problem of pollution. This work aims to study the possibility of recycling waste coffee grounds (Spent Coffee Grounds (SCG)) as a fine aggregate by replacing the sand in the manufacturing of dune sand concrete. For this; sand concrete mixes were prepared with substitution of sand with the spent coffee grounds waste at different percentage (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by volume of the sand) in order to study the influence of this wastes on physical (Workability, bulk density and porosity), mechanical (compressive and flexural strength) and Thermal (Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity) properties of dune sand concrete. The results showed that the use of spent coffee grounds waste as partial replacement of natural sand contributes to reduce workability, bulk density and mechanical strength of sand concrete mixes with an increase on its porosity. However, the thermal characteristics are improved and especially for a level of 15% and 20% of substitution. So, it is possible to obtain an insulating material which can be used in the various types of structural components. This study ensures that reusing of waste coffee grounds in dune sand concrete gives a positive approach to reduce the cost of materials and solve some environmental problems.

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Zhai, Chenxi, Zhe Li, Yumei Zhu, Jing Zhang, Xiuduo Wang, Lejun Zhao, Liuming Pan, and Pengfei Wang. "Effects of Sb2O3on the Mechanical Properties of the Borosilicate Foam Glasses Sintered at Low Temperature." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/703194.

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The physical properties and microstructure of a new kind of borosilicate foam glasses with different Sb2O3doping content are comprehensively investigated. The experimental results show that appropriate addition of Sb2O3has positive impact on the bulk porosity and compressive strength of the foam glass. It is more suitable in this work to introduce 0.9 wt.% Sb2O3into the Na2O-K2O-B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2basic foam glass component and sinter at 775°C. And the obtained foam glasses present much more uniform microstructure, large pore size, and smooth cell walls, which bring them with better performance including a lower bulk density, low water absorption, and an appreciable compressive strength. The microstructure analysis indicates that, with the increase of the content of Sb2O3additives, the cell size tends to increase at first and then decreases. Larger amounts of Sb2O3do not change the crystalline phase of foam glass but increase its vitrification. It is meaningful to prepare the foam glass at a relatively low temperature for reducing the heat energy consumption.

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Тимолянов, Konstantin Timolyanov, Савенков, and Dmitriy Savenkov. "JUSTIFICATION OF HOPPER’S BOTTOM PROFILE WITH SIDE OUTLET, ENSURING STABLE AND COMPLETE OUTFLOW OF THE GRAIN." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 10, no. 2 (July 14, 2015): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/12060.

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During the outflow of the bulk material from the hopper, the particles interact with each other, the walls of hopper, forming a so-called arches. Arching is a common phenomenon at the end of bulk materials. A large number of authors fight against arches, a lot of theories and models were designed. The use of arch destroyers is the most effective way to combat by arching process. The parameters of such devices are calculated on existing methods, where the frequency and impact on the bulk material is selected. Constructions for arch destroying are a large number, but each is present lack of expressed in constant maintenance and outer energy consumption. Therefore, an optimization of the hopper parameters, under arch creating conditions, at the design stage, is an urgent task for the theoretical description. In the analysis of the hopper with a side outlet, it was established, that the arches are formed in the least section, during the movement of bulk material. Such a section is called arch-making section. If arch-making section is too small, relative to the diameter of the bulk material, a static arch will formed, and the outflow will be terminated. To continue outflow can be only if you deduced an arch from the equilibrium state by external forces. This paper proposes a curved profile of the bottom profile so as to increase the height of arch-making section, retaining a predetermined pitch, thereby reducing the impact of the arch, keeping the specified feed of grain material. It was revealed that due to the new profile of the bottom at the lowest feeds of bulk material, more stable expiration is observed.

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Kiéné, L., W. Lu, and Y. Lévi. "Relative importance of the phenomena responsible for chlorine decay in drinking water distribution systems." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 6 (September 1, 1998): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0255.

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Free chlorine consumption in distribution systems is due both to chemical reactions occurring in the bulk phase and at the pipe walls. Knowledge of the relative importance of these various reactions is needed in order to improve chlorine decay modeling. Experimental results carried out in this study make it possible to propose a hierarchical classification of the main parameters involved in the free chlorine decay observed in distribution systems. Corrosion of metallic pipe appears to be a major parameter, while synthetic materials are of little influence. The rate of chlorine decay in bulk phase can be estimated according to the TOC and the temperature. Influence of biofilms depends on the BDOC content of water, and on the pipe diameter. Chlorine decay due to corrosion phenomena must be modeled according to a zero order kinetics, while chlorine decay due to other parameters can be modeled according to a first order kinetics with respect to chlorine.

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Xing, Zhibing, Fenglan Han, Jiuliang Tian, Zhichao Xu, Jiaqi Wang, Tengteng Liu, Bin Zheng, and Jiahe Huang. "Preparation and Characterization of the Functional Properties of Synthetic Aggregates from Silico-Manganese Slag." Materials 14, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 7303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237303.

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A large number of natural aggregates are used in the field of construction materials, resulting in the exhaustion of natural aggregates. Therefore, looking for an alternative will slow down the consumption of natural aggregates. The sintering method not only consumes a lot of energy to prepare aggregates but also produces a lot of pollutants. In this study, silico-manganese (SM) slag was dried, ground into powder, and used as raw material. Solid and liquid alkaline activator methods were used to prepare SM slag non-burning aggregate (SMNA) by the cold bonding method. The effects of grinding time, amounts of solid and liquid alkaline activators, curing temperature, and the amount of added fly ash on aggregate properties were investigated. The aggregate microstructure was characterized by XRD, SEM, and FTIR methods, and the toxic leaching analysis of aggregate was performed. The results showed that with a fixed amount of liquid activator (16.2% wt.) and solid activator (15% wt.) and fly ash (20% wt.), respectively, and curing was performed at room temperature, the aggregate properties were optimal: the bulk density of 1236.6–1476.9 kg/m3 and the water absorption lower than 4.9–5.5%. The apparent density was 1973.1–2281.6 kg/m3, and the bulk crushing strength was 24.7–27.9 MPa. The XRD, SEM, and FTIR results indicated that amorphous gel could be formed from SM under an alkaline activator, improving the aggregate strength. The results of toxic leaching showed that the aggregate prepared from SM exhibited environmentally friendly characteristics. The SMNA was obtained via the simple and low-energy consumption production process, paving the new way toward large-scale utilization of SM.

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Kuo, Shih-Ming, and Kwang-Lung Lin. "Microstructure evolution during electromigration between Sn–9Zn solder and Cu." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 5 (May 2007): 1240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0148.

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This study investigated the electromigration behavior between Cu and Sn–9Zn solder under a current density of 1.0 × 103 A/cm2 for up to 230 h. The experimental results indicated that Cu5Zn8 was formed at the interface between Cu and the cathode side of the Sn–9Zn solder as well as in the bulk near the anode. Consumption of Cu was also observed for the Cu plating on the cathode side and anodic side, but with less compound formation and Cu consumption at the anode. The intermetallic compound layer on the cathode side was always thicker than that on the anode side after the same current-stressing time. The effect of chemical potential overwhelms electromigration in inducing Zn diffusion when a counterflow of electrons and chemical potential gradient exists. Voids formed at the Cu5Zn8–solder interface inside the solder regardless of the direction of current flow.

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37

Kalužová, Alena, Jan Pěnčík, and Libor Matějka. "Analysis of Environmental Impacts on Thermal Conductivity of Insulation Block from Secondary Raw Materials." Advanced Materials Research 649 (January 2013): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.649.223.

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Due to tightening requirements for thermal protection of buildings, the development of new materials with good thermal insulation properties is supported. Correct design of structural details leads to the elimination of thermal bridges and to the improvement of the indoor environment. Thermal conductivity of materials is not constant, is influenced by many factors. In addition to density and bulk density, structure and composition of material, it depends mainly on the humidity and temperature of the material. In the framework of sustainable construction, emphasis is placed on reduction of natural resources consumption, saving of energy and minimization of the harmful effects resulting from the processing of primary raw materials. Also one of the greatest problems of today is waste disposal. The simplest option in terms of technology and economic costs is a landfill. Many materials - in particular waste polymers - subjects to chemical changes very slowly. Therefore there is a support of the efforts to extend the product life cycle through recycling. Thermal insulating blocks made from secondary raw materials, described in this paper, are one of the solutions to this problem.

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38

Rehman, Ateeq ur, Abher Rasheed, Zafar Javed, M. Salman Naeem, Muhammad Babar Ramzan, and Mehmet Karahan. "Geometrical Model to Determine Sewing Thread Consumption for Stitch Class 406." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 29, no. 6(150) (December 31, 2021): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2726.

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This study aimed at developing a geometrical model for predicting the sewing thread consumption of stitch class 406. Stitch class 400 is a multi-thread chain stitch which consumes a less amount of thread as compared with stitch class 500 but more thread as compared with stitch class 300. Sewing thread calculation plays a significant role in determining the exact amount of thread for completing a garment and predicting the right quantity of thread for bulk production. The geometrical model developed was used for predicting sewing thread consumption by using different factors like stitch density (8 and 12 SPI), material thickness (2, 4 and 6 layers of fabric), and type of material (denim, knitted and fleece). The model was validated with a total of 18 samples sewn with different kinds of fabric, SPI, and material thickness. It was concluded that the model could predict sewing thread consumption with more than 97.18% accuracy.

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Yoon, Hae-Sung, Jang-Yeob Lee, Hyung-Soo Kim, Min-Soo Kim, Eun-Seob Kim, Yong-Jun Shin, Won-Shik Chu, and Sung-Hoon Ahn. "A comparison of energy consumption in bulk forming, subtractive, and additive processes: Review and case study." International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology 1, no. 3 (July 2014): 261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40684-014-0033-0.

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TASHPULATOV, Salikh S., Ziyoda A. SABIROVA, Irina V. CHERUNOVA, Lyubov F. NEMIROVA, and Umida T. MUMINOVA. "A DEVICE FOR STUDYING THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BULK TEXTILE MATERIALS AND THEIR PACKAGES BY THE REGULAR MODE METHOD IN AIR." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 34 (March 20, 2020): 940–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n34.2020.964_p34_pgs_940_950.pdf.

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Textile fabrics have different heat transfer properties, which depend on the conditions of consumption of the product and various types of processing. All this is of scientific interest for identifying factors and features of individual materials. The purpose of the study was to track heat transfer through packages of multilayer textile materials in stationary and transient thermal conditions. A particular property of textile materials lies in their ability to deform under their weight so that a sample can be placed between meshes of a material with high heat resistance. Heat transfer is carried out by convective heat transfer between the surface of the material and the air. To conduct this study, the Fourier law was used in the calculations and numerical methods for solving heat conduction problems. The developed program, which was created for the study, permit to write parameters to a computer and uses them to calculate the thermophysical properties of the sample. As a result of the work, graphs of the state of the package of materials were presented, and a device was proposed that allows to determine the modes that characterize the thermophysical properties of the materials used in the manufacture of clothing and its packages. The device admits with high accuracy to record, record and store changes in the parameters at which studies were conducted.

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Liang, Youting, Junxia Zhou, Zhaoxiang Liu, Haisu Zhang, Zhiwei Fang, Yuan Zhou, Difeng Yin, et al. "A high-gain cladded waveguide amplifier on erbium doped thin-film lithium niobate fabricated using photolithography assisted chemo-mechanical etching." Nanophotonics 11, no. 5 (January 17, 2022): 1033–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0737.

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Abstract Erbium doped integrated waveguide amplifier and laser prevail in power consumption, footprint, stability and scalability over the counterparts in bulk materials, underpinning the lightwave communication and large-scale sensing. Subject to the highly confined mode in the micro-to-nanoscale and moderate propagation loss, gain and power scaling in such integrated devices prove to be more challenging compared to their bulk counterparts. In this work, a thin cladding layer of tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) is employed in the erbium doped lithium niobate (LN) waveguide amplifier fabricated on the thin film lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) wafer by the photolithography assisted chemo-mechanical etching (PLACE) technique. Above 20 dB small signal internal net gain is achieved at the signal wavelength around 1532 nm in the 10 cm long LNOI amplifier pumped by the diode laser at ∼980 nm. Experimental characterizations reveal the advantage of Ta2O5 cladding in higher optical gain compared with the air-clad amplifier, which is further explained by the theoretical modeling of the LNOI amplifier including the guided mode structures and the steady-state response of erbium ions.

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42

Moreno, Lara, Marta Mohedano, Beatriz Mingo, Raul Arrabal, and Endzhe Matykina. "Degradation Behaviour of Mg0.6Ca and Mg0.6Ca2Ag Alloys with Bioactive Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings." Coatings 9, no. 6 (June 13, 2019): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9060383.

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Bioactive Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) coatings enriched in Ca, P and F were developed on Mg0.6Ca and Mg0.6Ca2Ag alloys with the aim to impede their fast degradation rate. Different characterization techniques (SEM, TEM, EDX, SKPFM, XRD) were used to analyze the surface characteristics and chemical composition of the bulk and/or coated materials. The corrosion behaviour was evaluated using hydrogen evolution measurements in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) at 37 °C for up to 60 days of immersion. PEO-coated Mg0.6Ca showed a 2–3-fold improved corrosion resistance compared with the bulk alloy, which was more relevant to the initial 4 weeks of the degradation process. In the case of the Mg0.6Ag2Ag alloy, the obtained corrosion rates were very high for both non-coated and PEO-coated specimens, which would compromise their application as resorbable implants. The amount of F− ions released from PEO-coated Mg0.6Ca during 24 h of immersion in 0.9% NaCl was also measured due to the importance of F− in antibacterial processes, yielding 33.7 μg/cm2, which is well within the daily recommended limit of F− consumption.

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Jian, Shou Wei, Long Yuan, Yang Lv, Hong Bo Tan, Xiang Guo Li, and Bao Guo Ma. "Study on Sintered Wall Materials Made Use of Iron Tailings and Waste Rock." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 7036–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.7036.

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Iron ore tailings and waste rock are solid waste during mining in the steel industry. This paper presents the study on sintered wall materials made use of iron tailings and waste rock. The process parameters through chemical analysis and thermal analysis to determine the feasibility of using iron ore tailings and rock on sintered wall material. Plasticity index, firing shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity and bulk density are tested, and the proportion of these two materials are also determined. The results show that iron tailings and waste rock can be used to sinter MU15 wall materials, with the sintering temperature ranges 850-950°C, but shrinkage of the specimen (diameter and height shrinkage) of 2.5%-5.0%, and the apparent porosity 42% or more. This technology not only use both waste as raw material, furthermore, because of the higher iron content in iron ore tailings and waste rock, the products reduce the sintering temperature, decreased energy consumption. The technology uses waste as raw material, furthermore, due to the high iron content in the ore tailings and waste rock, the sintering temperature is decreased, which saves energy.

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Dou, Bin, Hui Gao, and Lei Ren. "Research of Surfactants Effect on Methane Hydrate Formation with Properties of Biochemical Materials." Advanced Materials Research 675 (March 2013): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.675.284.

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This paper deals with the effects of a surfactant additive on the formation of methane hydrate in water system with and without sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate are listed. The results manifested that the presence of SDS could not only accelerate the hydrate formation process, but also increase the partition coefficient of methane between hydrate and vapor drastically. The paper then describes our experimental observations of the hydrate formation from methane, to show how the hydrate formation behaviors are affected by the additives of chamber partially filled with a quiescent pool of water (pure water or an aqueous SDS solution) to compensate for the gas consumption due to the hydrate formation, thereby maintaining a constant pressure inside the chamber. The results revealed that the addition of SDS not only on the liquid-pool surface but also on the chamber walls above the level of the pool surface, leaving the bulk of the liquid pool free from hydrate crystals. An excessive addition of SDS beyond the solubility was found to cause a decrease in the rate of hydrate formation but an increase in the final level of the water-to-hydrate conversion.

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Triharyanto, Eddy, Bambang Pujiasmanto, and Desy Setyaningrum. "Yield Potential of Shallots Bulbil Planting Materials with Liquid Organic Fertilizer Treatment out of Season." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170116.

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The main problem with shallots in Indonesia is planting material. The use of consumption tubers as planting material is very high. Efforts are needed to replace consumption tuber planting material with other planting materials such as aerial tubers. This study examines the potential yield of aerial tuber planting material and consumption tuber with fertilization treatment. The study used a Completely Randomized Block Design with a split-plot pattern with two factors, namely: fertilizer (as the main plot) with two levels, namely: with liquid and chemical fertilizer. Types of planting material (as a subplot) with three levels, namely aerial tubers, large consumption tubers (1.93-2.05 cm) and small consumption tubers (1.04-1.29 cm). Repeat three times. Liquid organic fertilizer can be used to improve the chemical quality of the soil. The combination of bulbils planting material with chemical fertilizer resulted in the highest fresh weight of bulbs per plot and dry weight of bulbs per plot, namely 394.67 grams and 338.67 grams, respectively. However, the highest number of bulbs planted in the treatment of large consumption bulbs was 7 bulbs. The diameter of bulbs produced from bulbils planting material and bulb consumption was the same. Shallot bulbs have potential as planting material.

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Sokoli, Hülya U., Morten E. Simonsen, and Erik G. Søgaard. "Investigation of degradation products produced by recycling the solvent during chemical degradation of fiber-reinforced composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 36, no. 17 (April 27, 2017): 1286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684417707060.

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Recycling of fiber-reinforced thermoset composites using chemical solvolysis has been investigated thoroughly in recent years, where solvents such as water, alcohols and ketones have been used. However, high costs are related to the use of organic solvents, decreasing the sustainability of the process. In this study, acetone has been used as the organic solvent. To increase the sustainability of the process, the solvent was recycled in eight consecutive batches using new glass fiber-reinforced composites in each recycling. No additional amount of acetone was added, resulting in a reduction of solvent consumption by 88%. It was found that the recycled solvent became increasingly more concentrated with degradation products from the epoxy resin and compounds produced by acetone aldol reactions. These degradation products promoted and enhanced the degradation of the composite. Among the compounds produced by acetone aldol reaction, the industrially important bulk chemical mesityl oxide accounted for 68–79% of the total chromatographic peak area. Simultaneously, with the optimization of a process for converting composite waste into its constituent (fibers and resin), valuable bulk chemicals can be produced to increase the overall commercial interest.

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Zhang, Xi-liang, Hai-bao Yi, Hong-hao Ma, and Zhao-wu Shen. "Blast Parameter Optimization Study Based on a Blast Crater Experiment." Shock and Vibration 2018 (July 5, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8031735.

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The blasting quality and the rock volume blasted directly affect the cost of mines. A small charge-forward blast crater experiment was conducted to study the relationships between the rock volume blasted, the explosive unit consumption, the bulk yield, and the depth ratio. The results showed that the rational resistant line or explosive charge depth should be 0.86 times the optimal resistant line. Based on theoretical analysis of the large spacing of the holes and the small resistance line, the uniform design method was used to conduct the lateral blasting crater tests. The relationship equations among the blasting parameters, the blasting volume, and the bulk yield were obtained by regression analysis. The results illustrated that the rock volume blasted was negatively correlated with the bulk yield. The contribution rates of the resistance lines and the spacing of the holes to the blasting volume regression were 32.4% and 13.9%, respectively, and to the bulk yield regression were 65.0% and 0.256%. The impact of the resistance line on the blasting volume and the bulk yield was more significant than that of the spacing of the holes. The blasting effect of the rectangular blast hole arrangement was better than that of the square pattern. The blasting technology of large hole spacing and a small resistance line could achieve a better blasting effect while ensuring a higher rock volume blasted. The economical and reasonable blasting parameters were determined as the hole spacing of a=8.5 m and the resistance line width of W=5.5 m, with the rock volume blasted of 413.1 m3 and the bulk rate of 0.218%. This method provides an effective method for optimization of the blasting parameters and has important guiding significance for efficient and economical mining.

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Stejskalová, Kateřina, David Bujdoš, Lukáš Procházka, Bedřich Smetana, Simona Zlá, and Jiří Teslík. "Mechanical, Thermal, and Fire Properties of Composite Materials Based on Gypsum and PCM." Materials 15, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031253.

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One of the solutions for overheating the interior in the summer without increasing energy consumption is the integration of phase change material (PCM) into interior plasters. However, adding PCM to plasters deteriorates their properties and thus their usability. The aim of this paper is to determine how the microencapsulated PCM affects the mechanical, thermal, and fire properties of plasters and how much PCM can be added to the plaster. Two sets of samples were prepared: in set S, part of the aggregate was replaced by PCM; and in set R, only PCM was added. The bulk density, flexural strength, compressive strength, tensile strength perpendicular to the surface, thermal conductivity coefficient, specific heat capacity, melting, and solidification temperatures and enthalpy were measured. A single-flame source fire test and a gross heat of combustion fire test were performed to determine the reaction to the fire class. The results show that with an increasing proportion of PCM, the strength of the samples of set R decreased more significantly than it did with the samples of set S. It was found that only up to about 10% PCM could be added to set R, while up to 30% PCM could be added to set S.

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Mirandola, Irene, Guido A. Berti, Roberto Caracciolo, Seungro Lee, Naksoo Kim, and Luca Quagliato. "Machine Learning-Based Models for the Estimation of the Energy Consumption in Metal Forming Processes." Metals 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050833.

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This research provides an insight on the performances of machine learning (ML)-based algorithms for the estimation of the energy consumption in metal forming processes and is applied to the radial-axial ring rolling process. To define the mutual influence between ring geometry, process settings, and ring rolling mill geometries with the resulting energy consumption, measured in terms of the force integral over the processing time (FIOT), FEM simulations have been implemented in the commercial SW Simufact Forming 15. A total of 380 finite element simulations with rings ranging from 650 mm < DF < 2000 mm have been implemented and constitute the bulk of the training and validation datasets. Both finite element simulation settings (input), as well as the FI (output), have been utilized for the training of eight machine learning models, implemented with Python scripts. The results allow defining that the Gradient Boosting (GB) method is the most reliable for the FIOT prediction in forming processes, being its maximum and average errors equal to 9.03% and 3.18%, respectively. The trained ML models have been also applied to own and literature experimental cases, showing a maximum and average error equal to 8.00% and 5.70%, respectively, thus proving once again its reliability.

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50

Walker, N. "The Consumption of whey by Non-Lactating Sows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017633.

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Non-lactating sows are the only class of pig fed below appetite and can make use of bulky feeds including low dry matter materials such as liquid whey. Farmers who feed whey to pregnant sows from communal troughs complain of the difficulty of maintaining homogeneous body condition throughout the herd. The object of these experiments was to quantify the differences in intake between sows which produce this disparity and to indicate how feed dispensing systems might be controlled.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Consumption of bulk materials'

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