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Journal articles on the topic 'Consumption inequality'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Attanasio, Orazio P., and Luigi Pistaferri. "Consumption Inequality." Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.2.3.

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In this essay, we discuss the importance of consumption inequality in the debate concerning the measurement of disparities in economic well-being. We summarize the advantages and disadvantages of using consumption as opposed to income for measuring trends in economic well-being. We critically evaluate the available evidence on these trends, and in particular discuss how the literature has evolved in its assessment of whether consumption inequality has grown as much as or less than income inequality. We provide some novel evidence on three relatively unexplored themes: inequality in different spending components, inequality in leisure time, and intergenerational consumption mobility.

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2

Attanasio, Orazio, Gabriella Berloffa, Richard Blundell, and Ian Preston. "From Earnings Inequality to Consumption Inequality." Economic Journal 112, no. 478 (March 1, 2002): C52—C59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00030.

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3

Aguiar, Mark, and Mark Bils. "Has Consumption Inequality Mirrored Income Inequality?" American Economic Review 105, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 2725–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20120599.

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We revisit to what extent the increase in income inequality since 1980 was mirrored by consumption inequality. We do so by constructing an alternative measure of consumption expenditure using a demand system to correct for systematic measurement error in the Consumer Expenditure Survey. Our estimation exploits the relative expenditure of high- and low-income households on luxuries versus necessities. This double differencing corrects for measurement error that can vary over time by good and income. We find consumption inequality tracked income inequality much more closely than estimated by direct responses on expenditures. (JEL D31, D63, E21)

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4

Park, Ki-baeg. "Relation between Income & Consumption Inequality and Decomposition of Consumption Inequality." Journal of Korean Public Policy 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 149–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37103/kapp.19.3.6.

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5

Slesnick, Daniel T. "Consumption, Needs and Inequality." International Economic Review 35, no. 3 (August 1994): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2527080.

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6

Khieu, Hoang, and Tien Van Nguyen. "Progressive consumption tax, minimum consumption, and inequality." Economics Letters 197 (December 2020): 109653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109653.

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7

Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. "Does consumption inequality track income inequality in Italy?" Review of Economic Dynamics 13, no. 1 (January 2010): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2009.11.001.

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8

Theloudis, Alexandros. "Consumption inequality across heterogeneous families." European Economic Review 136 (July 2021): 103765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103765.

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9

이소정. "Consumption Inequality of Elderly Households." Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies 40, no. 1 (March 2009): 235–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.16999/kasws.2009.40.1.235.

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10

Blundell, R., and I. Preston. "Consumption Inequality and Income Uncertainty." Quarterly Journal of Economics 113, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 603–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003355398555694.

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11

Blundell, Richard, Luigi Pistaferri, and Ian Preston. "Consumption Inequality and Partial Insurance." American Economic Review 98, no. 5 (November 1, 2008): 1887–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.1887.

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This paper examines the link between income and consumption inequality. We create panel data on consumption for the Panel Study of Income Dynamics using an imputation procedure based on food demand estimates from the Consumer Expenditure Survey. We document a disjuncture between income and consumption inequality over the 1980s and show that it can be explained by changes in the persistence of income shocks. We find some partial insurance of permanent shocks, especially for the college educated and those near retirement. We find full insurance of transitory shocks except among poor households. Taxes, transfers, and family labor supply play an important role in insuring permanent shocks. (JEL D12, D31, D91, E21)

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12

Hagerty, Serena F., and Kate Barasz. "Inequality in socially permissible consumption." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 25 (June 8, 2020): 14084–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005475117.

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Lower-income individuals are frequently criticized for their consumption decisions; this research examines why. Eleven preregistered studies document systematic differences in permissible consumption—interpersonal judgments about what is acceptable (or not) for others to consume—such that lower-income individuals’ decisions are subject to more negative and restrictive evaluations. Indeed, the same consumption decisions may be deemed less permissible for a lower-income individual than for an individual with higher or unknown income (studies 1A and 1B), even when purchased with windfall funds. This gap persists among participants from a large, nationally representative sample (study 2) and when testing a broad array of “everyday” consumption items (study 3). Additional studies investigate why: The same items are often perceived as less necessary for lower- (versus higher-) income individuals (studies 4 and 5). Combining both permissibility and perceived necessity, additional studies (studies 6 and 7) demonstrate a causal link between the two constructs: A purchase decision will be deemed permissible (or not) to the extent that it is perceived as necessary (or not). However, because—for lower-income individuals—fewer items are perceived as necessary, fewer are therefore socially permissible to consume. This finding not only exposes a fraught double standard, but also portends consequential behavioral implications: People prefer to allocate strictly “necessary” items to lower-income recipients (study 8), even if such items are objectively and subjectively less valuable (studies 9A and 9B), which may result in an imbalanced and inefficient provision of resources to the poor.

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13

Bahadir, Berrak, Kuhelika De, and William D. Lastrapes. "Household debt, consumption and inequality." Journal of International Money and Finance 109 (December 2020): 102240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2020.102240.

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14

Etheridge, Ben. "HOUSE PRICES AND CONSUMPTION INEQUALITY." International Economic Review 60, no. 4 (May 24, 2019): 1781–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iere.12404.

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15

Weon, Hye‑ryun. "Consumption Inequality in Rural China." Journal of Chinese Studies 89 (August 30, 2019): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36493/jcs.89.5.

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16

Noghanibehambari, Hamid, and Masha Rahnamamoghadam. "Is income inequality reflected in consumption inequality in Iran?" Middle East Development Journal 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 284–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17938120.2020.1770488.

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17

Attanasio, Orazio, and Luigi Pistaferri. "Consumption Inequality over the Last Half Century: Some Evidence Using the New PSID Consumption Measure." American Economic Review 104, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.5.122.

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This paper contributes to the debate regarding trends in consumption inequality in the United States. We present a new measure of consumption inequality based on the redesigned 1999-2011 PSID. We impute consumption to the families observed before 1999 using the more comprehensive consumption data available from 1999 onward. One advantage of this procedure is in sample verification of the quality of the imputation procedure; another is that it yields a long time series (1967-2010). Consumption inequality was stable in the 1970s, as was income inequality. It increased significantly after 1980. The Great Recession was associated with a decline in consumption inequality.

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18

KRUEGER, DIRK, and FABRIZIO PERRI. "Does Income Inequality Lead to Consumption Inequality? Evidence and Theory1." Review of Economic Studies 73, no. 1 (January 2006): 163–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937x.2006.00373.x.

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19

Uprety, Pravat. "Measurement and Decomposition of Consumption Inequality in Nepal." Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbssr.v4i2.29483.

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This study aims at computing, comparing and decomposing the different inequality indices by rural and urban areas, sex of household head and ecological belt, so that policy maker can make the policy to reduce the inequality in Nepal. This study is based on the raw data taken from the 3rd Nepal Living Standard Survey-2011 conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). The study has used real consumption as the main variable to measure the inequality. In most of the cases five measures of inequality; Coefficient of variation (CV), Quantile Ratio Index, Gini Index, Generalised Entropy Index with parameter 0 and 1 were computed. The Gini index, Theil’s L and Theil’s T indices are 0.328, 0.175 and 0.194, respectively. The study has found no significant difference in inequality between male- and female-headed households; and the inequality in urban areas is higher than that in the rural areas. By ecological belts, the inequality is highest in hills and lowest in mountains. The country should place focus on urban areas and hilly belt to reduce inequality.

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20

Millward-Hopkins, Joel, and Yannick Oswald. "‘Fair’ inequality, consumption and climate mitigation." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 3 (February 15, 2021): 034007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abe14f.

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21

Sweet, Elizabeth. "Symbolic Capital, Consumption, and Health Inequality." American Journal of Public Health 101, no. 2 (February 2011): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2010.193896.

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22

Hagerty, Serena F., Kate Barasz, and Michael I. Norton. "Economic Inequality Shapes Judgments of Consumption." Journal of Consumer Psychology 32, no. 1 (November 17, 2021): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1275.

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23

Lee, Hyojung, and Gary D. Painter. "Consumption inequality in the Great Recession." Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 41, no. 2 (June 21, 2016): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jem-160424.

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24

Berisha, Edmond, and John Meszaros. "Household Debt, Consumption, and Income Inequality." International Economic Journal 32, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2018.1481874.

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25

Blundell, Richard, Luigi Pistaferri, and Itay Saporta-Eksten. "Consumption Inequality and Family Labor Supply." American Economic Review 106, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 387–435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20121549.

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We examine the link between wage and consumption inequality using a life-cycle model incorporating consumption and family labor supply decisions. We derive analytical expressions for the dynamics of consumption, hours, and earnings of two earners in the presence of correlated wage shocks, nonseparability, progressive taxation, and asset accumulation. The model is estimated using panel data for hours, earnings, assets, and consumption. We focus on family labor supply as an insurance mechanism and find strong evidence of smoothing of permanent wage shocks. Once family labor supply, assets, and taxes are properly accounted for there is little evidence of additional insurance. (JEL D12, D14, D91, J22, J31)

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26

Obach, Brian K. "Consumption, Ecological Footprints and Global Inequality." Teaching Sociology 37, no. 3 (July 2009): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092055x0903700307.

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27

BARRETT, GARRY F., THOMAS F. CROSSLEY, and CHRISTOPHER WORSWICK. "Consumption and Income Inequality in Australia." Economic Record 76, no. 233 (June 2000): 116–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2000.tb00011.x.

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28

Lise, J., and S. Seitz. "Consumption Inequality and Intra-household Allocations." Review of Economic Studies 78, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 328–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdq003.

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29

Wang, Lang, Yuping Chen, and Shijun Ding. "Examining the Impact of Digital Finance on Farmer Consumption Inequality in China." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 13575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013575.

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The development of digital finance has significantly changed farmer consumption behavior. This study used data from the China Household Finance Survey of 2015, 2017, and 2019 to examine whether digital finance can eliminate consumption inequality among farmers in China. In doing so, it provides empirical evidence for strategies for balancing social development and ensuring sustainable economic development. This study had three main findings. First, digital finance can significantly alleviate consumption inequality among farmers. Compared to basic consumption, digital finance is more effective at alleviating developmental consumption inequality. Second, digital finance can reduce consumption inequality among farmers by increasing online shopping and reducing income inequality. Third, the effect of digital finance on farmer consumption inequality is more significant in eastern China, among low-income farmers, and among farmers with primary education. These findings indicate that there is a “digital divide” and an “education threshold” in digital finance. Based on these results, this paper suggests measures for alleviating consumption inequality among farmers.

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30

Abbott, Brant, and Giovanni Gallipoli. "Permanent‐income inequality." Quantitative Economics 13, no. 3 (2022): 1023–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1851.

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Through certainty equivalent consumption (CE) measures, we show that dispersion of current earnings, expenditures, and net worth overstate welfare inequality. This is largely due to the unaccounted value of future earnings, which we call human wealth. The latter mitigates permanent‐income inequality, though its influence is diminished by the growing importance of assets in lifetime wealth. Average expenditures and CE inequality roughly doubled between 1983 and 2016 and, to weigh these offsetting forces, we decompose aggregate welfare changes into contributions from the level and dispersion of consumption, as well as uncertainty and demographic composition. Rising inequality has offset about 1/4 of the welfare gains from higher consumption, with most of the losses accruing after 2000.

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31

Ayyash, Mohsen, and Siok Kun Sek. "Decomposing Inequality in Household Consumption Expenditure in Malaysia." Economies 8, no. 4 (October 14, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8040083.

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This study aims to examine the sources and determinants of consumption expenditure inequality in Malaysia as well as to quantify their proportional contributions to the total explained inequality using the Household Expenditure Survey (HES) data for the year 2014 collected from the Malaysian Department of Statistics (DOSM). The study applies Field’s regression-based decomposition method to the log-linear regression model of per capita monthly consumption expenditure. It is found that the model explains about 55.2% of the variability in the logged monthly consumption expenditure per capita. The findings suggest that the size of households, education of household heads, and regional variations are the major contributing factors to consumption expenditure inequality in Malaysia, with household size being among the highest. Other household head characteristics, including ethnicity, strata, and citizenship, have small contributions to the total explained inequality. However, sex and age of household heads contributed negatively to inequality and have inequality decreasing effects, with a negative impact on inequality. A large percentage of unexplained inequality is not captured by these factors, which may be attributed to either unobserved household attributes or residuals. The results are important for policy implications and should be taken into account in formulating future policies, especially those aiming to reduce inequality among the population and thus improving living standards and well-being.

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32

Nwosu, Emmanuel O., Obed Ojonta, and Anthony Orji. "Household consumption expenditure and inequality: evidence from Nigerian data." International Journal of Development Issues 17, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 266–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-06-2017-0113.

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Purpose Enhancing household consumption and reducing inequality are among the fundamental goals of many developing countries. The purpose of this study therefore is to disaggregate household consumption expenditure into food and non-food and, thus, decompose inequality into within- and between-groups. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts generalised entropy (GE) measures. Second, the study uses regression-based inequality decomposition to ascertain the determinants of inequality in food and non-food expenditure using household demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as covariates. Findings The results show that non-food expenditure is the major source of inequality in household consumption expenditure in both urban and rural areas with inequality coefficients of above 0.6 compared to about 0.4 for food expenditure. The decompositions also show that within-group inequalities for non-food and food expenditure are, respectively, 0.97 and 0.365 using the Theil index, while between-group inequalities for non-food and food are, respectively, 0.016 and 0.035. Furthermore, the regression-based inequality decompositions show that variables such as living in rural areas, household size, household dwelling and household dwelling characteristics account for the significant proportion of inequality in food and non-food expenditure. Originality/value The policy implication of the findings, among others, is that policies should focus on addressing inequality within rural and urban areas, especially with respect to non-food expenditure than in inequality existing between urban and rural areas. These non-food expenditures include expenditure in education, health, energy, accommodation, water and sanitation.

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33

Fisher, Jonathan D., David S. Johnson, and Timothy M. Smeeding. "Measuring the Trends in Inequality of Individuals and Families: Income and Consumption." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.184.

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We present evidence on the level of and trend in inequality from 1985-2010 in the United States, using disposable income and consumption for a sample of individuals from the Consumer Expenditure (CE) Survey. Differing from the findings in other recent research, we find that the trends in income and consumption inequality are broadly similar between 1985 and 2006, but diverge during the Great Recession with consumption inequality decreasing and income inequality increasing. Given the differences in the trends in inequality in the last four years, using both income and consumption provides useful information.

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34

Coibion, Olivier, Yuriy Gorodnichenko, and Dmitri Koustas. "Consumption Inequality and the Frequency of Purchases." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 13, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 449–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20190115.

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We document a decline in the frequency of shopping trips in the United States since 1980 and consider its implications for the measurement of consumption inequality. A decline in shopping frequency as households stock up on storable goods (i.e., inventory behavior) will lead to a rise in expenditure inequality when the latter is measured at high frequency, even when underlying consumption inequality is unchanged. We find that most of the recently documented rise in expenditure inequality in the United States since the 1980s can be accounted for by this phenomenon. Using detailed micro data on spending, which we link to data on club/warehouse store openings, we directly attribute much of the reduced frequency of shopping trips to the rise in club/warehouse stores. (JEL D12, D31, D63, D91, E21)

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35

Meyer, Bruce D., and James X. Sullivan. "Consumption and Income Inequality and the Great Recession." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.178.

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We examine changes in consumption and income inequality between 2000 and 2011. During the most recent recession, unemployment rose and asset values declined sharply. We investigate how the recession affected inequality while addressing concerns about underreporting in consumption data. Income inequality rose throughout the period from 2000 to 2011. The 90/10 ratio was 19 percent higher at the end of this period than at the beginning. In contrast, consumption inequality rose during the first half of this period but then fell after 2005. By 2011, the 90/10 ratio for consumption was slightly lower than it was in 2000.

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36

Owoo, Nkechi Srodah, and Robert Darko Osei. "Exploring the Dynamics of Inter-Household Consumption Inequality in Ghana." Journal of African Development 23, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 87–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.23.1.0087.

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ABSTRACT The lack of distinctive constructs for poverty and inequality often makes it difficult, if not impossible, to assess both of these economic welfare outcomes clearly and independently. In this article, we propose the use of household expenditure deviations as a proxy for inter-household consumption inequality. By means of this novel construct, we are able to model the correlates of poverty and inequality separately, using a panel dataset for Ghana. We find four different cases of correlations for household poverty and inequality. While some factors are associated with both increasing poverty and inequality, such as male headship and belonging to traditionalist religions, other factors are associated with decreasing poverty and inequality, such as higher education, employment, and the provision of social safety nets. Perhaps more interestingly, some factors are associated with increasing (decreasing) poverty but decreasing (increasing) inequality. These findings allow greater policy concentration on not just poverty, as has been the case in many developing countries, but also on inequality. We conclude that it would be important to design more nuanced interventions, therefore, to ensure that both welfare outcomes—poverty and inequality—are satisfactorily and simultaneously achieved.

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37

Kozyreva, P. M., Di Zhu, A. E. Nizamova, and A. I. Smirnov. "Justice and inequality in the household consumption in Russia and China: A comparative analysis." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-1-50-67.

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The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the household consumption in Russia and China on the basis of the reputable empirical information sources. The article focuses on the main trends and peculiarities in how households from each country differed in terms of the structure and level of consumption under dramatic transformations associated with market reforms. Inequality in consumption in Russia and China, which can be characterized as high or excessive, largely determines the overall situation with social inequality and significantly influences the development of state social policy in various fields. As for the most differentiating items of expenditure for both countries, those are groceries, durable goods, public utility payments, cultural activities and entertainment. After noting the effect that income has on consumption, which is undeniable, though differs in nature and degree, the authors focus on other factors of this type of inequality, in particular, on the territorial, regional and settlement-specific characteristics of consumption inequality in both countries. The authors argue that in Russia, there is significant regional inequality in consumption, while in China such inequality is more settlement-specific; there are also differences in consumption inequality between urban and rural areas, which contribute to the overall situation with social inequality. In China, urban household expenditures are growing much faster than those of rural households, while in Russia the difference is not that pronounced. That said, the share of spending on groceries in the structure of expenditures is decreasing more rapidly in urban China, and compared to Russia, there is a smaller gap between urban and rural areas. At the same time in China, consumption inequality as a result of age and class differences is a much more acute issue, while in Russia, the differences caused by intensifying economic stratification seem to be a more important factor of inequality.

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38

Zhang, Shu, Feng Li, and Jing Jian Xiao. "Internet penetration and consumption inequality in China." International Journal of Consumer Studies 44, no. 5 (March 2, 2020): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12575.

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39

Martín-Legendre, Juan Ignacio, Pablo Castellanos-García, and José Manuel Sánchez-Santos. "Wealth and consumption inequality: an interquantile analysis." Applied Economic Analysis 28, no. 83 (July 8, 2020): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aea-04-2020-0026.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the changes in wealth and consumption inequality in Spain and estimate the consumption effects of housing and financial wealth. Design/methodology/approach The estimations are made using micro-data from the Spanish Survey of Household Finances (2002–2014) applying cross-section, panel and interquartile techniques. Findings The findings of this paper suggest that there was an increase in wealth inequality during the period under analysis and a reduction in consumption inequality. Also, the authors find a significant positive effect of wealth on consumer expenditure. Disaggregating by asset type, the value of the main residence is the category with the highest estimated effect on consumption, whereas the remaining types of assets, although still positive and generally significant, have more modest effects on consumption. However, the estimated coefficients and their significance can change substantially depending on the phase of the economic cycle and the position of the household in the income distribution. Originality/value These results provide new empirical evidence on the effects of household wealth changes on their consumption behavior, the differences depending on the household's position in the distribution and the fluctuations of these estimated coefficients throughout a period of profound economic upheavals.

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40

Norris, Sam, and Krishna Pendakur. "Consumption inequality in Canada, 1997 to 2009." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 48, no. 2 (May 2015): 773–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/caje.12143.

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41

Ferguson, Lucy. "Tourism, Consumption and Inequality in Central America." New Political Economy 16, no. 3 (July 2011): 347–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2010.500721.

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42

Blundell, Richard, and Ben Etheridge. "Consumption, income and earnings inequality in Britain." Review of Economic Dynamics 13, no. 1 (January 2010): 76–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2009.10.004.

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43

Brzozowski, Matthew, Martin Gervais, Paul Klein, and Michio Suzuki. "Consumption, income, and wealth inequality in Canada." Review of Economic Dynamics 13, no. 1 (January 2010): 52–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2009.10.006.

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44

Ohtake, Fumio, and Makoto Saito. "POPULATION AGING AND CONSUMPTION INEQUALITY IN JAPAN." Review of Income and Wealth 44, no. 3 (September 1998): 361–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1998.tb00287.x.

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45

Anghel, Brindusa, Henrique Basso, Olympia Bover, José María Casado, Laura Hospido, Mario Izquierdo, Ivan A. Kataryniuk, Aitor Lacuesta, José Manuel Montero, and Elena Vozmediano. "Income, consumption and wealth inequality in Spain." SERIEs 9, no. 4 (November 2018): 351–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13209-018-0185-1.

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46

Seyfang, Gill, and Jouni Paavola. "Inequality and sustainable consumption: bridging the gaps." Local Environment 13, no. 8 (December 2008): 669–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549830802475559.

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47

Jin, Ye, Hongbin Li, and Binzhen Wu. "Income inequality, consumption, and social-status seeking." Journal of Comparative Economics 39, no. 2 (June 2011): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2010.12.004.

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48

Abbott, Brant, and Robin Brace. "Has consumption inequality mirrored wealth inequality in the Survey of Consumer Finances?" Economics Letters 193 (August 2020): 109289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109289.

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49

Idrees, Muhammad, and Eatzaz Ahmad. "Measurement and Decomposition of Consumption Inequality in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2010.v15.is.a5.

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This paper shows that inequality in consumption expenditure in Pakistan improved slightly between 1992/93 and 2004/05, and that the extent of inequality in food consumption has remained substantially lower than in nonfood consumption. An important result is that household expenditure on education has been more unequally distributed than overall consumption expenditures. In contrast, healthcare expenditure in urban areas has been distributed relatively more evenly in recent years, while the level of inequality in healthcare expenditures in rural areas has remained persistent and somewhat higher.

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Shen, Zhaolin, Wei Fan, and Jiang Hu. "Income inequality, consumption, and the debt ratio of Chinese households." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): e0265851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265851.

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The increasing family leverage and the expansion of income inequality have aroused widespread concern in society. Based on the data from the China Household Finance Survey (CFPS), this paper constructs the Gini coefficient and household credit index, and aims to research the impact of income inequality, borrowing level on consumption in different regions, urban and rural areas. The results indicate that the increasing of income inequality significantly restrained the increase of household consumption, while the moderate increase of household leverage can promote household consumption to a certain extent. According to the conclusion of this article, in order to realize the sustainable growth of consumption and upgrade of structure, the government should take measures to stimulate domestic demand: (1) For the central and western regions, the overall wealth level of households should be improved and the borrowing level of residents should be appropriately increased; (2) For the eastern region, the income inequality should be controlled and reduced the negative effects of income inequality on sustainable consumption growth. This research provides evidence for understanding the relationship between income inequality, household leverage ratio and consumption, and sheds light on the formulation of related policies.

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