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Walther, Herbert. "Competitive conspicuous consumption, household saving and income inequality." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2004. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1116/1/document.pdf.
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An intertemporal decision model is presented in which subjects save less for retirement than the permanent income hypothesis predicts, signaling optimistic income prospects (and therefore high latent productivity) to possible partners in productive exchanges. Competitive conspicuous consumption (CCC), as it is called, is a self-defeating strategy, if followed by subjects simultaneously. Egalitarian policies (which have to be distinguished from pure welfare policies) tend to lower excess consumption. The CCC-hypothesis justifies a cross-sectional Keynesian consumption function with declining marginal propensities to consume. It is argued that the cultural context is highly relevant to the scope and importance of CCC. (author's abstract)Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"
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Velilla, Gómez Raúl Alfonso. "Intra-household consumption inequality: empirical evidence from Brazil." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/10576.
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A análise da desigualdade tradicionalmente tem-se baseado em medidas de renda em nível domiciliar, ignorando a distribuição de recursos dentro do agregado familiar. De fato, a análise tradicional da desigualdade baseia-se no modelo unitário de comportamento do consumidor, que assume uma distribuição igualitária dos recursos entre os membros da família. Ao fazê-lo, aspectos importantes como os ganhos decorrente do consumo conjunto, que poderiam influenciar o bem-estar individual, não são levados em consideração. Esta desvantagem ocorre porque os microdados sobre o consumo costumam fornecer informações ao nível do agregado familiar, em lugar de fornecê-lo ao nível individual, tornando impossível obter medições diretas da desigualdade com base no consumo individual. O Brasil não é exceção nesta questão e a análise de como o processo de alocação de recursos dentro dos domicílios é dado não tem recebido muita atenção e continua sendo um enigma. Para preencher essa lacuna, esta pesquisa aplica um modelo de consumo coletivo para analisar a desigualdade econômica entre indivíduos de famílias brasileiras. Para alcançar este objetivo, identificaram-se as chamadas parcelas de recursos, que são consideradas medidas das despesas de consumo individual e podem ser estimadas diretamente a partir de dados em nível domiciliar. Em particular, foi identificada a participação de cada membro no consumo total de sua família, por meio de suas despesas com bens privados, como roupas e sapatos. Assim, informações sobre o bem-estar econômico de cada membro da família foram obtidas. Este estudo utilizou microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2008/2009) coletada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A análise foi restrita a famílias tradicionais, ou seja, casais sem ou com até três filhos. Os resultados empíricos revelaram a existência de desigualdade na alocação de recursos dentro dos domicílios. Em particular, verificou-se que nas famílias brasileiras os homens absorvem uma maior fração dos recursos familiares do que as mulheres, em todos os tamanhos das famílias analisadas. Verificou-se também que a proporção dos recursos totais dedicados às crianças aumenta com o número de crianças, mas a proporção média por criança decresce. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que o nível de educação dos adultos parece estar associado a uma maior parte de sua fração na despesa total, mas negativamente relacionado com os recursos de seu parceiro. Por outro lado, constatou-se um efeito positivo da participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho e seu nível de educação sobre as parcelas dos recursos de seus filhos. Ademais, os resultados identificam uma possível heterogeneidade na alocação de recursos dentro do agregado familiar entre as regiões. Em particular, verificou-se que famílias localizadas nas regiões Sudeste e Nordeste parecem distribuir seus recursos de forma mais igualitária entre os seus membros comparados com às outras regiões. Em geral, os resultados obtidos não rejeitaram o modelo coletivo de comportamento dos domicílios em todas as estimativas. Em contrapartida, nós rejeitamos o modelo unitário padrão. Finalmente, esses resultados são informativamente cruciais para o desenho de políticas redistributivas ou programas sociais porque proporcionam uma visão mais ampla e mais precisa do bem-estar dos indivíduos. Mais precisamente, nossos resultados podem informar os formuladores de políticas sobre como beneficiar aos indivíduos efetivamente dentro dos domicílios, a fim de minimizar a incidência da desigualdade, bem como fornecer informações úteis para os programas de Transferência Condicionada de Renda (como Bolsa-Família) sobre como desenhar as transferências de forma mais eficiente.
The analysis of inequality has been traditionally based on measures of income at the household level, ignoring the distribution of resources within the household. In fact, the traditional analysis of inequality had been based on the unitary model of consumer behavior, which assume an equal distribution of resources among family members. In doing so, important aspects as gains from joint consumption, that could influence individual well-being, are not taken into account. This drawback has occurred because typical micro-data on consumption usually provide information at the household level instead of at individual level, making it impossible to obtain direct measures of inequality based on individual consumption. Brazil is not an exception on this issue and the analysis of how the intra-household resource allocation process is given has not received much attention and remains a puzzle. In order to fill this gap, this research apply a collective consumption model to analyze economic inequality among individuals of Brazilian families. To achieve this, we identify the so-called resource shares, which are considered useful measures of individual consumption expenditure and can be estimated directly from household level data. In particular, we identify each member’s share of total household consumption through his or her expenditure on a private assignable goods such as clothing and footwear. Therefore, we are able to recover information about the economic well-being of household members. This study used micro-level dataset from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF 2008/2009) collected by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Our analysis has focused on traditional families, married couples with zero to three children. Our empirical results reveal the existence of inequality in the allocation of resources inside the household. In particular, we found that in Brazilian families men absorb a higher fraction of family resources than women in all family sizes. We also found that the share of total resources devoted to children increases with the number of children, but the average per child share decreases. In addition, our results suggest that adults’ education level seems to be associated to a larger of his or her fraction of the total expenditure, but is negatively related with resources of her or his partner. Our finding reveal a positive effect of women’s participation in the labor market and her education level with the shares devoted to their children. Furthermore, our results identify a possible heterogeneity in the allocation of resources inside the household across regions. In particular, we found that families located in Southeast and Northeast regions seems to distribute their resources more equally among their members compared to the other regions. In general, our results did not reject the collective model in all estimations. By contrast, we do reject the standard unitary model. Finally, our results are informatively crucial for the design of redistributive policy or social programs, because they provide a broader and more accurate view of the well-being of individuals. More precisely, they could inform policy makers about how to target individuals effectively within households in order to minimize the incidence of inequality as well as provide useful information for Conditional Cash Transfer programs (such as Bolsa- familia) on how to address the transfers more efficiently.
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Jozef Kubala, and Kristina Petrikova. "Does income inequality affect aggregate consumption? Revisiting the evidence." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4787/1/wp210.pdf.
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The standard Keynesian view predicts that equalization of the income distribution leads to an increase in aggregate consumption. We revisit the analysis carried out by the seminal empirical contributions which test such a hypothesis using modern econometric methods and the most comprehensive dataset existing on income distribution measures. Our results indicate that there is no substantive empirical evidence of an effect of income inequality on aggregate consumption. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Jozef Kubala, and Kristina Petrikova. "Does income inequality affect aggregate consumption? Revisiting the evidence." Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-017-1302-x.
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The standard Keynesian view predicts that equalization of the income distribution leads to an increase in aggregate consumption. We revisit the analysis carried out by the seminal empirical contributions which test such a hypothesis using modern econometric methods and the most comprehensive dataset existing on income distribution measures. Our results indicate that there is no empirical evidence of a negative effect of income inequality on aggregate consumption.
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Sebu, Joshua. "Essays on farm household credit constraint, productivity and consumption inequality in Malawi." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/59977/.
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Credit has proven to be a necessary tool for economic development affecting positively the welfare of households and individuals. However, one major area in which rural households lack is access to financial markets including credit. The studies included in this thesis contribute to the access to credit literature and the credit constraint/unconstraint impact on some welfare outcomes. The first empirical study examined farm households' access to credit in rural Malawi. Unlike previous empirical studies, particular attention is given to discouraged borrowers who are mostly ignored in such studies. Using the 2010/2011 household survey data from Malawi the study determines the demographic and socio-economic characteristics that distinguish farm households who need credit, who are the discouraged borrowers and who are rejected applicants. A three-step sequential estimation model following a trivariate probit model with double sample selection was adopted. The findings revealed that there were over 7 times more discouraged borrowers than denied applicants. Women were more likely to be discouraged from applying for credit but, if they applied, they were more likely to be successful in obtaining credit than males. This shows that when examining farm households' access to credit discouraged borrowers should be given special consideration. Capturing discouraged borrowers as also credit constrained, the second empirical study employed a switching model to estimate the impact of credit constraint status on farm productivity for each credit constraint regime. The study further compared the expected production under actual and counterfactual conditions for a household being credit constrained or unconstrained. The findings suggest that a household that is constrained is less productive than a randomly selected household from the sample would but that for the unconstrained household is inconclusive, however, the counterfactual arguments as seen from the analysis shows that being credit unconstrained was beneficial to the increase in productivity. Studies have shown that undeveloped financial markets have been a major contributing factor increasing inequality, especially in developing countries. The third empirical study examined the impact of household credit constraint on the consumption inequality of rural households in Malawi. Factors that explain the within and between credit constrained and unconstrained status of consumption inequality were examined. The General Entropy (GE) Index and the Regression-Based Inequality Decomposition Methods, Field's (2003) and Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition were employed. The findings show that inequality was more prominent within the groups than between them. Also, the size of households and the value of assets were the major contributors to the within-group inequalities for credit constrained and unconstrained households. Further, only the endowment component was important in explaining the consumption inequality gap between the credit constrained and unconstrained households. Adjusting the level of endowments of constrained households to that of the unconstrained households increased their welfare by 15.7 percent.
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FIRPO, SERGIO PINHEIRO. "INCOME AND CONSUMPTION INEQUALITY OVER TIME: A COHORT ANALYSIS USING BRAZILIAN HOUSEHOLD DATA." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1999. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14579@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOBANCO DE INVESTIMENTO DA BAHIA
Este trabalho apresenta os dados de desilgualdade, entre as famílias, da renda, dos rendimentos do trabalho e do consumo de bens não duráveis, a partir dos microdados da PNAD [Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios] (Brasil, de 1976 a 1997) e da POF [Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares] (regiões metropolitanas 1987-88 e 1995-96). Para os dados da PNAD obtêm-se, a cada ano, índices de theíl da renda e da renda do trabalho para grupos de famílias com chefes nascidos ao mesmo ano e com a mesma escolaridade. Para a POF, obtêm-se esses índices para essas duas variáveis e para consumo, para famílias nascidas na mesma década e com a mesma escolaridade. Com os dados da POF, analisa-se a evolução temporal da desigualdade de consumo, a qual tende a ser um indicador bem mais fiel, do que a desigualdade de renda, da disparidade permanente de recursos disponíveis e de bem estar entre famílias. Segundo a hipótese de renda permanente, espera-se que a desigualdade de consumo para uma mesma coorte cresça com o tempo. Caso haja impedimentos à validade dessa hipótese, tais como consumidores prudentes (motivo precaução para a poupança), ou restrição de crédito, a desigualdade de consumo passa a depender da evolução da distribuição de rende e de rendimentos do trabalho, podendo, então, crescer ou não com o tempo.
This thesis presents income, earnings and consumption inequality data among Brazilian families. Those data were generated from two different sources: PNDA’s (National Household Survey) micro data for Brazil from 1976 to 1997 and POF’s (Household Expenditures Survey) micro data for the Brazilian metropolitan areas in 1987/88 and 1995/96. Theil’s indexes for family income and earnings among families headed by individuals with same age and educational level were calculated from the PNAD’s data for each year. The same procedure was used for POF’s data, but measures of consumption inequality were also done. From PNAD’s data, one can identify the part of inequality that is explained by age, cohorts, and time effects. The same sort of hypothesis tha Deaton and Paxson (1994) used to identify those three different effects was applied in this current work. In general, the consumption inequality tends to be a more accurate estimator of the permanent disparity of resources and of well being among families than the income inequality is. Therefore, calculations of consumption inequality were held using POF’s data. According to the permanent income hypothesis (PIH), one should expect that the consumption inequality among families of the same cohort grows as time evolves. In the case that there are some constraints to the PIH, as prudent consumers or credit constraints, the consumption inequality stars depending on the temporal evolution of income and earnings distribution, which allows that consumption inequality does not grow with time.
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Ding, Yi. "Three Essays on Taxation, Growth and Consumption." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1496.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to examine three distributional issues in macroeconomics. First I explore the effects fiscal federalism on economic growth across regions in China. Using the comprehensive official data set of China for 31 regions from 1952 until 1999, I investigate a number of indicators used by the literature to measure federalism and find robust support for only one such measure: the ratio of local total revenue to local tax revenue. Using a difference-in-difference approach and exploiting the two-year gap in the implementation of a tax reform across different regions of China, I also identify a positive relationship between fiscal federalism and regional economic growth. The second paper hypothesizes that an inequitable distribution of income negatively affects the rule of law in resource-rich economies and provides robust evidence in support of this hypothesis. By investigating a data set that contains 193 countries and using econometric methodologies such as the fixed effects estimator and the generalized method of moments estimator, I find that resource-abundance improves the quality of institutions, as long as income and wealth disparity remains below a certain threshold. When inequality moves beyond this threshold, the positive effects of the resource-abundance level on institutions diminish quickly and turn negative eventually. This paper, thus, provides robust evidence about the endogeneity of institutions and the role income and wealth inequality plays in the determination of long-run growth rates. The third paper sets up a dynamic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents to investigate the causal channels which run from a concern for international status to long-run economic growth. The simulation results show that the initial distribution of income and wealth play an important role in whether agents gain or lose from globalization.
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Sihra, Colson Eve. "Consumption, social interactions and preferences." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0015/document.
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La notion de besoin caractérise souvent une nécessité biologique, le strict minimum pour se nourrir et se loger. Les besoins ont pourtant souvent été définis comme relatifs et propres à une situation donnée. Les incitations culturelles et sociales tendent à fournir des motivations puissantes aux individus, les conduisant à prendre des décisions parfois à leur détriment au plus ou moins long-terme. Ces choix révèlent certains besoins allant au-delà de la seule survie. Ma thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre ces décisions en incluant des composants sociaux ou culturels à la théorie standard de la consommation. Elle contribue à faire le lien entre deux branches importantes de la littérature économique: l'analyse de la demande, et l'économie comportementale/sociale. Les différents chapitres répondent à des questions telles que : pourquoi les personnes souffrant de malnutrition dépensent une part significative de leur budget en biens ostentatoires (premier chapitre) ? Pourquoi des personnes différant seulement par le groupe social auquel elles appartiennent ne consomment pas les mêmes biens (deuxième chapitre) ? Les interactions sociales contribuent-elles à la persistance de goûts locaux (troisième chapitre) ? Et l'intégration commerciale contribue-t-elle à la convergence des goûts (quatrième chapitre) ? Ces sujets requièrent de considérer la signification sociale des choix de consommation, en plus de l'effet du revenu, des prix et de leur valeur fonctionnelle. En d'autres termes, ils requièrent de penser la consommation comme un langageThe notion of need often characterizes the strict minimum amount of food and shelter to survive. Needs have however recurrently been described as essentially relative and context-driven. Indeed, cultural and social incentives tend to provide powerful motivations for individuals to engage in choices sometimes detrimental to their short- or long-term fitness. These choices reveal certain needs which are beyond mere sustenance. My thesis aims at better understanding these decisions by including cultural and social components to a standard theory of consumption. By doing so, it contributes to bridge the gap between two important branches of the literature: demand analysis and behavioral/social economics. The different chapters adress questions such as: Why do malnourished people spend a significant portion of their budget on conspicuous goods (first chapter)? Why do people of different social groups choose to consume different types of goods, given similar prices, income and demographics (second chapter)? Do social interactions contribute to the persistence of localized tastes (third chapter)? And does market integration contribute to taste convergence (fourth chapter)? These topics require to take into account the social meaning of consumption choices, aside from income, prices and functionality. In other words, they require to consider consumption as a language
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Ren, Yanjun [Verfasser]. "Essays on food consumption, income inequality, and health-related issues in China / Yanjun Ren." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1130656616/34.
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Xie-Uebele, Runli. "Three essays on skill-specific labor markets, inequality and consumption over the business cycle." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16342.
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Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit Arbeitsmarkterfolg und Konsum sozioökonomischer Gruppen. Die ersten zwei Kapitel untersuchen konjunkturelle Auswirkungen auf Arbeitsmärkten für Hoch- und Niedrigqualifizierte. Zunächst wird ein qualifikationsspezifisches Konjunkturmodell mit Suchkosten entworfen. Es zeigt, dass imperfekte Substitution zwischen hoch- und niedrigqualifizierter Arbeit ein Grund für Veränderungen auf den Teilmärkten ist. Gemeinsam mit qualifikationsneutralen und -verzerrten Technologieschocks ist das Modell in der Lage, fallende Beveridge-Kurven zu generieren. Das zweite Kapitel erweitert diesen Ansatz um eine Verbindung zwischen qualifikationsabhängigen Arbeitsmärkten mit endogenen Investitionen in Humankapital. Idiosynkratische Schocks wirken auf den Anteil qualifizierter Arbeit und verändern die Arbeitsmarktdichte auf den Teilmärkten. Neutrale Schocks wirken zweistufig auf die Gesamtarbeitslosigkeit: Zuerst reduzieren sie geringqualifizierte Arbeitslosigkeit, und dann verringern sie rapide hochqualifizierte Arbeitslosigkeit. Eine hohe Substitutions-Elastizität zwischen den beiden Qualifikationen führt zu einer höheren Volatilität und einer höheren Korrelation zwischen Arbeitslosigkeit und freien Stellen. Das dritte Kapitel untersucht die Verbindung zwischen Gruppen-Konsumwachstum und dessen Volatilität, wenn die Agenten heterogen sind und eine Konsumexternalität vorliegt. Die Präferenzen der Haushalte hängen mit der Konsumwachstumsvolatilität insofern zusammen, als diese Vermögensentscheidungen treffen müssen: Die Volatilität verringert sich mit der Geduld und steigt mit dem Wunsch, das Konsumniveau der Vergleichsgruppe zu halten. Darüber hinaus sollten Konsumwachstum und dessen Volatilität positiv korrelieren. Diese letzte Hypothese wird mit Daten aus dem Sozio-oekonomischen Panel und der Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe überprüft, wobei sich ein U-förmiger Zusammenhang zwischen Konsumwachstum kurzlebiger Güter und dessen Volatilität ergibt.This dissertation addresses the labor market performance and consumption dynamics of different socioeconomic groups. The first part examines the connection between cyclical variations in skilled and unskilled labor markets. Using a business cycle model with search frictions in skill-specific markets, I find that imperfect substitution between skilled and unskilled labor creates an important channel for variations in the skill-specific markets. Together with a skill-neutral or -biased technology shock, the model generates downward-sloping Beveridge curves in aggregate and skill-specific labor markets. I extend the study to allow for a dynamic link between the skill-specific labor markets. Human capital investment is determined endogenously and idiosyncratic shocks shift the skilled labor share and change tightness in both skilled and unskilled markets. Upon a neutral shock, the decrease of total unemployment is two-staged: Firstly with a reduction in unskilled unemployment, and then with a sharp decline of skilled unemployment when skill substitution dominates. A larger elasticity of substitution between the two types of labor leads to higher volatility of the model variables and higher correlation between unemployment and vacancies. The second part studies the link between group-specific consumption growth and its volatility in a framework of heterogeneous agents, under the assumption of a consumption externality. Household preferences are related to the consumption growth volatility through asset holding decisions: The volatility decreases with groups'' patience, and increases with the eagerness to keep up with the group average. Moreover, consumption growth is expected to be positively related to its volatility. This last hypothesis is tested using household data imputed from the German Socio-Economic Panel and the German Income and Expenditure Survey, where a U-shaped relationship is found between nondurable consumption growth and its volatility.
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Ma, Shaoying. "The Effect of Income Inequality on Household Consumption: Evidence from China Household Finance Survey Data." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1511399435116049.
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Morelli, Salvatore. "The long run evolution of inequality and macroeconomic shocks." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:03fd894e-581e-4c80-9ee6-bc965b9e5aed.
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This thesis is concerned with two main questions. Do systemic banking crises substantially affect the income distribution in a country? Is income inequality a destabilising factor for the macro-economy? In order to answer the first question, this thesis examines a panel of 26 countries since 1900 and assembles a new database of crises, finding that the impact of major banking crises on the national income shares detained by the income groups within the richest decile is mostly small in magnitude. Indeed, the estimated impact is never bigger than a standard deviation of the specific top shares under investigation. Results are also confirmed in a separate analysis for the United States and are robust to a series of checks. These findings lend indirect support to the structuralist hypothesis that only substantial changes in government policies and institutional frameworks can bring about radical changes in income distribution. The analysis also highlights interesting heterogeneity across different income groups, country groups and time periods. The second question is addressed by making use of a newly assembled database on different dimensions of economic inequality. The new data helps to reject the statistical validity of the hypotheses that either growing inequality or a high level of inequality may systematically precede the onset of major banking crises. In addition, simulations based on the UK Family Expenditure Survey data find that even a full equalisation of income would increase the aggregate consumption by 3 percentage points at most. These findings, taken together, point out that an increase in income inequality may not concur to reduce the pressure on aggregate demand or be adduced as a structural factor of financial instability. Nonetheless, the evidence is not yet clear cut as the work further documents that periods of increasing income inequality in the UK were also associated with a reduction of the saving rates across the whole income distribution since 1968. The analysis contends that such evidence of under-saving behaviour may be consistent with the relative income hypothesis and some of its recent formulations such as the ’expenditure cascades’ theory.
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Bellet, Clément. "Essays on inequality, social preferences and consumer behavior." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0004/document.
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Cette thèse étudie la façon dont l’inégalité intra et inter groupes affecte le comportement du consommateur et son bien-être via des effets de comparaisons sociales. L’objectif est une meilleure compréhension d’un certain nombre de phénomènes sociaux largement délaissés par la théorie classique du consommateur. Par exemple, dans quelle mesure les déterminants visibles d’une identité sociale tels que le groupe ethnique ou la caste affectent les comportements de consommation des ménages ? Comment comprendre le sur-endettement des plus pauvres malgré la persistante stagnation de leur revenu réel ? Ou encore, la consommation de biens de luxes devient-elle nécessaire au sein de sociétés plus inégalitaires et que nous apprend ce phénomène sur les limites sociales de la croissance économique ? Pour ce faire, la thèse incorpore d’importants résultats issus des travaux d’économie comportementale - en particulier s’agissant des préférences sociales et de l’évaluation subjective du bien-être - à la théorie du consommateur et de l’épargne. Le chapitre 1 développe un modèle de consommation relative qui tient compte des effets de comparaison au cours du temps et entre biens. Les chapitres suivant identifient ces effets à partir de données d’enquêtes représentatives de la population et de larges bases de données obtenues via des méthodes de web-scrapping. Le chapitre 2 se concentre sur l’endettement immobilier aux Etats-Unis lorsque les ménages se préoccupent de la taille relative de leur maison. Les chapitres 3 et 4 analysent la composante sociale des dépenses en Inde et leur implication en terme de malnutrition en utilisant des méthodes d’estimations standards et structurellesThis thesis studies ways in which inequality between and within groups affects consumer behaviors and welfare through social comparison effects. The objective is to provide a better understanding of a number of economic phenomena, namely: How to understand the extensive use of credit by lower income households in periods of stagnating real income growth? How do visible identities such as race or caste affect consumption choices, and can social hierarchies lead to poverty traps? Do luxury goods become more necessary when inequality rises, and what does such a phenomenon tell us about the social limits to growth? To that aim, the thesis incorporates important findings of behavioural economics, in particular on other-regarding preferences and subjective well-being, into theories of consumption and savings. Chapter 1 presents a model of relative consumption which accounts for comparison effects over time and across goods. The following chapters identify these effects using representative survey data and large datasets obtained via web-scrapping techniques. Chapter 2 looks at mortgage debt in the United States when households care about the relative size of their house. Chapters 3 and 4 study the social component of expenditures in India and its implication in terms of malnutrition using standard and structural estimation techniques
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Hughes, Peggy Janeane. "Paradise Lost." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5953.
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The worldwide gap between rich and poor is widening. Status seeking and status keeping are fueled by the conspicuous consumption of luxury goods. These bright shiny objects are staples in a restricted economy in which only the wealthy participate. The notion of gaining riches for the purpose of helping the poor is fading. Materialism, luxury and riches have been the subject of religious and secular inquiry. In this quest, wealth has been condemned and applauded. Prestige-obsessed consumers are becoming blind to worsening social conditions.
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Jibril, Ghazali Ado. "Trends in Household Consumption Expenditure among the Six Geopolitical Zones in Nigeria." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6101.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThis study examined the trends in household consumption expenditure among the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria within the context of Engel's law of consumption. The study specifically set out to achieve the following objectives: to determine the trends in household consumption expenditure in Nigeria; to examine the food, health, education and non-food expenditures of households in Nigeria; to estimate the food share of total household expenditure through the estimation of the Engel curve for the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria; to determine if there are consumption economies of scale among households by estimating the Working-Leser form of the Engel curve; and, to examine consumption inequality among households in the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. The study used the Nigeria General Household Survey data wave 1 (2010-2011) and wave 2 (2012-2013) to estimate the Working-Leser form of the Engel curve to determine households' budget share for food consumption and the scale of consumption among the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The study used the Gini coefficient to measure consumption inequality among and between the six geopolitical zones.
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Hvalgren, Niclas, and Davidsson Linnea Englund. "Income Inequality and Household Debt : A panel data study of 17 OECD-countries from 1995-2015." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-341849.
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This study explores the relationship between income inequality and household indebtedness using panel data on 17 OECD-countries over the time period 1995-2015. Motivated by relative income theory of consumption and previous empirical research we anticipate a non-monotonic relationship between changes in household debt and income inequality (measured by the Gini- coefficient), as dynamics between different groups of households in the income spread is expected to vary at different levels of inequality. Carrying out the empirical analysis we find notable indications of an inverse U-shape relationship between inequality levels and household borrowing. We locate an estimated turning point at a Gini-value of 28.84, which indicates a positive marginal effect on household borrowing as inequality grows from levels below this point, turning negative as inequality increases further. This suggests that as income inequality grows from relatively low levels households increase their rate of borrowing, while at higher levels of inequality households decrease their borrowing rate in response to growing income disparities. Results hold under a random effects model and a pooled OLS model, but fail to prove significant in the stricter fixed effects model, why we cannot draw any definitive conclusions about the magnitude of the effect. Nevertheless, the findings of further complimentary estimations lend credence to our hypothesis. Benefits and limitations of our data and empirical methods are comprehensively discussed, as well as the theoretical mechanisms explaining the relationship. Indicative but in the end inconclusive results leaves ample opportunity for further investigations with more advanced empirical methods.This bachelor thesis was awarded the highest grade, VG.
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Rehm, Miriam, and Matthias Schnetzer. "Wealth Inequality and Power Imbalances: Shedding Some Heterodox Light on a Neglected Topic." Fachbereich Finanzwissenschaft und Infrastrukturpolitik am Department für Raumplanung der Technischen Universität Wien, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5348/1/Rehm_Schnetzer_2016_OeS_Wealth%2Dinequality.pdf.
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This paper argues that the cumulative causation processes between wealth and power risk leading to an escalation of wealth inequality. We confirm with new survey data for the Eurozone Piketty's conclusions that wealth is highly concentrated and that this inequality is perpetuated through dynastic wealth. This leads to an ever-concentrating ability to shape economic and political institutions. While neoclassical economics has a blind spot where power is concerned, we discuss how heterodox approaches have attempted to conceptualize this structural power which influences the framework of economic activity. Finally, we discuss three concrete channels through which the unequal distribution of private assets may affect power relations and economic activity.
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Cheung, Diana. "Four essays on inequality and social reforms in China." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010094.
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Han, Yu [Verfasser], Michael [Gutachter] Krause, and Johannes [Gutachter] Pfeifer. "The Roles of Demographic Changes on Labor Market Dynamics and Consumption Inequality / Yu Han ; Gutachter: Michael Krause, Johannes Pfeifer." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1182533264/34.
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Einhorn, Laura [Verfasser], Mark [Gutachter] Lutter, and Clemens [Gutachter] Kroneberg. "Food, classed? Social inequality and diet: Understanding stratified meat consumption patterns in Germany / Laura Einhorn ; Gutachter: Mark Lutter, Clemens Kroneberg." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1222160560/34.
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Schön, Annie. "Skuldsättning och inkomstojämlikhet : En ekonometrisk studie av konsumtionsfunktionen." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-67881.
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Tiden före den senaste finanskrisen präglades av generös kreditgivning och ökande inkomstskillnader. Det är väl bevisat att hög skuldsättning ökar risken för finansiell instabilitet, och bevisen blir fler för att inkomstojämlikhet påverkar överskuldsättning i en positiv riktning. Flera, däribland Frank et. al. (2010), vill förklara sambandet mellan inkomstojämlikhet och skuldsättning med att människor ägnar sig åt statuskonsumtion. Frank et. al. (2010) formulerar en hypotes för att empiriskt undersöka huruvida konsumtionsfunktionen bör innehålla en relativ faktor, och syftet för denna uppsats är att undersöka giltigheten i ”hypotesen om utgiftskaskader” i en svensk kontext. Hypotesen testas genom regression av förändringen i andelen skuldsatta hos Kronofogdemyndigheten på förändringen i gini-koefficienten inom kommuner mellan åren 2011-2016. Studien finner inget signifikant samband mellan andelen skuldsatta och gini-koefficientens förändring. Resultatet kan möjligen förklaras med att den geografiska enheten som observeras är för stor.The years leading up to the latest financial crisis were characterized by generous credit markets and growing income inequality. It is well proven that high indebtedness increases the risk of financial instability, and there is growing evidence of income inequality affecting the debt-rate in a positive direction. Several, including Frank et. al. (2010), believes that the relationship between indebtedness and income inequality can be explained by people engaging in status-seeking consumption. Frank et. al. (2010) formulates a hypothesis to empirically investigate whether the consumption function should contain a relative factor, and the purpose of this paper is to test the validity of the expenditure cascade-hypothesis in a Swedish context. The hypothesis is tested by regressing the change in the number of people with debt registered at the Swedish Enforcement Authority on the changes in the gini-coefficient within municipalities in the years 2011-2016. The study finds no significant correlation between the number of debtors and the change in the gini-coefficient. The results may be explained by the fact that the geographical unit of observation is too large.
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Ma, Li. "Essays in Housing Choices and Consumer Behavior." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337930256.
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Xie-Uebele, Rinli [Verfasser], Michael C. [Akademischer Betreuer] Burda, and Monique [Akademischer Betreuer] Ebell. "Three essays on skill-specific labor markets, inequality and consumption over the business cycle / Runli Xie-Uebele. Gutachter: Michael C. Burda ; Monique Ebell." Berlin : Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1015129811/34.
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Güneş, Okay. "Domestic production, consumption, inequality and welfare of households : analysis of cross section data on monetary and time use in Turkey from 2007 to 2013." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E032.
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Cette thèse vise à explorer comment et de quelle manière la production domestique a un impact sur les choix des consommateurs qui, à son tour, détermine l'inégalité des revenus et la pauvreté en Turquie. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'examiner la nature de la décision d’allocation du temps en respectant la technologique de production domestique de chaque ménage. À cette fin, les hypothèses posées pour chaque chapitre sont progressivement testées afin de mieux saisir le profil des activités ménagères par des estimations micro-économétriques. Ainsi, l’objet de la thèse est de répondre à 5 questions : 1) Est-ce que le taux de salaire sur le marché est une bonne approximation du coût d’opportunité du temps dans les pays en voie de développement ? 2) Quelles sont les activités domestiques qui sont les moins sensibles à une variation du coût d’opportunité du temps qui accroît par substitution l’intensité en biens de la consommation ? 3) Quels sont les effets d’une variation du revenu et des prix lorsque l’on prend en compte la production domestique ? 4) Est-ce que les activités domestiques déterminent le secteur informel et jusqu’à quel degré ? 5) Est-ce que l’activité domestique et le secteur informel diminuent les inégalités de revenus et baissent le niveau de pauvreté dans l’économie ? La thèse apporte une contribution importante à une question qui se pose depuis longtemps dans les travaux de recherche sur les liens à faire entre le temps consacré au travail rémunéré et le temps qualifié de libre utilisé dans la production domestique. La théorie du consommateur doit en effet intégrer ces deux types de temps pour arriver à donner une vue d’ensemble des comportements en mettant en évidence le rôle de la production domestiqueThe main focus of this dissertation is to examine the nature of time allocation decision with respect to domestic production technology pattern of each household in Turkey. Households’ main preference structure is defined under domestic production technology viewpoints. We measure the degree of complementarity and substitution for each consumption groups of the households. Therefore, our findings in this research highlights that the households resources are not only the function of market wage rates, as the opportunity cost of time, but also of the domestic production technology. However, demand elasticity measurement enables to identify the characteristics of decision-making of the households with regard to their domestic production technology. This measurement is highly important for political interventions. As a matter of fact, compensate of the loss, due to change in price or in income, in household’s welfare can be limited by domestic production technology. This finding underlines that the income and substitution effects as supposed by theory can be biased if domestic production technology is excluded from the model. The compensation of utility loss through inflation or decreasing purchasing power of the households may require good intensive domestic production for certain activities. However, this later points out a contradictory situation especially for developing countries. High level of working hours and constraints in labour markets may prevent households to compensate these lost thorough domestic activities. Thus, informal earnings appear to be the only solution to overcome shortages in time use and commodity used in domestic production. Lack of necessary goods and services with limited time allocation capacity inevitably yields increasing under reported incomes for these economies. Thus, the participation in informal activities rescue from income shortage for given labour supply which in turns reallocates income distributions and poverty within the society
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Ragusa, Angela Theresa. "Social Change in the Media: Gay, Lesbian, Bi, Trans and Queer (GLBTQ) Representation and Visibility in The New York Times: A Critical, Qualitative Social-Historical Content Analysis of The New York Times." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26025.
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This research employs qualitative methodology to analyze social change in business news articles of The New York Times. A random sample of 127 articles published between 1970 and 2000, discussing advertising news and containing one or more of the terms â Gayâ , â Lesbianâ , â Bisexualâ , â Transexualâ , â Transgenderedâ and â Queerâ (GLBTQ), were selected. Feminist, Marxist, Postmodern, and critical theory is used to analyze social representation, cultural norms, stereotypes and levels of visibility. The â meta-theoreticalâ lens applied is a gendered postmodernism grounded in stratification theory that assuages the cultural-based critique of Marxism, overcomes the essentialist limitations of radical feminism, incorporates the pluralism of socialist feminism and delimits the relativist tendencies of a purer postmodernism.
Quantitatively, gay men were found to achieve twice as much business news coverage as lesbians. Bisexuals, transsexuals, transgenders and queers were highly invisible. Overall, a change in the representation and depiction of corporate interest in gays and lesbians was manifested. This socio-historical analysis revealed a shift from deviantization and stigmatization of homosexuality to the commodification, and spectacularization of GLBTQs. GLBTQ invisibility is documented and the misconception of gay and lesbian wealth, created by market research, is addressed. Invisibility of GLBTQs is posited to be both an intentional and actively managed form of politics. Furthermore, business news reporting is argued to be less â objectiveâ and more a political, social cultural and political activity where the media itself is a stage for the cultural contestation of social norms.
This sociologically informed reading of business news articles details numerous case-specific instances where The New York Times contributed towards the proliferation of norms, values and beliefs characterizing GLBTQs. The New York Times is argued to be a contributor towards the creation of sexuality as a cultural product. Its representations of GLBTQs are seen as one manifestation of an institutionally created understanding of the â culture of homosexualityâ .Ph. D.
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Lourenção, Ana Paula Souza Prado. "Ensejos das remodelações urbanas e o Largo da Batata: o sistema de transportes e a apropriação da paisagem." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16135/tde-02032010-094230/.
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Ao nos referirmos às alterações que acontecem no espaço das grandes cidades, as que concernem ao sistema de transportes são emblemáticas. Com o surgimento das regiões metropolitanas, em que a concentração da produção e da população tornou-se uma realidade, a necessidade de deslocamento entre residência e trabalho transformou-se em um fator determinante da qualidade de vida e ambiental para grandes parcelas populacionais. Nesta dissertação procuramos observar que os parâmetros que condicionam as relações sociais são os mesmos que condicionam a construção do espaço de trocas e convivência de uma sociedade; assim, quanto mais igualitária a sociedade, mais generalizado o acesso aos equipamentos e serviços, e, portanto, às infra-estruturas que possibilitam o deslocamento até eles. Observando a história da cidade de São Paulo pudemos inferir características importantes da sociedade em que nos encontramos. Com base nelas, elaboramos um estudo de caso em que avaliamos as intervenções ora realizadas no Largo da Batata que, no momento, é um ambiente da cidade que evidencia essas características sociais.When we refer to the transformations that occur in the urban space of big cities, the ones regarding the transport system are emblematic. With the rise of metropolitan regions - in which concentrated production and population have become a reality - the need for dislocation between house and work has turned into a determinant factor regarding quality of life and environment for great portions of the population. In this dissertation we sought to observe that the parameters which determine social relations are the same that determine the exchange and interaction space in a society; thus, the more equalitarian a society, the broader will be the access to the facilities and services and, therefore, to the infrastructures that allow dislocation to them. By observing the history of São Paulo, we could infer important characteristics from the society in which we live. Based on them, we elaborated a case study in which we evaluated the interventions being carried out in Largo da Batata, a location in the city that currently points out these social aspects.
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Mello, Aline Veroneze de. "Qualidade da dieta e relação com determinantes sociais da saúde em residentes do município de São Paulo (2003 e 2015)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-02102018-130316/.
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Introdução - A qualidade da dieta é alvo de influência das desigualdades socioeconômicas. Entretanto, há ausência de evidências quanto ao nível de desigualdade na qualidade da dieta e, embora existam esforços abrangentes para promover dietas mais saudáveis, questões relacionadas à dimensão da equidade em saúde são negligenciadas. Assim, é essencial compreender essas questões para desenvolvimento e implementação apropriada de intervenções específicas em saúde pública. Objetivo - Avaliar a qualidade da dieta da população do município de São Paulo nos anos de 2003, 2008 e 2015 e sua associação com DSS. Métodos - Foram utilizados dados do estudo transversal de base populacional ISA-Nutrição de 2003, 2008 e 2015, com amostra probabilística de adolescentes, adultos e idosos residentes no município de São Paulo. Os dados socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida foram coletados por meio de questionário semiestruturado e o consumo alimentar, por recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas. A qualidade da dieta foi avaliada com base no Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado (IQD-R). Variáveis descritivas foram comparadas utilizando intervalo de confiança de 95%. Diferenças entre as médias dos escores total e dos componentes do IQD-R foram comparados em cada faixa etária, ano de estudo e DSS estruturais. A associação das desigualdades e DSS com a qualidade da dieta baseou-se em modelos de regressão linear múltipla e na estimativa do índice de concentração (IC), que permite identificar a desigualdade relacionada à renda na qualidade da dieta entre indivíduos com diferentes níveis socioeconômicos. Resultados - Observou-se melhora gradual da qualidade da dieta no período de 12 anos, sendo que os idosos foram o grupo etário com melhor pontuação global. O aumento na pontuação para população geral foi observado para frutas totais, frutas integrais, cereais integrais, óleos e sódio. O principal contribuinte para desigualdade socioeconômica na qualidade da dieta em 2003 foi grupo étnico e, em 2008 e 2015, foi renda domiciliar per capita; a idade mostrou-se como fator persistente de desigualdade na qualidade da alimentação ao longo do período estudado. Os IC indicaram que indivíduos de menor renda apresentaram maiores pontuações no IQD-R em 2003; no entanto, houve mudança em favor dos indivíduos de maior renda em 2008 e 2015. Em 2015, observou-se diferenças entre os componentes do IQD-R para escolaridade, renda, ocupação, sexo e etnia, sendo que os componentes cereais integrais, sódio e calorias provenientes de gordura sólida, bebida alcoólica e açúcar de adição estão entre os mais distantes dos valores ideais do índice. Os fatores associados positivamente à qualidade da dieta em 2015 foram número de doenças, renda e categoria \"outros\" de ocupação. Os associados negativamente foram consumo de energia, consumo de álcool, escolaridade, possuir etnia não branca e estar desempregado. Esses fatores explicam a qualidade da dieta em 54%. Conclusões - Os achados referentes às desigualdades observadas são úteis para subsidiar políticas públicas e ações específicas para diferentes níveis de escolaridade, renda, ocupação, sexo, grupo étnico e faixas etárias, além de incentivar ações voltadas ao estilo de vida saudável.Introduction - Diet quality is influenced by socioeconomic inequalities. However, there is lack of evidence regarding the level of inequalities in diet quality, and whilst there are wide-ranging efforts to promote healthier diets, issues regarding the dimensions of equity in health are neglected. Therefore, it is essential to understand these issues for development and appropriate implementation of specific interventions in public health. Objective - To evaluate diet quality of residents in São Paulo city of 2003, 2008 and 2015 and its association with SDH. Methods - Data from the ISA-Nutrition cross-sectional study of 2003, 2008 and 2015 were used, with a probabilistic sample of adolescents, adults and older adults residents in São Paulo city. Socioeconomic and lifestyle data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and food consumption, through 24-hour dietary recalls. The diet quality was assessed based on the Revised Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI-R). The descriptive variables were compared using a 95% confidence interval. Differences between BHEI-R means, and its components were compared across age group, year of study and structural SDH. The association of inequalities and SDH with diet quality was based on multiple linear regression models and on the concentration index (CI), which allowed the identification of income-related inequality in diet quality among individuals with different socioeconomic levels. Results - We observed that the BHEI-R scores gradually improved over 12-years, with older adults showing the greatest improvement. The increase in overall population score was observed for total fruits, whole fruits, whole grains, oils and sodium. The main contributor to socioeconomic inequality in diet quality in 2003 was ethnic group, and in 2008 and 2015, it was per capita household income; age was a persistent factor of inequality in diet quality over the years. Concentration indices indicated that individuals with lower income had higher scores on BHEI-R in 2003; however, there was a shift in favor of higher income individuals in 2008 and 2015. In 2015, there were differences among BHEI-R components for education, income, occupation, sex and ethnic group, and the components whole grains, sodium and calories from solid fat, alcoholic beverage and added sugar are among the furthest from the index reference values. Factors positively associated with diet quality of residents in São Paulo city in 2015 were number of diseases, income and \"other\" category of occupation. Factors negatively associated were energy, alcohol consumption, education, ethnicity nonwhite and being unemployed. These factors explain the diet quality in 54%. Conclusions - The observed inequalities are useful to subsidize public policies and specific actions for different levels of education, income, occupation, sex, ethnic group and age groups, as well as to encourage actions aimed at a healthy lifestyle.
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Carlin, Anaïs. "Inégalités de revenus et effets de démonstration : les comparaisons inter-individuelles affectent-elles la dynamique d'innovation ?" Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE0032.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’impact conjoint du creusement des inégalités de revenus et des effets de démonstration sur la demande de consommation. Tout particulièrement, ce travail s’attache à définir dans quelles mesures les inégalités de revenus engendrent- elles une demande de luxe et participent-Elles à la dynamique d’innovation. L’analyse s’inscrit dans le cadre des préférences non- homothétiques et traite des aspects sociologiques de l’acte de consommation. L’étude de la littérature macroéconomique sur les inégalités de revenu et la consommation de luxe, constitue le chapitre premier de la thèse. Elle permet de constater que ce champs d’analyse se heurte à l’absence d’une définition communément admise et précise de ce qu’est un bien de luxe. Ce chapitre met en avant l’intérêt d’analyser l’effet du désir de distinction social au sein d’un modèle dans lequel les biens répondant au désir de prestige ont non seulement une fonction sociale, mais aussi une utilité intrinsèque et puissent être le résultat d’une innovation technologique. Le deuxième chapitre étudie la notion de désirs et ses conséquences sur la demande, il propose, notamment, un mécanisme explicatif de l’émergence les désirs et de leur développement dans le temps. Il apporte également une représentation formelle de la croissance des normes de consommation dans un contexte social et montre dans quelle mesure la croissance des désirs participe au changement technologique via les demandes individuels de consommation. Ce chapitre apporte le socle théorique sur lequel est construit un modèle dynamique, proposé dans le troisième chapitre et dans lequel l’incitation à innover provient de la demande de consommationThis Ph.D. thesis focuses on the joint impact of increasing income inequality and demonstration effects on consumer demand. In particular, it attempts to define to what extent income inequality generates luxury consumption and participates in innovation dy- namics. The analysis is part of non-Homothetic preferences framework and discusses sociological aspects of consumer behaviour. The first chapter reviews the macroeconomic literature on income inequality and luxury consumption. It shows that the analysis of luxury from demand point of view comes up against the absence of a commonly accepted and precise definition of luxury goods. The chapter puts forward the interest to analyze the effect of the desire of social distinction within a model in which goods an- swering the want for prestige have, not only a social function, but also an intrinsic utility and can be the product of a technological innovation. The second chapter examines the notion of wants and its consequences on demand. It establishes the mechanism by which wants appear and develop in time. It brings a formal representation of the growth of consumption standards in a so- cial context and shows to what extent the growth of wants participates in the dynamics of technical change through individual consumption demand. This chapter provides a theoretical framework on which is built a dynamical model, exposed in the third chapter, in which the incentive to innovate comes from the consumer demand. Using agent-Based modeling, this chapter explores the relation between conspicuous consumption and product innovation under various states of income inequality and different social influences
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Achury-Forero, Carolina. "Essays on fiscal policy and political economy." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14166.
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This thesis consists of three essays concerned with endogenous fiscal policy and its interaction with political economy constraints. The first essay presented in Chapter 2 examines the cyclical behavior of endogenous government consumption over the business cycle absent a commitment mechanism in a neoclassical economy with Total Factor Productivity (TFP) shocks and investment shocks. Tax rates that finance public consumption are chosen in a time consistent way in a dynamic game between the government and a representative agent that values public goods in his utility. It is found that government consumption set without commitment behaves procyclical in response to the mentioned shocks. The government-consumption-output ratio is mildly procyclical or countercyclical depending on the selected calibration. Particularly, the elasticity of substitution between private and public goods plays an important role. The second essay showed in Chapter 3 extends the model studied in Chapter 2 adding agent heterogeneity in wealth and labor productivity. The aim of this study is to identify how policy outcomes are affected by inequality of households, particularly the median voter's choice of tax rates that finance public goods. For a standard RBC calibration to the U.S. economy the result is a strong procyclical comovement of public consumption with output, and a relatively weak procyclical comovement of the output share of public consumption with output, that becomes stronger with rising inequality. The politico-economic channel induces causality from output to lagged tax rates, therefore after a Hicks neutral productivity shock the median voter tries to delay the increase in the tax rate, such that the increment will take place just after the accumulation of more capital. In the case of equal agents the response is to decrease the tax rate in the first year after the shock. Additionally, the model predicts that the size of government consumption decreases with inequality. The last essay in Chapter 4 presents a stylized model of external sovereign debt that incorporates corruption in the form of rent-seeking groups by which the choice to cooperate or non-cooperate in providing public goods, in extracting rents and in issuing debt, is endogenized. More than one rent-seeking group originates a "tragedy of the commons" over fiscal resources that make the borrower economy to show collective fiscal impatience. External creditors envision that impatience and require higher interest rates for buying bonds, exacerbating the problem of high debt. The high level of interest rates decreases the wealth of the country and endangers its ability to repay the debt. We show that bailout plans, defined as temporary loans with lower than market level interest rates, are not effective in such economies.
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Smushkova, Mariia, and de Clar Caoimhe Sweetman. "Collaboration in social movement organizations : Stockholm Stadsmission’s work for the circular economy." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-189511.
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Ferrario, Marcela Nogueira. "Análise do impacto dos programas de transferência de renda sobre as despesas familiares com o consumo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-27032013-145310/.
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O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi avaliar o impacto do PBF e do BPC sobre as despesas com consumo de: alimentos, frutas, carnes e peixes, aves e ovos, vegetais, cereais e oleaginosas, farinhas e massas, tubérculos e raízes, açúcar, panificados, bebidas alcoólicas, educação, higiene, saúde e materiais escolares. Para estimar esse impacto foram utilizados os microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares do Brasil (POF-2008/09). Foram utilizadas duas metodologias de controle: pela renda famíliar per capita (RFPC) bruta e RFPC líquida. As estimativas do impacto do PBF e do BPC sobre as despesas com consumo, utilizando dados observacionais, foram calculadas a partir de regressão múltipla e a comparação baseada no escore de propensão (propensity score matching). As estimativas do efeito médio do tratamento sobre os tratados apresentaram resultados estatisticamente significativos nas despesas com: alimentos, aves, ovos, vegetais, cereais, oleaginosas, farinha, massas, tubérculos e raízes, açúcar, entre outras. Dessa forma, observou-se que as famílias beneficiárias aumentaram a aquisição de bens prioritários, que aliviam a sua situação de extrema pobreza. No caso das famílias beneficiárias do PBF observou-se aumento nas despesas com materiais escolares, indicando investimento em educação. Já as famílias com beneficiários do BPC aumentaram suas despesas no consumo de saúde e reduziram as despesas com álcool e fumo.The general objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of the \"Programa Bolsa Família\" (PBF) and \"Benefício de Prestação Continuada\" (BPC - a benefit to very poor elderly and people with deficiencies) on consumer expenditures on food, alcoholic beverages, fruits, meat and fish, poultry and eggs, vegetables, cereals and oilseeds, flour and pasta, tubers and roots, sugar, baked goods, education, hygiene, health and school supplies. Data from the Brazilian Family Budgets Survey (POF-2008/2009). Two control methods were used to estimate the effect: the per capita family income gross and per capita family income excluding the income of programs. Estimates of the impact of PBF and BPC on consumer expenditures, using observational data, were calculated from Multiple Regression and the comparison based on the Propensity Score Matching. The estimates of the ATT showed statistically significant results in expenditure on food, poultry and eggs, vegetables, cereals and oilseeds, flour, pasta and tubers and roots and sugar and others. According to the results found there was an increase in the purchase of foods what make the beneficiaries extreme poverty and malnutrition less hard. Also, for families beneficiary of the PBF, increase in school supplies shows greater investment in education. For the families with BPC beneficiaries increased their spending on consumer health and reduced expenditure on alcohol and tobacco.
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Hadj-Boaza, Laure. "Politique de rééquilibrage et pauvreté des ménages en Nouvelle-Calédonie." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05H007.
Full textAbstract:
La Nouvelle-Calédonie est une collectivité d’outre-mer française sui generis. Selon les indicateurs internationaux, elle est développée mais marquée par de fortes inégalités de ressources au sein de sa population. Derrière ce constat, se dessinent les modalités de deux systèmes économiques (domestique et marchand) qui cohabitent mais n’attribuent pas le même sens au salariat, aux inégalités de ressources et à la solidarité. En réponse à ces inégalités, une politique de développement est instaurée depuis 1989. Son objet est de créer les conditions sociales et politiques propices au déploiement d’une économie stable par le « rééquilibrage » des inégalités provinciales (Iles Loyauté, Nord et Sud) et en faveur de la population autochtone notamment, les Kanak. A partir des recensements de la population et de l’enquête Budget Consommation des Ménages nous proposons une évaluation de cette politique provinciale sur vingt ans. Après un état des lieux de l’évolution des inégalités de diplôme, d’accès à l’emploi et de niveau de vie, notre attention se porte sur les plus vulnérables, c’est-à-dire les ménages vivant sous le seuil de pauvreté relatif. Leur structure de consommation caractérise un système hybride entre les rouages de l’économie marchande et non marchande traduisant une logique d’intégration sociale qui repose sur un mécanisme de compensation des solidarités privées et publiques. Ce mécanisme est questionné par le renforcement de la solidarité publique depuis les années 2000New Caledonia is a French overseas collectivity with a sui generis status. According to international indicators New Caledonia is a developed territory, however significant resource inequalities exist. Research findings show that two economical systems (domestic and market economies) coexist with differences in wage earning, resource inequalities and solidarity. In 1989 a development policy was introduced to "adjust" the inequalities that exist among the three Provinces (Loyalty Islands, North Province and South Province). The objective of the policy has been to create a social and political environment favourable for a stable economy that would especially benefit the indigenous population, the Kanak. Based on population censuses and a household budget survey, a 20-year assessment of this provincial policy is offered. After providing an overview of the evolution of inequalities in academic degrees, employment opportunities and standards of living, I will focus on the most vulnerable groups, i.e. households below the relative poverty line. Their consumption structure is characterised by a hybrid system between the market economy and the non-market economy, which means that their social inclusion depends on both public and private solidarities. This mechanism is questioned by the strengthening of the welfare system since the 2000s
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Hubar, Sylwia Patrycja. "Essays on redistributive policies and household finance with heterogeneous agents." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/8601.
Full textAbstract:
The overall objective of the thesis is to investigate needs and incentives of all income/wealth groups in order to explore ways and means to remedy the excessive economic inequality. A closer examination of individual decisions across richer and poorer households allows us to recognize conflicts of wants, needs and values and subsequently to draw recommendations for future policies. The first chapter examines households' preferences over the redistribution of wealth resources. The preferences of voting households are restricted by agents' present and future resource constraints. The wealth resources vary over the business cycle, which affects the grounds for speculations of voting households. We augment the standard Real-Business-Cycle (RBC) model by the majority voting on lump-sum redistribution employing a balanced government budget. Our findings indicate that for the usual elasticity of labor supply both transfers' level and share of output are procyclical, with the procyclicality increasing in the discrepancy between richer and poorer households. In the second chapter we analytically demonstrate that all economic agents face subsistence costs that hinder economic and financial decisions of the poor. We find that the standard two-asset portfolio-selection model with a time-invariant subsistence component in the common-across agents Stone-Geary utility function is capable of explaining qualitatively and quantitatively three empirical regularities: (i) increasing saving rates in wealth, (ii) rising risky portfolio shares with wealth, (iii) more volatile consumption growth of the richer. On the contrary, "keeping-up-with-the-Joneses" utility with a time-varying weighted mean consumption produces identical saving rates and portfolio asset shares across richer and poorer agents, failing to match the micro data. Finally, in the third chapter we use Epstein-Zin-Weil recursive preferences altered to include subsistence costs, as this form of utility function enables trade-off between stability and safety. We pursue an analytical investigation of a more complex multi-asset portfolio-choice model with perfectly insurable labor risk and no liquidity constraints and find further support of the data evidence. If households' total resources are anticipated to increase over time, poorer agents can afford to gradually escape subsistence concerns by choosing lower saving rates and accepting only minor portfolio risks as their consumption hovers close to the subsistence needs. The calibration part of the model economy shows that analytical results can quantitatively reconcile the data, too.
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Devijver, Emilie. "Modèles de mélange pour la régression en grande dimension, application aux données fonctionnelles." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112130/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les modèles de mélange pour la régression sont utilisés pour modéliser la relation entre la réponse et les prédicteurs, pour des données issues de différentes sous-populations. Dans cette thèse, on étudie des prédicteurs de grande dimension et une réponse de grande dimension. Tout d’abord, on obtient une inégalité oracle ℓ1 satisfaite par l’estimateur du Lasso. On s’intéresse à cet estimateur pour ses propriétés de régularisation ℓ1. On propose aussi deux procédures pour pallier ce problème de classification en grande dimension. La première procédure utilise l’estimateur du maximum de vraisemblance pour estimer la densité conditionnelle inconnue, en se restreignant aux variables actives sélectionnées par un estimateur de type Lasso. La seconde procédure considère la sélection de variables et la réduction de rang pour diminuer la dimension. Pour chaque procédure, on obtient une inégalité oracle, qui explicite la pénalité nécessaire pour sélectionner un modèle proche de l’oracle. On étend ces procédures au cas des données fonctionnelles, où les prédicteurs et la réponse peuvent être des fonctions. Dans ce but, on utilise une approche par ondelettes. Pour chaque procédure, on fournit des algorithmes, et on applique et évalue nos méthodes sur des simulations et des données réelles. En particulier, on illustre la première méthode par des données de consommation électriqueFinite mixture regression models are useful for modeling the relationship between a response and predictors, arising from different subpopulations. In this thesis, we focus on high-dimensional predictors and a high-dimensional response. First of all, we provide an ℓ1-oracle inequality satisfied by the Lasso estimator. We focus on this estimator for its ℓ1-regularization properties rather than for the variable selection procedure. We also propose two procedures to deal with this issue. The first procedure leads to estimate the unknown conditional mixture density by a maximum likelihood estimator, restricted to the relevant variables selected by an ℓ1-penalized maximum likelihood estimator. The second procedure considers jointly predictor selection and rank reduction for obtaining lower-dimensional approximations of parameters matrices. For each procedure, we get an oracle inequality, which derives the penalty shape of the criterion, depending on the complexity of the random model collection. We extend these procedures to the functional case, where predictors and responses are functions. For this purpose, we use a wavelet-based approach. For each situation, we provide algorithms, apply and evaluate our methods both on simulations and real datasets. In particular, we illustrate the first procedure on an electricity load consumption dataset
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Oloufade, Djoulassi Kokou. "Analysis of Legal Institutions, Conflict and Trade." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23165.
Full textAbstract:
In the first paper, the effects of trade openness and conflict risk on income inequality are investigated. I obtain that the effect of trade openness on inequality depends on the level of conflict risk. More precisely, there exists a threshold effect: trade openness worsens income inequality in countries where the risk of internal and external conflicts is high. Moreover, I find that countries with higher risk of conflicts are more unequal, and that more ethnically diverse countries increase income inequality. Finally, I obtain that democratic regimes decrease inequality. In the second paper, we analyze the general-equilibrium consequences of property right enforcement in the natural resource sector. Assuming that exclusion requires both private and public enforcement efforts, we compare states that differ by their ability to provide protection services. This ability is referred to as state capacity. We obtain that public protection services can effectively act as either substitutes or complements to private enforcement, and this strongly depends on state capacity. Under low state capacity, an increase in state protection services leads to a drop in national income as labor is drawn away from the directly productive activities. The opposite holds for high-capacity states. As a result, public protection services have an ambiguous effect on national income even though they can unambiguously increase resource rents. In the third paper, we argue that the right to hold dual citizenship can generate important social and economic benefits beyond its political dimension. We assemble a large panel dataset on dual citizenship. We find that in developing countries, dual citizenship recognition increases remittance inflows by US$1.19 billion, GDP and household consumption, and improves child survival. In developed countries, however, dual citizenship recognition decreases remittance inflows by US$1.44 billion, but increases FDI by US$828 billion, raises household consumption, gross capital formation and trade, and provides incentives for skilled workers to move to other countries.
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"Competitive conspicuous consumption, household saving and income inequality." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, 2004. http://epub.wu-wien.ac.at/dyn/dl/wp/epub-wu-01_77d.
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Mosime, Dineo Ronald. "Income inequality and household consumption expenditure in South Africa: 2000-2014." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21554.
Full textAbstract:
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in 50% fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management (in the field of Public Policy).
17 June 2016This paper investigates the nature of relationship between income inequality and consumption expenditure by households. The link between the distribution of income and household spending was determined by exploring the relationship between income inequality and household saving. The econometric estimates show that the propensity of the bottom earners to consume is higher than that of the high income earners. The conclusions from this paper are that; the bottom earners used credit to smooth their consumption expenditure, income inequality has not boosted saving of the top earners and wealth inequality has a minimal effect (although positive) on aggregate consumption Some of these finding are consistent with the theoretical view on income and wealth inequality (Kaldor, 1957) and Aghion et al. (1999). The absence of coping mechanism (such as access to credit and employment), suggests high inequality might result in a decline in the household demand, since the bottom and low earners has high marginal propensities to consume compared with that of the top earners. The existence of imperfect capital markets suggests distributive policies and economic growth are important channels for reducing income and wealth disparities in South Africa.
MB2016
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Aung, Lwin Lwin. "Accounting for consumption inequality in Myanmar: 2004/05 and 2009/10." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110020.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates consumption inequality in Myanmar, utilising comprehensive household expenditure data sets from 2004/05 and 2009/10 called the Integrated Household Living Conditions Assessment surveys. The distributions of revised comprehensive total household expenditures per adult equivalent indicate a decline in different measures of consumption inequality over time. These data suggest that both ‘relative inequality’ and ‘absolute inequality’ have fallen over this five year period. Poorer population groups have gained rapid expenditure growth than richer ones over the whole national consumption distribution. The nationwide Gini coefficient for expenditure per adult equivalent decreased from 0.256 to 0.220 over time. Nationally, the declines in the Gini coefficient, Theil index, Mean Log Deviation, and Atkinson indices were each statistically significant. Disparities in socio-economic conditions between rural and urban areas, as well as states and regions have persistently been claimed, especially by people in rural areas and minority states who believe that they do not receive equal redistributions of their country’s resources. Yangon and Taninthayi had the highest inequality in expenditures and Kayin state was the lowest in the ranking of inequality over time. The static inequality decomposition analyses show that the contribution of within-group inequality of rural and urban areas to total inequality in both levels and changes is higher than that of between-group inequality. Over the study years, both the between-group and within-group inequalities of rural and urban areas have decreased significantly. However, the contribution of between-group inequality of rural and urban areas to total inequality in Myanmar decreased over time, while that of within-group inequality to total inequality correspondingly increased. A similar trend is found for the level of, and changes in, the contributions of states and regions to total inequality. Therefore, the results confirm that a substantial part of expenditure inequality in Myanmar is not spatial. Cyclone Nargis also contributed to the decline in inequality that occurred in the Nargis-affected area, as well as to the observed decline in total national inequality. The Fields (2003) regression-based inequality decomposition reveals that locational and regional effects, occupation, and levels of education of household members are key to explaining both the level of, and changes in, consumption inequality. Firstly, regional specific variables are the main contributors to the narrowing of expenditure inequality and these explain about 35% and 43% for all households and panel households, respectively. However, these factors have complex origins. Ideally, other variables that are beyond the available data can be correlated with the region-specific variables considered in this study, and thus, while their impact cannot be captured directly, it is reflected in the regional variables. The second largest contributor is the share of household members with different types of occupation, accounting for 22% (all households) and 16% (panel households). The third major influencing factor is the level of education of working-age adults (aged 15-64) constituting about 14% and 18% for all households and panel households, respectively. This research also finds that the results produced using the Yun (2006) approach are inconsistent, and provide a seemingly arbitrary choice for researchers.
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Zhu, Guozhong. "Essays on housing and macroeconomics." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/15351.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation studies households' housing decision in the presence of income risks, and its implication on within-cohort income/consumption inequality and the nature of income risks facing households. It is composed of three chapters. The first chapter presents evidence from Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and Consumer Expenditure Survey (PSID) that housing consumption and housing investment are negatively affected by income risks. Within a household portfolio choice model, the negative effect can be attributed to the illiquidity of housing investment and the positive correlation between house price and income. The second chapter provides empirical evidence that the secular rise of income and consumption inequalities in the United States is age-dependent. It is more significant among younger households. With this feature, biasedness arises from the traditional methodology of decomposing inequality into age effect, year effect and cohort effect. A simple but effective remedy for the problem is proposed. The third chapter of the dissertation studies the age-profile of within-cohort income/consumption inequality, using the methodology proposed in the second chapter. It documents the age-profile of housing consumption inequality which is almost flat. This stands in contrast to the well-documented fact that within-cohort nonhousing consumption inequality rises with age, which has been argued to be evidence for persistent, uninsurable income shocks to households. This argument is challenged by the finding that housing consumption inequality has a flat age-profile. Within the framework of standard lifecycle model, the coexistence of rising nonhousing consumption inequality and flat housing consumption inequality constitutes a puzzle. A potential resolution lies in the negative effect of income uncertainty on housing decision which diminishes with age, as shown in the first chapter of the dissertation.text
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Tavares, Francisco De Azevedo Coutinho Pinto. "Inflation heterogeneity and its impact on inequality: evidence from the United States." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/121898.
Full textAbstract:
Aggregate inflation measures such as the Consumer Price Index seek to capture the im-pact on households consumption possibilities of changes in prices over time and are generally assumed as representative of all consumers. This is only true if households have all the same consumption patterns. Based on household level microdata, we construct specific household baskets of consumption and calculate the inflation for each one. By comparing Plutocratic and Democratic indexes, and inflation between groups of income, we conclude that households experienced different inflation rates, with the poorer suffering more with the loss in the purchasing power. The potential impacts of these findings on Fiscal and Monetary Policy show that around 1.77 million households could be paying federal income taxes when they should not; Social Security benefits could be up to 9.70% higher for some households; Federal Funds Rates would be 0.8 percentage points higher, based on a Taylor type rule, if FED used a Democratic core inflation index.
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Roemling, Cornelia. "A Socioeconomic Analysis of Obesity and Intra-Household Nutritional Inequality in Indonesia." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-EF3A-0.
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Bernardino, Tiago. "Asset liquidity and fiscal consolidation programs." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/66785.
Full textAbstract:
We argue that the relationship between wealth inequality and fiscal multipliers depends crucially
on the type of fiscal experiment used as well as on the measure of the wealth distribution.
We calibrate an incomplete-markets, overlapping generations model to different European
economies and use Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) data to compare fiscal
multipliers when models are calibrated to match the distribution of liquid vs. net wealth. We
find a negative relationship between fiscal multipliers and wealth inequality when considering
fiscal consolidation programs, in contrast to fiscal expansions experiments which are standard in
the literature. The underlying mechanism relies on the relationship between the distribution of
wealth and the share of credit constrained agents. We examine the role of households’ balance
sheet compositions regarding asset liquidity and find that when calibrating the model to match
liquid wealth, the relationship between wealth inequality and fiscal multipliers is much stronger.
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Fonseca, Miguel Ângelo De Sá Monteiro Da. "Fiscal consolidations: welfare effects of the adjustment speed." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/104271.
Full textAbstract:
This work studies the response of social welfare to fiscal consolidations, by focusingon a less debated characteristic of fiscal plans: the speed of deleveraging. A neo-classical overlapping generations model is calibrated to the German economy, anda sequence of reductions of the same size in the debt-to-GDP ratio are simulatedconsidering different adjustment periods. Welfare gains are found to be larger inslow, delayed fiscal consolidations, due to the presence of incomplete markets. It isalso found that the aggregate welfare response depends on the distribution of wealthand the type of fiscal instrument used.
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Seriño, Moises Neil. "Is de-carbonized development possible? Household emissions and renewable energy in developing countries." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-9916-C.
Full textAbstract:
Politische Entscheidungsträger stehen heute vor der Herausforderung, dem Klimawandel zu begegnen, ohne das Entwicklungspotential von Entwicklungsländern einzuschränken. In diesem Zusammenhang trägt diese Arbeit zur Beantwortung der Frage bei, ob Entwicklung ohne höheren CO2-Ausstoß möglich ist. Untersucht werden insbesondere die Emissionen von Haushalten und die mögliche Verbreitung erneuerbarer Energien in Entwicklungsländern. Diese Arbeit geht in vier Punkten über die bisherige Literatur hinaus. Erstens untersucht sie aus der Perspektive eines Entwicklungslandes die CO2-Emissionen von Haushalten und analysiert den Einfluss steigender Einkommen auf Emissionen, unter Berücksichtigung sozio-demografischer Eigenschaften der Haushalte. Zweitens betrachtet sie andere relevante Faktoren wie CO2-und Energieintensität, die steigende Emissionen beeinflussen könnten. Drittens untersucht sie, wie ungleich die Emissionen der Haushalte verteilt sind. Aus der Ungleichheit von Emissionen ergeben sich direkte Konsequenzen für die Reduzierung der CO2-Emissionen von Haushalten. Zuletzt wird die Möglichkeit der Verbreitung verschiedener erneuerbarer Energien in Entwicklungsländern erforscht. Erneuerbare Energien scheinen eine Handlungsoption zur Reduzierung von CO2-Emissionen darzustellen. Sie können helfen, Wachstum in Entwicklungsländern zu fördern, ohne die bereits besorgniserregend hohe Konzentration von klimaschädlichen Gasen in der Atmosphäre weiter zu verschlimmern. Der erste Teil der Dissertation untersucht, wie CO2-intensiv der Lebensstil philippinischer Haushalte ist und analysiert Möglichkeiten, Emissionen und Wohlstand von Haushalten zu entkoppeln. Wir schätzen die CO2-Emissionen der Haushalte, die durch den Konsum verschiedener Güter und Dienstleistungen verursacht werden, indem wir eine Input-Output-Analyse mit den Ausgaben der Haushalte in den Jahren 2000 und 2006 kombinieren. Auf Basis der Schätzung sind die Ausgaben der Haushalte, die im Zusammenhang mit Kraftstoffen, Licht und Transport stehen, die CO2-intensivsten, während diejenigen für kurzlebige Güter am wenigsten CO2-intensiv sind. Die zentralen Ergebnisse sind, dass während sozio-demografische Eigenschaften der Haushalte wichtig für die Erklärung der Höhe von Emissionen sind, keine konkreten Anzeichen für eine Entkopplung von CO2-Emissionen und Wohlstand gefunden wurden. Wenn sich das Konsumverhalten nicht ändert, werden philippinische Haushalte bei steigendem Wohlstand wahrscheinlich einen Lebensstil führen, der mit höherem CO2-Ausstoß einhergeht. Der zweite Teil schlüsselt die Veränderung der Emissionen durch Haushalte auf und untersucht andere relevante Einflussfaktoren wie CO2-Intensität und Energieintensität. Während der erste Teil die starke Korrelation zwischen Emissionen und Einkommen herausarbeitet, wird durch die Aufschlüsselung deutlich, dass diese Korrelation nicht gleichverteilt zwischen allen Haushalten ist. Der Einkommenseffekt ist in ärmeren Haushalten ausgeprägter, während der Effekt der Energieintensität in reicheren Haushalten überwiegt. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die Energieintensität ein Ansatzpunkt dafür sein kann, Emissionen von Haushalten zu reduzieren. Insbesondere kann der Einsatz energieeffizienter Haushaltsgeräte gefördert werden, ebenso wie kraftstoffsparende Fahrzeuge oder der Zugang zu öffentlichen Transportmitteln. Um die CO2-Emissionen von Haushalten zu reduzieren, muss untersucht werden, wie sich die Emissionen auf die Haushalte verteilen. Jede politische Maßnahme zur Linderung des Klimawandels, die die Reduktion von Emissionen beinhaltet, hat einen direkteren Einfluss in gleicheren Gesellschaften, als in Ungleicheren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Emissionen sehr ungleich zwischen den Haushalten verteilt sind, dass diese Ungleichheit zunimmt und sich ein großer Anteil der Emissionsungleichheit durch energieintensiven Konsum von Kraftstoffen, Licht und Transport erklärt. Dies legt nahe, dass politische Entscheidungsträger sich auf energieintensiven Konsum fokussieren sollten, um die Ungleichheit von Emissionen zu reduzieren. Die ersten drei Teile der Arbeit stellen heraus, dass ein großer Anteil der CO2-Emissionen der Haushalte durch energieintensiven Konsum verursacht wird. Dies deutet auf die Notwendigkeit hin, auf emissionsneutrale Energiequellen wie erneuerbare Energien umzusteigen um den Lebensstil der Haushalte zu erhalten oder zu verbessern ohne die globalen Emissionen weiter ansteigen zu lassen. Daher wird im vierten Teil die potentielle Ausbreitung verschiedener erneuerbarer Energiequellen in Entwicklungsländern modelliert und ihre Bestimmungsfaktoren untersucht. Wir konzentrieren uns auf die Diversifikation, da die meisten erneuerbaren Energien wetterabhängig und dadurch nicht planbar sind, eine Diversifikation aber eine stabile und verlässliche Energieversorgung ermöglicht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen robusten nichtlinearen Effekt von Einkommen auf Diversifikation, der sich als grafisch als U-förmige Beziehung zeigt, so dass wir eine weitere Diversifikation erneuerbarer Energiequellen bei steigenden Einkommen in Entwicklungsländern erwarten. Darüber hinaus können technologisch fortschrittlichere Entwicklungsländer, Entwicklungsländer mit ausgebildeten Fachkräften, entwickelten Finanzmärkten, guter Regierungsführung und hohem Rohstoffvorkommen den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien diversifizieren ohne auf ausländische Direktinvestitionen und Entwicklungshilfe angewiesen zu sein. Wir dokumentieren ferner, dass sich die Diversifizierung erneuerbarer Energiequellen seit Einführung des Kyoto-Protokolls Ende 1997 weiter verbreitet hat. Auf Grundlage der obigen Erkenntnisse können die folgenden Politikempfehlungen abgeleitet werden. Auf Seiten der Haushalte: Es ist unwahrscheinlich, dass Haushalte bei steigendem Wohlstand einen Lebensstil führen werden, der mit geringem CO2-Ausstoß einhergeht. Den Konsum der Haushalte zu beschränken ist jedoch schwierig und umstritten. Güter, durch die ein hoher CO2-Ausstoß verursacht wird, können besteuert werden um die Emissionen von Haushalten einzuschränken. Allerdings sollten politische Entscheidungsträger dabei Vorsicht walten lassen, um nicht die Bemühungen der Armutsbekämpfung zu gefährden, da auf den Philippinen ein Viertel der Bevölkerung als arm anzusehen ist. Es gibt verschiedene andere Optionen, die CO2-Emissionen der Haushalte zu drosseln. Dazu zählt die Verbesserung der Produktionseffizienz und die Veränderung des Konsumverhaltens hin zu einem weniger CO2-intensiven Lebensstil. Wichtig sind dabei insbesondere Verbesserungen beim Zugang zu öffentlichem Verkehrsmitteln, sowie zu energieeffizienteren Beleuchtungs- und Kühltechnologien. Ferner ist es ein wichtiger Politikansatz, den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energiequellen auszuweiten und erneuerbare Energie in den Energiemix von Entwicklungsländern einzugliedern, um wirtschaftliches Wachstum von Emissionen zu entkoppeln.
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Nguyen, Giang. "Essays on Economic Development in Southeast Asia." Phd thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/154837.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis contains three essays on economic development in
Southeast Asia. The broad objective of the thesis is to study
different aspects of economic development in the region. The
first essay examines the determinants of the consumption gap
between migrant and urban households in Vietnam, paying
particular attention to the role of the household registration
(ho khau) system in shaping consumption of migrant households.
Our findings indicate: (1) migrant households exhibit
significantly lower consumption levels than comparable urban
households and the observed gap is mainly driven by differences
in non-food consumption; (2) the restrictions imposed by the ho
khau system contribute significantly to the gap; (3) remittances
of migrant households to family members in rural regions are
responsible for a considerable part of the gap; and (4) the
consumption gap declines with the duration of residence of
migrant households in their destination cities. The second essay
examines the effect of fertility on women's labor market outcomes
in Indonesia using an instrumental variable approach. Parental
preferences for a mixed sibling-sex composition are used to
construct an instrumental variable to identify the causal effect
of fertility on a range of outcome variables, including labor
force participation, full-time employment, employment in the
formal sector and occupational choices. Our findings indicate
that childbearing of women whose fertility was affected by the
sex composition of their offspring reduces labor force
participation, formal employment and employment in occupations
that are physically demanding and require a high level of
commitment. The effect is stronger for women aged 21-35 years and
ambiguous for women aged 36-49 years. The third essay
investigates fertility differentials between rural and urban
areas in Cambodia, Indonesia and the Philippines. A decomposition
analysis based on both linear and count data models shows: (1)
differences in individual and family characteristics between
rural and urban areas have the largest contribution to the gap,
although the contribution varies across countries; (2)
differences in women's educational attainment have the strongest
effect in Indonesia and Cambodia, while the wealth effect is
largest in the Philippines; (3) husband's education differentials
also contribute to a significant part of the gap; and (4) women's
education appears to be more important for young women in
reducing the gap than for older women, while the contribution of
differences in the use of contraceptives is only significant for
young women.
46
Irfany, Mohammad Iqbal. "Economic development and de-carbonization paths: Micro and macro perspectives from Indonesia." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-9942-8.
Full textAbstract:
Die drei Essays dieser Dissertation verbinden Themen der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und des Klimawandels. Alle Essays erörtern die allgemeine Frage wie steigende Einkommen und Austauschbeziehungen in Umweltfragen verbunden werden können und konzentrieren sich dabei auf CO2 Emissionen als Hauptverursacher von Treibhausgasen. Die Forschungsarbeit beleuchtet die wesentlichen Treiber und Verteilungswege von CO2 Emissionen und zeigt wie wirtschaftliches Wachstum, Energieverbrauch und Emissionen interagieren.
Im ersten Essay wird am Beispiel Indonesiens der ökologische Fußabdruck von Haushalten durch ihre Konsumentscheidung aufgezeigt. Es werden Muster, Determinanten und die Aufschlüsselung der steigenden Emissionen der Haushalte analysiert. Die Arbeit konnte zeigen, dass die Sektoren mit Leichtöl und im Transportwesen die intensivsten Emittenten in Indonesien sind und ein signifikantes Ungleichgewicht der Karbon-Emissionen zwischen Haushalten besteht. Sie konnte zudem darlegen, dass ein steigendes Einkommen die wichtigste Determinante der Haushaltsemissionen sind. Die Aufschlüsselung des Emissionswachstums legt nahe, dass die steigenden Emissionen zwischen 2005 und 2009 hauptsächlich auf den steigenden Wohlstand der Haushalte zurückzuführen sind.
Eine gerechtere Haushaltsverteilung besitzt -wie jedes Emissionsreduzierungskonzept- einen größeren Effekt zur Abschwächung des Klimawandels in einer Gesellschaft mit weniger Ungleichheit als in einer Gesellschaft mit verstärkter Ungleichheit. Im zweiten Essay wurde die Ungleichheit von Haushalts-Emissionen und die Aufschlüsselung der Emissionsungleichheiten in ihre Ursachen untersucht.. Die Studie zeigt einerseits eine steigende Ungleichheit unter den untersuchten Haushalten als auch dass Energie-Transport hauptsächlich für höhere Emissionsungleichheit verantwortlich ist.
Der dritte Essay untersucht kausale Zusammenhänge zwischen Emissionen, Energieverbrauch und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung gemeinsam mit Urbanisierung und Investitionen im Falle von Indonesien unter Verwendung von Zeitreihenanalyse. Diese Studie zeigt eine Granger-Kausalität von Output und Energieverbrauch hin zu Emissionen, aber nicht in die entgegengesetzte Richtung von Emissionen zu Output. Dies weist darauf hin die Möglichkeit Emissionen zu reduzieren ohne Wachstum zu hemmen. Damit könnte Energieverbrauch die hauptsächlich verändernde Variable zwischen Output und Emissionen sein. Urbanisierung und Kapitalformation können CO2 neutral sein, wenn das betreffende Land nachhaltige städtische Entwicklung, grüne Investitionen und Energieeffizienz zur Entschärfung des Klimawandels fördert.
Jeder dieser Essays trägt zu der Literatur dazu bei, wie ökonomische Aktivitäten (wie steigender Konsum) steigende Emissionen - eine der wichtigsten Externalitäten menschlicher Entwicklung - bedingen. Andersherum könnte Umweltzerstörung (und/oder entschärfende Maßnahmen) weitere Entwicklung menschlichen Wohlbefindens erschweren. Passende Politikmaßnahmen, der Konsum in Richtung von weniger emissionsintensiven Ausgaben stimulieren, könnten implementiert werden. Aber insbesondere in Entwicklungsländern, die mit Energieeffizienz (CO2 intensive Energiesysteme), ungenügend grünen Infrastrukturen, Städteplanung, öffentlichem Nahverkehr und hohen (und ungünstig gezielte) Treibstoffsubventionen zu kämpfen haben, könnte dies schwierig werden. Diese Themen könnten dann nicht nur für Indonesien als entwickelnde Ökonomie sondern auch bei globalen Debatten dazu beitragen, wie Entwicklungspfade weniger kohlenstoffintensiv gestaltet werden können und damit substantielle Bedeutung erlangen.
47
Barclay, Vaughn. "Patterns Perceptible: Awakening to Community." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3656.
Full textAbstract:
This paper interweaves narrativized readings and experiential narratives as personal and cultural resources for counterhegemonic cultural critique within our historical context of globalization and ecological crisis. Framed by perspectives on epistemology, everyday life, and place, these reflections seek to engage and revitalize our notions of community, creativity, and the individual, towards visioning the human art of community as a counternarrative to globalization. Such a task involves confronting the meanings we have come to ascribe to work and economy which so deeply determine our social fabric. Encountering the thought of key 19th and 20th century social theorists ranging from William Morris, Gregory Bateson, and Raymond Williams, to Murray Bookchin, Martin Buber, and Wendell Berry, these reflections mark the indivisible web of culture in the face of our insistent divisions, and further, iterate our innate creativity as the source for a vital, sustainable culture that might reflect, in Bateson’s terms, the pattern that connects.