Journal articles on the topic 'Consumption (Economics) – Social aspects – Study and teaching'
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1
Supatminingsih, Tuti. "POLA DAN PERILAKU KONSUMSI RUMAH TANGGA DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM DI KOTA MAKASSAR." DIKTUM: Jurnal Syariah dan Hukum 16, no. 2 (December 6, 2018): 307–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35905/diktum.v16i2.645.
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This study discusses the pattern and behavior of household consumption in Islamic economic perspective in Makassar city. The results showed that the type of household consumption in Makassar City, dominated by expenditure for nonfood. Income, education, number of family members, number of family members, saving, credit, employment status of head of household simultaneously have a significant influence on household consumption expenditure in Makassar City. Household income, number of working family members, saving, and credit, partially have a significant effect on household consumption expenditure in Makassar City, whereas the education of head of household, the number of family member, occupation of head of household have influence which is insignificant to household consumption expenditure in Makassar City. The behavior of the family household consumption in Makassar City based on the perspective of Islamic economics, firstly, the purchase of food and non-food goods in line with the concept of needs, which is the need for more priority and has paid attention to the religious teachings of Islam; secondly, the mashlahah that is achieved with the fulfillment of food and non food needs is the acquisition of utility and blessing in consuming food and non food, thirdly, the benefits gained not only in the world but in the hereafter also, because in consumption expenditure there are still social aspects, such as zakat, infaqandsedakah, so that consumption activities that carried were based on religious values.
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Estrada-Vidal, Ligia Isabel, María del Carmen Olmos-Gómez, Rafael López-Cordero, and Francisca Ruiz-Garzón. "The Differences across Future Teachers Regarding Attitudes on Social Responsibility for Sustainable Development." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 5323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155323.
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In the search for sustainable development, in which the ecological footprint is carefully considered by consumers and companies, teachers play an important role within a social and economic framework. This role relates to aspects of social responsibility. It should involve knowledge about education for responsible consumption in order to care for the environment both individually and socially. Considering this, the aim of this study is to find out whether there are differences in the level of awareness and the habits of future teachers of Early Childhood and Primary Education regarding sustainable social responsibility. A non-probabilistic sample of 30 Early Childhood Education degree students and 22 Primary Education degree students was used. Semi-structured interviews and an inductive process were conducted to examine the importance of Sustainable Development in society, the relevance of Social Responsibility for Sustainable Development (individual versus corporate), the attitudes and habits relative to Sustainable Development and the education on Sustainable Development in schools: knowledge, attitudes, and proposals. Students agree that they consume excessively. This is everyone’s individual responsibility (as regarded by all participants), although changes could be supported by institutions and companies (Early Childhood education students argue in favour of corporate responsibility). Knowledge deficits were identified in relation to production, distribution, and sale processes. They consider education to be the main factor for sustainability, while society is ranked as the least important, observing an evident disagreement in relation to environmental and economic factors (perception of collective responsibility; Early Childhood versus Primary Education students). Finally, they also outline teaching proposals (active and participatory) to foster education for sustainable development at schools.
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Abdullahi, Shafiu Ibrahim. "Zakah as tool for social cause marketing and corporate charity: a conceptual study." Journal of Islamic Marketing 10, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-03-2017-0025.
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Purpose This paper explores the role of Zakah in social cause marketing. Academic literature on Islamic economics, finance and management mostly deals with the links that exists between Zakah and consumption, neglecting important and strategic links with social cause marketing. This paper emanated from need to outline social cause and the charitable role of Zakah in promoting Halal businesses, poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Most works in the field of Zakah did not foresee the role of marketing. This is a misjudgement, as this work showed that Zakah yields large and measurable social gains to help the society and a firm. Design/methodology/approach Secondary sources were used in writing this paper. Available literature in the form of journals, books, manuals and reports was referred to. As a conceptual work, the paper does not test hypothesis or pretends to provide empirical evidences. It uses mathematical economics in arriving at some of the conclusions. Findings were derived through deductions and critical discourses, not through crunching of primary data. Findings The paper shows how Zakah, Halal consumption and corporate social responsibility are connected and highlights the role of Zakah as a social marketing tool. It shows how Zakah affects consumption through marginal propensity of Zakah recipients who spend Zakah money on basic needs. Research limitations/implications The paper looks at the broad aspects of Zakah and social marketing. How to make Zakah a pillar of Islamic firms’ social cause programs shall be the focus of future academic works in this area. Originality/value The paper is unique in drawing attention of Islamic firms to the effectiveness of Zakah in building a corporate image. It draws the attention of firms, activists, academics and governments to functions of Zakah that have not been studied in depth.
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Grosglik, Rafi. "Citizen-consumer revisited: The cultural meanings of organic food consumption in Israel." Journal of Consumer Culture 17, no. 3 (January 15, 2016): 732–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540515623609.
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Organic food consumption is associated with “citizen-consumer” practice, which is an act of promoting different aspects of social and ecological responsibility and the integration of ethical considerations in daily practices such as eating. This article analyzes aspects of organic food consumption in Israel and the symbolic meanings given to it by its consumers. The study shows how practices attributed to ethical eating culture are used in identity construction, social status manifestation, and as a means to demonstrate openness to global cultural trends. Organic food consumption is carried out as part of a symbolic use of ethical values and its adaptation to the local Israeli cultural context. In addition, organic food consumption patterns are revealed as fitting the cultural logic of globalization, which spread in the last decades in Israel. Analysis of the socio-cultural aspects related to organic food consumption points to the polysemy embodied in the term citizen-consumer and shows how the actual implementation of this term in Israel is based on the assimilation of cosmopolitan meanings.
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Li, Feifei. "Feasibility Study on the “Six in One” Teaching Mode in Line Dance." Asian Social Science 16, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n7p138.
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Line dance is one of the most important parts of physical education, which has been widely and deeply promoted in physical education. To sum up, the traditional teaching mode of line dance basically focuses on the three aspects of "teaching, learning and doing", that is, for the teaching content, the teacher teaches and the students follow the teacher to learn and do. Most of the students just master the set of movements taught by the teacher, can not create their own dance moves or even participate in the competition. Therefore, this paper analyzes the shortcomings of traditional line dance teaching, reforms the teaching content and teaching mode, and probes into the teaching mode integrating "teaching, learning, doing, practicing, researching and competing", so as to provide some reference for the teaching reform of line dance course in colleges and universities in China.
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Ajello, Anna Maria, Anna Silvia Bombi, Clotilde Pontecorvo, and Cristina Zucchermaglio. "Teaching Economics in Primary School: The Concepts of Work and Profit." International Journal of Behavioral Development 10, no. 1 (March 1987): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548701000104.
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Research on children's social cognition has dealt mainly with face to face relations; only a few studies have considered how children understand impersonal aspects of society such as economics. This study involves an investigation of teaching the concepts of work and profit to third-graders. Five instruction units were created and during a one-month period these were presented to five classes at different schools in Rome. A sample of 80 pupils was interviewed before and after teaching aimed at ascertaining their ideas on prices, profit and product distribution. Children's responses were scored on several scales, on which separate ANOVAs (class x sex x repeated measures or class x repeated measures) were carried out. The results show an overall improvement in children's knowledge, with differences that may be related not only to the complexity of the different concept but also to children's initial levels of competence.
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Şentürk, Mehmet. "Educational comics and educational cartoons as teaching material in the social studies course." African Educational Research Journal 9, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30918/aerj.92.21.073.
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This study aims to explore the effect of using educational comics or educational cartoons as teaching material in social studies course on students' academic achievement. Also, it is aimed to reveal the experiences of the students regarding the use of these materials. In the study, the embedded design was preferred among the mixed-methods designs. For the quantitative aspect of this research, pre-test and post-test on the control and experimental group with the quasi-experimental design were used. The study was conducted out with two experimental groups and a control group. The study was conducted with 266 (87 students are in the educational comics group, 88 students are in the educational cartoons group, 91 students are in the control group) 6th-grade students. To analyse the quantitative data, One-Way ANOVA was used. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined a significant difference between the educational comics group and the other groups in academic achievement levels. It was also determined a significant difference between the educational cartoons group and the control group. For the qualitative aspect of this research, phenomenology design was used. To analyse the qualitative data which were collected by semi-structured forms, content analysis was used. As a result of the analysis of qualitative data, it was concluded that students seen both educational comics and educational cartoons as effective materials for educational activities in various aspects. These results show these teaching materials can use by teachers for effective learning in social studies course.
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Jaunky, Vishal Chandr, Jamiil Jeetoo, and Shreya Rampersad. "Happiness and Consumption in Mauritius: An Exploratory Study of Socio-Economic Dimensions, Basic Needs, Luxuries and Personality Traits." Journal of Happiness Studies 21, no. 7 (October 9, 2019): 2377–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00178-8.
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Abstract Mainstream economics perceive an individual as highly individualistic, presuming that he/she consumes goods in the most efficient way to optimize his/her level of happiness. This study attempts to explore the nexus between socio-economic dimensions, basic needs, luxuries and personality traits and happiness in Mauritius. Material consumption and happiness are projected to be positively and strongly related. This is usually illuminated in terms of the increased possibilities to satisfy basic needs and luxuries along with other motives which additional spending provides. Other instrumental aspects of consumption, such as its relative, community-based and hedonic magnitudes are accounted. Cross-sectional data are compiled from a household survey with a sample size of 1015 observations. To conduct the analysis, an ordered probit model is applied. The general conclusion is drawn upon the results that socio-economic indicators like educational attainment, residential location, family size, income in addition to the intermediate needs deprivation index, brand consciousness, fashion innovativeness, commercial interest, shopping enjoyment, hedonism, bandwagon effect and personality traits are significantly related to people’s happiness.
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Sasana, Hadi, Panji Kusuma Prasetyanto, and Nuwun Priyono. "Industrialization and Consumption of Fossil Energy are the Main Determinants of Environmental Degradation in Water Catchment Areas in Indonesia." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 6 (November 28, 2022): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13546.
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Economic growth is the main goal of the global economy. However, increasing economic growth often results in increased CO2 emissions and encourages environmental degradation. This study analyzes the impact of industrialization, consumption of fossil energy, economic growth, and population activities on CO2 emissions in upland water catchment areas. Data analysis using panel data regression, in a span of 20 years. The results of the study show that economic factors, namely industrialization and consumption of fossil energy, are the main determinants of increasing CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, social aspects such as education, waste generation, and population have no effect on CO2 emissions.
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Gökşen, Fatoş, Gökhan Özertan, İsmail Sağlam, and Ünal Zenginobuz. "Impacts of the Tax System on Poverty and Social Exclusion: A Case Study on Turkey." New Perspectives on Turkey 38 (2008): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600004969.
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AbstractThis article makes use of two different data sets on Turkey to explore the relationship between the tax structure and issues such as democratic representation, citizenship rights, and poverty and social exclusion. The first of these data sets is the extensive Household Consumption Survey (2003) by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). This extensive survey data allows a very comprehensive quantitative analysis of the tax burden on the consumption baskets of households in different income groups, as well as in different regions of Turkey. The second data set incorporates qualitative data on Turkish citizens' views and attitudes towards different aspects of the Turkish tax system—such as its fairness (justice), transparency, and efficiency in generating funds for public activities—obtained through focus group meetings and in-depth interviews conducted with citizen groups and various stakeholders in cities in different regions in Turkey. The quantitative findings presented in the study clearly reveal that, if anything, taxes are expected to exacerbate the problem of inequality and poverty in Turkey. Heavily relying on regressive consumption taxes results in the poor paying a disproportionate amount of their income as indirect taxes, more so for those in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia where poverty is more extreme. On the other hand, the qualitative part reveals that ordinary citizens find the current tax system highly unfair and feel that they receive very little in terms of public services in return for the taxes they pay. In spite of the merits attributed in theory to taxation as a means to provide services and thereby legitimize the state, the payment of taxes is met with considerable reluctance. Most of this reluctance is attributable to factors such as the citizens' inability to pay, and a lack of clarity with respect to the obligations and reasons for paying. It also emerges that the unwillingness to pay is a protest against the degradation of public services and the perceptions of unfairness, corruption, and other administrative failings.
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Makarova, Olena, Tetiana Kalashnikova, and Iryna Novak. "The impact of energy consumption on quality of life in the world: methodological aspects of evaluation." Economic Annals-ХХI 184, no. 7-8 (September 10, 2020): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v184-03.
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The high quality of life in the modern sense is directly related to energy consumption and associated with the provision of «clean» food products and environment, comfortable housing, public and private transport. Increasing the availability of energy for the developing countries allows their residents to live longer and more comfortably. At the same time, in the developed European countries with high quality of life, energy consumption is decreasing due to the implementation of energy efficiency and energy saving policies. The Human Development Index, the world’s best-known and most widely used integrated assessment of quality of life, does not include energy consumption indicators. The aim of our research is to study the relationship between energy consumption and quality of life, and prove the need to consider energy consumption indicators in order to improve the methodology framework for assessing quality of life. Using the method of cluster analysis, 77 countries of the world are grouped according to a set of indicators that characterize income, energy consumption, use of renewable energy sources, and CO2 emissions. As a result, the relationship between the level of human development, which is a universal characteristic of quality of life, and these indicators was identified and evaluated. It has been proved that the most prosperous countries in terms of quality of life and energy use are those in which relatively low indicators of primary energy consumption and CO2 emission are combined with high incomes and human development level. The progressive structure of energy consumption ensures the achievement of a higher quality of living, while high energy consumption is not a sufficient condition for this. Against the background of low levels of total primary energy consumption and GDP per capita, CO2 emissions, as well as a low share of renewable energy in total energy consumption, high quality of life is present mainly in the «new» EU member states, which provide it through rational energy consumption. The average level of human development is inherent in a group of countries of the former USSR (which includes Ukraine), as well as some countries in Latin America, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. At the same time, countries such as China and South Korea are reducing energy consumption owing to technological progress and have a positive dynamics of human development indicators. Instead, low levels of energy consumption in the former Soviet Union and Latin America are due to insufficient sustainability of economic and social development, human development in particular. The obtained results substantiate the need to improve the methodology for assessing the quality of life taking into consideration energy consumption indicators.
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Magalhaes, Danielle Rodrigues, Cihan Çakmakçı, María del Mar Campo, Yusuf Çakmakçı, Fausto Makishi, Vivian Lara dos Santos Silva, and Marco Antonio Trindade. "Changes in the Current Patterns of Beef Consumption and Consumer Behavior Trends—Cross-Cultural Study Brazil-Spain-Turkey." Foods 12, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12030475.
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This cross-cultural study aimed to determine the main factors behind potential changes in eating habits by analyzing changes in the patterns of beef consumption currently observed in Brazil, Spain, and Turkey. To achieve this aim, 412 regular beef consumers from Brazil, 407 from Spain, and 424 from Turkey answered a self-administered questionnaire. The study surveyed the effects of economic factors, switching from beef to other sources of protein, aspects of credence, health-related concerns, the influence of lifestyle on beef consumption patterns, and purchasing decision factors. The most important factors that changed consumer behavior and resulted in a decrease in consumption, mostly among Brazilian and Turkish consumers, were the economics and accessibility of the products. Beef was replaced by other alternative sources of protein that were likewise derived from animals. The consumers whose purchasing intentions were most significantly influenced by credence factors (e.g., indiscriminate use of agricultural products, substandard animal welfare requirements, among others) were Brazilian and Turkish and, to a lesser degree, Spanish consumers. Lifestyle factors (e.g., consumption of out-of-home meals, available time to cook, among others) were demonstrated to alter consumption patterns and therefore must be carefully considered by the industry, taking into account cultural differences and consumer needs. The population under investigation considered that eating beef had no impact on their health.
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Moisil, Ioana, Alina Pitic, Simona Dzitac, and Laurentiu Popper. "Adaptive Web Applications for Citizens’ Education. Case Study: Teaching Children the Value of Electrical Energy." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 5, no. 5 (December 1, 2010): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2010.5.2242.
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Long-term energy saving and reduction of environmental consequences of energy consuming are among the most challenging objectives of our time. People are prone to routine and habit. To change these habits is almost a Sisif’s work. In spite of continuous efforts from environmental specialists, we are witnessing an increase in electricity (and gas) consumption, at least at the level of households. Studies carried on have shown that consumers have in many cases an irrational behaviour. To correct that, researchers are studying consumers’ decision making behaviour and try several intervention measures. In our paper we are presenting the design and development of a web based adaptive system aimed to educate citizens for an electrical energy saving behaviour. The system is composed of three subsystems: adaptation system, user’s profile and knowledge base. We have used a user-centered design approach. For adults, users’ profiles are build taking into account age group, educational level, gender, income, professional aspects, consuming behaviour. A set of questionnaires have been designed in order to collect users’ data. For children, the standard profiles are more complicated and, in function of the age group, can be obtained off line through interviews or/and through online activities (games, quizzes etc.). The knowledge base is build for the electrical energy domain. The adaptation sub-system will present information to the user based on s/he profile. The system is populated with data for users of 6 to 10 years of age. For this users group a social and affective interaction design approach was used.
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KUBIEVA, V. A., S. Y. DOSZHANOVA, and B. B. MUKHAMEDZHANOVA. "THE IMPACT OF THE WORLD INTERATIONAL PROCESSES ON IMPROVING THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF A UNIVERSITY TEACHER." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 126, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2022-4/2664-0686.21.
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Pedagogical competence is the most important professional and personal new formation. Pedagogical science identifies different options for classifications of competencies. As known, the coronavirus pandemic has made adjustments to the life of the world community. It also increased the importance of information and social technologies. Changes in the public and social world have influenced the expansion of the content side of the pedagogical competence of a university teacher. This article reflects the results of a pedagogical study on the development of professional competence of a university teacher. For teachers who prepare future teachers for a general education school, the issue of studying the essence of professional competence in the context of recent world events is topical. The purpose of the article is to disseminate individual results of pedagogical research in terms of theoretical and methodological aspects. The methodological basis of the study is the scientific works of foreign and domestic scientists: M.V. Clarin, A.K. Markova, L.M. Mitina, A.A. Kalyuzhny, K.Zh. Kozhakhmetova, K.Zh. Turebaeva, B.K. Almurzaeva, Kibataeva N.K., et al. The experimental part of our study was carried out with the teaching staff of the Faculty of Education of Baishev University, consisting of 47 people (Departments of Pedagogy and Psychology, Primary and Preschool Education, English Philology) during the 2020–2021 academic years. The results of this study were a system of special work developed and adaptable to the conditions of the teaching staff of the faculty to develop the professional competence of a teacher. It was based on professionally oriented design and research work of teachers according to the specifics of the taught discipline or diploma specification, information and social technologies.
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Senigaglia, Cristiana. "Economics, Ethics, and the Mediating Function of Corporate Organization." SDMIMD Journal of Management 5, no. 1 (April 12, 2014): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/sdmimd/2014/2671.
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The study features the problem of the relationship between economics and ethics, highlights the ethical aspects related to economy, and raises the question on its self-ethicizing in a way which is compatible with the objectives of economy. By referring to Hegel's Economic-Philosophical Theory, it stresses the fundamental function ascribed to corporate organizations which can overcome the deficiencies and the potential of conflict which accompanies an economic behaviour exclusively guided by rationally calculated self-interest. Corporate organizations are considered as partly institutionalized structures and represent an effective form of mediation between particular and general interests, production and consumption. Additionally, they bring about forms of cooperation, subsidiary, and corporate responsibility which are at the same time to be performed through the active contribution of the individuals. From this perspective, some relevant issues of the order ethics, the stakeholder theory, and the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) are also taken into account and evaluated. In particular, the idea of responsibility can be conceived in a more articulated way, being concerned with central questions such as environment, human self-development, securing of work, and the search for a good quality of life.
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Kovács, Gábor. "The value-orientations of Catholic and Buddhist entrepreneurs." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 2428–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2016-0200.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore and compare the core operating values of Catholic and Buddhist entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach The study is an empirical investigation of the value-orientations of Catholic and Buddhist entrepreneurs in Hungary. By applying qualitative content analysis, document analysis and qualitative comparative analysis, the study presents the distinctive spiritual values in business. Findings Regardless of their different approach, Catholic and Buddhist value-orientations are implemented in the same value-dimensions that are: the ontological conceptions, procedural aspects, and the other-directedness of business activities. Social implications The findings substantiate the understanding of the behavior and the motivations of spiritually value-oriented entrepreneurs, furthermore Catholic and Buddhist values may serve as inspirations of genuine ethical behavior in business. By promoting these values a more ethical, more sustainable economic framework can be established. Originality/value Spiritual values are studied by comparing the value-orientations of Catholic and Buddhist entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the study explores Catholic social teaching and Buddhist economics, and their practical implementation in a comparative way.
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Soares, Nelson, Luísa Dias Pereira, João Ferreira, Pedro Conceição, and Patrícia Pereira da Silva. "Energy efficiency of higher education buildings: a case study." International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 16, no. 5 (September 7, 2015): 669–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-11-2013-0147.
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Purpose – This paper aims to propose an energy efficiency plan (with technical and behavioural improvement measures) for a Portuguese higher education building – the Teaching Building of the Faculty of Economics of the University of Coimbra (FEUC). Design/methodology/approach – The study was developed in the context of both the “Green Campus – Challenge for Energy Efficiency in Higher Education” and the Energy for Sustainability Initiative of the University of Coimbra, Portugal. An energy audit was conducted based on the analysis of the energy consumption profiles. A monitoring campaign was carried out to measure and disaggregate the electricity consumption. The consumption of natural gas and water were also assessed. The building envelope and the heating and lighting systems were also evaluated. Some patterns of energy-environmental behaviours of the academic community were investigated through a Web-based survey. Findings – The energy efficiency plan contemplates short-term tangible/intangible actions. It also considers the investment and payback period of the tangible measures. The implementation of three improvement measures in the lighting system would lead to a consumption reduction of about 26,123 kWh/year, avoiding the emission of 3,704 KgCO2/year, for an initial cost of 9,920 (payback period of 3.7 years). Research limitations/implications – Results are restricted to the case study and there are limitations in their generalisation outside of their context. However, they show some broadly implications and trends that have relevance for the higher education sector. This paper highlights the importance of engaging students, faculty and technical staff for working together on the assessment of the energy efficiency of the buildings where they study and work. Social implications – The higher education sector holds important functions in educating the next generation of professionals for a sustainable culture. The categories of activities described in this paper are good examples of what can be done within the academic community for acting towards sustainability. The results also pointed out that making users aware of their energy consumption is a priority towards the energy efficiency in higher education buildings. Originality/value – Reductions on energy consumption are expected if the energy efficiency plan would be implemented. The results of the behavioural study were presented to the FEUC’s board of directors to be integrated in the “Good Practices Manual on Water and Energy Management”.
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Solaymani, Saeed. "Assessing the economic and social impacts of fiscal policies." Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 671–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-09-2018-0334.
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PurposeThis study is the first attempt to analyze the effectiveness of recent two major tax policies, the reductions in personal and corporate income taxes and a rise in indirect tax and their combine, under both balanced and unbalanced budget conditions, on the economy and social aspects of Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a computable general equilibrium model to investigate the impacts of all simulation scenarios on the key macro and micro indicators. Further, based on the 2012 Malaysia Household Income and Expenditure Survey, it uses a micro-data with a significant number of households (over 56,000 individuals) to analyze the impacts of tax policies on poverty and income inequality of Malaysian.FindingsSimulation results show that, under the balanced budget condition, personal and corporate income tax reductions increase economic growth, household consumption, and investment, while the rise in indirect tax has adverse impacts on these variables. However, in the unbalanced budget condition, all tax policies, except indirect tax policy, reduce real GDP and investment in the economy and the indirect tax policy has insignificant impacts on all indicators. All policy reforms reallocate resources, especially labor, in the economy. In both budget conditions, the reductions in corporate and personal income taxes, particularly the corporate income tax, decrease poverty level of Malaysian households. Results also indicate that both tax policies are unable to influence income inequality in Malaysia.Social implicationsThis study recommends that the government can increase its revenue by increasing indirect taxes as it does not have any impact on household welfare. In order to increase government revenues, initial increases in personal and corporate income taxes are suggested as they may have small negative impacts on the economy and welfare of households.Originality/valueOne of the significant features of this paper is that it examines both expansionary and contractionary fiscal policies in a country that government budget depends on oil exports. Since the literature on this subject is limited, particularly in the Malaysian context, the authors used Malaysia as a case to show how tax reform policies affect the economy and poverty level of such countries. Distinguishing the Malaysian households into 10 deciles and analyzing the distributional impacts of tax policies on these categories are the most significant contributions of this study.
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Kovalova, O. "Historical aspects of the formation of the conceptual apparatus of the value theory in economic science." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 74, no. 1 (2022): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2022.01.027.
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The emergence and development of the concept of value in terms of certain historical stages of economics are investigated in this paper. It is also investigated that the concept of value is fundamental problem in economics and primary source for understanding the purpose and motives of economic entities, areas of consumption, distribution and the exchange of their resources and income. The objective of the investigation, is to assess on the basis of comparative analysis of the methodology of the main provisions and conclusions of existing concepts of value, their significance for the process of learning about the functionality and relationships of economic entities in the current economy. While investigating the conceptual positions of economists-scientists concerning the theory of value at different historical stages of its existence and development, theoretical general scientific research methods (formalization, synthesis, abstraction and logical generalization) are used. The evolution of the theory of value, from ancient times until such historical schools as mercantilism, physiocracy, English political economics, French classical bourgeois political economics, Marxism, and marginalism is considered in this paper. The study of the theory of value in economics makes it possible to determine that the main scientific paradigms prevailed in the theory of value are the labor theory of value and the theory of marginal utility. The problem of preserving the potential of traditional theories of value, and the preconditions on which they are based on, is considered. In addition, the logical and historical relationship between the concepts of value is investigated; the impact of different concepts of value on the process of the market economy relationship understanding is evaluated. The practical value of scientific work is that clearer understanding of the concept of value at the theoretical level makes it possible to solve practical problems in determining the amount of costs, their structure, and methods of calculation for businesses. It is investigated that the concept of value remains relevant in modern economics, as it is the basis for understanding such important categories as price, production costs, profits, etc., and the laws of value determine the behaviour in market economy. It is found that the value, covering all centres of the economy, determines the motives and goals of economic entities; promotes the efficient distribution and use of resources and income, sustainable growth of production, its balance; affects the whole complex of economic relations arising in the process of social reproduction of material and spiritual goods, their production, exchange, distribution and consumption.
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Kovalova, O. "Historical aspects of the formation of the conceptual apparatus of the value theory in economic science." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 74, no. 1 (2022): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2022.01.027.
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The emergence and development of the concept of value in terms of certain historical stages of economics are investigated in this paper. It is also investigated that the concept of value is fundamental problem in economics and primary source for understanding the purpose and motives of economic entities, areas of consumption, distribution and the exchange of their resources and income. The objective of the investigation, is to assess on the basis of comparative analysis of the methodology of the main provisions and conclusions of existing concepts of value, their significance for the process of learning about the functionality and relationships of economic entities in the current economy. While investigating the conceptual positions of economists-scientists concerning the theory of value at different historical stages of its existence and development, theoretical general scientific research methods (formalization, synthesis, abstraction and logical generalization) are used. The evolution of the theory of value, from ancient times until such historical schools as mercantilism, physiocracy, English political economics, French classical bourgeois political economics, Marxism, and marginalism is considered in this paper. The study of the theory of value in economics makes it possible to determine that the main scientific paradigms prevailed in the theory of value are the labor theory of value and the theory of marginal utility. The problem of preserving the potential of traditional theories of value, and the preconditions on which they are based on, is considered. In addition, the logical and historical relationship between the concepts of value is investigated; the impact of different concepts of value on the process of the market economy relationship understanding is evaluated. The practical value of scientific work is that clearer understanding of the concept of value at the theoretical level makes it possible to solve practical problems in determining the amount of costs, their structure, and methods of calculation for businesses. It is investigated that the concept of value remains relevant in modern economics, as it is the basis for understanding such important categories as price, production costs, profits, etc., and the laws of value determine the behaviour in market economy. It is found that the value, covering all centres of the economy, determines the motives and goals of economic entities; promotes the efficient distribution and use of resources and income, sustainable growth of production, its balance; affects the whole complex of economic relations arising in the process of social reproduction of material and spiritual goods, their production, exchange, distribution and consumption.
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Mack, Dieter. "The Development of Art Learning Model at School (A Review of Music Education Learning in Indonesia)." Harmonia: Journal of Arts Research and Education 15, no. 1 (July 19, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/harmonia.v15i1.3690.
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<p>At the present time, art education is often ignored. Focus on teaching and learning at school seems to accentuate other subjects, such as: science, economics, and technology. This trend is becoming more concerning for the arts is a field of study, which draws attention to the development of perceptual sensitivity, creativity, as well as social responsibility. However, if art education, in this case is music education, is taught theoretically based on other cultural materials, then the consequences will be worse for students. This study is aimed to draw outlines of music education which hopefully can answer the three aspects of music which are previously described. The outlines are arranged based on recent discoveries in audio perceptions. </p>
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Tokatli, Nebahat. "Fashion, functionality, and the contemporary consumer." Journal of Consumer Culture 20, no. 4 (May 2, 2018): 598–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540518773814.
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Uniqlo has recently been challenging the paradigm behind the phenomenal success of Zara: while Zara has been all about fashion, Uniqlo claims to be all about functionality. Here I examine this corporate narrative within the context of a new paradigm in cultural sociology that brings to the fore the material and functional aspects of clothing consumption (as opposed to its fashion and identity-related aspects). This case study shows that we might be able to understand the contemporary consumer better, if we study the corporate narratives of our most popular retailers of fashion. After all, their survival depends upon a correct understanding of how exactly today’s consumers behave.
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Arev, Tamar. "Out of the (ethnic) closet: Consumer practices among Eritrean refugee women." Journal of Consumer Culture 21, no. 3 (October 22, 2018): 468–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540518806955.
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This article examines the fabric of the emerging relationships between refugee women and consumption. Based on an empirical study of women from Eritrea living in Tel Aviv, Israel, I discuss the ways in which national and ethnic identity is formulated through and in the economic space. In contrast to previous academic literature with its focus on the connection between refugees and the maintenance of national identity via ethnic goods, this study emphasizes the consumerist aspects of being a refugee, which are made possible for the first time in their host society. I describe the connection between identity and the consumption of traditional goods, mainly Eritrean dresses and hair products, and show how, by using shared status symbols, these serve women refugees as a political instrument for mobility within their community. The article asserts that this unintended outcome of forced migration enables women refugees to position themselves as a fresh consumer power in their new urban space and affords them newfound social prestige.
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Thompson, Erika Beseler, Frank Heley, Laura Oster-Aaland, Sherri Nordstrom Stastny, and Elizabeth Crisp Crawford. "The Impact of a Student-Driven Social Marketing Campaign on College Student Alcohol-Related Beliefs and Behaviors." Social Marketing Quarterly 19, no. 1 (January 3, 2013): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500412472668.
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Researchers examined a student-driven campaign intended to reduce high-risk drinking at a Midwestern, public research university in the United States. The campaign was implemented as part of a comprehensive social marketing effort to address high-risk drinking. Efforts employed on campus addressed various aspects of the marketing mix, including product, price, place, and promotion through late-night alcohol-free activities, increased enforcement, a substance abuse mentoring program, and the student-driven promotional campaign. Outcome measures of the campaign evaluation included assessing the effectiveness of promotional materials in prompting student visits to the campaign website and assessing the impact on students’ reported drinking-related beliefs and behaviors. Following extensive formative research, student developers designed campaign promotional materials that incorporated socially relevant images and messages to enhance students’ confidence related to making simple, low-risk decisions about drinking. Evaluation included an anonymous survey sent to a stratified random sample of undergraduate students. Responses were gathered regarding student demographics, appeal of promotional materials, self-reported drinking patterns, and whether the campaign impacted students’ reflections on drinking or beliefs and behaviors concerning their own alcohol consumption. Study results indicate online and interactive promotional materials (i.e., Facebook page and campaign video) increased the likelihood of student visits to the website, and students exposed to the website reported increased confidence and use of techniques to reduce alcohol-related harm. Use of socially relevant messages and online or interactive campaign components appear to be promising when implementing campaigns to address college student high-risk drinking.
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Ualikhanovа, B. S., and N. S. Karataev. "Methods of Teaching the Robotics Course in Elementary School." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 126, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2022-4/2664-0686.16.
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The article is devoted to the presentation of the results of the study in order to disclose in primary school certain aspects of the use of the information and educational on the subject of computer science. The program and methodology of teaching the «Robotics» course for students of the 4th grade of elementary school are given. Therefore, it was noted that robotics is an applied science that prepares an automated technical system, is an important technical basis for the development of production, it was revealed that robotics at school is a way of preparing children for modern life, equipped with high – tech equipment, and it was shown that the application of robots in various fields in the life of mankind in the world and the prospects for the development of robotics are high. At the same time, it was shown that having technical creativity opens up a lot of opportunities for the younger generation, and if a child learns to build and master a robot, he will achieve large – scale achievements in adulthood. It is known that the most important task of the modern education system is the formation of educational activities in which students acquire the ability to self-development and selfimprovement, that is, it is obvious that the main goal will be to achieve through the conscious, active assimilation of social experience by students. That is why the teaching of robotics in primary grades contributes to the development of such information culture as the ability of students to carry out subsequent educational activities, as well as the ability to purposefully work and process information, use modern technical means and methods. In this regard, it is written that for the educational activities of the teacher, the connection of theory with the practice of applying the acquired knowledge on the way to turning it into a real product is important. As a result of drawing up a program that meets the objectives of the study, the forms and methods of teaching a «Robotics» course in elementary school were determined. The expected results are also clarified, which: -know the names and ways of connecting the main types of parts, the principles of operation of simple mechanism: the sequence of creating simple models: -the ability to read diagrams; observe discipline when performing work; analyze the model under the guidance of a teacher. Plan the sequence of its manufacture, control the result of practical work on the technological map; work individually, in a group; observe safety rules when working with a designer; be able to classify model details based on; -offer solutions to the problem, know the end result, choose and look for means to achive the goal, make a plan for solving problems, compare expediency in the process of work and be able to correct mistakes.
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Jenkins, Rebecca, Elizabeth Nixon, and Mike Molesworth. "‘Just normal and homely’: The presence, absence and othering of consumer culture in everyday imagining." Journal of Consumer Culture 11, no. 2 (July 2011): 261–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540511402446.
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The imaginative aspects of consumption have been recognized as playing a key role in accounting for Western consumerism, yet there has been surprisingly little attention paid to the role of imagining in everyday life. Previous consumer research has tended to focus on goods and services within daydreams and fantasies so that goods seem to be central to, and key resources in, the construction of imagined scenarios. Here we argue that this methodological framing has restricted a broader understanding of the imagination and the contextualization of consumption within it. By analysing phenomenological accounts that placed imagining ahead of consumption as the focus of the study, we found that individuals readily envisioned common cultural desires for successful relationships, happiness and love in positive imagined futures, where goods may be merely assumed as part of the background, or dismissed in favour of preferred emotional experiences. As such this article uses Law’s (2004) conceptions of presence, manifest absence and othering to provide a more nuanced analysis of how and where consumption may be seen in the imagination. In this way we suggest that previous narratives of the consumer imagination have neglected individuals’ autonomy in both removing consumer practices and positioning social relationships as more prominent.
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Ohe, Yasuo. "Evidence-supported Rural Community-based Tourism and Social Impact." Impact 2022, no. 5 (October 13, 2022): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2022.5.40.
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Rural tourism is an activity that can provide farmers with a second income, which is often required due to the small size of some farms. Examples of rural tourism are allowing the public to visit the farm or providing social benefits such as educational experience services where visitors experience farm operations, creating income opportunities for farmers and also teaching about food production and rural life. Professor Yasuo Ohe, based in the Department of Agribusiness Management, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan, leads a team of researchers committed to expanding understanding about the economics and mechanics of rural tourism. The team has adopted a microeconomic approach to community-based rural tourism and entrepreneurship and Ohe has proposed a theoretical framework supported by quantitative empirical evidence. The goal is to advance the progress of the theoretical and empirical aspects of rural tourism studies. In one study, Ohe and the team are performing theoretical and empirical evaluations of the efficiency of educational dairy farms that provide educational tourism. Ohe has published a book entitled ‘Community-based Rural Tourism and Entrepreneurship’ which is helping advance the field and considers how to make rural tourism practices sustainable. Next, he will explore hospitality issues in rural tourism, with a view to contributing to building rural hospitality in rural tourism both conceptually and empirically. Ohe also plans to work on evidence-supported rural community-based tourism and the social impacts, looking at the rice harvest in paddy fields.
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Isaic, Radu, and Cristian Păun. "The history of economics and the Constructal Theory." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 868–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0083.
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AbstractThe signs of a new crisis appear. Some countries are moving towards real assets (gold, oil); the real estate market froze, as did the credit market; sales are on a global decline. The world has become accustomed to economic cycles and crises. At the theoretical level, efforts are aimed at finding practical methods of prevention and especially of combating the negative effects on economic cycles. The market of theories regarding the internal causes and mechanisms of economic cycles has stabilized. The theoretical barricades were formed and strengthened and now the projectiles are thrown from one side to another. Demand theories and supply theories give partial explanations, but with claims of total theories. Is it possible to see something new at the theoretical level about the causes and mechanisms of economic cycles? We think so. We believe that the Constructal Theory of Professor Adrian Bejan has an explanatory power over the present theories about the causes of the economic cycles. The perspective offered by this theory is new and offers explanations for aspects that are difficult to understand in other theories. Through this article we want a rewriting of economic history, from the perspective and through the lens of this theory. We believe that we offer a broader and deeper explanation of the causes of economic cycles using a theoretical tool borrowed from other sciences, but with great explanatory powers in the social sciences. We will rewrite the economic history by discussing: S-evolution of economic stages; overlapping economic flow systems; systems evolving from one another; increased resource consumption and increased resource efficiency. The results of this study indicate that abusive interventions in the economic system create problems. The economic system, which is essentially a flow system, like any other system, must be allowed to evolve freely.
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Nair, Girish. "The food we waste: antecedents of food wastage management behaviour." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 826–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-01-2020-0029.
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PurposeThis research is on the study of the variables which have bearing on behavioural aspects of food wastage in Qatar. As about 30% of food is being wasted in Qatar, despite the fact that 90% of food consumption is imported, the problem has now drawn national importance.Design/methodology/approachThis research adopts positivist paradigm, and Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour (TPB) provides the theoretical foundation. Questionnaire survey has been used to collect data from the consumers in Qatar (n = 212), based on convenience sampling, and the tool used for analysis is structural equation modelling (SEM) using partial least square method (PLSM).FindingsOut of the five hypotheses being tested, four have been supported, which have led to the drawing of the implications and suggestions to reduce or even avoid food wastage. The study has revealed that both attitude and perceived behavioural control act as significant predictors of intention to avoid food wastage, which in turn is the predictor of food wastage behaviour. In addition, it is also revealed that perceive behavioural control is a direct predictor of food wastage behaviour.Research limitations/implicationsMore research may be required to further investigate why Qatari consumers have not been influenced by subjective norms on their intention to avoid food wastage.Practical implicationsThe suggestions have been drawn to the concerned authorities in Qatar to consider as measures of food waste minimization.Social implicationsTheoretically, the research provides an empirical proof to Ajzen's TPB in the context of food wastage management.Originality/valueAn attempt has been made to study the food wastage behaviour of the residents of Qatar so that the antecedents of food wastage behaviour can be identified and remedial actions may be taken to reduce food wastage.
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Ribeiro, Raquel Barbosa, and Isabel Soares. "Insights and directions for sociological approaches to saving: The case of a Financial Education Programme for children in Portugal." Journal of Consumer Culture 17, no. 3 (March 2, 2016): 845–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540516634411.
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The recent contexts of financial and economic crises have fostered discourses and initiatives for encouraging people to save. Despite there being, for the sake of sustainability, a generalized support to educational measures for increasing savings from early childhood, a complete understanding of why and how people save has not yet been attained. The absence of sociological attention to the engagement of consumers in such financial decisions is particularly scant. This article takes the case-study of a financial education programme for children to suggest future directions for the sociological investigation of savings. Literature review and the analysis of a Portuguese programme revealed a clear absence of sociological insights in financial education programmes’ contents and procedures. However, sociological research has already come to relevant findings about social aspects and processes of financial decisions that allow for a better understanding of how consumers, and children in particular, learn about and behave in relation to money, consumption and savings. In our view, the study of savings should pay more attention to several adjoining, concurrent and complimentary practices encompassed in the consumption process. This article contributes not only to fill in the literature gaps identified by the study, but also to counter-offer non-judgemental research regarding current literature on the subject.
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Parfenova, Angelina, and Sofya Romashova. "The role of procrastination in students’ consumer behavior." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, no. 1/2 (December 17, 2019): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-10-2019-0199.
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Purpose This research paper is devoted to the academic procrastination, and the purpose of this paper is to reveal the role of academic procrastination in the consumer behavior of students. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted within the framework of a mixed methodology: series of semi-structured interviews and an online survey. In the first stage, 20 interviews were conducted with students from different countries to obtain the broader picture for the academic procrastination process and its association with consumer behavior. In the second stage, an online survey was conducted, in which 336 students from different countries participated. This paper describes existing approaches to understanding and measuring academic procrastination, as well as its role in the economic behavior of individuals. Findings As a result of the qualitative stage, the role of procrastination in such aspects of consumer behavior as budget planning and inclination to making unplanned purchases was emphasized. The role of the student’s inner circle in his procrastination and consumer behavior was also highlighted. As a result of the quantitative stage, a significant connection between the level of academic procrastination and the above aspects of consumer behavior of students, as well as a significant contribution of social expectations in the change of procrastination level and impulsivity of consumption was revealed. Originality/value This study is the first attempt to describe procrastination within the macro-approach of sociology and to confirm at the empirical level the correlation between procrastination and consumer behavior.
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Venkatesh, G. "Dishwashers: Literature Review to Summarise the Multi-Dimensionality of Sustainable Production and Consumption." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 10302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610302.
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An automatic dishwasher is a water-using, energy-demanding contraption with 40–50 different component parts fashioned out of different materials—metals and non-metals—which over the last 70 years has evolved in its role as a comfort-enhancing, convenience-providing, time-saving white good in the kitchen of the modern urban household, especially in the countries of the developed world. Its lifecycle, which spans about 12–13 years on average, lends itself to research in a variety of sustainability aspects—politico-legal/regulatory, economic, environmental, social and techno-functional—and fields—thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, acoustics, economics, chemistry, microbiology, materials science, design engineering, wastewater treatment, energy engineering, consumer behaviour, and, of late, sustainable consumption and production. The end goal of this review is to present the automatic dishwasher—almost ubiquitous and taken-for-granted in the western world these days—as a candidate for progressive research and development, resulting in its continued evolution. The author facilitates this by providing an overview of the different aspects of sustainability addressed by researchers thus far. It at once reinforces the importance of transdisciplinary research, finds answers to a clutch of ‘what’, ‘why’, ‘where’, ‘how’, ‘who’, and ‘when’ questions, and reminds us that improvement/s in one aspect must not undermine or thwart those in any of the others. It is the first of its kind, as far as the automatic dishwasher is concerned; it is a well-structured review of 84 peer-reviewed journal publications focusing on the dishwasher, accessed through Scopus and contacting researchers through ResearchGate, spanning the time period 1980–2021, originating in 21 countries (with Germany leading the pack, with 22% of the publications), and sourced from 63 different journals. Over a 16-year period between 1998 and 2014, both the energy use and water consumption of dishwashers decreased by well over 40%. Consumers in the USA, reportedly, are willing to pay up to 90% more for a higher-rated dishwasher. Interestingly, a publication from Germany states that manual dishwashing, if done in accordance with the Best Practice Tips (recommended by another German study), can have a 20% lower environmental footprint than automatic dishwashers.
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Ezepue, Ezinne M. "Political economy of Nollywood: A literature review." Journal of African Cinemas 12, no. 2-3 (December 1, 2020): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jac_00039_5.
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Political economy studies control and survival in social life. It is simply defined as the study of production and exchange and how these activities relate with the state and its laws. It is interested in how politics interacts with economics. Extensive essays and texts on the political economy of the film industry in general, and of Hollywood in particular abound. Such studies on Nollywood, the Nigerian film industry, remains scarce. But in recent times, authors, both indigenous and foreign, are beginning to give increased attention to the struggle for power and control within the industry. This study is interested in how economic activities in Nollywood interact with the law and government. It searches existent scholarship to interrogate what has been discussed on aspects of the political economy of the industry. It discusses these studies under production, distribution and consumption. It reviews other important industry matters like policies, interrogating briefly the place of MOPICON in the political economy of Nollywood. This review forms an important document for research on Nollywood, to curb and forestall consistent repetition of studies within Nollywood scholarship.
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Abu, St Hayatun Nur, Abd Rasyid Saraha, and Fitriani Ibrahim. "SDBL-Prodeo (Self-Directed Belended Learning-oriented Prodeo) Design and Validation to Improve Digital Literacy Chemistry Teacher Candidate Students." EduLine: Journal of Education and Learning Innovation 2, no. 4 (October 28, 2022): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.eduline1203.
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The influence of advances in information and technology causes changes in all aspects of life, including aspects of education or teaching. The ease of accessing digital or internet information through search engines such as Google should be able to be used properly in the learning process and can make students become independent and creative learners. In fact, the condition of students, especially chemistry education students, has not utilized digital resources properly, therefore it is necessary to increase digital literacy for prospective teacher students as their provision to become professional teachers, technology literate and according to the demands of the times. Digital literacy is a skill that not only involves the ability to use technology, information, and communication devices, but also social skills, learning skills, and having attitudes, critical thinking, creative, and inspirational as digital competencies. These abilities can be developed if educators apply innovative learning strategies and are based on the learning independence of students. This study aims to design and validate the Prodeo-oriented Self-Directed Belended Learning (SDBL) (Video Project) or SDBL-Prodeo learning model that can improve the digital literacy of prospective teacher students. The components of the learning model developed consist of a description of the model, theoretical basis, syntax, reaction principle, social system, instructional impact, supporting impact. The SDBL model is an integration of the Self-Directed Learning (SDL) model with Belended Learning. This proposal is a development of previous research that has known the effect of learning chemistry through the creation of videos and images based on social media. The method in this research is RnD research following the 4D development pattern (Define, Design, Development, Disseminate). This research is limited to the development stage, namely the revision of the validation results. The results of the validation of the SDBL-Prodeo model design are in the valid category, which means that the SDBL-Prodeo model can be applied to chemistry learning which aims to improve students' digital literacy.
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Mokhtar, Mohamed Hilmie Mohd, and Maizura Yasin. "Students Perception of Moral Education Textbooks Design Components and Learnability." Asian Social Science 17, no. 11 (October 16, 2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v17n11p182.
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Textbooks are one of the most fundamental learning and teaching tools used in schools all around the world (Nicholls, 2003). Today's technology allows students to access a variety of textbook formats, including online textbooks that they may read from anywhere. This study looks into the style and arrangement of learning textbooks in Malaysia in order to make studying more convenient. The purpose of this research is to see if the dynamics of textbook layout affect students' desire to learn. Thirty Year 6 children from a primary school in the Selangor district of Hulu Langat participated in this study. Students' views of textbook design elements, such as paper quality, printing, colour, and pedagogical aspects, were determined using a quantitative survey. Print and colour were scored higher by the students than paper quality, artwork, and images, according to the data. Furthermore, the research discovered a link between the layout of a book and its actual use.
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Leggett, Angela. "Bringing green food to the Chinese table: How civil society actors are changing consumer culture in China." Journal of Consumer Culture 20, no. 1 (September 4, 2017): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540517729009.
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Environmental and health effects of China’s rapid economic growth since the 1980s have been especially tangible in the food sector, with ‘green’ products emerging as alternatives for consumption networks wishing to avoid ‘conventional’ foods produced using chemicals. Despite state support for increased sustainability in large-scale farming over the past decade, formal institutional voids remain, with regard to consumer trust and small-scale farmers. Green food consumption is increasing in China, as civil society actors work to fill voids and promote green purchasing behaviour. In this article, I investigate how civil society organisations are changing Chinese consumer culture around green food through two stages of empirical research. Qualitative content analysis of microblogs of four Chinese environmental non-governmental organisations was conducted in 2013, and insights were further explored through fieldwork interviews and participant observation in Beijing during 2016. Responding to previous consumer behaviour studies which over-emphasise individual rationality, marginalising contextual and collective aspects, this analysis adopts Bajde’s enrichment of Consumer Culture Theory with Actor Network Theory to explore microelements and macroelements, their interrelations and processes of change. Based on co-production of subject and object within Consumer Culture Theory with Actor Network Theory, this study analyses engagement with and re/creation of materials, discourse and social meanings by green food consumption networks, including non-governmental organisations, farmers, retailers and consumers. Although findings reflect particularities of the Beijing cultural context, themes parallel wider phenomena at the national and international levels.
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Chauhan, Sanjay, Rajesh Singh, Anita Gehlot, Shaik Vaseem Akram, Bhekisipho Twala, and Neeraj Priyadarshi. "Digitalization of Supply Chain Management with Industry 4.0 Enabling Technologies: A Sustainable Perspective." Processes 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010096.
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Supply chain management is one of the most prominent areas that needs to incorporate sustainability to achieve responsible consumption and production (SDG 11).It has been identified that there are limited studies that have presented the significance of different Industry 4.0 technologies from the perspective of sustainable SCM. The purpose of this study is to discuss the role of Industry 4.0 technologies in the context of sustainable SCM, as well as to identify important areas for future research. The PRISM framework is followed to discuss the role and significance of sustainable SCM and the integration of Industry 4.0-enabling technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and digital twin for sustainable SCM. The findings of the study reveal that there are limited empirical studies for developing countries and the majority are emphasized in case studies. Additionally, a few studies have focused on operational aspects, economics, and automation in SCM. The current study is able to contribute to the significance and application of IoT, cloud computing, big data, AI, blockchain, and digital twin in achieving sustainable SCM in the future. The current study can be expanded to discuss the Industry 4.0-enabling technologies in analyzing sustainability performance in any organization using environmental, social, and governance (ESG) metrics.
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Ayebale, Lillian, Gilbert Habaasa, and Samson Tweheyo. "Factors affecting students’ achievement in mathematics in secondary schools in developing countries: A rapid systematic review." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 36 (December 25, 2020): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-200713.
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Mathematics is seen by society as the foundation of scientific technological knowledge that is vital in social-economic development of a nation. In fact, studies suggest that mathematics as a subject affects all aspects of human life at different levels. This paper is a rapid systematic review of factors affecting students’ achievement in mathematics. We searched literature on student achievement in mathematics. We used ERIC database and supplemented with Google Scholar and random Google search. Twenty six articles met the final selection criteria and were reviewed. The teaching methods, teachers’ attitude, students’ attitude towards mathematics were noted as key factors in almost all articles reviewed. There seemed to be consistency too that parents can exert a positive influence on their children’s mathematical performance, classroom environment, students’ previous mathematics achievement and gender related factors. Student achievement at secondary level determines whether they will opt to or qualify to study statistics at university. From this review, it is imperative that these factors be addressed early in the students’ career so as to have more student enrollment for statistics at tertiary institutions.
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Бурнаева, Е. М., and А. Н. Матафонова. "Formation of structural support of students' competencies as an element of the implementation of the concept of sustainable development." Management of Education, no. 1(47) (May 5, 2022): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.25726/d8299-4845-8317-y.
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Базовыми методами формирования социальной компетентности являются групповая и партнерская работа, проведение ролевых или деловых игр, выполнение самостоятельной работы, проектная деятельность. С целью формирования социальной компетентности и совершенствования коммуникативных навыков в учебном процессе высшей школы также широко используются тренинги, ориентированные на развитие конкретного умения или навыки, необходимые для более профессионального выполнения поставленной задачи. Во время проведения тренинга используются новейшие методики и современные технические средства. Сущностью смыслового аспекта преподавания экономики является использование таких моделей, которые не только воспроизводят исключительно экономические аспекты современной жизни, а также изображают их связь с политическими и социальными событиями, что является неотъемлемой частью проблемы. Это дает возможность подготовить студентов к комплексному изучению экономической проблемы как социальной. The basic methods of forming social competence are group and partner work, role-playing or business games, independent work, project activities. In order to form social competence and improve communication skills in the educational process of higher education, trainings focused on the development of a specific skill or skills necessary for more professional performance of the task are also widely used. During the training, the latest techniques and modern technical means are used. The essence of the semantic aspect of teaching economics is the use of such models that not only reproduce exclusively the economic aspects of modern life, but also depict their connection with political and social events, which is an integral part of the problem. This makes it possible to prepare students for a comprehensive study of the economic problem as a social one.
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Al Fatih, Muhammad Sulton, Muhammad Luthfie, and Ali Alamsyah Kusumadinata. "SPOTIFY PODCAST BECOME A NEW LEARNING MEAN FOR YOUTH." Indonesian Journal of Social Research (IJSR) 4, no. 1 (February 11, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/ijsr.v4i1.155.
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The development of technology, especially in the field of communication, has experienced a significant change in the practice of consuming information or content, teenagers who are not included in the adult/older group or children, are vulnerable to being affected by the new media they consume, one form of digital technology that is developing are podcasts. Spotify podcast is a new medium in the consumption of information or content. The nature of podcasts that can be used freely by teenagers will affect them in social and even educational aspects. The widespread use of podcasts among teenagers makes it a new means of learning. The main problem in this research is how the Spotify podcast becomes a new learning tool for teenagers. The purpose of the study was to find out how Spotify's podcast became a new learning tool for teenagers. Using qualitative research methods, primary data in the form of questionnaires distributed via google form to the youth of Bogor City, and secondary data is the result of previous research. Using descriptive analysis, observations were made with direct observation of the results of the questionnaires that had been collected. The results obtained in this study show that Spotify podcasts are a new educational tool for teenagers that contain elements of education in it, formal or non-formal, packaged in a concise and entertaining way. This research can be a recommendation for lecturers, especially lecturers at the University of Djuanda, to apply the new Spotify podcast media in teaching and learning activities
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Platonova, Elena D., and Oleg A. Igumnov. "Experience in implementing educational projects for the development of entrepreneurship in secondary schools." Journal of Modern Competition 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/2687-0657-2021-15-1-116-122.
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Training Russian entrepreneurs capable of generating the innovative approaches to the implementation of national and federal projects is an important task for increasing the efficiency of the economic system in the foreseeable future. Teaching entrepreneurship in secondary school and the development of entrepreneurial competencies among schoolchildren, starting from grades 6-7 in Russian secondary schools, is a necessary stage in achieving that goal. The authors have analyzed the current experience and the first results of the implementation of the pilot educational project “Small Academy of Economics, Finance and Law” that was implemented by the teachers of the Institute of Social and Humanitarian Education of the Moscow State Pedagogical University in early 2020. The target audience of this project was school students of grades 7-9 of educational institutions of secondary education in Moscow. The article reveals some didactic aspects of the entrepreneurial education and promising directions for improving the process of teaching entrepreneurship, taking into account the specifics and capabilities of secondary schools. The main methods used in the present study were methods of observation, conversation, synthesis, expert assessment. As a result of the analysis of the experience of teaching entrepreneurship in secondary school conclusions about the advisability of using the system-activity approach and contextual approach to organizing the cognitive activity of the school students were drawn by authors. To improve the educational process the authors have proposed to develop a standard program of entrepreneurship for the extra-time activities for educational organizations of secondary education and educational guidelines for teachers and schoolchildren. The article emphasizes that the experience of that project should be replicated as part of the interaction of universities and educational organizations of secondary education in all subjects of the Russian Federation.
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Mansor, Noor Rohana, Asyraf Hj Ab Rahman, Ahmad Tajuddin Azza J., Roswati Abd Rashid, and Nurul Ain Chua. "New Norms of Online Teaching and Learning: Covid-19 Semester Experience for Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Students." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0114.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the national education agenda at all levels of education. New Teaching and Learning (T&L) online norms have been executed except for specific academic programs and subjects only since 18 March 2020 when the Movement Control Order (MCO) was administered and continued to this day. To guarantee students’ continuity of education without online T&L dropout, online face-to-face (Synchronous) or not face-to-face (Asynchronous) is now become the primary approach and method platform with many virtual education applications. Therefore, this research examined students’ readiness to follow online teaching and learning and analysed the impact of online T&L on the national education agenda. This study involved 133 students of Diploma in Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, for the first semester of 2020-21. Data were obtained through a questionnaire using Google Form and presented to students by sharing links to their WhatsApp group in the final week of study. The questionnaire was adapted from several instruments related to various aspects of online T&L during the COVID-19 pandemic. The outcomes revealed that most students were among Gen-Z with digital literacy background. Thus, it was assisting them having a high level of readiness to face online T&L. In terms of the availability of device infrastructure, internet access, e-Learning, and computers, most (80%) have mastered it. Only (20%) have low proficiency due to limited experience using computers and gadgets due to family constraints and their literacy levels. The research conclusion recommends a consecutive enhancement in curriculum structure flexibility, delivery, evaluation; internet accessibility and digital gap, and self-motivation of students entering the era of the self-regulated learner. Transformation demands the strategic cooperation of various parties in educational institutions, government agencies, the private sector, NGOs, and people’s leaders in the interest of the country’s advancing education relevant to the era of global technology-oriented education and digital infrastructure.
Received: 4 March 2021 / Accepted: 6 May 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
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Divrik, Burkay. "Critical Approaches to the Concept of Sustainable Development." International Journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research 6, no. 3 (2022): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijreh.6.3.4.
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It has been observed that while living in harmony with nature on earth until the industrial revolution, with the industrial production and consumption society formed after the industrial revolution, humanity has started to dominate nature more and the damage caused to nature has increased. Economic growth, contrary to expectations, increasing inequality in the distribution of income, the impoverishment of the broad masses of the natural environment in the emergence of problems such as destruction of natural resources, growth and development of the concept of sustainable development has revealed the new concept. Sustainable development suggests that both economic development can continue and the ecological system can be protected; the contradiction between the environment and development will disappear. The concept of sustainable development has been considered to be able to solve many country problems since its first appearance, and has been applied to many fields such as economics, politics, the environment and social culture. In fact, there are many aspects of the concept of sustainable development that are open to criticism. The aim of this study is to address the criticisms brought to the concept with a collective perspective. For this purpose, the criticisms brought to the concept of sustainable development based on the previous studies conducted on the subject were examined. It is thought that the study will contribute to the literature by eliminating the lack of a critical perspective on sustainable development in this way.
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Mustakim, Mustakim, Rahmad Taufik, and Trismawati Trismawati. "The Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil As a Material of Soap." Journal of Development Research 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.28926/jdr.v4i2.114.
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Cooking oil is a vegetable oil as a glyceride compound from various fatty acids. Cooking oil can be used up to 3-4 times for cooking. If cooking oil is used repeatedly, the fatty acids will be more saturated and can change color. The waste cooking oil is said to have been damaged and is not good for consumption and can pollute the environment. Appropriate technology is a technology designed for a particular society to be adapted to environmental, political, cultural, social, and economics aspects. The purpose of appropriate technology is to be able to save money, be easy to maintain, and minimize costs to the community. The appropriate technology in this study aims to facilitate the production process of making soap or can also achieve the desired goals effectively in a place or production. The results of this research are mixer and soap products, which are mixers made from used materials to be used as soap making tools. For the processing of soap products, cooking oil waste is used, which is known that the cost of production per soap bar is Rp578.00. Researchers sell it at a price of Rp1,000.00. The Break Event Point (BEP) value is 200 bars of soap per year or Rp200,000.00. Net Present Value (NPV) in 4 years is Rp9,498,061.00, and the Return of Investment (ROI) from the payback period is 0.9 months.
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Poor, Javad Asad, David Thorpe, and Yong Wah Goh. "A collaborative image of energy efficient housing via a photo-based approach." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 13, no. 3 (November 4, 2019): 513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-07-2019-0070.
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Purpose Regarding the contribution of Australian small-size housing in the enhancement of total energy consumption of the country and the roles of the occupants’ preferences in successful implementation of action plans, the purpose of this study is to identify the Australian occupants’ collaborative image of housing energy efficiency. The two main objectives are, therefore, to address the main energy-related housing physical factors that have the potential in representing the housing image of Australian occupants and to explain the causal factors that make the physical factors critical to their energy efficiency perception. Design/methodology/approach This study has been developed through a qualitative approach. Given that the images encompass a wide range of information expressing human perceptions, an online photo-based qualitative survey was developed based on previous research works. The survey includes respondents’ demographic profiles and the evaluation of images, asking for their perception of overall housing energy efficiency, the impacts of building envelope physical attributes on the energy efficiency of the houses and the reasons behind the selection of different attributes. Findings This study has developed a set of attribute-based factors, explaining occupants’ collective perception of energy efficient small-size housing of Brisbane in the area of exterior aspects of the buildings. Specifically, the collaborative image of small-size housing of Brisbane is about the thermal performance of the buildings provided through passive climatic principles by using more efficient envelope features, e.g. material, colour, transparency, texture, openings, balconies and shadowing devices, while ignoring the impacts of architectural composition principles along neighbourhood quality. The key attributes in assessing the small-housing energy efficiency are ventilation, thermal performance and shadowing. The housing images in old traditional architectural style with rural face, built by stone, brick and concrete in high dense vegetation were evaluated to be more energy efficient than those with modern architecture, built by large glass panel and metal cladding with light or no vegetation. Research limitations/implications The main limitation of the paper is related to the nature of an image-based survey, which leads to ignoring some aspects of real spaces such as odour, temperature and noise. Practical implications This research has the potential for developing a practical methodology for assessing housing-resident fit using computer-based methodology and neural networks. Social implications This research has the potential for developing a methodology, assisting the end users in meeting their desires and motivations by helping them in assessing how a housing unit fits with their expectations and preferences. Originality/value This research provides a reliable conceptual platform for dealing with the complexity of occupants’ housing perceptions. This is achieved by establishing a collective conceptual picture of these environmental perceptions, namely, housing image, which is a platform for transferring abstract data related to human perception into measurable and quantitative scales.
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Mironova, Olga, Irina Amitan, Jelena Vendelin, Jüri Vilipõld, and Merike Saar. "Maximizing and personalizing e-learning support for students with different backgrounds and preferences." Interactive Technology and Smart Education 13, no. 1 (April 18, 2016): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itse-09-2015-0025.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a teaching approach to achieve the most personal support for students with different backgrounds and preferences in studying an Informatics course. Design/methodology/approach The presented methodology is based on the main principles of flexible and blended learning. The authors considered three main aspects: student’s background, the level of knowledge and the most suitable style of learning. At the beginning of the course, students were randomly divided into reference and test group. The test group students were continuously supported by different tools within an e-learning environment. The learning process for the reference group students was held in a traditional form. Findings The success of the experiment presented in this paper is demonstrated by comparing the results of the test group who were taught using the new strategy with the reference group who were taught in a common way. The statistical analysis shows that the test group students had better achievements compared to the reference group. Research Limitations/implications This presented study was carried out with non-IT first-year university students from social sciences, economics and technical faculties. Each year the number of students varied from 150 to 300. Originality/value Based on developed methodology, the model of individualization of the educational process in an e-environment was created and implemented in the course of Informatics in Tallinn University of Technology.
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Saher, Liudmyla, Ihor Vakulenko, Kateryna Shevchenko, Yevheniia Bondarenko, and Oleksii Lyulyov. "Bibliometric and Retrospective Analysis on Economic Behavior for Inclusive Growth." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 6, no. 2 (2022): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.6(2).102-111.2022.
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The article provides a bibliometric analysis of existing publications on the market participants’ behavior(manufacturers, trading companies, and other intermediaries and consumers). The basis for the study is the Scopus database, which presents publications on this topic for over thirty years. The article aims to study the research directions on behavioral models of economic entities and the factors that influence their formation. Such analysis can be used to determine the place of behavioral economics in the system of modern views of economists on its impact on the further global development of the economic system. By selecting the most relevant articles on the economic behavior of market participants in the context of an inclusive economy, 1198 scientific articles were selected, published in periodicals from 1989 to 2021. The clustering and retrospective analysis were chosen as a methodological study tool, performed using VOSviewer 1.6.16 software. It made it possible to obtain a clear visualization of research clusters on economic entities’ behavioral aspects, including individual periods of the enormous publication activity from 2011 to 2021. In addition, the article identifies the largest regional research networks of behavioral models in an inclusive economy. Based on the analysis of the scientific publications from the Scopus database, three periods of research on the behavioral aspects of economic entities were identified. The study of the first stage focused on e-commerce development as a significant factor in market changes, accompanied by the transition of competition from local to global. The next phase of the economic behavior study was accompanied by the sustainable development concept and changes in consumer values, which influenced the choice of suppliers and service providers and the growing importance of decision criteria that previously could not be considered purely economic. Considerable attention in this period of publishing activity was paid to social responsibility and sustainable consumption. The last research defined in the article stages is aimed at using modern research methods and information technologies for a deeper analysis of the subject area. It makes it possible to identify relevant factors influencing the formation of economic entities’ behavior patterns, which could not be determined before.
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Lazhentsev, Vitaliy N. "The Arctic and the North: A Russian Spatial Development Context." Economy of Region 17, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 737–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-3-2.
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The negative experience of economic reforms during the 1990s showed that excessive bias towards export-import economic relations to the detriment of social reproduction, especially without reference to internal social and technological problems, threatens the integrity of the Russian market space. At present, the Arctic and other territories of the Russian North are exposed to the inherent instability of external markets for hydro carbons and mineral raw materials. Additionally, attitudes towards energy production and consumption have undergone profound changes in recent years. In accordance with the demands of the «green economy», attention has been increasingly focused on qualitative and structural aspects in place of quantitative indicators. In order to increase production of high-quality light oil and petrochemical products that are competitive on world markets, domestic fuel and energy companies have responded by modernising oil refineries and gas processing plants. With the transition of hydrocarbon production to exploiting smaller deposits, the decline of the coal industry and a growing scarcity of in-demand raw materials (gold, diamonds, rare earth metals, nickel, copper, titanium), the economic situation in the Russian North is increasingly characterised by small forest chemistry enterprises producing commercial products for medical, agricultural and household purposes. In addition, a growth in domestic and foreign demand for organic products supports reindeer husbandry, fishing and even foraging for mushrooms and berries. An important objective for national economic decision-makers consists in the implementation of technologies critical to the development of the northern regions. In the process of strengthening the Russian socio-economic space, active interaction between participating regional governments plays a significant role. The aforementioned issues are considered in the context of spatial development theory and other concepts underpinning the formation of northern economic systems. The study findings can be used to inform Arctic strategies, programmes and long-term plans for the socio-economic development of the Russian North.
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Protsenko, Olena, and Olga Melnychenko. "EDUCOLOGYCAL TRAINING IN ENSURING THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION AT THE UNIVERSITY." Continuing Professional Education: Theory and Practice, no. 1 (2021): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/1609-8595.2021.1.5.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the content of educologycal training in the educational programs «Preschool Education», «Primary Education», «Management of Educational Institutions» full-time and part-time at Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, which involves studying the interdisciplinary course «Educology». The article emphasizes the contribution of educology as a scientific phenomenon in ensuring the quality of university education due to its integrated and interdisciplinary nature. A significant difference between the object of study of education and other humanities is that educology is a kind of educational synergy for the study of education, which generates a systematic set of educational sciences such as philosophy of education, history of education, educational policy, educational law, education management, economics of education, sociology of education, culturology of education. The authors analyzed the effectiveness of teaching the discipline «Educology» on the basis of a survey of undergraduates of the university, in which special attention was paid to the development of critical thinking; awareness of patterns, trends, sources of education and educational systems; application of a synergetic approach in education management; formation of the ability to find means of solving current problems in the field of education; understanding of education as a specific sector of the economy, mechanisms of competitiveness of educational institutions, understanding of education as a social institution, the role of legal aspects in the development of education, etc. It is proved that the study of the course «Educology» will contribute to the development of future professionals in the field of education skills to systematically solve the multifaceted problem of ensuring the quality of education at the university; consider prospects and forecast changes to improve it.
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Mucharraz y Cano, Yvette. "Minute Zero." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 11, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-04-2020-0113.
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Learning outcomes The expected learning outcomes are: to clarify the meaning of resilience and its attributes. To explore the influence of the leader on the development of organizational resilience. To identify critical decisions for the recovery of a business after an external event such as the earthquake that took place on September 19th in Mexico City. To point out the stages for the development of organizational resilience, in the short, and long term: anticipation, coping and adaptation. To clarify the actions that could be taken to prepare an organization for an extreme event or respond to a large-scale crisis. Case overview/synopsis The case is framed within the context of the September 19, 2017 earthquake in Mexico City. ProActive Strategies’ offices collapsed, causing some people to lose their lives and others to be injured. The protagonist needed to decide if the organization could survive and recover or needed to be closed after the earthquake. After ProActive Strategies survived and recovered, it was possible to identify the main stages to develop organizational resilience in this organization: anticipation, coping and adaptation. Also, the paper provides empirical evidence about how organizational resilience is anchored in the attributes at individual and community levels that include human, economic, social and political capitals, enhanced by technological capital. Furthermore, the enablers of resilience add external entities and the ecosystem at a macro-level, considering political, social and economic aspects of the context. Complexity academic level The study level and expertise required to address this case is medium. The richness of the discussion from the perspective of the students is related to the possibility to empathize with the protagonist and the different actors involved and to build on previous experience with crisis management to observe the potential risks and courses of action. Moreover, the professor also requires taking a neutral position to balance the requirements from a humanitarian perspective, with the business needs. Subject code Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 6: Human resource management.