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1
Stuard, Susan Mosher. "Medieval Workshop: Toward a Theory of Consumption and Economic Change." Journal of Economic History 45, no. 2 (June 1985): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700034173.
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This workshop addressed a question of concern to medieval economic history for over a generation. Frederic C. Lane called for a theory of consumption, and Carlo Cipolla and Robert Lopez have encouraged a more thorough investigation of the role of demand. Because demand is sometimes understood in terms of needs and of taste, it is often subsumed under the heading of social history, which characterizes and describes, while economic analysis has centered on studies of supply, with their more precise and quantifiable parameters.Will the largely descriptive tools at our disposal help us to understand how demand affected the early-modern economy? The workshop considered demand for goods and services and demand for money. The first three papers addressed the Mediterranean south, and the last three focused upon Europe north of the Alps.
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Broadberry, Stephen, and Leigh Gardner. "ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA AND EUROPE: RECIPROCAL COMPARISONS." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 34, no. 1 (December 16, 2015): 11–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610915000348.
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ABSTRACTRecent advances in historical national accounting have allowed for global comparisons of GDPper capitaacross space and time. Critics have argued that GDPper capitafails to capture adequately the multi-dimensional nature of welfare, and have developed alternative measures such as the human development index. Whilst recognising that these wider indicators provide an appropriate way of assessing levels of welfare, we argue that GDPper capitaremains a more appropriate measure for assessing development potential, focussing on production possibilities and the sustainability of consumption. Twentieth-century Africa and pre-industrial Europe are used to show how such data can guide reciprocal comparisons to provide insights into the process of development on both continents.
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Ogilvie, Sheilagh. "Consumption, Social Capital, and the “Industrious Revolution” in Early Modern Germany." Journal of Economic History 70, no. 2 (June 2010): 287–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205071000029x.
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This study uses evidence from central Europe to address open questions about the Consumer and Industrious Revolutions. Did they happen outside the North Atlantic economies? Were they shaped by the “social capital” of traditional institutions? How were they affected by social constraints on women? It finds that people in central Europe did desire to increase market work and consumption. But elites used the social capital of traditional institutions to oppose new work and consumption practices, especially by women, migrants, and the poor. Although they seldom blocked new practices wholly, they delayed them, limited them socially, and increased their costs.
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Navrátilová, Miroslava, Markéta Beranová, and Lucie Severová. "Economic and institutional aspects of wine consumption in the context of globalization and climate change in Europe and Russia." Terra Economicus 19, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2021-19-4-127-140.
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OGILVIE, SHEILAGH, MARKUS KÜPKER, and JANINE MAEGRAITH. "Household Debt in Early Modern Germany: Evidence from Personal Inventories." Journal of Economic History 72, no. 1 (March 12, 2012): 134–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050711002464.
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The “less-developed” interior of early modern Europe, especially the rural economy, is often regarded as financially comatose. This article investigates this view using a rich data set of marriage and death inventories for seventeenth-century Germany. It first analyzes the characteristics of debts, examining borrowing purposes, familial links, communal ties, and documentary instruments. It then explores how borrowing varied with gender, age, marital status, occupation, date, and asset portfolio. It finds that ordinary people, even in a “less-developed” economy in rural central Europe, sought to invest profitably, smooth consumption, bridge low liquidity, and hold savings in financial form.
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Imre, Anikó. "Why Should We Study Socialist Commercials?" European Television Memories 2, no. 3 (June 30, 2013): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2013.jethc033.
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This article looks at television’s so far neglected contribution as a relay and interpretive framework at the intersection of postsocialist memory and history studies. It zooms in on postsocialist nostalgia as a relational expression of a heterogeneous set of desires that operate in an intercultural network. Televisual nostalgia also implicates Western Europe and makes explicit a Western European longing for the divided Europe of the Cold War. This longing, in turn, shores up Europe’s repressed imperial history. Television’s role at the pressure points of postsocialist institutional and economic policy, consumption and narrative concerns makes it an indispensable window into the intertwined workings of nostalgia and nationalism within a postcolonial Europe.
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FIDELIS, MALGORZATA. "Pleasures and Perils of Socialist Modernity: New Scholarship on Post-War Eastern Europe." Contemporary European History 26, no. 3 (October 19, 2016): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077731600031x.
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What role did consumption, the mass media and popular culture play in post-war Eastern Europe? Did they help ‘normalise’ state socialism or rather inspire outlooks and desires incongruent with communist regimes’ goals? These questions are central to recent scholarship which has departed from conventional Cold War studies centred on narrowly-conceived political elites and modes of Soviet domination. Instead, using the lens of social and cultural history, scholars have turned to exploring Eastern European societies as independent subjects in their own right. Looking at workers, middle classes, women, tourists, hippies, shoppers, television audiences and other groups, this new body of work has questioned the impenetrability of the Iron Curtain and has highlighted Eastern European participation in broader European and global trends. Instead of enumerating failures of the socialist system from ‘economics of shortage’ to the depressing ‘greyness’ of apartment blocks, scholars now explore ‘pleasures in socialism’, including leisure, fashion and consumer culture. In place of preponderant societal resistance against the controlling state, they expose complex ways of appropriation, accommodation and identification with elements of state socialism by individuals and groups.
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Tomlinson, Jim. "Marshall Aid and the ‘Shortage Economy’ in Britain in the 1940s." Contemporary European History 9, no. 1 (March 2000): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300001065.
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This article assesses the impact of Marshall aid on the economy and politics of Britain in the 1940s. It draws on recent literature on the domestic policies of the Attlee government and on the general impact of Marshall aid on Western Europe, together with the notion of the ‘shortage economy’ developed by Kornai. The central argument is that the deployment of Marshall aid primarily to maintain British consumption levels derived not from a governmental disregard for the importance of reviving investment and industrial output, but from a realistic appreciation of the economic and political consequences of trying to hold consumption down to an excessively austere level.
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Simpson, James. "Factor endowments, markets and vertical integration. The development of commercial wine production in Argentina, Australia and California, c1870-1914." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 29, no. 1 (January 27, 2011): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610910000236.
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AbstractGrape quality and the nature of market demand played a major role in determining the organizational structure of the wine industry in the three decades prior to 1914. In contrast to Europe where grape growing and winemaking were specialist activities, in the New World winemaking and selling were often integrated. This encouraged the appearance of large industrial wineries producing wines that could be branded. Differences within the New World itself can be attributable to the nature of demand and, in particular, to whether wine was considered an article of primary consumption (Argentina), or whether it competed with other, more popular alcoholic beverages such as beer and spirits (Australia and California).
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Francks, Penelope. "Inconspicuous Consumption: Sake, Beer, and the Birth of the Consumer in Japan." Journal of Asian Studies 68, no. 1 (January 27, 2009): 135–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911809000035.
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The growth of consumption and the emergence of the consumer have become major fields of study in the history of Europe and North America but have been largely neglected by historians of Japan, especially economic ones. This paper argues that, in Japan as elsewhere, the “birth of the consumer” predated the onset of industrialization—hence was not simply a function of the opening of the country to Western modernity—and that the growth of consumption, of “indigenous” as well as “foreign” goods, went on to represent an integral part of the process of economic development. This argument is illustrated by a case study of growth and change in the “ordinary consumption” of food and drink, and in particular of sake, a “traditional” product that emerged as a major consumer good, and of beer, the “foreign” product that was to become, alongside sake, one of the necessities of modern Japanese life.
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Berg, Maxine. "SKILL, CRAFT AND HISTORIES OF INDUSTRIALISATION IN EUROPE AND ASIA." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 24 (October 24, 2014): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440114000061.
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ABSTRACTIt is time to reexamine craft and small-scale manufacture within our histories of industrialisation, both West and East, and to reflect on the long survival and adaptation of artisanal production even within our globalised world of production and consumption. Historians since the 1950s have addressed craft, skill and labour-intensive production in historical frameworks such as ‘the rise of the factory system’, ‘proto-industrialisation’ and ‘flexible specialisation’. More recently, they have devised other concepts which include labour and skill-intensive production such as ‘industrious revolution’, ‘the great divergence’, ‘knowledge economies’, ‘East Asian development paths’ and ‘cycles of production’. This paper surveys this historiography of craft and skill in models of industrialisation. It then reflects on small-scale industrial structures in current globalisation, emphasising the continued significance of craft and skill over a long history of global transitions. It gives close examination to one region, Gujarat, and its recent industrial and global history. The paper compares industrial production for East India Company trade in the eighteenth century to the recent engagement of the artisans of the Kachchh district of Gujarat in global markets. It draws on the oral histories of seventy-five artisan families to discuss the past and future of craft and skill in the industry of the global economy.
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Poliarush, S. "EVOLUTION OF VESTIMENTARY LEGISLATION IN EUROPE." Scientific Notes Series Law 1, no. 11 (November 2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-9230-2021-11-14-20.
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The article characterizes the changes in the field of state regulation of the costume in different epochs of European history, including the history of Ukraine. The concept of "vestment legislation", which regulates the issue of wearing a suit, is revealed. Some fragments of normative acts are cited, which confirm the fact of wide use of vestment legislation in the early epochs of the state history of European civilization. It is emphasized that the vestment legislation in the Greek and Roman periods played the role of sumptuous legislation, ie legislation against luxury, against demonstrative consumption. The dominant functions of vestment legislation in the feudal period and in the period of transition to bourgeois relations are highlighted. The author joins the opinion of a number of scholars who emphasize the caste nature of the legislation on costume in the era of feudalism. With the transition to bourgeois relations, this legislation plays the role of economic lever in stimulating the development of its own production of fabrics and clothing and the domestic market. It is emphasized that in the first half of the XVIII century Vestment legislation acquires more features of court etiquette, and from the second half of the XVIII century and to this day it minimizes its impact on civil society. Civil society is already creating fashion trends. This feature is preserved to this day. Attention is paid to some features of vestment legislation in the XX-XXI centuries. It is noted that during this period it could become discriminatory. Today, the vestment legislation reflects the concerns of European countries about certain terrorist acts and the introduction of quarantine restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Janda, Karel, Ladislav Krištoufek, Barbora Schererová, and David Zilberman. "Price transmission in biofuel-related global agricultural networks." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 67, No. 10 (October 26, 2021): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/223/2021-agricecon.
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This article investigates the connections among the prices of biofuels, agricultural commodities and other relevant assets in Europe, the US, and Brazil. The analysis includes a comprehensive data set covering price data for 38 traded titles during the period from 2003 to 2020. We used the minimum spanning tree (MST) approach to identify price connections in a complex trading system. Our analysis of mutual price connections reveals the major defining features of world-leading biofuel markets. We provide the characteristics of the main bioethanol and biodiesel markets with respect to government policies and technical and local features of the production and consumption of particular biofuels. Despite a relatively long and dynamically evolving history of biofuels, the biofuel systems in the US, Brazil and Europe do not converge toward the same pattern of relations among fossil fuels, biofuels, agricultural commodities and financial assets.
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Bay Rasmussen, Steffen. "Introduction." Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, no. 64 (May 14, 2021): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced-64-2021pp19-22.
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The process of European integration has evolved through crises of governance towards ever greater integration of the societies of the participating member states, giving rise to new questions about the political organization of the European continent. At the same time, European societies have become ever more diverse, giving rise to new and complex problematiques of coexistence. Europe must now also deal with the consequences of an economic model based on the consumption of finite resources. Beyond specific crises and events, Europe is therefore faced with a multifaceted challenge of ecological, democratic and societal sustainability. To approach the challenges from the point of view of sustainability means to see the ecological, democratic and societal long-term viability of Europe as made possible by the continuous reconstruction of European societies through innovative cultural, social, economic and political practices under the ecological constraints posed by the limits of our planet.
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MAPRIL, JOSÉ. "The Dreams of Middle Class: Consumption, Life-course and Migration Between Bangladesh and Portugal." Modern Asian Studies 48, no. 3 (March 8, 2013): 693–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1200025x.
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AbstractIn the past 20 years, Bangladeshi migration to Southern European countries has gained an increasing importance. Portugal is no exception, and today more than 4,500 Bangladeshis live in the country. One of the more interesting facets of this population, though, is their educational and economic profile. They come from what has been roughly summed up as the ‘new’ Bangladeshi ‘middle classes’. Their families are both rural and urban, have properties, and own businesses. Other members of their domestic units work in NGOs, and private and state owned companies. Simultaneously, they have considerable educational backgrounds, with college and university degrees, and most are fluent in English. But what was their motivation to come to Europe in the first place? And what does this tell us about the young Bangladeshi middle class? For these young Bangladeshi adults, it is through geographic mobility that one can earn enough economic capital to access the ‘modern’ and to progress in the life-course. By remaining in Bangladesh, their access to middle class status and adulthood is not guaranteed and thus migrating to Europe is seen as a possible avenue for achieving such dreams and expectations. The main argument in this paper is that migration—as a resource and a discoursive formation—is itself constitutive of this ‘middle class’.
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Marco Belfanti, Carlo. "Was fashion a European invention?" Journal of Global History 3, no. 3 (November 2008): 419–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022808002787.
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AbstractFashion was arguably a social phenomenon that emerged in Europe during early modern times, and this paper seeks to determine whether it was unknown in the refined civilizations of the East. The conclusion is that fashion was not a European invention. The analysis of the evolution of Indian, Chinese, and Japanese clothing systems underlines how these societies underwent phases in which, thanks to propitious economic conditions, the accentuated propensity towards consumption stimulated behaviour that challenged the traditional hierarchies of appearance, usually regulated by canons of a prescriptive nature. Fashion was not, therefore, a European invention, but it only fully developed as a social institution in Europe, while in India, China, and Japan it only evolved partially, without being able to obtain full social recognition.
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Zestanakis, Panagiotis. "Online memories of 1980s–2000s lifestyle and consumption politics in Greece during the current economic crisis (2009–2015)." Journal of Consumer Culture 20, no. 4 (February 19, 2018): 521–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540517745708.
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Lifestyle media very successfully promoted (conspicuous) consumption as a major referent in the social and cultural convergence between Greece and Western Europe between the mid-1980s and the late 2000s. Perceiving the Internet as a crucial component of the contemporary public sphere where testimonial cultures abound, this article explores how during the current economic crisis particular communities of web users dealt with the breakdown of previous consumer certainties, placing emphasis on the downfall of the lifestyle media industry and on how and why publisher Petros Kostopoulos is discussed as a metonym of this media field. Using comments published below articles about the collapse of lifestyle in popular media and posts in a popular men’s forum, the article examines the uses of contemporary history in the construction of arguments about the origins of the current crisis and explores how the dismantlement of recent consumer utopias echoed questions of Europeanization and often carried traumatic loads.
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Romero-González, Francisco, and María Luisa Palma-Martos. "AUDIO-VISUAL PRODUCTION AS A PATH OF COOPERATION IN EUROPE. EURIMAGES FUNDS." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, Special Issue (2019): 113–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2019-0023.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse co-production in Europe through the funds of the Eurimages program from its origin, in 1989 to 2016, and to determine a pattern of co-production among the main film producer nations in Europe: France, Germany, Italy and Spain. For that purpose, a statistical analysis is carried out using several data sources: the Lumiere database, the reports from the European Audiovisual Observatory, as well as those from several national film institutions (such as the ICAA in Spain, or the CNC in France), or even the webpages of the Eurimages program and the Ibermedia one. Among the main results, it should be underlined that Eurimages has contributed to the increase of European films through co-production, but not to the increase of film audience, being far from that of American films. Nevertheless, if compared to national films, Eurimages has favoured both the transnational circulation of films and their consumption. Moreover, the main reasons to choose partners to co-produce are both cultural and economic, based on language, geographical proximity, common history and having a more developed film industry with a generous film support. With this article we want to contribute to update the literature about co-production in Europe using Eurimages funds.
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Dimitrova, Boryana. "The Impact of the Global 2020 Health and Economic Crisis on the Consumption of Students Studying Macroeconomics." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219201007.
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Research background: 2020 is the first year in recent human history with unprecedented closure of educational institutions and businesses for an extended period of time during the school year. The closure was not the result of military action, but of regulations aimed at stopping the spread of a disease, which at first glance seemed unusually dangerous. This required the learning and work processes to take place in people’s homes and not in the buildings of educational institutions and companies. It also affected the usual individuals’ consumption of goods. For the optimal recovery of the national and world economic and educational systems, it is necessary to have a variety of information about the impact of the crisis on different groups of the population. Purpose of the article: This article aims to present the results of a study of changes in consumption, financial and employment status of students studying macroeconomics at a small Faculty of Economics in Southeast Europe. Methods: The method of the self-administered survey, conducted through Google Forms, disseminated through closed Facebook groups, used for educational purposes, as well as direct sharing of links via Messenger, Viber and e-mail was used. Findings & Value added: The changes in the expenses related to the consumption of key goods by the respondents, their financial and employment status have been identified and discussed. The accumulation of knowledge about living in times of crisis is discussed and the readiness of the respondents to purposefully study crisis management is established in view to the optimal formation of the human capital of the nation and the world.
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García Marsilla, Juan Vicente. "La moda no es capricho. Mensajes y funciones del vestido en la Edad MediaFashion is not a whim. Messages and functions of clothing in the Middle Ages." Vínculos de Historia. Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 6 (May 31, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh.v0i6.269.
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Los siglos finales de la Edad Media vieron como nuevas modas en el vestir irrumpían en Europa con un ritmo cada vez más acelerado. Eran una de las manifestaciones de una sociedad más dinámica, que utilizaba la vestimenta como un código de comunicación privilegiado del estatus social y la pujanza económica y política. Sin duda, las cortes nobiliarias jugaron un importante papel en esa activación de la moda, pero el fenómeno alcanzó a buena parte de la población urbana y a las capas más acomodadas del campesinado, como lo demuestran las leyes suntuarias y la difusión del mercado de segunda mano. Hombres y mujeres rivalizaban por acceder a las novedades, que viajaban de un país a otro con cierta facilidad, sin que la indumentaria, no obstante, llegara a homogeneizarse del todo en el continente. De esta manera, el cuidado de la apariencia, y la constante adaptación a las novedades en el vestido, se convertirían ya entonces en acicates básicos para un nivel de consumo sostenido, que a la larga alentaría importantes mutaciones del sistema económico.PALABRAS CLAVE: Edad Media, moda, leyes suntuarias, consumo, gusto.ABSTRACTThe Late Middle Ages saw new fashions in clothing appearing in Europe with an increasingly frequent rhythm. These trends were one of the manifestations of a more dynamic society that used clothing as a privileged communication code of social status and economic and political importance. Noble courts no doubt played an important role in this activation of fashion, but the phenomenon reached a large part of the urban population and the more affluent layers of the peasantry, as evidenced by sumptuary laws and the spread of the second-hand market. Men and women competed for access to novelties, which travelled from one country to others quite easily, although clothing never became homogenous across the whole continent. Thus, the care of appearance, and the constant adaptation to new fashion trends, became two basic positive stimuli for a sustained consumption level, which, in the long run, promoted important changes in the economic system.KEY WORDS: Middle Ages, fashion, sumptuary laws, consumption, taste.
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González Agudo, David. "Prices in Toledo (Spain): Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries." Social Science History 43, no. 02 (2019): 269–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2019.2.
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Differences in material conditions are a determinant that explains the little divergence between northwestern and southern Europe. This article approaches the evolution of prices in early modern Toledo (Spain). The price index includes new items such as housing and employs different baskets over time, reflecting changes in consumption patterns. During the city’s golden age, prices grew faster than in London, Paris, or Amsterdam. Wine, urban rent, and food prices experienced a great increase, coinciding with demographic growth and the arrival of the American precious metals. Prices slowed in the first half of the seventeenth century, throughout Castile’s demographic and economic decay.
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Chen, Hailian. "Fueling the Boom: Coal as the Primary Source of Energy for Processing Zinc in China and Comparison with Europe, ca. 1720-1820." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 57, no. 1 (February 11, 2014): 76–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341343.
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AbstractStemming from an examination of the zinc industry in early modern China, this article centers on a detailed survey of coal, the primary source of energy for processing zinc. On the basis of Qing archival documents, this article investigates the previously unknown spatial relationship of zinc ore deposits, coal mines, and zinc smelters; provides quantitative evidence of coal use by estimating the annual consumption of coal in processing zinc; offers a new perspective on the general use of coal in Qing China; and compares the coal-fuel efficiency problem in early European and Chinese zinc production.
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van Dam, Peter, and Andrea Franc. "Trajectories of Global Solidarity. Fair Trade Activism Since the 1960s: Introduction." Contemporary European History 28, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777319000250.
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AbstractActivists throughout Western Europe joined Southern actors in demanding a reform of global trade during the 1960s. This forum focuses on the subsequent trajectories of fair trade activism: the initiatives which aimed to achieve equitable economic relations between the South and the North. The evolution of this movement is situated within larger debates about social movements since the 1960s. The forum demonstrates the importance of a transnational perspective, particularly the impact of the global South and European integration. It highlights fair trade's broad constituency and the contested development of its goals and repertoire. The movement's trajectories challenge us to reassess how activists attempted to shape a post-colonial world in which consumption had become a predominant fact of life. Regarding this strand of activism as part of crucial post-war developments provides a fresh perspective on the history of transnational civic activism.
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Schayegh, Cyrus. "Small Is Beautiful." International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, no. 2 (April 10, 2014): 373–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743814000154.
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In scholarship on the Middle East, as on other regions of the world, the sort of social history that climaxed from the 1960s through the 1980s, and in Middle East history through the 1990s—that is, studies of categories such as “class” or “peasant”—has been declining for some time. The cultural history that replaced social history has peaked, too. In the 21st century, the trend, set by non-Middle East historians, has been to combine an updated social-historical focus on structure and groups with a cultural–historical focus on meaning making. Defining societyagainstculture and policing their boundaries is out. In is picking a theme—consumption or travel, say—then studying it from distinct yet linked social and cultural or political/economic angles. This trend has spawned new journals likeCultural and Social History, established in 2004, and has been debated in established journals and memoirs by leading historians of the United States and Europe.
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Petropoulos, Sotiris. "The 2008 Global Crisis and the East Asian Developmental States Shifts of Export-Driven Strategies." European Journal of East Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (2011): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156805811x616110.
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AbstractThe 2008 crisis affected all regions across the globe. East Asia appeared one of the regions best positioned to overcome its impact because of the resilience of strong developmental states. The crisis has raised the question of whether the East Asian economic growth model is too dependent on high export performance. The sharp decline of private consumption in the OECD economies in 2008–2009 has affected continued economic success in East Asia. Now the challenge for East Asian developmental states is to search for a new economic strategy moving away from extreme dependence on exports.This imperative was first acknowledged by China, which has initiated an ambitious support package to stimulate domestic demand and private consumption, relying less exclusively on global foreign markets. Thus China has provided new and more accessible markets to its ASEAN neighbours, with the potential to substitute declining import capacity in Europe, Japan and the USA.A structural consequence of the global crisis indicates an acceleration in the rise of East Asia's economic integration. However, this new facilitation of export benefits for the ASEAN countries may delay or hinder long-term needed reforms to raise domestic living standards and wealth redistribution across Southeast Asia.
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Paché, Gilles. "The “Day After” Covid-19 Pandemic: Logistical Disorders in Perspective." Review of European Studies 12, no. 3 (June 29, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v12n3p1.
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Half of humanity experienced an unprecedented situation of lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic of 2020. The sharp slowdown in trade and the shutdown of entire industrial and commercial sectors had major economic consequences, with a historic collapse in household consumption, particularly in Europe. One country after another decided to gradually organize a lockdown exit, taking into account the heavy health constraints involved. This lockdown exit, and the resulting boom of trade, is likely to come up against a major disruption of supply chains, which needs to be evaluated now. The research note proposes an exploratory reflection on a unique situation since the WW II, and the logistical implications of what can be called the “day after” the Covid-19 pandemic. In order to limit serious disorders in product flow monitoring, the question of a moderate rhythm of lockdown exit and economic recovery is raised.
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Rusanov, Alexander V. "Dacha dwellers and gardeners: garden plots and second homes in Europe and Russia." Population and Economics 3, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.3.e34783.
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Abstract One of the ways to solve the problems associated with rapid growth of urban population and the development of industry in Western Europe in the 19th century was the creation of collective gardens and vegetable plots, which could be used to grow food for personal consumption. The peak of their popularity was during the First and Second World Wars. In the second half of the 20th century, as food shortages decrease, the number of garden plots in Western Europe sharply decreased. The revival of interest in gardening at the end of the 20 century is connected with the development of nature protection movement and ecological culture. In Eastern Europe, most of the collective gardens and vegetable plots appeared after the Second World War in a planned economy, they were most popular during the periods of economic recession. In some countries – Russia, Poland – gardeners have now become one of the largest land users. The article deals with the history and main factors that influenced the development of collective gardening and vegetable gardening in Europe and analyzes the laws presently regulating the activity of gardeners. The change of functions of garden plots in European countries in the 19–21 centuries is shown. The article presents comparative statistics on the number of second homes in Northern and Southern Europe. On the example of these two regions, the peculiarities of distribution of second homes are revealed and the main areas of their location are shown.
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Pleket, H. W. "ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL Banking and Business in the Roman World. By Jean Andreau. Translated by Janey Lloyd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. xix, 176. $59.95, cloth; $22.95, paper." Journal of Economic History 61, no. 4 (December 2001): 1105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050701005526.
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This book is a study of all aspects of private finance from ca. 300 BC to 300 AD. It is intended for students and more advanced readers; among the latter, economic historians of medieval and early modern Europe are included. In other words: Jean Andreau is an adept of the comparative study of the various phases of preindustrial European history, beginning with that of the Roman Empire. The focus of the book is on the late Republic and the first three centuries of the Roman Empire. Andreau discerns a three-tier structure in the Roman financial world. The top tier consisted of the imperial elite of senators and knights, who made loans either directly or through intermediaries. These loans financed a variety of operations: conspicuous consumption, tax obligations of provincial cities, and, to a lesser extent, also “some production and trade” (pp. 28, 148). These elite financiers did not call themselves bankers. They were basically wealthy landowners, not entrepreneurs, who cherished a “strategy of security, not of profit” (p. 24). This mentality “imposed limits on the Roman economy” (p. 28). This elite thought in terms of networks, not of commercial companies; and this complex is supposed to explain the absence of a bill of exchange (p. 26). One may wonder whether the behavior and mentality of a small group of Roman senators were representative of the economic strategies of all urban elites in the Empire.
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Endelman, Todd M. "Derek J. Penslar. Shylock's Children: Economics and Jewish Identity in Modern Europe. The S. Mark Taper Foundation Imprint in Jewish Studies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. xi, 374 pp." AJS Review 29, no. 2 (November 2005): 384–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009405330170.
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In the early modern and modern periods, the occupational profile of Jews in the West diverged dramatically from that of their neighbors and fellow citizens. Commerce, rather than agriculture or artisanal or industrial manufacturing, provided the arena in which Jews labored to make a living. From an economic perspective, this was not a problem. It did not place Jews at a competitive disadvantage. Indeed, the opposite was true. In the context of industrialization, urbanization, and mass consumption, buying and selling was more profitable than tolling in a field, workshop, or factory. Having been forced into a narrow range of occupations earlier in their history, Jews in the West now found themselves in an advantageous position economically. However, for Gentiles, who rarely viewed Jews in a disinterested light, the Jewish distinctive occupational profile was problematic and often viewed as symptomatic of a more profound pathology. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with Jews becoming citizens of the states in which they lived and moving rapidly into the middle class, their economic distinctiveness became a central feature of the debate about their fate and future, what was known at the time as the “Jewish Question.”
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Jenks, Stuart. "Distributionsrevolution des 15. Jahrhunderts." Hansische Geschichtsblätter 132 (July 14, 2020): 47–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2014.102.
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The Distribution Revolution of the Fifteenth CenturyThe consumption revolution of the long eighteenth Century (c. 1650-1850) was inconceivable without a prior distribution revolution in Northwest Europe, in the course of which markets were linked in a stable hierarchy reaching from the international fairs of Antwerp and Frankfurt down to humble packmen tramping from village to village. The exotic products of the consumption revolution did not have to surmount any significant distribution problems, because the networks had been functioning since the fifteenth Century. The proof of this hypothesis is divided into two parts, one empirical and the other theoretical. The foundation of some 2000 weekly markets in England between 1200 and 1350 resulted from the interaction of peasants’ cash requirements and improved transportation by horse: There was much money to be made by establishing markets, but peasants could choose between them. This set in train a brutal winnowing of markets which was intensified in the late middle ages by the effects of the plague, the enclosure movement and price-wage developments. In the end, the surviving markets had organized themselves into a hierarchy based on London, which was, by 1500, indisputably the center of foreign trade and the distribution of imports in England. This section concludes by showing that the hierarchization of markets was also characteristic of the Hanseatic area during the same period. The theoretical part of the paper demonstrates that the hierarchization of markets changed the framework for economic actors in a way no person or group could alter. Late medieval industrial mass production, succeeded by early modern proto-industrialization, required efficient labor markets and distribution networks. Placing the price signals generated by urban markets at the center of the argument solves a number of troubling problems of proto-industrialization: the geographical concentration of proto-industries, the outsourcing of simple tasks (and the retention of more sophisticated processes) and thesubsequent urbanization of rural industrial clusters. It also allows us to go beyond Diamond and Krugman and construct a real-world model of the rise of market hierarchization, as traders exploited scale economies derived from the difference between urban Wholesale and rural retail prices, and - by concentrating their trade on the most liquid provincial markets (thus maximizing thick market externalties) - locked these satellite markets into the hierarchy. An examination o f the policies o f the London Grocers and Mercers proves that this did, indeed, take place in the course of the fifteenth Century. Therefore, the distribution revolution was a true revolution, one which changed forever the framework for economic actors in a way 110 person or group could alter (,economic Constitution‘).
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Miranda, Susana Münch. "Risk and Failure in Tax Farming: De Bruijn & Cloots of Lisbon and the Portuguese Tobacco Monopoly, 1722–1727." Itinerario 43, no. 01 (April 2019): 122–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115319000093.
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AbstractBy examining how a Dutch firm in Lisbon operated two Portuguese tobacco tax farms from 1722 to 1727 and failed subsequently, this article brings together, on the one hand, research on the relationship between state and business groups through a monopolistic rent provided by the empire and, on the other hand, a growing literature discussing institutional and economic variables, as well as human agency, in business failure in early modern Europe. The article aims to achieve two goals. The first is to shed light on the perspective of the Dutch tax farmers, highlighting why they chose to incur the risks of managing a nationwide sales monopoly and the business model they implemented to maximize profits and mitigate risks, while the second is to examine the general and specific reasons behind their ultimate downfall. It concludes that, despite the organizational innovations they introduced and that led them to exploit interconnected businesses, the Dutch partners were unable to overcome the negative effects of conjunctural and contingent factors that temporarily squeezed the domestic consumption of tobacco.
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Luhovska, Anna. "Ontological Foundations of Conceptualization of Art Institutions." Artistic Culture. Topical Issues, no. 17(1) (June 8, 2021): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31500/1992-5514.17(1).2021.235252.
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The article describes the stages of formation and the main reasons for the transformation of the current art institutional system. Its characteristics, conventional to Europe at the end of the 18th century, became common to most countries by the second half of the 19th century. Globalization processes that accompany the entire history of the previous century are the key factor of the rapid changes in society, including the art sphere. The role of global economic changes with the orientation on the society of consumption, on the growing importance of art market, commercialization of culture in general, emergence of new technologies and changes in attitudes to contemporary art in all its manifestations were observed. The reasons for shifting the emphasis and rethinking the role of artist, curator and spectator in the modern mode of existence of art institutions were analyzed. The conditions for updating existing and new forms of art representation, as well as expanding the concept of an artwork and the difference in understanding its value in historical and commercial terms that do not always coincide, were described.
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Davis, Elizabeth. "“We've toiled without end”: Publicity, Crisis, and the Suicide “Epidemic” in Greece." Comparative Studies in Society and History 57, no. 4 (October 2015): 1007–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417515000420.
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AbstractThis paper addresses the rising suicide rate in Greece since the economic crisis began in 2008. By 2011, Greek and international media were reporting the Greek suicide rate as the fastest rising in Europe; dozens of “spectacular” public suicides were taken as symptoms of an “epidemic.” In this paper, I explore different accounts of this “epidemic”: statistical studies and press reports on suicide since the crisis; notes written by people who committed or attempted suicide in public during the crisis; and narratives of suicidality from psychiatric patients before the crisis, in dialogue with local psychiatric epidemiologies. These accounts summon three axes of comparison around suicide in Greece: historical difference, defined by the economic crisis and the time before; locale, contrasting the public sphere of media coverage and consumption with a particular region distinguished by its “suicidogenic” features; and evidence, moving from the public discourse on suicide to clinical ethnographic research that I conducted in northeastern Greece a decade ago. I show that each way of accounting for suicide challenges the epistemologies and evidence at work in the others; the tensions and the interactions among them are signs of indeterminacy in suicide itself, taken as an object of inquiry. In the public discourse on the Greek crisis, the many meanings of suicide have been condensed and fixed as a politics of protest. Yet, I argue, comparison among epistemologies of suicide and recognition of its indeterminacy generate a space for thinking about suicide beyond the publicity of the crisis.
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Isto, Raino. "Representing the Worker in Postsocialist Public Space: Art and Politics under Neoliberalism." International Labor and Working-Class History 98 (2020): 43–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547920000113.
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AbstractAcross former Eastern Europe, the transition from state socialism toward neoliberal capitalism has been accompanied by a marked reduction in emphasis on working-class identities. Because of the centrality of class to socialist-era identity-construction projects, the recent and relatively sudden ascendancy of various forms of individualist, consumption-oriented subjectivity in postrevolutionary societies has produced conflicts that are often more visible than in societies where capitalism has been the accepted economic paradigm for much longer. This shift can be seen in the realm of art and visual culture: Images of the worker once dominated public spaces under state socialism, competing in number with representations of leaders and communist ideologues, but since 1989 they have often been vandalized, dismantled, or else relocated to decay in relative obscurity. Where new public images of the worker do appear in postsocialist neoliberal conditions, they frequently serve as nexuses of controversy, where generational and ideological conflicts regarding current labor conditions and the legacy of worker solidarity play out. The debates surrounding representations of workers in postsocialism are both part of a global history of postsocialist art and part of the history of labor and its relation to contemporary urban space. This article examines artistic representations of the worker sited in public space in postsocialist Albania, in order to map the political and artistic discourses that animate engagements with working-class identity in conditions of neoliberal social transformation.
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Datta, Y. "The Religious, Scientific, Cultural, and Economic Foundations of America." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): p118. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v8n4p118.
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Historian Lynn White wanted to understand why the Western civilization had exploited nature so much that its own quality of life--even its survival--was now at stake. White concluded that the answer is: the Judeo-Christian tradition.The environmental movement began in the early 1960s, with far-reaching changes in American values and attitudes, that were powering a growing interest in wilderness and its preservation.By destroying pagan animism, Christianity made it possible to exploit nature in a mood of indifference to the feelings of natural objects. Severed from the human community and its ethical protection, nature was fully exposed to human greed.Aristotle’s scientific philosophy of nature—animate and alive—dominated Western thought for two thousand years after his death. But thanks to the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries, the notion of an organic and spiritual universe was replaced by that of the world as a machine, and the word machine became a dominant metaphor of the modern era. It was around 1850, that Western Europe and North America arranged a marriage between science and technology that signified the Baconian creed of power over nature. Its acceptance as a normal pattern of action may mark the greatest event in human history since the invention of agriculture. Perhaps the most profound legacy of the Scientific Revolution is the principle of reductionism that encourages an atomistic and disintegrated view of nature. As a result, we have the Faustian bargain of Hydrogen bombs that pose an existential threat to the universe. Individualism is first on the list of American cultural heritage. Next is the “Bootstrap philosophy.” This phrase has become part of American mythology, and the nation’s attitude toward helping those in society that have been left behind; and we lecture them to lift themselves up by their bootstraps. Next are the negative attitudes toward government that are unjustified. Then there is the free-market crusade that has led to American economic decline. And next, this is their promised Utopia for what ails America: “Privatization, deregulation, downsizing, shrinking entitlements, and lower taxes.”Smith’s explanation of the paradox of the interplay between supply and demand, is an important scientific contribution to society. But, why then did he cross that line, and enter the domain of metaphysics with his proclamation that “consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production”?Yet, he put no limits on consumption and left the door of overconsumption wide open.Smith says that in an unfettered market--propelled by competition among self-interested sellers and buyers--the invisible hand will then allocate goods efficiently.However, one of the best-kept secrets in economics is that there is no case for the “invisible hand.”Finally, Adam Smith ignored the Industrial Revolution? This is because his static theory could not handle innovation.
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Eversberg, Dennis. "From democracy at others’ expense to externalization at democracy’s expense: Property-based personhood and citizenship struggles in organized and flexible capitalism." Anthropological Theory 21, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 315–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499620977995.
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This contribution investigates the anthropological foundations of European democracies’ continuous entanglement with economic and military expansionism and a hierarchical separation between public and private spheres, both of which have enabled the appropriation of nature and others’ labour as property on which citizens’ abstract personhood could be founded. Drawing on an argument made by David Graeber, it is suggested that modern European history can be interpreted as a process of the ‘generalization of avoidance’, in which such abstract, property-based forms of personhood, which were initially what defined the superior party in relations of hierarchy, came to be a model for the figures of market participant and citizen within the spheres of formal equal exchange of economy and politics. From this perspective, and building on an account of different stages of capitalist history as ‘subjectivation regimes’, the article then analyses the transition from the ‘exclusive democracy’ of post-war organized capitalism in Western Europe, in which citizens’ entitlement, through the collective guarantees of ‘social property’ (Castel), increasingly allowed individualized competitive practices of status attainment and gave rise to individualist movements for extended citizenship, to current-day flexible capitalism. This regime, seizing on those calls and instrumentalizing the desires for competitive status consumption, has effected a broad restructuring of the social as a unified field of competition in which new hierarchies and inequalities materialize in global chains of appropriation, causing a ‘dividual’ fragmentation of property-based personhood and generating calls for responsible citizenship as an inherent counter-movement. In conclusion, it is suggested that anthropologists have much to contribute to investigating the possibility of democratic, post-capitalist ‘anthropologies of degrowth’.
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Laužikas, Rimvydas. "Consumption of Drinks as Representation of Community in the Culture of Nobility of the 17th–18th Centuries." Tautosakos darbai 51 (June 27, 2016): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2016.28882.
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Drinks and customs related to their consumption play a special role in the social history (essentially, that of the human community). However, research of the customs of alcohol consumption in Lithuania (along with the history of daily life in general and the culture of the nobility’s daily life in particular) is rather sporadic so far. The article presents a research work in cultural anthropology on the alcohol consumption as means (or prerequisite) of achieving more important aims of religious, social, economic or other kind. Because of the big scope of research and low level of prior investigation, the subject of this article is limited to a single aspect – namely, the custom of drinking from the same glass; to the culture of only one social layer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) – the nobility; and to a distinct period – the 17th–18th centuries. The aim of analysis is revealing sources of this custom, its development and meaning in the social community of the given period.According to the research, the GDL presented a sphere of interaction between the local pre-Christian Lithuanian culture, which had been developing for an incredibly long period – even until the end of the 15th century, and the Western European cultural tradition. The Western European culture, formed in the course of joining together elements of the antique heritage, the Christian worldview and the inculturized “Northern barbarism”, acquired in the 14th–16th century Lithuania one of its essential constituents – namely, the culture of the “Northern barbarism” still alive and functioning. On the other hand, the nobility of the GDL, raised in pre-Christian Lithuanian culture, had no trouble recognizing elements of its local heritage in the Western Christian culture. The local custom of drinking from the same glass characteristic to the higher social layers supposedly stemmed from the drinking horns. Along with Christianity and spread of the wine culture, the local pre-Christian custom of drinking from the same glass should have been abandoned by the nobility, surviving instead solely in the lower social classes. The western custom of drinking from the same glass spread in Lithuania along with Christianity and the wine consumption. However, its influence on the nobility was rather limited. In the 15th–16th centuries, when this custom was still rather widespread in Europe, the Lithuanian nobility was just beginning its acquaintance with the wine culture, while in the 17th–18th centuries, when the wine culture grew popular in Lithuania, the western-like custom of drinking from the same glass had already waned in other European countries. Therefore, the western custom of drinking from the same glass was rather a marginal phenomenon among the Lithuanian nobility, affected by the cultural exchange with the Polish nobility (which grew especially intense following the union of Lublin) and the ideology of Sarmatianism. The custom of drinking from the same glass disappeared in the culture of the Lithuanian nobility at the turn of the 18th–19th century due to the ideas of Enlightenment and the altered notions of healthy lifestyle and hygiene. However, drinking from the same glass, as a distant echo of the ancient customs representing social community was quite popular in the peasant culture as late as the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st centuries.
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Butorina, O. V. "EUROPEAN UNION AFTER THE CRISIS: DECLIN OR RENAISSANCE?" MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(31) (August 28, 2013): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-4-31-71-81.
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The second challenging period (after the «eurosclerosis» of the 70-th) in the history of European integration has been going on for eight years. Measures taken by the EU institutions prevented the disintegration of the euro area, but the crisis is not over. We distinguish its four main consequences for the integration: 1) growing federalization of the euro zone, 2) a switch from multi-speed to a two- or three-tier integration model, 3) economization of decision-making process in the euro area, and 4) clearer demarcation of borders within the EU and with its neighbours. The rotation in the ECB Governing Council that may start in 2015, is likely to consolidate the leadership of the "hard core" countries in the decisionmaking process. Further communitarization of the economic part of the EMU makes it more difficult for newcomers to join the euro area and practically closes this window of opportunity for the Great Britain. The crisis revealed the objective limits of EU enlargement, the accession of Turkey became hardly realistic, as well as the start of accession negotiations with Ukraine. The return to a sustainable development of the EU countries requires deep modernization of the European economy and society. However, the ways of this modernization has not been determined yet. It is clear that further accumulation of wealth and growing consumption cannot be a solution. The headline targets and indicators of the "Europe 2020" strategy will be implemented only partially. Modernization process will be hampered by the lack of funding for basic science, which occurred due to the end of the "cold war", as well as social factors whose role in the economic progress had been previously underestimated. Upgrading the EU integration strategy will be possible after the elections to the European Parliament and the appointment of the new Commission in 2014.
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Simmonds, Peter G., Matthew Rigby, Alistair J. Manning, Sunyoung Park, Kieran M. Stanley, Archie McCulloch, Stephan Henne, et al. "The increasing atmospheric burden of the greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 7271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7271-2020.
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Abstract. We report a 40-year history of SF6 atmospheric mole fractions measured at the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) monitoring sites, combined with archived air samples, to determine emission estimates from 1978 to 2018. Previously we reported a global emission rate of 7.3±0.6 Gg yr−1 in 2008 and over the past decade emissions have continued to increase by about 24 % to 9.04±0.35 Gg yr−1 in 2018. We show that changing patterns in SF6 consumption from developed (Kyoto Protocol Annex-1) to developing countries (non-Annex-1) and the rapid global expansion of the electric power industry, mainly in Asia, have increased the demand for SF6-insulated switchgear, circuit breakers, and transformers. The large bank of SF6 sequestered in this electrical equipment provides a substantial source of emissions from maintenance, replacement, and continuous leakage. Other emissive sources of SF6 occur from the magnesium, aluminium, and electronics industries as well as more minor industrial applications. More recently, reported emissions, including those from electrical equipment and metal industries, primarily in the Annex-1 countries, have declined steadily through substitution of alternative blanketing gases and technological improvements in less emissive equipment and more efficient industrial practices. Nevertheless, there are still demands for SF6 in Annex-1 countries due to economic growth, as well as continuing emissions from older equipment and additional emissions from newly installed SF6-insulated electrical equipment, although at low emission rates. In addition, in the non-Annex-1 countries, SF6 emissions have increased due to an expansion in the growth of the electrical power, metal, and electronics industries to support their continuing development. There is an annual difference of 2.5–5 Gg yr−1 (1990–2018) between our modelled top-down emissions and the UNFCCC-reported bottom-up emissions (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), which we attempt to reconcile through analysis of the potential contribution of emissions from the various industrial applications which use SF6. We also investigate regional emissions in East Asia (China, S. Korea) and western Europe and their respective contributions to the global atmospheric SF6 inventory. On an average annual basis, our estimated emissions from the whole of China are approximately 10 times greater than emissions from western Europe. In 2018, our modelled Chinese and western European emissions accounted for ∼36 % and 3.1 %, respectively, of our global SF6 emissions estimate.
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Zubar, Ivan, and Yuliia Onyshchuk. "Heliceculture as a promising area of agricultural production." INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, no. 7-8 (2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2020.7-8.5.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is research of theoretical, organizational and economic aspects of functioning and effective development of farms for growing and processing of snails and substantiation of prospects of heliceculture as a branch of agriculture on the basis of analysis of world experience. Methodology of research. In the course of the research the methods of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, abstraction) and empirical methods (observations, questionnaires, conversations) of economic science are used, which are based on a systematic approach, which allowed to characterize the current state of production and export of heliceculture products, as well as identify key issues in this area of agricultural production. Findings. The concept of “heliceculture” is substantiated and its content is analysed in terms of prospects as a new direction of agricultural production. The historical genesis of the development of traditions of snail products consumption has been studied, as a result of which the first mentions in the history of Ancient Rome, as well as France and Italy have been revealed. An analysis of the dynamics and current state of development of domestic heliculture entrepreneurship, which showed a rapid increase in the number of snail farms and increasing exports of snails to Europe. An overview of the world market for edible snails is made, where there is a noticeable tendency to a gradual annual increase in the consumption of heliculture products. The key elements of the technological process of growing edible snails are analysed, which allowed to systematize a number of basic technological processes and to conclude about the complexity and complexity of this production. The commodity assortment of heliculture has been determined, which includes meat, caviar and snail secretion. The key advantages of Ukraine as a producer and exporter of heliculture products are highlighted, including the availability of labour, proximity to markets, high land supply and dissatisfaction with global demand for these products, which makes it significant for the development of heliculture as an agricultural production. The key problems that hinder the development of snail farming are summarized, namely: legislative unregulation, limited industrial production capacity, lack of diversified processing, limited information and scientific research. The key directions of development of the heliceculture industry are determined, among which: organization of production and marketing heliceculture cooperatives, provision of in-depth processing and year-round uninterrupted production, development of agro-tourism on the basis of snail farms. Originality. A systematic approach to clarifying the definition of “heliceculture” is proposed. On the basis of a thorough study of official statistical information on the state of production of snail products, the importance of heliculture as a promising area of agricultural production is substantiated. Practical value. The obtained research results can be used in the development of an effective concept for the development of the heliculture industry. Key words: heliceculture, heliceculture market, snail farming, small business, family farm.
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Astakhova, E. V. "Spain as a Reference in Wine Culture." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture 5, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2021-4-20-131-144.
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The culture of wine as a traditional drink in the countries of Southern Europe is determined by the geographical, ethnographic, and historical context, at the same time it is associated with national identification. In the case of Spain, wine plays the role of a friendly union, an element of active communication, is a sociocultural behavioral norm. Through the history of wine-making, the key stages of the country’s development can be traced: from ancient settlements to the European Union, variety of backgrounds, traditions and religions, etc. adding to the long history of wine on the territory of today’s Spain. The theme of wine is reflected in the works of famous Spanish philosophers, writers and artists as a stable tradition, a symbol of community, celebration, creativity, at the same time melancholy and sadness, as a typical Spanish dualism of attitude to life. It is noted that wine was not only viewed as a means of recreation, but also a powerful double-edged social factor, both pacifying and disorganizing. Taverns became people’s universities, and cafes with their tertulias became the center of intellectual life. Wine is an important economic component, the vineyard zones cover the whole country, with its main wine-making regions — from Rioja to Jerez — renowned around the world. Hundreds of varieties of wines are produced, which differ in denomination, aging, reputation, and popularity on the world market and with tourists. Spain has a leading position in this area. At present, bars, restaurants, and taverns, as public spaces suitable for big parties and family gatherings alike, have become not only a place of spending one’s pastime, but also a platform for political discussions, a place where certain political forces manipulate their influence, where polar views on the current and future agenda are in confrontation: the globalization of the society and cultural unification, or the preservation of unique customs and traditions. Wine culture is dynamic, it manifests itself in a new form in the younger generation, the latest gender and progressive norms appear, the simple, down-to-earth consumption characteristic of the bar culture displaces the spiritual component. The loss of traditions, including the wine culture, is dangerous for the society. It will have negative consequences for the country, will cause damage to its attractiveness for investors and tourists, and hurt the very image of their motherland the Spanish hold dear. Wine remains an important part of the national heritage, material, and spiritual culture of Spain.
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Mosca, Manuela, Magdalena Małecka, and Astrid Agenjo Calderòn. "Women, Economics and History: Diversity within Europe." OEconomia, no. 12-3 (September 1, 2022): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/oeconomia.13620.
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Andrews, M., P. Berardo, and D. Foster. "The sustainable industrial water cycle - a review of the economics and approach." Water Supply 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.010.
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Studies suggest that only 31% of Europe is thought to have a water supply that is either plentiful or sufficient to meet demands until 2015, and water stress indexes show a number of countries with traditionally wet climates such as Belgium and Bulgaria, under significant water stress. Therefore, there is both a desire and a need to reduce the consumption of water over much of Europe. For industry, often economics determine the viability of water recycling, which does not necessarily fall under the standards currently being set for the major water reuse schemes. While the additional annual recycling capacity in Western Europe is set to increase by 10%, much of the Global market is focussed on major reuse facilities based on the municipal sector. Within the industrial sector there are opportunities to achieve major changes in the water cycle which can have a significant impact on total water consumption. The impact on regional water consumption by industries efforts can be massive, as industry accounts for 50% of the water consumption in Western Europe. When benchmarked data across industry sectors is analysed, we find that industries ranging from paper mills, dairy, beverage, ceramic and electronics have opportunities to reduce their water consumption by around 50%. But what are the mechanisms that drive actions in the industry water cycle, and how great can the impact be? This paper explores industrial water costs across Europe, and the drivers leading to reduced water consumption. As operators of water and wastewater facilities for many industrial customers across Europe, Ondeo Industrial Solutions examine the raw water costs and the viability of recycle schemes. Economics is not the only driver towards the reduction in water consumption on industrial sites. There are political and legislative drivers that can often override the economics such as the European PPC (Pollution Prevention and Control) directive that can often lead to a programme of water consumption reductions.
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Khilchevskyi, V. "GLOBAL WATER RESOURCES: CHALLENGES OF THE 21st CENTURY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 76-77 (2020): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2020.76-77.1.
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The article provides an analytical overview of the state of global water resources and their use in the world. The focus is on the most important component of water resources – freshwater, which on the planet is only 2.5 % of the total. The most accessible renewable water resources are river runoff, which is distributed unevenly on the surface of the planet: Asia (32 %), South America (28 %), North America (18 %), Africa (9 %), Europe (7%), Australia and Oceania (6 %). Along with the characteristics of the known components of freshwater resources (river runoff, groundwater, glaciers), attention is also focused on trends in attracting unconventional sources (recovered wastewater or gray water, desalinated, specially collected rainwater). The total use of fresh water in the world is only 9 % of the total river flow of the planet. At the same time, the problem of water scarcity was included in the list of the World Economic Forum 2015, as one of the global risks in terms of the potential impact on human society in the next decade. Among the causes of global water, scarcity are geographical and socio-economic. Geographical reasons are the spatial and temporal (seasonal) mismatch of the demand for fresh water and its availability. Socio-economic reasons are the growth of the world’s population, urbanization, improving living standards, changes in consumption patterns, and an increase in irrigated land. The latter has become key to the growth of global water demand. Experts forecast that the limited access to fresh water in 2050 can be felt by 3.3 billion more people than in 2000. The article gives examples of a methodology for the hydrological assessment of water scarcity (calculation of the ratio of the volume of annual renewable water resources to the population) and the methodology of economic and geographical assessment. Other approaches to assessing water resources by creating new paradigms (water – blue, green, virtual, water footprint) have been characterized. Throughout the history of mankind, there have been many conflicts related to water. Active water cooperation between countries today reduces the risk of military conflicts. This conclusion was made after studying transboundary water relations in more than 200joint river basins, covering 148 countries. The right to safe water and sanitation is a fundamental right of everyone (UN, 2010). Therefore, among the 17 sustainable development goals adopted by the UN for implementation for the period 2015-2030, Global Goal 6 “Clean Water and Good Sanitary Conditions” is aimed at ensuring sustainable management of water resources and sanitation for all. This will save people from diseases, and society will be given the opportunity to be more productive in economic terms.
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Poniatowska-Jaksch, Małgorzata. "Energy Consumption in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) Households in the Platform Economics." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041002.
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The ongoing digitization of the economy has led to the creation and functioning of platform model socio-economic systems. It is also reflected in the changes in patterns of energy consumption in households. In the first cross-section, it is an industrial revolution, with environmental benefits. However, platforms are primarily a revolution in the consumption sphere, and here, the effects of digitization are not fully recognized. Our social needs are increasingly met “through accessibility” without us leaving our home. Due to the home’s multifunctionality, based on the availability of platform services, household energy consumption should be viewed differently today than before. The article aims to show the changes in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) household energy consumption between 2008–2018 and their assessment through the prism of the economy’s platformization methods. The study presents the changes in energy consumption in households and determines the correlations between platformization (the author’s index) and changes in energy consumption in households with the use of taxonomic methods. The platformization leaders—Estonia and Lithuania—were subjected to a more detailed analysis. The presented method(s) may be useful in predicting the changes in households’ energy consumption caused by the digitization of other countries in the region (countries under transformation and outsiders-Bulgaria, Romania), in implementing household energy management systems, and in a better adjustment of regulations directed at these consumers.
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Maynard, Geoffrey W., and Charles P. Kindleberger. "A Financial History of Western Europe." Economic Journal 96, no. 381 (March 1986): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233445.
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Capie, Forrest, and Charles P. Kindleberger. "A Financial History of Western Europe." Economica 53, no. 210 (May 1986): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2553954.
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Hausman, William J., and Charles P. Kindleberger. "A Financial History of Western Europe." Southern Economic Journal 52, no. 1 (July 1985): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1058934.
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KROEN, SHERYL. "A POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE CONSUMER." Historical Journal 47, no. 3 (September 2004): 709–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x04003929.
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This article examines the relationship between the consumer and the citizen from the eighteenth century to the present in Europe and the United States. Part I highlights the political narrative underlying the opposition between courtly consumption (absolutism) and the inconspicuous consumption of the middling sorts, and explores early formulations of the relationship between consumption and democracy. Part II looks at the first half of the nineteenth century, defined by the opposition between consumers (coded feminine, and as ‘despised’) and citizens (coded masculine, and as ‘restrained’). Part III goes from the 1860s to the 1930s. American historians have emphasized the positive political agency of consumers in this period, and their contribution to the notion of social citizenship. This article emphasizes the less democratic aspects of consumer politics, and the contributions of anti-liberal movements on the extreme left and right to a stronger tradition of social citizenship in Europe. Part IV takes Lizabeth Cohen's claim that a ‘Consumers' Republic' was forged in the US in the post-war period, and casts the Marshall Plan and the Cold War as the context that gave rise to an international negotiation over the relationship between consumption and democracy that continues to the present.
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Moggridge, D. E., and Charles P. Kindleberger. "A Financial History of Western Europe." Economic History Review 38, no. 1 (February 1985): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596677.
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