Journal articles: 'Consumption (Economics) Australia'

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May, Diego, Gabriela Nodari, and Daniel M. Rees. "Wealth and Consumption in Australia." Australian Economic Review 53, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12364.

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Tan, Alvin, and Graham Voss. "Consumption and Wealth in Australia." Economic Record 79, no. 244 (March 2003): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4932.00077.

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Selvanathan, Eliyathamby A., Saroja Selvanathan, Lucille Wong, and Maneka Savithri Jayasinghe. "Modelling Regional Consumption Patterns in Australia*." Economic Record 97, no. 317 (May 18, 2021): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4932.12602.

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BARRETT, GARRY F., THOMAS F. CROSSLEY, and CHRISTOPHER WORSWICK. "Consumption and Income Inequality in Australia." Economic Record 76, no. 233 (June 2000): 116–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2000.tb00011.x.

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Greasley, David, Eoin McLaughlin, Nick Hanley, and Les Oxley. "Australia: a land of missed opportunities?" Environment and Development Economics 22, no. 6 (May 2, 2017): 674–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x17000110.

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AbstractComprehensive Investment (CI) may provide an indicator of future changes in a country's per capita consumption. The authors explore the utility of the CI indicator for Australia by constructing CI data since 1861 and by estimating their relationship with changes in future consumption over periods of 50 years ahead. The CI measures include changes in natural, produced and human capital, and make allowance for exogenous technological progress. The results are used to consider how Australia's natural capital exploitation influenced the consumption of future generations. Further, the authors gauge if low CI relative to other leading OECD countries resulted in lower consumption levels in Australia over time than feasible, had it saved more.

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Divisekera, Sarath. "Economics of tourist's consumption behaviour: Some evidence from Australia." Tourism Management 31, no. 5 (October 2010): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.001.

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OLEKALNS, NILS. "Substitution Between Private and Public Consumption in Australia." Economic Record 65, no. 1 (March 1989): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1989.tb00674.x.

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KIM, DAVID, and JEFFREY SHEEN. "Consumption Risk-Sharing within Australia and with New Zealand." Economic Record 83, no. 260 (March 2007): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2007.00375.x.

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SELVANATHAN, SAROJA. "Regional Consumption Patterns in Australia: A System-Wide Analysis." Economic Record 67, no. 4 (December 1991): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1991.tb02563.x.

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KAKWANI, NANAK, and HYUN H. SON. "ECONOMIES OF SCALE IN HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION: WITH APPLICATION TO AUSTRALIA*." Australian Economic Papers 44, no. 2 (June 2005): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.2005.00254.x.

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Cashin, Paul, and C. John McDermott. "Intertemporal Consumption Smoothing and Capital Mobility: Evidence from Australia." Australian Economic Papers 41, no. 1 (March 2002): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8454.00151.

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LESTER, LAURENCE H. "A PARSIMONIOUS CONSUMPTION FUNCTION FOR AUSTRALIA: 1964 TO 1990." Australian Economic Papers 32, no. 61 (December 1993): 320–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.1993.tb00067.x.

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Barreti, Garry F., Tomas F. Crossley, and Christopher Worswick. "DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND CONSUMPTION INEQUALITY IN AUSTRALIA BETWEEN 1975 AND 1993." Review of Income and Wealth 46, no. 4 (December 2000): 437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2000.tb00410.x.

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Fisher, Lance A. "Consumption, wealth and expected stock returns in Australia: some further results." Applied Financial Economics Letters 4, no. 1 (January 2008): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17446540701262843.

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DVORNAK, NIKOLA, and MARION KOHLER. "Housing Wealth, Stock Market Wealth and Consumption: A Panel Analysis for Australia." Economic Record 83, no. 261 (June 2007): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2007.00388.x.

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Harcourt, G. C. "Macroeconomic Policy for Australia in the 1990s." Economic and Labour Relations Review 4, no. 2 (December 1993): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469300400201.

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The size of the deficit has little if any significance as an indicator of short-run macroeconomic policy. Government expenditure should be determined by longer term aspirations. Taxation (and other revenue measures) must be used, along with monetary policy, for short-term economic management, but whether revenue should be at a level that results in a deficit or not depends on many things including the composition of government expenditure and the state of the economy. At present, our economy requires a brake on total consumption expenditure and this may require a rise in taxation levels despite the high current level of unemployment. A high rate of capital accumulation is essential to change the structure of production and to increase output and productivity, but the brake on consumption must be eventually relaxed. Without an expectation of healthy consumption growth there will not be an ongoing high rate of accumulation in the private sector.

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Alam, Shawkat, and Jennifer Brown. "Australia’s Extended Producer Responsibility for Portable Consumer Batteries: Conflicting or Reconciling Trade and Environment Obligations?" Journal of World Trade 43, Issue 1 (February 1, 2009): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2009004.

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The article focuses on the Australian portable consumer battery market to consider whether the globalization that has fostered world trade can also deliver a sustainable product. Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is a tool used by many governments to deliver such outcomes. With increased portable consumer battery consumption and greater dependence on portable technologies, EPR could be a way to achieve sustainable battery consumption. In the course of the discussion the article explores the nexus between trade and environment regimes. This is because the Australian market is largely supplied from overseas battery manufacturers. Given current trade flows in electronic waste these countries could also be the destination for battery wastes. The article considers whether Australia can navigate these two regimes in order to apply an EPR measure on portable consumer batteries. It examines the existing Australian hazardous waste framework and concludes with suggestions as to how the framework could be improved.

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Smart, Judith. "The Politics of the Small Purse: The Mobilization of Housewives in Interwar Australia." International Labor and Working-Class History 77, no. 1 (2010): 48–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754790999024x.

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AbstractThe Housewives' Associations were the largest women's organizations in Australia during the interwar years and were the first consumer-watch agencies. This article examines the gendered economic identity they cultivated in successfully mobilizing women under the banner of free-market economics against the protectionism of the mainstream political parties and the labor movement. In challenging the dominant economic discourse, they asserted the claims of consumption to the same status and recognition in the functioning of the economic system as the overwhelmingly masculine forces of capital and labor. In the process, they also threw into question the relevance of class as a basis for women's political activism.

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Hadjikakou, Michalis. "Trimming the excess: environmental impacts of discretionary food consumption in Australia." Ecological Economics 131 (January 2017): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.08.006.

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Balli, Faruk, Thi Thu Ha Nguyen, Hatice Ozer Balli, and Iqbal Syed. "Consumption smoothing and housing capital gains: evidence from Australia, Canada, and New Zealand." Applied Economics 52, no. 56 (June 25, 2020): 6145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1784390.

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McDonald, Ian M., Luca Tacconi, and Ravjeet Kaur. "The Social Opportunity Cost of Consumption for Australia, 1960–61 to 1988–89." Australian Economic Review 25, no. 1 (January 1992): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1992.tb00575.x.

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Ramful, Preety, and Xueyan Zhao. "Participation in marijuana, cocaine and heroin consumption in Australia: a multivariate probit approach." Applied Economics 41, no. 4 (February 1, 2009): 481–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840701522853.

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RAMFUL, PREETY, and XUEYAN ZHAO. "Individual Heterogeneity in Alcohol Consumption: The Case of Beer, Wine and Spirits in Australia." Economic Record 84, no. 265 (June 2008): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2008.00463.x.

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Akers, H. F., M. A. Foley, P. J. Ford, and L. P. Ryan. "Sugar in Mid-twentieth-century Australia: A Bittersweet Tale of Behaviour, Economics, Politics and Dental Health." Historical Records of Australian Science 26, no. 1 (2015): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr15001.

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History is replete with debates between health professionals with concerns about practices and products and others who either challenge scientific evidence or believe that the greatest public good is achieved through maintenance of the status quo. This paper provides a 1950s socio-scientific perspective on a recurring problem for health professionals. It analyses dentists' promotion of oral health by discouraging sugar consumption and the sugar industry's defence of its staple product. Despite scientific evidence in support of its case, the dental profession lacked influence with government and large sections of the Australian community. The division of powers within the Australian Constitution, together with the cause, nature and ubiquity of caries and Australians' tolerance of the disease, were relevant to the outcome. In contrast, the sugar industry was a powerful force. Sugar was a pillar of the Australian and Queensland economies. The industry contributed to the history of Queensland and to Queenslanders' collective psyche, and enjoyed access to centralized authority in decision-making. The timing of the debate was also relevant. Under Prime Minister Robert Menzies, the Australian Government was more concerned with promoting industry and initiative than oral health. This was a one-sided contest. Patterns of food consumption evolve from interactions between availability, culture and choice. Food and associated etiquettes provide far more than health, nutrients and enjoyment. They contribute to economic and social development, national and regional identity and the incidence of disease. The growing, milling and processing of sugarcane and the incorporation of sugar into the Australian diet is a case study that illuminates the interface between health professionals, corporations, society and the state. Today, for a variety of reasons, health professionals recommend limits for daily intake of sugar. Calls for dietary reform are not new and invariably arouse opposition. The issue came to the fore between 1945 and 1960, when dentists contended that the consumption of sugar either caused or contributed to a major health problem, namely dental caries (tooth decay). Representatives of the sugar industry defended their staple product against these claims, which emerged at a critical time for the industry. With hindsight, these exchanges can be seen as a precursor to more diverse and recurring debates relating to contemporary health campaigns. This paper documents and analyses the contemporaneous scientific and socio-political backgrounds underpinning these engagements

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O'Hara, Rebecca, Debra Harker, Maria Raciti, and Michael Harker. "Risky Alcohol Consumption by Young, Female Australians: The Influence of Significant others." Social Marketing Quarterly 13, no. 4 (December 2007): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245000701662523.

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This research used consumer behavior and social marketing principles to examine alcohol consumption among young female university students in Australia. Due to the high prevalence of risky alcohol consumption among this cohort, this study sought to examine the factors that influence the behavior of these individuals (Dowdall and Wechsler 2002; Shim and Maggs 2005). To date, this area of research has remained relatively unexplored. This article reports on the behavior of consumers in this cohort with a particular focus on reference group influence, in an attempt to make a contribution to future social marketing campaigns aimed at changing high risk behavior in the context of alcohol. The article also provides some insights into the possible components of a successful social marketing intervention program.

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Lauchs, Mark, and Rebecca Keane. "An analysis of the Australian illicit tobacco market." Journal of Financial Crime 24, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-10-2015-0056.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide an overview of the illicit tobacco market in Australia. It attempts to build a picture of the sources of demand, size of the market and methods of supply. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on collation of disparate government reports, industry research, media and court documents. It is a preliminary paper in the absence of better source data. Findings The market is driven by the extremely high tax on tobacco in Australia. Australia’s geography emphasises on large shipments from overseas rather than small-scale smuggling. The likely market is for migrant communities with much higher smoker rates than in the mainstream community. Research limitations/implications It is not yet possible to conduct a well-focused research because of limited official documentation. Practical implications Few government agencies focus on tobacco smuggling, and there are no publications providing a strategic picture of the illicit market. This paper fills this gap by collating multiple sources to produce a market profile. Social implications The Australian Government loses $1bn per year in tobacco tax because of smuggling. The illicit supply also means that the social goal of the tax, namely, dissuading tobacco consumption, is undermined. Originality/value There are no academic or government publications describing the Australian illicit tobacco market. The only publications are based on research funded by the tobacco industry, which has a vested interest in overstating the size of the illicit market.

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Buzard, Kristy, and Tania Voon. "How Trade-Restrictive Is Standardized Packaging? Economic and Legal Implications of the WTO Panel Reports in Australia–Tobacco Plain Packaging." World Trade Review 19, no. 2 (April 2020): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745620000051.

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AbstractThe lengthy and long-awaited WTO Panel Reports in Australia–Tobacco Plain Packaging contain a host of material for reflection, particularly in relation to the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. While two of the Panel Reports proceed to appeal, we consider with respect to the two adopted Panel Reports the Panel's reasoning in relation to Article 2.2 of the TBT, focusing on the meaning of trade-restrictiveness. This concept central to WTO law has been under-examined to date, and these Panel Reports demonstrate some of the complexities in identifying trade-restrictive measures, particularly where they are non-discriminatory. The Panel found that Australia's measures restrict trade because they contribute to their objective of reducing tobacco consumption. Therefore, any equally effective alternative will similarly restrict trade. This curious result under TBT Article 2.2 may be particular to non-discriminatory measures that target ‘socially bad’ products such as tobacco.

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Boel, Paola, and Gabriele Camera. "THE WELFARE COST OF INFLATION IN OECD COUNTRIES." Macroeconomic Dynamics 15, S2 (July 20, 2011): 217–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100510000507.

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The welfare cost of anticipated inflation is quantified in a matching model of money calibrated to 23 different OECD countries for several sample periods. In most economies, in the common period 1978–1998, a representative agent would give up only a fraction of 1% of consumption to avoid 10% inflation. The welfare cost of inflation varies across countries, from a fraction of 0.1% in Japan, to more than 2% in Australia, reaching 6% with bargaining. The model fits money demand data of several countries poorly, however. The fit generally improves with longer sample periods. The results are fairly robust to variations in choice of calibrated parameters and calibration targets.

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Simpson, James. "Factor endowments, markets and vertical integration. The development of commercial wine production in Argentina, Australia and California, c1870-1914." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 29, no. 1 (January 27, 2011): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610910000236.

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AbstractGrape quality and the nature of market demand played a major role in determining the organizational structure of the wine industry in the three decades prior to 1914. In contrast to Europe where grape growing and winemaking were specialist activities, in the New World winemaking and selling were often integrated. This encouraged the appearance of large industrial wineries producing wines that could be branded. Differences within the New World itself can be attributable to the nature of demand and, in particular, to whether wine was considered an article of primary consumption (Argentina), or whether it competed with other, more popular alcoholic beverages such as beer and spirits (Australia and California).

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Alder, Simon, Timo Boppart, and Andreas Müller. "A Theory of Structural Change That Can Fit the Data." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 160–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20190303.

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We study structural change in the historical consumption expenditure of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia over more than a century. We characterize the most general class of preferences in a time-additive setting that admits aggregation of the saving decision and allows us to identify preference parameters from aggregate data. We parameterize and estimate such intertemporally aggregable (IA) preferences and discuss their properties in a dynamic general equilibrium framework with sustained growth. Our preference class is considerably more flexible than the Gorman form or PIGL, giving rise to a good fit of the non-monotonic pattern of structural change. (JEL C51, E21, L16, N10)

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Wang, Jie, and Wei Pan. "INFLUENCING PARAMETERS OF THE LIFE CYCLE COST-ENERGY RELATIONSHIP OF BUILDINGS." Journal of Green Building 13, no. 4 (September 2018): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.13.4.103.

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Buildings contribute around 45% of the world's energy consumption. Reducing energy demand in buildings therefore plays a vital role in addressing the depletion of energy resources and associated environmental issues. Previous research explored the optimisations of the costs and energy consumption of buildings, but often overlooked the connections, tradeoffs and synergies between them. The aim of this paper is thus to develop a theoretical model of the influencing parameters of the life cycle cost-energy relationship (LCCER) of buildings using the Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological, Environmental and Legal (PESTEL) analytical framework. This study was carried out through a critical literature review, model development and validation through case studies with four zero or nearly zero energy building projects carefully selected from the European Union and Australia. The developed model addresses the buildings' LCCER by identifying the key influencing parameters and explicating the mechanisms (namely, the simultaneous and unilateral effects) by which the identified parameters affect such relationship. The important influencing parameters were found to reside in two aspects: (1) internal project designs covering building characteristics, building structure and function, and construction process, and (2) external environments covering climate, economic condition, occupant behaviour, policy and regulation, and buildings' lifespan focused in the studies. Various statistical correlations were found to exist between the costs and energy consumption of the studied cases. It is summarised that these correlations may be attributable to the synergy between the simultaneous and unilateral effects of the identified parameters. The developed model contributes a systemic approach to examining the building's life cycle economics and energy in a comparative manner.

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Kudrna, George, Chung Tran, and Alan Woodland. "FACING DEMOGRAPHIC CHALLENGES: PENSION CUTS OR TAX HIKES?" Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 2 (February 21, 2018): 625–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100516001292.

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A challenge that faces many advanced economies is how to finance age-related spending programs as the population ages. In this paper, we investigate two policy options–pension cuts and tax hikes–to mitigate fiscal pressure arising in the special context of Australia, whose population is ageing fast while growing substantially in size due to immigration. Using a computable overlapping generations model, we find that while both policy reforms can achieve a similar fiscal goal, they lead to different distributional and welfare effects across income groups over time. Future generations prefer pension cuts, whereas current generations prefer tax hikes to finance government spending commitments. Moreover, within the tax hike option, taxing income or consumption results in opposing macroeconomic and welfare effects. Indeed, our opposing intra- and inter-temporal welfare outcomes highlight some political complexity when devising a more sustainable tax-transfer system.

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Braccini, Matias, Nick Blay, Alastair Harry, and Stephen J. Newman. "Would ending shark meat consumption in Australia contribute to the conservation of white sharks in South Africa?" Marine Policy 120 (October 2020): 104144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104144.

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Khanal, Avishek. "DOES ENERGY CONSUMPTION IMPACT THE ENVIRONMENT? EVIDENCE FROM AUSTRALIA USING THE JJ BAYER-HANCK COINTEGRATION TECHNIQUE AND THE AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG TEST." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 11, no. 4 (June 8, 2021): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11163.

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Saee, John. "SOCIETAL ETHICS AND LEGAL SYSTEM FACING CONTEMPORARY MARKETING STRATEGIES: AN AUSTRALIAN INSIGHT." Journal of Business Economics and Management 6, no. 4 (December 31, 2005): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2005.9636108.

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An integral function of Australian market economy is the process of matching products/services with customers’ needs, desires and preferences. This process is greatly facilitated by advertising. Advertising not only provides information for the consumers but may also be used by the advertiser to bring subconscious consumer preferences or inchoate desires to the surface and to stimulate the demand for consumption. In carrying out these tasks, the advertiser must decide the pitch of the advertisement, the appropriate media to be used, the budget, the degree of exposure of the advertisement, market segmentation and claims to be made for the product (Goldring et al, 1987). Australian firms, irrespective of their size, rely heavily on advertising to market their products and services. The degree to which firms see the crucial role of advertising in their overall marketing mix, is clearly reflected in their annual allocation of advertising expenditure. “In 1997, total Australian advertising expenditures were $ 7.5 billion on advertising” (Miller and Layton, 2000, p. 590) All creative and imaginative forms of enticements and inducements being considered in the development of advertising strategies by these firms in an attempt to evoke favourable consumers’ responses for their offerings. Over time, some firms have come under increasing criticism by some sections of the community for their inappropriate promotional strategies which are seen as out of step with general community values and standards. Further in some instances, it is alleged that these firms have not only miscarried their social responsibility, but they have also breached the law covering Trade Practices operative in Australia and New Zealand. Such misguided corporate behaviour has also sparked negative consumerism concern, which if no corrective measure is adopted, will strategically harm the firm profit and viability. This research paper attempts to explore in some detail, aspects of advertising strategies within contemporary management paradigm. The paper will also shed light on corporate ethics /social responsibility. Finally, this paper will address legal obligations and consumerism concerns surrounding firms operating within the Australian society.

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Ulchenko, Mikhail V., and Sergey V. Fedoseev. "Trends in the development of the global liquefied natural gas market and prospects for the implementation of Russian Arctic projects." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 25, no. 4/2022 (December 20, 2022): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.4.2022.78.003.

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The environmental agenda, as well as issues of reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, are currently treated as a global trend. In such conditions, developed countries openly and actively declare their plans to switch from coal to natural gas and renewable energy sources in their energy consumption. At the same time, the liquefied natural gas (LNG) market is developing at such a pace that in 10–15 years, according to experts, it will bypass the pipeline market. Nevertheless, a significant increase in prices for “blue fuel” at the end of 2021 and the first half of 2022 called into question the reality of following the chosen course in the near future. The study identified the main LNG importers by the end of 2021 (China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and India), as well as the key exporters (Australia, Qatar, USA, Russia, Nigeria, Algeria, Malaysia, Oman and Indonesia). The analysis showed that in the medium term, Qatar, the United States and Russia will be able to significantly increase the volume of natural gas and LNG production. Australia, despite its status as the largest exporter of LNG by the end of 2021, due to the shortage of natural gas in the domestic market, will not be able to increase export volumes in the near future. The purpose of the study is to analyze the main trends in the development of the global LNG market in new geopolitical conditions and to determine the prospects for the implementation of Russian Arctic LNG projects. The scientific novelty of the work lies in determining the potential of the largest LNG suppliers in terms of increasing the LNG production and export regarding the forthcoming 5–8 years. The next stage of the work will be the assessment of the prospects for the sale of Russian and American LNG in the European Union and the Asia-Pacific region markets.

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Cherrier, Hélène, and Ronald Paul Hill. "Anticonsumption as Tactical Response to Institutionalized Subordination: The Case of Materially Deprived Anticonsumers." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 37, no. 2 (November 2018): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743915618811850.

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Whereas most anticonsumption research focuses on middle- to upper-class consumers who reduce, avoid, or control consumption, this study analyzes anticonsumption among materially deprived consumers. Such an anticonsumption focus runs contrary to the conventional subordination of homeless people to the status of inferior and deficient, whose survival is dependent on social housing support and food charities. Findings from an ethnographic study in Australia show that materially deprived consumers avoid social housing and food charities as a tactical response against institutionalized subordination, which specialized homeless services reinforce. In this context, anticonsumption is thus not about projecting a self-affirming identity or generating a collective force to change consumer culture. Rather, anticonsumption among materially deprived consumers aims at overcoming institutionalized subordination and represents tactics of survival rather than strategies for illusionary emancipation.

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Reutter, Beatriz, Paul A. Lant, and Joe L. Lane. "Direct and indirect water use within the Australian economy." Water Policy 20, no. 6 (September 24, 2018): 1227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.055.

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Abstract We present the first analysis of water use in the Australian economy to account for inter-state trade, exports and consumption patterns, across all economic sectors and incorporating a temporal analysis. This is achieved by using the environmentally extended input-output technique, combining state-level input-output and water accounts from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Results show that the three big eastern economies (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland) rely mostly on water used within their jurisdictions. Approximately one-third of water consumption is for exported commodities, with the biggest export flows of virtual water being associated with agricultural production. Comparing results across the years (2000–2011), the water consumption associated with the provision of goods and services has decreased by 32% for exports, and by 38% for domestic markets. To date in Australia, the focus for improved trans-boundary water management (within Australia) has been on improved mechanisms for sharing physical allocation of water; these results provide the trans-boundary economic dependencies related to water availability. Recent innovations in the compilation of economic input-output models create an opportunity to progress this analysis, exploring in detail the economy–water interlinkages. It is our intention that the paper shows the value of analysing water flows using the multi-regional input-output techniques.

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Edwards, Louise, and Helen Crabb. "Water quality and management in the Australian pig industry." Animal Production Science 61, no. 7 (2021): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20484.

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Context Water is the first nutrient and an essential component of all agricultural production systems. Despite its importance there has been limited research on water, and in particular, the impact of its availability, management and quality on production systems. Aims This research sought to describe the management and quality of water used within the Australian pig industry. Specifically, the water sources utilised, how water was managed and to evaluate water quality at both the source and the point of delivery to the pig. Methods Fifty-seven commercial piggeries across Australia participated in this study by completing a written survey on water management. In addition, survey participants undertook physical farm parameter measurements including collecting water samples. Each water sample was tested for standard quality parameters including pH, hardness, heavy metals and microbiological status. Key results Responses were received from 57 farms, estimated to represent at least 22% of ‘large’ pig herds. Bore water was the most common water source being utilised within the farms surveyed. Management practices and infrastructure delivering water from the source to the point of consumption were found to differ across the farms surveyed. Furthermore, water was regularly used as a delivery mechanism for soluble additives such as antibiotics. The quality of water at the source and point of consumption was found to be highly variable with many parameters, particularly pH, hardness, salinity, iron, manganese and microbiological levels, exceeding the acceptable standard. Conclusions In general, water quality did not appear to be routinely monitored or managed. As a result, farm managers had poor visibility of the potential negative impacts that inferior water quality or management may be having on pig production and in turn the economics of their business. Indeed, inferior water quality may impact the delivery of antibiotics and in turn undermine the industry’s antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Implications The study findings suggest that water quality represents a significant challenge to the Australian pig industry. Access to drinking water of an acceptable quality is essential for optimal pig performance, health and welfare but also to ensure farm to fork supply chain integrity, traceability and food safety.

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Thome, Karim Marini, and Vitoria A. Leal Paiva. "Sparkling Wine International Market Structure and Competitiveness." Wine Economics and Policy 9, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/web-8433.

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This paper aims to analyse the Sparkling Wine international market structure and competitiveness, focusing on the 2004–2018 period. It used the data regarding exports and imports of sparkling wine available in the International Trade Centre’s Trade Map database. The method used to examine sparkling wine’s international market structure and competitiveness consisted of calculation of: (i) Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA); (ii) Relative Position in the Market (RPM); (iii) Hirschman-Herfindahl Index (HHI); and (iv) Net Export Index (NEI). The paper analyses the growth of the sparkling wine trade worldwide. It demonstrated that France had the greatest relative position in the market, followed by Italy and Spain. This same sequence was found in the revealed comparative advantage, highlighting the increased Italian export level. A high export market structure concentration was also shown. On the other hand, there was an unconcentrated import market structure, and, according to the NEI, it was possible to identify three groups composed of actors who were stable in terms of: i) exports based on domestic production (France, Italy and Spain); ii) trade, reflecting re-export (Singapore and the Netherlands); iii) imports, with strong domestic consumption (Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Australia, and Belgium).

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Delaney, Annie, Yee-Fui Ng, and Vidhula Venugopal. "Comparing Australian garment and childcare homeworkers’ experience of regulation and representation." Economic and Labour Relations Review 29, no. 3 (June 18, 2018): 346–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304618781661.

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Labour markets in Australia have long been segmented by gender and race. This study compares two highly gendered and racially segmented labour markets, home-based family day care workers and garment homeworkers. The comparative cases examine the broader trends of migration, production and consumption that reinforce gender and racial stereotypes, and discourses that underpin representations that women workers are ideally suited to such work. We theorise the gender and racialised inequalities of homework based on the literature on invisibilisation and social reproduction to explore the vulnerable position of migrant women and the consequences of having limited options, such as legal and social protections and any capacity to collectively organise. Our analysis examines the roles and responses of institutions and conceptualises the socio-political factors that affect the characterisation of homework as non-work or as self-employed entrepreneurial activities. By mapping the differing regulatory trajectories of these two groups of homeworkers in terms of regulation and representation, we find both similarities and differences. While garment homeworkers have achieved recognition through legislation and social mobilisation, their circumstances leave them less likely to access such rights. By contrast, the failure to recognise family day care homeworkers, has left them to market forces. JEL code: J01

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Das, Sudip. "A perspective of global biofuel policies." ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, no. 2 (March 2022): 45–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2021-002003.

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Biofuels have drawn the attention of policymakers as a medium to address concerns of energy security, climate change and socio-economic development. The paper examines the biofuel policies of the major biofuel producing nations and analyzes the key instruments being adopted by them during the last decade such as blending mandates, financial incentives, subsidies, import tariffs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and carbon trading. The countries are categorized by continent and covers Asia (India, China, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand), Europe (European Union, Germany and France), South America (Brazil, Argentina), North America (USA, Canada) and Australia. The paper assesses whether the blending mandates had the desired impact on realization of policy targets and examines the impact of biofuel policies on the socio-economic development and environmental sustainability in these nations. Most countries continue to use sugarcane, corn, grains, and vegetable oils as feedstock for biofuel production thereby raising concerns about their adverse impact on food prices and food availability to the underprivileged people. Biofuel policies for this paper refer to policy instruments, strategies and programs which were established to aid and manage the production and consumption of biofuels - both ethanol and biodiesel.

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BROWN, JEFFREY, STEVEN HABERMAN, MOSHE MILEVSKY, and MIKE ORSZAG. "Overview of the Issue." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 4, no. 3 (October 6, 2005): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747205002167.

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This issue features two original research articles, three issues & policy articles and a book review section. The lead article is by Geoffrey Kingston and Susan Thorp (University of New South Wales, Australia) and addresses the issue of Annuitization and asset allocation with HARA utility. One of the puzzles in retirement economics is why individuals do not choose to purchase annuities and Kingston and Thorp explore in detail a real options model in which individual preferences obey the broad class of hyperbolic absolute risk aversion utility. The theory of Real Options argues that people might want to delay annuitisation at relatively younger ages because the price of life annuities might improve and annuitisation is irreversible. However, Kingston and Thorp show that the implications of a Real Options approach varies across individuals considerably. For example, when individuals have a desired consumption floor as opposed to CRRA preferences, they are more likely to want to purchase annuities earlier than later. It would be interesting to see empirical tests done in this area to test the relatively new Real Options theory as it applies to irreversible personal financial decisions, such as annuitization.

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Sambell, Ros, Lesley Andrew, Stephanie Godrich, Justin Wolfgang, Dieter Vandenbroeck, Katie Stubley, Nick Rose, Lenore Newman, Pierre Horwitz, and Amanda Devine. "Local Challenges and Successes Associated with Transitioning to Sustainable Food System Practices for a West Australian Context: Multi-Sector Stakeholder Perceptions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (June 10, 2019): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112051.

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Large-scale food system practices have diminished soil and water quality and negatively impacted climate change. Yet, numerous opportunities exist to harness food system practices that will ensure better outcomes for human health and ecosystems. The objective of this study was to consider food Production, Processing, Access and Consumption domains, and for each determine the challenges and successes associated with progressing towards a sustainable food system. A workshop engaging 122 participants including producers, consultants, consumers, educators, funders, scientists, media, government and industry representatives, was conducted in Perth, Western Australia. A thematic analysis of statements (Successes (n = 170) or Challenges (n = 360)) captured, revealed issues of scale, knowledge and education, economics, consumerism, big food, environmental/sustainability, communication, policies and legislation, and technology and innovations. Policy recommendations included greater investment into research in sustainable agriculture (particularly the evidentiary basis for regenerative agriculture), land preservation, and supporting farmers to overcome high infrastructure costs and absorb labour costs. Policy, practice and research recommendations included focusing on an integrated food systems approach with multiple goals, food system actors working collaboratively to reduce challenges and undertaking more research to further the regenerative agriculture evidence.

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Leal, Patrícia H., Antonio Cardoso Marques, and Jose Alberto Fuinhas. "How economic growth in Australia reacts to CO2 emissions, fossil fuels and renewable energy consumption." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 12, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 696–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-01-2018-0020.

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Purpose Australia is one of the ten largest emitters of greenhouse gases but stands out from the others due to its economic growth without recession for 26 consecutive years. This paper aims to focus on the energy-growth nexus and the effects of energy consumption on the environment in Australia. Design/methodology/approach This analysis is performed using annual data from 1965 to 2015 and the autoregressive distributed lag model. Findings The paper finds empirical evidence of a trade-off between economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) intensity. The results show that increased gross domestic product (GDP) in Australia increased investment in renewable energy sources (RESs), although the renewable technology is limited and has no impact on reducing CO2 intensity in the long run. In contrast to investment in RES, fossil fuels, coal and oil, are decreased by GDP. However, oil consumption increased renewable energy consumption, and this reflects the pervading effect of the growing economy. Originality/value Overall, this paper contributes to the literature by analysing the behaviour of both energy consumption and the environment on the growing Australian economy. In addition, this paper goes further by studying the impact of economic growth on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, as well as on CO2 emissions. The study is conducted on a single country for which literature is scarce, using a recent approach and a long time period.

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Sui, Zhixian, Weng Kei Wong, Jimmy Chun Yu Louie, and Anna Rangan. "Discretionary food and beverage consumption and its association with demographic characteristics, weight status, and fruit and vegetable intakes in Australian adults." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016002305.

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AbstractObjectiveExcessive consumption of discretionary foods/beverages in the Australian population has been identified, increasing the risk of obesity and chronic disease. The present study aimed to examine the associations between demographic, anthropometric and dietary factors and the consumption of discretionary foods, discretionary beverages and discretionary foods/beverages combined.DesignDiscretionary food/beverage consumption reported in two 24 h recalls was analysed, stratified by gender, age, socio-economic status, country of birth, BMI, waist circumference, and fruit and vegetable intakes.Setting2011–12 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey.SubjectsAustralian adults (n 7873) aged 19 years or above.ResultsMean discretionary food and beverage consumption was 631 g (28 % by weight from foods; 72 % from beverages), providing 2721 kJ of energy intake (72 % from foods; 28 % from beverages). Total discretionary food/beverage consumption was higher in younger age groups (P<0·001), those in lower socio-economic categories (P<0·001), those born in Australia (P<0·001), those with higher BMI (P<0·001) and those with lower fruit (P<0·001) or vegetable intake (P<0·001). Discretionary beverage consumption (β=6·6, P<0·001) was more strongly associated with BMI than discretionary food consumption (β=0·5, P=0·01).ConclusionsTotal discretionary food/beverage consumption as well as discretionary foods alone and discretionary beverages alone were associated with BMI in Australian adults. In addition, high intakes were associated with younger age, lower socio-economic status, and lower consumption of fruit and vegetables.

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Ge, Xin Janet. "Did the Introduction of Carbon Tax in Australia Affect Housing Affordability?" Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.840.

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The Australian carbon pricing scheme (carbon tax) was introduced and became effective on 01 July 2012. The introduction of the carbon tax immediately increases the cost of electricity to a number of industries such as manufacturing and construction. Households were also affected as a result of these costs been passed through the supply chain of the affected industries. The carbon tax policy was introduced to addresses greenhouse emissions and energy consumption in Australia. However, the carbon tax policy may have introduced a number of economic risk factors to the Australian housing market, in particular the impact of housing affordability.

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Khanal, Avishek, Mohammad Mafizur Rahman, Rasheda Khanam, and Eswaran Velayutham. "Exploring the Impact of Air Transport on Economic Growth: New Evidence from Australia." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 11351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811351.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted all sectors of the tourism industry, particularly air transportation. However, air transport remains an important contributor to economic growth globally. Thus, this study examines whether air transport (a proxy for tourism) stimulates economic growth to validate the air-transportation-led growth hypothesis (ALGH) in the Australian context. To conduct the study, we analyse the asymmetric long-run and short-run impacts of the air passengers carried (a proxy for tourism) on the gross domestic product (GDP) in Australia. We use the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) modelling approach on data for Australia from 1971 to 2019. We also examined the effects of selected control variables (i.e., energy consumption, financial development, socialisation, and urbanisation) on economic growth. In both the short and long run, we observed statistically significant asymmetric impacts of air transport on economic growth. The positive shocks in air transport propel the long-term growth of Australia’s economy. Additionally, according to the findings, negative shocks of air transport have a stronger detrimental impact on economic development than positive shocks.

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LATTIMORE, RALPH. "AUSTRALIAN CONSUMPTION AND SAVING." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 10, no. 2 (1994): 54–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/10.2.54.

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DEWHURST, J. H. LI. "AUSTRALIAN STATE CONSUMPTION FUNCTIONS 1951–1984." Australian Economic Papers 28, no. 52 (June 1989): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.1989.tb00463.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Consumption (Economics) Australia'

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