Relevant bibliographies by topics / Consumer law

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Academic literature on the topic 'Consumer law'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Consumer law"

Maswandi, Maswandi. "Halal food in the perspective of Consumer Law Protection." International Asia Of Law and Money Laundering (IAML) 3, no. 1 (March 22, 2024): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.59712/iaml.v3i1.78.

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Indonesia is a muslim majority country in the world. As Muslims, it is mandatory to comply with religious prohibitions that must be obeyed, namely by not consuming food and drinks (food) that are made/have kandungantidak halal. Several laws, namely: Consumer Protection Law, Health Law, Food Law and Halal Product Guarantee Law(UUJPH)are a form of legal protection for halal food products that can provide guarantees for consumption by Indonesian muslim communities.This paper is a descriptive qualitative that seeks to provide an overview of the problems of regulation of halal food products in relation to consumer protection and legal protection of consumers in consuming halal food products. The results of this study that the regulation of halal food products for companies or business actors who will trade their products in Indonesia based on Uujphif associated with consumer protection has provided legal certainty for the consumer community (Muslims) to consume halal food, namely with Halal Certification Marks and Halal labels. Likewise, several laws and regulations concerning halal food products that have been enacted provide legal protection for consumers in consuming food and drinks. Consumers must get information, safety and security of a food product that will be consumed in accordance with their choices.

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Bintoro, Kusumo Wahyu, Budi Santoso, and Joko Setiyono. "Juridic Review Consumer Protection Perspective of Copyright Law (Omnibus Law) and Consumer Protection Law." International Journal of Law and Politics Studies 4, no. 2 (November 24, 2022): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijlps.2022.4.2.9.

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This study aims to analyze the juridical review of consumer protection from the perspective of the Job Creation Act and how the effectiveness of existing dispute resolutions resolves these problems. Technological developments change the order of values and human life, one of which is economic development. The need for a law that can guarantee the rights of the parties, especially the protection of consumers, is increasing rapidly along with increasingly complex problems. However, the regulation of the Job Creation Law which regulates consumer protection, is not yet able to protect consumers. The research method used is normative juridical with descriptive research specifications. Data collection is carried out through documentary studies and literature studies, and data analysis is carried out qualitatively through deductive reasoning analysis. UUPK, as a regulation that specifically regulates consumer protection, was issued in 1999 before the creation of the job creation law. The results of this study are to protect consumers from business actors who intentionally commit fraud; the government establishes an agency to protect consumers and recognizes non-government consumer protection institutions. Besides that, for consumers to make efforts to get their rights, consumers try to get them through general courts or dispute resolution outside the court. The government places more emphasis on efforts that were originally able to protect the rights and obligations of economic actors (consumers, producers, and distributors).

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Syam, Misnar, Ismansyah Ismansyah, Busyra Azheri, and Muhammad Hasbi. "Consumer protection enforcement law characteristics on civil law aspects in Indonesia." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S2 (December 13, 2021): 1471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns2.1976.

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Law enforcement on consumer protection reflects the norms or rules of consumer protection law that apply in the community to be obeyed. The use of law enforcement instruments in consumer protection is a civil lawsuit that can be made by consumers, either individually or in groups, non-governmental organizations and the government. Consumer protection is something that is very important, because basically all humans are consumers. This consumer protection has been regulated in Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection (hereinafter referred to as UUPK). The purpose of this law is to balance the rights and obligations of consumers and actors so as to provide protection to both parties, even though the interests of consumers and business actors are different. This difference in interests can trigger disputes between consumers and business actors. This consumer protection law enforcement can be done in court or out of court. Law enforcement on consumer protection is currently weak and tends to weaken. This can be seen from the number of complaints, complaints and consumer disputes submitted through social media, the voices of readers and those that go to BPSK, BPKN, LPKSM and YLKI, but very few get to the court process.

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Sobczak, André. "Corporate social responsibility: from labour law to consumer law." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 10, no. 3 (August 2004): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890401000307.

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Corporate social responsibility (CRS) modifies the balance between different branches of law. Indeed, CSR instruments are indicative of the inroads made by commercial and consumer law into the field of labour relations. This paper argues that this shift from labour law to consumer law is not neutral and has more than a purely theoretical impact. It means not only that the existing law is more likely to protect consumers (in Europe or North America) than workers (in developing countries). It may lead to conflicts of interest between the company's different stakeholders, especially between workers and consumers, and also to a selective form of labour regulation, since consumer pressure affects only some companies and some social rights while neglecting others.

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Rahmadhani, Desta Adinda, and Sakirman . "PERLINDUNGAN HAK KONSUMEN TERHADAP MARAKNYA MONOPOLI BISNIS." Siyasah Jurnal Hukum Tatanegara 2, no. 1 (June 23, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/siyasah.v2i1.5114.

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In every company, consumer trust is a top priority. The Consumer Protection Law is one of the important things that must be known, so that in the future we will not be deceived or feel harmed by an item or thing that is purchased and consumed. To protect consumers from fraudulent competition, consumers need to get legal protection. Legal protection that can be provided are: preventive legal protection and repressive legal protection. The purpose of this paper is to determine the form of legal protection for consumers due to unfair competition. The conclusion obtained is that the form of preventive legal protection has been established by the government, namely with the establishment of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and forms of repressive legal protection, carried out by litigation and non-litigation. Litigation settlement is carried out in court and non-litigation with the National Consumer Protection Agency, Non-Governmental Consumer Protection Agency, and Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency.

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Musataklima, Musataklima, M. Syamsudin, and Adi Sulistiyono. "Konstitusionalisasi Perlindungan Konsumen Perspektif Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia dan Hukum Profetik Islam." Jurnal HAM 14, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/ham.2023.14.137-154.

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People are ipso facto consumers. People, as consumers, have rights that must be protected by law. As human beings, consumers have rights that must be protected, respected, fulfilled, and advanced by the state. However, current consumer protection could be more effective and stronger, as evidenced by many consumer complaints to the National Consumer Protection Agency. (BPKN). This is also due to the weak legal instruments of consumer protection that need to be burned into the country’s constitution. Based on this, the study aims to analyze the urgency of constitutionalizing consumer protection from the perspective of human rights and prophetic Islamic law. The research method used is the study of doctrinal law with conceptual and legislative approaches. The data used is secondary data, i.e., primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials obtained through the study of libraries and online searching (internet searching), surfing, and downloading, and subsequently analysed qualitatively. As for the results of this study, the first constitutionalization of consumer protection from a human rights perspective can guarantee the fulfillment of the right to life as a fundamental human right and can be an instrumentation of the fulfillment of a right to a decent and safe standard of living to be consumed. Second, from the perspective of prophetic law, the constitutionalization of protection can empower public authorities to fulfill, respect, implement, and enforce consumer protection, thus realizing the liberation and humanization of consumers from unfair and fraudulent trade.

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Reyna, Agustin, Natali Helberger, and Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius. "The perfect match?a closer look at the relationship between eu consumer law and data protection law." Common Market Law Review 54, Issue 5 (October 1, 2017): 1427–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2017118.

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In modern markets, many companies offer so-called “free” services and monetize consumer data they collect through those services. This paper argues that consumer law and data protection law can usefully complement each other. Data protection law can also inform the interpretation of consumer law. Using consumer rights, consumers should be able to challenge excessive collection of their personal data. Consumer organizations have used consumer law to tackle data protection infringements. The interplay of data protection law and consumer protection law provides exciting opportunities for a more integrated vision on “data consumer law”.

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Robertson, Viktoria H. S. E. "Consumer Welfare in Financial Services: A View from EU Competition Law." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 11, no. 17 (2018): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2018.11.17.2.

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The paper analyses to what extent financial consumer protection forms part of the competition law objective of consumer welfare that EU competition law nowadays adheres to. It argues that while EU consumer law more generally aims at protecting the final consumer, EU financial consumer protection instruments often protect a broader spectrum of customers. This wider notion of the consumer can also be found in EU competition law, where the consumer is usually likened to any customer. A notable difference between EU financial consumer protection and EU competition law, however, is that they place a different emphasis on structural goals and inherently individual components. In EU competition law, the structural protection of competition is thought to eventually protect consumers. By uniting individual and structural aspects of consumer welfare, as well as by combining reactive and proactive consumer protection, EU competition law and EU financial consumer protection law can together achieve a financial protection of consumers that naturally goes beyond what each area of the law could achieve alone. A stringent approach, however, would require the development of a comprehensive EU financial consumer law which includes both dimensions.

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Doris Rahmat and Santoso Budi NU. "Socialization of consumer protection against products that harming society." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 15, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.15.1.0519.

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Despite the fact that the consumer protection law number 8 of 1999 has been issued on consumer protection, which guarantees the rights of consumers. Sometimes ignored by business actors and sadly consumers also act indifferently in fighting for the rights that must be obtained by consumers who have been protected by law. In Consumer Protection Act Article 29 paragraph 1 of Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protection it is stated that "the government is responsible for fostering the implementation of consumer protection which guarantees the acquisition of consumer rights and business actors as well as the implementation of the obligations of consumers and business actors.

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Nabi, Mohammed Irshadun, and Mohammed Kamalun Nabi. "Consumer Protection: Policy and Law in India." Studies in Social Science Research 1, no. 1 (May 21, 2020): p39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v1n1p39.

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Consumer Protection Policy creates an environment where consumers receive satisfaction from the goods or services availed by them. One of the disquieting features of consumerism is that an average consumer continues to suffer due to poverty, illiteracy, ignorance or general apathy. Adulterated food, spurious medicines and substandard domestic appliances etc., are pushed over the counter with ease. Glossy and unethical advertisements are published in the print and electronic media with intent to allure and dupe gullible consumers. So, it becomes imperative for the State to initiate steps for safeguarding the interest of consumers by enacting suitable legislations. The present study is a modest attempt at ascertaining the need for consumer protection, identification of factors responsible for exploitation of consumers, and the role law can play in protecting consumer rights visa-a-vis the vendors and in striking a balance between the interests of the two.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Consumer law"

Chung, Kam-tong Peter. "China consumer protection law : panacea or placebo? /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31365723.

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Chung, Kam-tong Peter, and 鍾錦棠. "China consumer protection law: panacea or placebo?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45012799.

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Aderam, Henry Ndejapo Tshapumba. "Consumer protection in online payment methods." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73435.

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This research focuses on online payment methods which are premised on electronic funds transfer. It is a general discourse that the use of online payment methods is risky. It is held that the fear of fraud and abuse of a payment system is at the focal point of such risk. Banks which provide these payment systems are usually not prepared to negotiate with their prospective customers. Resultantly, banks contract out of the risk associated with online payments, specifically the liability for unauthorized electronic funds transfers. This culminates in bank’s customers bearing the majority of that risk as a result of the bank-customer contract. Some of the laws applicable to this relationship also ascribe to the notion above. They burden bank’s customers solely with the liability of the use of their cards until notification to the bank of its theft or misuse. This shows a completed disregard of the nature of how online payment methods operate. Such imposition of liability is excessively one-sided in favour of the banks and detrimental to the bank’s customers. Ultimately, the scope of application of the current applicable consumer protection laws is limited by factors such as non-applicability to juristic persons or limitation based on asset value for those that do. This thus denotes a large segment of online payment methods users who cannot avail themselves to measures of protection provided for by the current applicable consumer protection laws. The research aims to avert the issues as demonstrated above, provide clarity in pursuit of equity and compliance, plus a comprehensive consumer protection approach for online payment methods users.
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Mercantile Law
LLM
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Sofola, Olatokunbo. "The Nigerian law of consumer credit and security." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268316.

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Phillips, Andelka M. "Protecting the rights of consumers : clickwrap contracts and direct-to-consumer genetic testing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a16ae984-10ca-4107-8db8-f8a8d7c45322.

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This thesis examines the regulation of the direct-to-consumer genetic testing industry through analysis of the industry's use of wrap contracts (clickwrap and browsewrap), A significant portion of the thesis consists of a comparative document review of the publicly available wrap contracts of DTCGT companies provided tests for health purposes. It also considers other regulatory responses to date. Due to the lack of industry specific regulation it argues that the use of wrap contracts can be viewed as a means of industry self-regulation and a form of private legislation. This means that governance is skewed heavily in favour of companies and it creates an imbalance in the respective rights and obligations of the parties - company and consumer - which is likely to result in consumer detriment. It is argued that certain types of terms commonly include in DTCGT contracts, including: unilateral variation clauses; some exclusion clauses; choice of law clauses; indemnity; and consent clauses are likely to be deemed unfair and unenforceable under UK law. It recommends that in the short-term the Competition and Markets Authority should undertake a compliance review of DTCGT contracts in order to improving contracts for consumers. In the long term, companies should also be complying with data protection law, as well as legislation on medical devices and the provisions of the Human Tissue Act and there may be a need for industry specific legislation.

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Himoni, Marina. "European consumer law : a law for the consumer or the internal market? : the case of the Consumer Rights Directive and its application to the UK and Cypriot regime." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13957/.

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In 2008 the European Commission has put forward a Proposal for a Consumer Rights Directive with the aim to increase consumer confidence in the internal market. Based on the principle of maximum harmonisation, the proposed Directive provided for amendments in the areas of unfair contract terms, consumer remedies, distance and doorstep selling. However, the disagreement of Member States regarding the contentious amendments to unfair contract terms and consumer remedies which involved a reduction of consumer protection led to those changes being dropped from the final Directive. The shift to maximum harmonisation and the contentious amendments in the two areas constitute the starting point for the argument put forward in this thesis. Increasing consumer confidence has not been the actual aim behind the Commission’s legislative efforts. With the application of the moral panic theory to the case of European Consumer Law, the aim is to show how the European Commission has used the consumer confidence justification as a smokescreen for the shift to maximum harmonisation which can better support its internal market project. The Consumer Rights Directive as adopted constitutes a compromise and only amends Distance Selling and Doorstep Selling Directives. Although reduction to the level of consumer protection was prevented, the eventual approach followed under the Consumer Rights Directive still constitutes indication of the fact that the driving force has been the internal market. The application of the Directive to the domestic regimes of UK and Cyprus provides an opportunity to test the main argument of this thesis.

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Gustavsson, Malin, and Anne-Marie Johansson. "Consumer Trust in E-commerce." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Business Administration, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-4253.

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An often mentioned reason for consumers not purchasing from Internet vendors, is the lack of trust. The lack of physical clues and physical interaction in the online environment make it more difficult to establish trust with the consumers. So, it is important for companies to learn how to manage consumers’ trust in e-commerce. Although, building consumer trust on the Internet is a challenge for online vendors.

The purpose with this dissertation was to get a better understanding of consumer trust in e-commerce. We wanted to find important factors that help to establish consumer trust in e-commerce. These factors guided our empirical research, in which our purpose was to investigate how consumers perceive the importance of some selected factors, for them to feel trust to purchase online. We chose to use a survey as our research strategy and the primary data was collected through a questionnaire.

We found that there are many factors that help establish trust, which are relevant for the consumers when purchasing online. Security and privacy are factors that are of great importance for the consumers to feel trust, to purchase online. Businesses are not able to directly control the trust their customers feel. They can just build environments that encourage people to feel trust. A marketplace can be trustworthy, but the participants have to feel the trust before the marketplace can be trusted.

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Gustavsson, Malin, and Ann-Marie Johansson. "Consumer Trust in E-commerce." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Business Administration, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-4320.

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Hasslinger, Anders, Selma Hodzic, and Claudio Opazo. "Consumer Behaviour in Online Shopping." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, School of Health and Society, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-4715.

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The Internet has developed into a new distribution channel and online

transactions are rapidly increasing. This has created a need to understand how

the consumer perceives online purchases.

The purpose of this dissertation was to examine if there are any particular

factors that influence the online consumer. Primary data was collected through

a survey that was conducted on students at the University of Kristianstad.

Price, Trust and Convenience were identified as important factors. Price was

considered to be the most important factor for a majority of the students.

Furthermore, three segments were identified, High Spenders, Price Easers and

Bargain Seekers. Through these segments we found a variation of the different

factors importance and established implications for online book stores.

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Mdluli, Buyile Doris. "Online Consumer Protection: an analysis of the nature and extent of online consumer protection by South African legislation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12894.

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Books on the topic "Consumer law"

Collins, Brian. Consumer law. Belfast: SLS Legal Publications (NI), 1995.

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Peter, Shears, ed. Consumer law. 3rd ed. London: Pitman Pub., 1991.

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Leder, M. J. Consumer law. 2nd ed. London: Pitman, 1986.

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Jay, Baum Daniel, and Elting Judith L, eds. Consumer law. 2nd ed. Cincinnati: South-Western Pub. Co., 1988.

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Merritt, Thomas B. Consumer law. 3rd ed. [St. Paul, Minn.]: West, 2010.

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Leder, M. J. Consumer law. 4th ed. London: M & E Pitman, 1996.

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J, Alperin Howard, ed. Consumer law. 3rd ed. [Eagan, MN]: West, 2010.

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Walker, Peter M. Consumer law. 2nd ed. London, England: Longman Law, Tax Finance, 1992.

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Alperin, Howard J. Consumer law. 2nd ed. [St. Paul, Minn.]: West Group, 2001.

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Iain, Ramsay, ed. Consumer law. New York, NY: New York University Press, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Consumer law"

Price, Terry. "Consumer law." In Mastering Business Law, 141–62. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13549-3_9.

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Price, Terry. "Consumer law." In Mastering Business Law, 101–19. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19831-3_5.

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Bienenstock, Sophie. "Consumer Bias: Consumer Misperception; Consumer Irrationality." In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1–5. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_655-2.

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Judge, Stephen. "Consumer Protection." In Business Law, 479–502. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14962-9_16.

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Judge, Stephen. "Consumer credit." In Business Law, 475–92. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-12044-1_20.

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Judge, Stephen. "Consumer protection." In Business Law, 493–521. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-12044-1_21.

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Sarrión Esteve, Joaquín. "Consumer." In Dictionary of Statuses within EU Law, 95–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00554-2_13.

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Major, W. T. "Consumer Credit." In Basic English Law, 224–37. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20588-2_17.

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Low, Gary. "Singapore Consumer Law." In Enforcement and Effectiveness of Consumer Law, 531–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78431-1_22.

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Low, Gary. "Singapore consumer law." In Comparative Consumer Sales Law, 113–27. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York: Routledge, 2017. | Series: Markets and the law: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315573052-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Consumer law"

Plotnic, Olesea. "INTERACTION BETWEEN CONSUMER LAW AND COMPETITION LAW IN PANDEMIC TIMES." In International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times): Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18835.

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If in the case of consumer law, as protected persons are the consumers, then in the case of competition law, the protected entities are the competitors. A combination of actions in competition law presupposes that the same commercial offer satisfies several individual interests of consumers. In the strictest sense, such a combination implies the same legal fact, simultaneously opening up more possibilities for the consumer to choose due to loyal offers from a professional, if he is monopolistic or dominant in the market. More broadly, it can also be accepted that offers can be combined from several competing professionals relating to the same product or service and concerning the same individual interest of a consumer. The possible complementary effects of common law, which would justify the non-limitation of a specific piece of legislation, can never lead to a new monopoly. In some cases this will make competition law more effective and, in other cases, provide marginal and non-exclusive protection to consumers who do not have a direct right guaranteed by competition law. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the interdependent relationship between competition law and consumer law, from the perspective that both have the same common goal, namely to limit abuses by professionals in their economic activity, especially during pandemic times.

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Poretti, Paula. "TOUCH SCREEN JUSTICE AND CONSUMER VULNERABILITY – A MIXED BLESSING?" In International Scientific Conference on International, EU and Comparative Law Issues “Law in the Age of Modern Technologies”. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/28261.

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Digitalization is the future and the future is now. New commercial possibilities in the digital market are constantly being explored and exploited. Phenomena such as ecommerce automation and the impact of big data use on transformation of retailer-consumer relationship are increasingly present and more familiar by the day. With them, new perspectives to render consumers vulnerable arise. The digital vulnerability, unlike other types of consumer vulnerability is a state typical of every consumer in the digital market. This notion challenges the existing consumer law and policy’s ability to address the issues that arise in relation to such vulnerability with the traditional perspective. It also questions whether the redesign in the architecture of digital marketplaces is making the traditional architecture of dispute resolution obsolete. With these issues as a starting point, the paper assesses the current trend of streamlining consumer dispute resolution to AI tools and touch screen justice. We argue that under the current set up, instead of providing access to justice that is more available to consumers, this trend has a potential to generate a systemic vulnerability in itself.

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Palmieri, Alessandro, and Blerina Nazeraj. "OPEN BANKING AND COMPETITION: AN INTRICATE RELATIONSHIP." In International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times): Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18822.

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Open banking – promoted in the European Union by the access to account rule contained in the Directive (EU) 2015/2366 on payment services in the internal market (PSD2) – is supposed to enhance consumer’s welfare and to foster competition. However, many observers are fearful about the negative effects of the entry into the market of the so-called BigTech giants. Unless incumbent banks are able to rise above the technological challenges, the risk is that, in the long run, BigTech firms could dominate the market, by virtue of their great ability to collect data on consumer preferences, and to process them with sophisticated tools, such as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning techniques; not to mention the possible benefits arising from the cross-subsidisation. This paper aims at analysing the controversial relationship between open banking and competition. In this framework, many aspects must be clarified, such as the definition of the relevant markets; the identification of the dominant entities; the relationship with the essential facility doctrine. The specific competition problems encountered in the financial sector need to be inscribed in the context of the more general debate around access to data in the digital sphere. The evolving scenario poses a serious challenge to regulators, calling them to strike the right balance between fostering innovation and preserving financial stability. The appraisal intends not only to cover EU law and policy, but also to make a comparison with other legal systems. In this respect, something noteworthy is taking place in the United States where, as of today, consumers’ access to financial data sharing has been largely dependent on private-sector efforts. Indeed, Section 1033 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (passed in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008) provides that, subject to rules prescribed by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (CFPB), a consumer financial services provider must make available to a consumer information, in its control or possession, concerning the consumer financial product or service that the consumer obtained from the provider. This provision, which dates back to 2010, has never been implemented. However, on 22 October 2020, the CFBP has announced its intention to regulate open banking, issuing an advanced notice of proposed rulemaking. In light of their investigation, the authors advocate the adaptation of the current strategies to the modified conditions and, in some instances, the creation of novel mechanisms, more suitable to face unprecedented threats.

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Amalia, Rizky, Erni Agustin, and Faizal Kurniawan. "Redifining the Principle of Consumer Contract to Maximize Consumer Protection: Elaboration on Product Liability Principle." In International Law Conference 2018. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010052904050410.

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Rahmat, Abdul, Yuhelson, and Ramlani Lina Sinaulan. "Community Empowerment In Consumer Law Protection." In Proceedings of the 1st Non Formal Education International Conference (NFEIC 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/nfeic-18.2019.2.

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Vujisić, Dragan. "POTROŠAČ (I) KAO KORISNIK USLUGA U PRAKSI EVROPSKOG SUDA PRAVDE." In XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.795v.

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Consumer as a term in the in law of EU is not regulated in one place. It can be found in the most different places in the primary law of EU, in the secondary law of EU, as well as within the legal regulations of collision law of EU. From the view point of the secondary law,primarily, it is possible to claim that there is mainly formulated unique term of consumer in the law of EU. In the harmonization of the term of consumer the essential role was played by the judicial practice of the European Court of Justice. The subject and questions addressed to this Court were, among others whether the consumers status have also small non-profit legal persons, whether in application of regulations concerning consumers protection, in addition to objective criteria are also used subjective ones like knowledge, skill, information possessed by the physical person, whether the legal protection is available also to the persons concluding a consumer agreement with double purpose (within and outside a professional activity), whetter the consumers protection is privided also for the persons represented in the case by a lawyer, whether this protection is also provided for the communities of physical persons who do not possess the capacity of legal person, and others.

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Sekulić, Aleksandra. "THE CONSUMER PROTECTION UNDER THE DIRECTIVE ON REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS." In International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 1. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko1.527s.

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The Directive (2020/1828) on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers was adopted at the end of 2020. The deadline for implementing it in national law is June 2023. The Directive aims to harmonize collective consumer protection and improve it. The importance of this Directive for national law is that it requires harmonization of domestic law with EU law. This could significantly change the system of collective protection in domestic law. The implementation of this Directive could require broader harmonization of legislation related to representative action. This paper examines the key components of the Directive. The subject of a special analysis will be the rules that introduced significant innovations in the European system of collective consumer protection. The analysis in this paper aims to identify potential questions arising from the Directive's implementation in domestic law and ways to solve them.

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Janderova, Jana, and Daniela Brodska. "PUBLIC AUTHORITIES?? POWERS IN CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE VISEGRAD FOUR STATES AND THE IMPACT OF EU LAW." In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2024. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2024/fs01.09.

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This study investigates the differences in national approaches to consumer protection, focusing on the powers of public authorities stemming from national legislation and the impact of EU regulations on the consumer protection landscape in the V4 countries. The research employs a qualitative methodology to analyse national laws and the implemented EU directives, and the field of full harmonisation with a particular emphasis on Regulation (EU) 2017/2394. The objectives of the study include understanding the minimum harmonization of powers given to public authorities responsible for consumer protection within the EU, assessing the practical impact of this harmonization on the V4 countries, and comparing the consumer protection legislation in the V4 countries with the directives implemented by the EU and regulation (EU) 2017/2394. The findings of this research could provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of consumer protection laws and regulations in the V4 countries and the EU. Through this comprehensive analysis, the paper aims to contribute to the discourse on consumer protection and the role of inspection authorities in enforcing consumer rights. It seeks to provide valuable insights for policymakers, regulators, and consumer rights advocates.

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Rapajić, Milan. "UPRAVNOPRAVNI ASPEKTI ZAŠTITE PRAVA POTROŠAČA U SRPSKOM PRAVU." In XIX majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xixmajsko.759r.

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In the work, the author pays attention to the administrative and legal aspects of consumer rights protection in Serbian law. Namely, the protection of consumer rights can be divided into public law and private law forms. In that division, administrative legal protection of consumer rights is included in public law forms. It is pointed out the already stated position in theory that one of the differences between administrative and judicial protection of consumers is the fact that the administrative authority has greater freedom in interpreting the protection goals, and at the same time, greater responsibility for the implementation of the goals. However, the views on the shortcomings of the administrative legal protection of consumer rights were also pointed out. In the Serbian legal system, the protection of the collective interests of consumers is entrusted to the administrative body in a special administrative procedure. This procedure shows quite a few deviations from the general administrative procedure. The advantage of the administrative procedure compared to the civil procedure should be efficiency and economy. Once established, the trader's behavior as a violation of the collective interest affects all consumers, so in case they repeat such practice, the others can join the already established violation, which is now directly sanctioned with the help of inspection supervision, without the need to be examined in a specific case. Inspectional supervision is reduced to the totality of activities of state administration bodies by which they examine the implementation of laws and other regulations, through direct insight into the operations and actions of natural and legal persons and, depending on the results of the supervision, pronounce the measures for which they are authorized. It is regulated by a special law and is a form of legal supervision, which is carried out with administrative powers by state administration authorities over non-authoritative activities of controlled subjects. The paper indicates that inspection supervision is an institutional form of consumer rights protection.

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Mantrov, Vadim, Ramunas Birstonas, Janis Karklins, Aleksei Kelli, Irene Kull, Arnis Buka, Irena Barkane, and Zanda Davida. "The Implementation of the New Consumer Sales Directives in the Baltic States: A Step Towards Further Harmonisation of Consumer Sales." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.36.

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The present article deals with the implementation of the new Consumer Sales Directives (Directives 2019/770 and 2019/771) into the national law of the Baltic States. The topicality of the paper is related to the implementation of the new Consumer Sales Directives into national law in a particular region, i.e., the Baltic States, by analysing implementation approaches and difficulties during the implementation and post-implementation periods from a comparative perspective of all three Baltic states. At the outset, the paper notes the differences in the existing regulation of consumer sales in the Baltic States. Lithuania and Estonia incorporated consumer sales in their civil codifications, whereas Latvia has chosen a different path by regulating consumer sales on the basis of sui generis regulation in the Consumer Rights Protection Law. As a result of such initial situation before the implementation of the new Consumer Sales Directives, different implementation strategies were used in the Baltic States, consequently leading to different consequences and difficulties during the implementation process of the new Consumer Sales Directives. Likewise, the application process of the new Consumer Sales Directives itself has created significant problems and risks. The available legal acts together with their travaux préparatoires in the Baltic States demonstrate the possibility that the new regulation implementing the new Consumer Sales Directives may contradict the existing contract law regulation and data protection law, and have implications thereon.

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Reports on the topic "Consumer law"

Durovic, Mateja, and Franciszek Lech. A Consumer Law Perspective on the Commercialization of Data. Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.64577.

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Commercialization of consumers’ personal data in the digital economy poses serious, both conceptual and practical, challenges to the traditional approach of European Union (EU) Consumer Law. This article argues that mass-spread, automated, algorithmic decision-making casts doubt on the foundational paradigm of EU consumer law: consent and autonomy. Moreover, it poses threats of discrimination and under- mining of consumer privacy. It is argued that the recent legislative reaction by the EU Commission, in the form of the ‘New Deal for Consumers’, was a step in the right direction, but fell short due to its continued reliance on consent, autonomy and failure to adequately protect consumers from indirect discrimination. It is posited that a focus on creating a contracting landscape where the consumer may be properly informed in material respects is required, which in turn necessitates blending the approaches of competition, consumer protection and data protection laws.

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Loecker, Florian, Amanah Ramadiah, and Kimmo Soramäki. Countering Consumer Fraud and Scams with National Fraud Portals. FNA, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69701/oppl1525.

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In this paper, we argue that setting up a new Digital Public Infrastructure - a National Fraud Portal (NFP) - is the only way to address fraud and consumer scams efficiently. NFPs provide a technological solution as a shared facility for banks, law enforcement, the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), the central bank, the conduct supervisor, and other stakeholders. Further down the line, NFPs can connect to one another as cross-border criminal activity increases (a likely consequence of suppressing fraud domestically). The National Fraud Portal (NFP) enables: The real-time tracing and tracking of fund movements across the banking system that allow banks to recover funds for victims quickly The validation and prioritization of cases across the economy using data-driven models The faster identification of new mule accounts at a reduced cost More accurate methods for fraud detection and risk scoring that employ Graph AI deployed on network data. The real-time provision of risk scores and features to banks via APIs, allowing them to improve their fraud models and make faster, more accurate decisions about preventing fraudulent payments before settlement. In this paper, we detail the technological components of the National Fraud Portal. The paper is a result of FNA’s work building technology for National Fraud Portals in Southeast Asia, as well as conversations with over 100 institutions across 20 countries that are actively working on, or have an interest in tackling the problem of fraud and scams.

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UK, Ipsos. Survey of public attitudes towards precision breeding. Food Standards Agency, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ouv127.

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The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Bill is currently going through Parliament. Although this bill is ‘England only’ and food and feed safety and hygiene is a devolved issue, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) will introduce a separate regulatory framework for precision bred organisms (PBOs), should the Bill become law. The FSA will also work with stakeholders in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to ensure consumers’ interests are protected in relation to PBOs. The FSA / Food Standard Scotland (FSS) is science and evidence led. In August 2022, the FSA and FSS commissioned Ipsos UK to conduct a two-phase social research project on precision breeding. Phase One, now complete, involved a survey of 4,177 UK residents with robust samples in each UK nation to allow comparisons between and within nations. Phase Two, scheduled to start in September 2022 and report in early 2023, will comprise a series of Citizens’ Forums in England, Wales and Northern Ireland(footnote 1). The overall aims of this project are to: explore consumer attitudes towards precision breeding gather consumer views on the FSA’s proposed regulatory framework understand consumer information needs inform how to communicate with consumers about precision breeding. This document presents interim findings for this project, reporting descriptive data from Phase One. Phase One’s core aims were to provide a snapshot of consumers’ awareness and self-assessed knowledge of precision breeding, its perceived acceptability, risks and benefits, and consumer appetite for information about this production method. These data show that awareness of precision breeding is very low, something which should be borne in mind when considering these findings. While these data reveal that there is a general openness to trying precision bred foods across the UK, with more people anticipating benefits than disbenefits from the use of precision breeding, there is a large degree of uncertainty about what impact precision bred foods may have on the different parts of the food system. This is reflected in the relatively large proportions of people taking a neutral stance or indicating they do not know enough to answer survey questions and in the strong appetite expressed for information about precision breeding to be provided. The next phase of this project will be essential for the FSA’s ability to interpret these findings’ implications, and to understand what is informing consumers’ views. The purpose of Phase One has always been to let the FSA know ‘what’ consumers think about precision breeding; Phase Two’s purpose is to build our understanding ‘why’ they think it. This will allow the FSA to develop a more nuanced understanding of consumers’ needs and incorporate this into the design of the future regulatory framework and any engagement with consumers on precision breeding. FSS will be carrying out further research in Scotland.

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Coavas Blanquicet, Sami Gabriel, and Celene Romero Haddad. Theory of demand. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcnc.51.

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Due to its simplicity, this lecture note is intended to be a source of introductory reference for students of the faculty of administrative, accounting and related sciences on one of the elements that make up the markets: the demand. It shows the definitions and types of demand, the law of demand, graphic and mathematical analysis. This is done through simple examples that link the theoretical-practical and its impact on markets. The theory of demand serves as a fundamental pillar in the field of Economics, aiming to comprehend and predict consumer behavior patterns. This document introduces into the intricacies of demand theory, shedding light on its key components and the factors that influence consumer preferences and choices.

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Mori, Ipsos. Local Authority Capacity and Capability. Food Standards Agency, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.dvl526.

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The FSA has a key role as the central competent authority in overseeing official food and feed controls undertaken by local authorities. This supports the delivery of the FSA’s mission, food you can trust, and helps ensure food is safe and what it says it is. The FSA seeks to work in partnership with local authorities to help them to deliver official food and feed controls. Local Authority (LA) Environmental Health (EH), Port Health and Trading Standards (TS) teams deliver official food and feed controls using a range of interventions as set out in the Food Law Code of Practice (FLCoP) and Feed Law Code of Practice (FeLCoP). They are instrumental to the delivery of the FSA mission, across England, Wales and Northern Ireland to ensure consumer confidence and protect public health. Evidence from professional bodies, LAs and wider sources suggests that LAs are experiencing significant issues around the recruitment and retention of suitably/ appropriately qualified and experienced officers.(footnote 1) The FSA commissioned Ipsos UK to carry out this initial phase of discovery research to understand more about the barriers and facilitators encountered by LAs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland

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Lewis, Erin, Victoria Cohen, Charlotte Evans, and Iulia Gherman. Salmonella risk profile of UK-produced hen shell eggs. Food Standards Agency, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.rpp424.

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A previous risk assessment (Opens in a new window) from the Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food (ACMSF) in 2016 concluded that due to the significant reduction in the risk from Salmonella in UK-produced hen shell eggs produced under a recognised farm assurance scheme (Lion Code or equivalent), the risk to consumers from eggs produced under these schemes was ‘very low’. This risk assessment led the FSA and FSS to update their consumer advice on the consumption of eggs in 2017, stating that vulnerable groups could consume raw or runny eggs produced within an assurance scheme. This risk profile will examine the current situation of Salmonella in UK-produced table eggs, and the factors that may influence the current risk of Salmonella in UK-produced eggs and highlight any that have changed since the risk assessment provided by the ACMSF in 2016.

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Rosser, Katy, Iulia Gherman, Erica Kintz, Paul Cook, and Anthony WIlson. Assessment of the risk to consumers as a result of disruption to the cold chain during direct supply of Qurbani meat and offal. Food Standards Agency, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.nuc910.

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Qurbani is a religious practice that takes place during Eid al-Adha. Consumers practicing Qurbani typically wish to collect meat and red offal within a short time after slaughter, which means these products cannot complete normal chilling processes before leaving the slaughterhouse. This could permit greater growth of pathogens and has the potential to increase the risk of consumer illness. The FSA is working with industry and stakeholder groups to ensure that the risk to consumers under these conditions remains at an acceptable level. To help inform these discussions, the FSA commissioned this assessment to understand the difference in risk from allowing meat and offal to be provided to consumers without the normal chilling process. The microbiological team at the FSA have analysed scientific literature, expert opinion and business and consumer survey data to assess the effect of disrupting the cold chain on pathogens in Qurbani meat. The pathogens that were chosen for inclusion in this assessment are non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens. Their growth characteristics and prevalence in beef, lamb and goat meat and offal are discussed. The assessment concluded that given the reported variation in the process, there were two important scenarios with distinct outcomes. In the typical scenario, which is the most likely outcome based on the collected data, there is no significant difference in risk to consumer health compared to normal chilling processes, and the risk level was established as Very Low (“very rare but cannot be excluded”). In a reasonably foreseeable worst-case scenario, Salmonella spp. and STEC levels may increase, presenting an increased risk to the consumer. This risk level was established as Low (“rare but does occur”). We also identified several areas where more evidence would be helpful, and as a result identified a High level of uncertainty in our conclusion.

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Eneroth, Hanna, Hanna Karlsson Potter, and Elin Röös. Environmental impact of coffee, tea and cocoa – data collection for a consumer guide for plant-based foods. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2n3m2d2pjl.

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In 2020, WWF launched a consumer guide on plant-based products targeting Swedish consumers. The development of the guide is described in a journal paper (Karlsson Potter & Röös, 2021) and the environmental impact of different plant based foods was published in a report (Karlsson Potter, Lundmark, & Röös, 2020). This report was prepared for WWF Sweden to provide scientific background information for complementing the consumer guide with information on coffee, tea and cocoa. This report includes quantitative estimations for several environmental categories (climate, land use, biodiversity and water use) of coffee (per L), tea (per L) and cocoa powder (per kg), building on the previously established methodology for the consumer guide. In addition, scenarios of consumption of coffee, tea and cocoa drink with milk/plant-based drinks and waste at household level, are presented. Tea, coffee and cacao beans have a lot in common. They are tropical perennial crops traditionally grown in the shade among other species, i.e. in agroforestry systems. Today, the production in intensive monocultures has negative impact on biodiversity. Re-introducing agroforestry practices may be part of the solution to improve biodiversity in these landscapes. Climate change will likely, due to changes in temperature, extreme weather events and increases in pests and disease, alter the areas where these crops can be grown in the future. A relatively high ratio of the global land used for coffee, tea and cocoa is certified according to sustainability standards, compared to other crops. Although research on the implications of voluntary standards on different outcomes is inconclusive, the literature supports that certifications have a role in incentivizing more sustainable farming. Coffee, tea and cocoa all contain caffeine and have a high content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, and they have all been associated with positive health outcomes. While there is a strong coffee culture in Sweden and coffee contributes substantially to the environmental impact of our diet, tea is a less consumed beverage. Cocoa powder is consumed as a beverage, but substantial amounts of our cocoa consumption is in the form of chocolate. Roasted ground coffee on the Swedish market had a climate impact of 4.0 kg CO2e per kg powder, while the climate impact of instant coffee powder was 11.5 kg CO2e per kg. Per litre, including the energy use for making the coffee, the total climate impact was estimated to 0.25 kg CO2e per L brewed coffee and 0.16 kg CO2e per L for instant coffee. Less green coffee beans are needed to produce the same amount of ready to drink coffee from instant coffee than from brewed coffee. Tea had a climate impact of approximately 6.3 kg CO2 e per kg dry leaves corresponding to an impact of 0.064 CO2e per L ready to drink tea. In the assessment of climate impact per cup, tea had the lowest impact with 0.013 kg CO2e, followed by black instant coffee (0.024 kg CO2e), black coffee (0.038 kg CO2e), and cocoa drink made with milk (0.33 kg CO2e). The climate impact of 1kg cocoa powder on the Swedish market was estimated to 2.8 kg CO2e. Adding milk to coffee or tea increases the climate impact substantially. The literature describes a high proportion of the total climate impact of coffee from the consumer stage due to the electricity used by the coffee machine. However, with the Nordic low-carbon energy mix, the brewing and heating of water and milk contributes to only a minor part of the climate impact of coffee. As in previous research, coffee also had a higher land use, water use and biodiversity impact than tea per L beverage. Another factor of interest at the consumer stage is the waste of prepared coffee. Waste of prepared coffee contributes to climate impact through the additional production costs and electricity for preparation, even though the latter was small in our calculations. The waste of coffee and tea at Summary household level is extensive and measures to reduce the amount of wasted coffee and tea could reduce the environmental impact of Swedish hot drink consumption. For the final evaluation of coffee and tea for the consumer guide, the boundary for the fruit and vegetable group was used. The functional unit for coffee and tea was 1 L prepared beverage without any added milk or sweetener. In the guide, the final evaluation of conventionally grown coffee is that it is ‘yellow’ (‘Consume sometimes’), and for organic produce, ‘light green’ (‘Please consume). The evaluation of conventionally grown tea is that it is ‘light green’, and for organic produce, ‘dark green’ (‘Preferably consume this’). For cocoa, the functional unit is 1 kg of cocoa powder and the boundary was taken from the protein group. The final evaluation of conventionally grown cocoa is that it is ‘orange’ (‘Be careful’), and for organically produced cocoa, ‘light green’.

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Martínez Jorge, Angel, Javier Martínez Santos, and Jorge Galindo. Los efectos del aumento del IVA en el consumo de las bebidas azucaradas en España. Esade EcPol, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56269/20230328/amj.

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En 2021 el Gobierno subió el IVA a las bebidas azucaradas y edulcoradas del 10 al 21%. La medida redujo de manera significativa el consumo medio del tercio de hogares con menor nivel económico. Lo hizo en unos 11 litros por hogar al año. Pero no tuvo un efecto apreciable en el consumo de los hogares de nivel económico medio y alto. El impacto del impuesto fue aún mayor en los hogares de menor nivel económico con hijos, donde la caída del consumo llegó a 25 litros por hogar al año. Al mismo tiempo, dentro del tercio de hogares de menor nivel económico la subida del IVA provocó un descenso de unos 5€/año por hogar (es decir, un 10,5% menos) en el gasto de snacks, bienes que se suelen consumir con estas bebidas.

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Holian, Matthew, and Matthew Kahn. The Rise of the Low Carbon Consumer City. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18735.

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