Relevant bibliographies by topics / Consumer grade

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Consumer grade'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Consumer grade"

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Tighe, Kara, Oscar Cacho, Stuart Mounter, Renato Villano, Alex Ball, David Pethick, and Euan Fleming. "Determinants of consumer willingness to pay for quality-graded Australian sheep meat." Animal Production Science 58, no. 9 (2018): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15873.

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The present study investigated the influence of a quality-grading system, demographic information and consumption preferences on consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for sheep meat. Eating quality was defined by four grades developed by the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) sheep meat-grading scheme. These grades were based on consumer palatability scores for cooked sheep-meat samples and described as 2-star (‘unsatisfactory’ quality), 3-star (‘good every day’ quality), 4-star (‘better than every day’ quality) and 5-star (‘premium’ quality). Currently, sheep-meat available in Australian retail outlets that meets MSA quality specifications is trademarked as ‘MSA graded’ and consists of lamb that falls into at least the 3-star quality band. There is no distinction made between 3-, 4- and 5-star-graded product. A challenge for marketers would be pricing the product by these three grades should finer-quality differentiation be adopted. The present study evaluated consumer WTP for the MSA quality grades and interactions with consumer demographic factors and consumption preferences. Results clearly showed that consumers were willing to pay less for the 2-star grade and more for 4- and 5-star grades, than for 3-star grade. Robust results for the impact of demographic and consumption preferences on WTP were limited to consumer age, occupation, income level and the interaction between MSA grade and consumer age.
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Thompson, J. M., R. Polkinghorne, I. H. Hwang, A. M. Gee, S. H. Cho, B. Y. Park, and J. M. Lee. "Beef quality grades as determined by Korean and Australian consumers." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 11 (2008): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05111.

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Consumer responses were examined in an incomplete factorial design where Australian consumers evaluated 216 beef samples derived from 18 cattle killed in Australia and Korean consumers evaluated 216 samples from the same 18 cattle, plus 216 similar samples from 18 Korean cattle. Samples of the Mm. triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi and semimembranosus were cooked using grill and Korean barbeque methods. Each sample was sensory tested by 10 consumers, who scored it for tenderness, juiciness, like flavour, and overall liking. Consumers then graded each sample as either unsatisfactory (2 star), good every day (3 star), better than every day (4 star), or premium (5 star) quality. For those samples assessed by both Australian and Korean consumers, the Korean consumers graded a higher proportion of samples ‘unsatisfactory’ and a lower proportion of samples ‘premium’ grade product than Australian consumers. Using a composite meat quality score (MQ4) to predict grade, a discriminant analysis showed that the Korean consumers had boundary cut-offs for the lower grades, which were ~4–10 palatability units higher than the Australian consumers. Analysis of the residuals between actual and predicted palatability scores showed that the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) grading model produced relatively unbiased estimates within ±2 MQ4 units for the different consumer groups, muscle and carcass suspension treatments, with the exception of the M. semimembranosus samples. Implications of the results for both Korean and Australian beef markets through the use of an empirical grading model to predict palatability are discussed.
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Rosenberg, Karen. "Are Consumer-Grade Masks Effective?" AJN, American Journal of Nursing 121, no. 3 (March 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000737324.73052.97.

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Honegger, Lauren T., Elaine Richardson, Emily D. Schunke, Anna C. Dilger, and Dustin D. Boler. "98 Final internal cooking temperature of pork chops influenced consumer eating experience more than visual color and marbling." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.101.

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Abstract The objective was to determine the effect of ultimate pH or “quality grade” (combination of color and marbling) on consumer eating experience of pork chops cooked to different final internal temperatures. The hypothesis was that consumers would rate a greater percentage of pork chops as acceptable with a greater pH, when graded “choice”, or when cooked to 63°C compared with 71°C or 82°C. Consumers (264 total) were served chops in 1 of 2 experiments. Experiment 1 assessed chops as high pH (6.23–5.88) or low pH (5.36–5.56) and cooked to 63°C, 71°C or 82°C. Experiment 2 classified chops as “choice” when NPPC color score ≥ 3 and marbling score was ≥ 2 or “standard” when NPPC scores were below “choice” and cooked to 63°C or 71°C. Chops were cooked with an immersion heater (ANOVA Precision Cooker, Anova Applied Electronics, San Francisco, CA) in a water bath. Consumers used a 9-point Likert-type score system where 1 was extremely tough, dry, bland, or unacceptable and 9 was extremely tender, juicy, flavorful, or acceptable. Data were organized as a percentage of responses and analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS for both experiments with models including treatment (pH or quality grade category, temperature and all interactions). More (P < 0.01) consumers scored chops at 7, 8, or 9 for juiciness with a high pH (36.07%) compared with chops with a low pH (24.29%), but pH category did not alter other traits (P ≥ 0.13). Quality grade did not affect (P ≥ 0.30) consumer ratings of any sensory trait. In both studies, a greater (P < 0.001) percentage of consumers rated chops cooked to 63°C as acceptable compared with chops cooked to 71°C. Therefore, internal cooking temperature has a greater impact on consumer eating experience than ultimate pH or “quality grade.”
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Lindstrom, Orville M., and Wojciech J. Florkowski. "QUALITY STANDARDS FOR CHRISTMAS TREES: HARMFUL OR HELPFUL?" HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 849f—849. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.849f.

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It is more important than ever to produce a quality Christmas tree because of increasing competition in the Christmas tree market. Grade standards are intended to reflect quality, as defined by the consumer, to the grower. The USDA revised a set of voluntary standards for Christmas trees effective October 30, 1989. The existence of different grade standards cause the existence of several prices that correspond to each grade. The price differentials among grades should reflect the quality or desired consumer attribute. Therefore, a description of a grade that is not reflective of that desired by the consumer can lead to missallocation of resources by producers resulting in economic losses. The new USDA standards did not include consumer opinion information into the new standards, therefore, we feel these standards are more applicable to producer-wholesale transactions, and not that of the producer-consumer. It was found that over 75% of surveyed growers in Georgia sold almost 80% of their trees as choose and cut, not wholesale. Consumer demand will drive the Christmas tree market and, therefore, consumer preferences need to be incorporated into the grade standards.
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Amein, John. "Hidden risks of consumer-grade biometrics." Biometric Technology Today 2020, no. 10 (November 2020): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-4765(20)30133-8.

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Lakhan, Payongkit, Nannapas Banluesombatkul, Vongsagon Changniam, Ratwade Dhithijaiyratn, Pitshaporn Leelaarporn, Ekkarat Boonchieng, Supanida Hompoonsup, and Theerawit Wilaiprasitporn. "Consumer Grade Brain Sensing for Emotion Recognition." IEEE Sensors Journal 19, no. 21 (November 1, 2019): 9896–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2019.2928781.

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Hamilton, Patricia A., Rajesh S. Kasbekar, and Robert Monro. "Clinical Performance of Infrared Consumer-Grade Thermometers." Journal of Nursing Measurement 21, no. 2 (2013): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.21.2.166.

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Background and Purpose: Technology of ear infrared (IR) thermometers has improved. This study compared a modern ear thermometer to forehead or temporal artery thermometers. Methods: Temperatures were measured with a heated-tip ear thermometer, a temporal artery thermometer, 3 forehead thermometers, and a thermistor-based reference thermometer in monitor mode. Results: In 171 subjects, mean bias with the forehead thermometers was significantly higher (p< .001) than with the ear thermometer (0.01 °C ± 0.41 °C). In 64 febrile subjects, bias with the ear thermometer was significantly lower than with 3 of the other thermometers. A false-negative reading was less likely with the ear thermometer (8%) versus the others (55%, 56%, 28%, and 47%). Conclusions: Modern ear thermometry provides more precise measurements closer to those of a reference thermometer and is less likely to give false-negative readings than forehead or temporal artery measurements.
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Milton, Tina. "The 5G Up Grade." Consumer Electronics Test & Development 2022, no. 2 (October 2022): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s2754-7744(23)70103-6.

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Rachmat, Ridwan, Ridwan Thahir, and Martin Gummert. "THE EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRICE AND QUALITY OF RICE AT MARKET LEVEL IN WEST JAVA." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 7, no. 1 (October 25, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v7n1.2006.27-33.

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Rice consumers in Indonesia exhibit wide preference variability and consumption patterns, largely because of the archipelagic nature of the country. Nowadays, the consumers become more discriminating on the rice quality due to the higher incomes and better life. Consumers are willing to pay higher price for specific quality. The objective of the study was to analyze relationship between price and grades of rice and consumer preference. The study was based on survey conducted from April 2004 to March 2005 at three-rice market centers representing a village market (Pasar Inpres) in Subang, district capital market (Pasar Johar) in Karawang, and rice center market (Pasar Induk Cipinang) in Jakarta, respectively. Parameters evaluated were changes in the quality and price of rice over time. The quality of the rice at each market was sampled monthly from two traders consisting three samples each. The rice quality was graded using existing local standar, i.e. grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3, and the price of each grade was recorded. The physical qualities of the rice samples such as moisture content, grain dimensions, percentage of whole kernels, grain color, and impurities/dockage (foreign matters, unhulled grains, and milled rice) were determined by ISO 950:1979 (for cereals-sampling as grain). Whereas the chemical qualities such as amylose and gelatinization were analyzed using Rapid Visco Analisis. The study showed that rice quality varied, most of them were long and slender kernels, chalkiness ranged between 10-20% (scale 5), and head rice around 69-84%. The amylose content was intermediate (20-21%), the gelatinization temperature was high-intermediate (70-74oC), and the gel consistency was soft (65-70). The quality incentive, defined as the additional return assuming the quality level can be raised from grade 3 to grade 1, was up to Rp700 kg-1 (~25%). The price difference among markets could reach Rp630 kg-1 (~22%). The study indicated that rice color was the important parameter determining consumers’ preference, and consequently ditermining price difference. The correlation between the rice price and its grade was significant (R= 0.95).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Consumer grade"

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Wackrow, Rene. "Spatial measurement with consumer grade digital cameras." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/3827.

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Varol, Tolga. "Comparison of Consumer-Grade MEMS IMUs in UBI Context." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254392.

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Road traffic has many negative socioeconomic impacts on society. A key problem is the risk of deadly accidents. The risk, to a high extend is reduced in developed societies. However, the accidents are still ubiquitous. There are various approaches for reducing accidents such as improving the infrastructure, educating better drivers and incentivizing drivers for driving safe. For the latter, the way is to analyse driving behaviour and this is possible using sensors such as inertial measurement units (IMU) without hindering privacy. Insurance companies approach this issue via Usage Based Insurance (UBI) products, where the premium is dynamically calculated by evaluating the driver based on measuring vehicle dynamics and other contextual data. Due to utilization of devices that use different IMUs, generalization of measured data is an issue for correct evaluation and fairness.The thesis deals with providing tools for filling the evaluation gap of IMUs for this purpose. The study began with a survey involving IMUs in the market. Considering technical and economic aspects, the most suitable ones were selected for evaluation. A modular system called quad-IMU (QIMU) was designed and developed. A selected IMU (BMI160) was incorporated into a QIMU and compared to two widely used IMUs in two scenarios; harsh breaking and static measurement using raw digital linear acceleration measurements. Root mean square errors (RMSE) showed that the BMI160 outperformed the others by approximately one and two orders of magnitude, respectively. The QIMU showed to be a promising framework that needs to be explored further for evaluating IMUs in-house in a rapid, low-cost and reliable manner.
Vägtrafiken har många negativa socioekonomiska effekter på samhället. Ett viktigt problem är risken för dödliga olyckor. Risken, i stor utsträckning, minskar i utvecklade samhällen. Olyckorna är dock fortfarande allestädes närvarande. Det finns olika metoder för att minska olyckor som att förbättra infrastrukturen, utbilda bättre förare och incitament för förare att köra säkert. Det sistnämnda kan göras genom att analysera körbeteendet, och detta är möjligt med hjälp av sensorer som tröghetssensorer (IMU) utan att hindra integriteten. Försäkringsbolag närmar sig denna fråga via användningsbaserade försäkringar (UBI) -produkter, där premien dynamiskt beräknas genom att utvärdera föraren baserat på mätning av fordonsdynamik och annan kontextuell data. På grund av användningen av enheter som använder olika IMU-enheter är generalisering av uppmätta data en öppen fråga för korrekt utvärdering och rättvisa.Avhandlingen handlar om att tillhandahålla verktyg för att fylla utvärderingsgapet för IMUer för detta ändamål. Studien började med en undersökning med IMUer på marknaden. Med tanke på tekniska och ekonomiska aspekter valdes de mest lämpliga för utvärdering. Ett modulärt system kallat quad-IMU (QIMU) designades och utvecklades. En vald IMU (BMI160) inkorporerades i en QIMU och jämfördes med två ofta använda IMUer i två scenarier; hård inbromsning och statisk mätning med hjälp av raka digitala linjära accelerationsmätningar. Det genomsnittliga medelkvadratfelet (RMSE) visade att BMI160 överträffade de andra med ungefär en och två storleksordningar. QIMU visade sig vara en lovande ram som behöver undersökas mer för att utvärdera IMUer internt på ett snabbt, billigt och pålitligt sätt.
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Chen, Xing. "Capturing fast motion with consumer grade unsynchronized rolling-shutter cameras." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43538.

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Motion capture plays an important role in a wide range of fields including film production, game industry, sports analysis and medicine. However, commercial optical motion capture systems are expensive due to their reliance on high speed high resolution cameras and accurate shutter synchronization. In the thesis, we present a technique based on continuous video exposure and stereo streak matching to do motion capture with a low cost, simple, portable and scalable setup of consumer grade cameras and LED markers. Neither shutter synchronization nor global shutters are required for geometric calibration and motion reconstruction. The system is presented in four stages, camera calibration and synchronization, streak segmentation and 2-D track extraction, stereo track matching and multi-view fusing. The system is qualitatively demonstrated through capturing human motion and fan spinning motion, and quantitatively evaluated by motions with known spatial trajectory and the rigidity of rigid moving objects.
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Saavedra-Peña, Gladynel. "Saccade latency determination using video recordings from consumer-grade devices." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120397.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 87-92).
Accurate quantification of neurodegenerative disease progression and neurocognitive decline is an ongoing challenge that muddles efforts to understand and treat these conditions. The golden standard to track neurodegenerative disease progression is a neurocognitive assessment administered through a series of forms and questionnaires, both of which suffer from high retest variability. Thus, there is a need for a validated biomarker that can accurately track neurocognitive decline or disease progression unobtrusively. Clinical studies have shown that saccade latency - a measure of eye movement reaction time - can be significantly different between healthy subjects and neurodegenerative disease patients. Hence, we propose and test a system that enables measurement and tracking of saccade latency outside of the clinical environment, without relying on supplemental or special-purpose illumination. iTracker-face, a variant of a deep-learning approach that estimates gaze on mobile devices, was tailored to measure saccade latency on video sequences obtained with an iPhone 6. Additionally, our model-based approach for saccade latency estimation provides a means to automatically detect eye position traces that should not be included in further analysis (AUC = 0.92). We recorded over 20,000 saccade latencies in 30 healthy subjects and observed that there is a substantial amount of intra- and inter- subject variability in the mean saccade latency ([mu]) and associated standard deviation (sigma). Among the subjects with the most saccade latency measurements, [mu] ranged from 128 to 173 ms, while a varied from 24 to 53 ms. Our results suggest that accurate and robust saccade latency determination is feasible using consumer-grade cameras and might therefore enable unobtrusive tracking of neurodegenerative disease progression.
by Gladynel Saavedra-Peña.
S.M.
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Ramaekers, Gijs. "Measuring and Visualizing Geometrical Differences Using a Consumer Grade Range Camera." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-167357.

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Measuring geometrically complex parts is currently very labor and time intensive in most cases because it involves a significant amount of manual steps to perform a correct measurement. This project was done to find a more productive method of measuring these parts in a production environment. The method should be more productive in terms of speed and ease of use, by automation large parts of the process. The goal is to develop a solution that can measure and check parts automatically using a range camera. A range camera is selected because the data acquisition speed is significantly higher than that of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The only manual step in this process is the actual scanning, the remaining model making and comparison steps are fully automatic. A two-step method is presented that shows that it is possible to measure parts in a more productive manner, than conventional techniques used to measure object with a complex geometry. The developed method takes the depth images from the range camera and turns them into a point cloud model of the object that needs to be measured. The second step of the solution then automatically compares the point cloud against a CAD-model of the object. This second step is the key to improve measurement productivity. The end result of this is a proof of concept program that incorporates the two step method, that takes in range camera images and as output it gives the scanned object measured against a reference model. The labor time is reduced to the scanning time which is less than a minute. The total processing time to make the comparison takes roughly fifteen minutes depending on the amount of scanning data. The processing can be done in parallel to other production steps. Because a consumer grade range camera is used, only centimeter accuracy is reached. Using more advanced range cameras or similar techniques will lead to more accurate results as noise in the image, is the limiting factor for the algorithm developed here.
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Rosenberg, Abigail Stella. "An Evaluation of a UAV Guidance System with Consumer Grade GPS Receivers." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194506.

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Remote sensing has been demonstrated an important tool in agricultural and natural resource management and research applications, however there are limitations that exist with traditional platforms (i.e., hand held sensors, linear moves, vehicle mounted, airplanes, remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellites). Rapid technological advances in electronics, computers, software applications, and the aerospace industry have dramatically reduced the cost and increased the availability of remote sensing technologies.Remote sensing imagery vary in spectral, spatial, and temporal resolutions and are available from numerous providers. Appendix A presented results of a test project that acquired high-resolution aerial photography with a RPV to map the boundary of a 0.42 km2 fire area. The project mapped the boundaries of the fire area from a mosaic of the aerial images collected and compared this with ground-based measurements. The project achieved a 92.4% correlation between the aerial assessment and the ground truth data.Appendix B used multi-objective analysis to quantitatively assess the tradeoffs between different sensor platform attributes to identify the best overall technology. Experts were surveyed to identify the best overall technology at three different pixel sizes.Appendix C evaluated the positional accuracy of a relatively low cost UAV designed for high resolution remote sensing of small areas in order to determine the positional accuracy of sensor readings. The study evaluated the accuracy and uncertainty of a UAV flight route with respect to the programmed waypoints and of the UAV's GPS position, respectively. In addition, the potential displacement of sensor data was evaluated based on (1) GPS measurements on board the aircraft and (2) the autopilot's circuit board with 3-axis gyros and accelerometers (i.e., roll, pitch, and yaw). The accuracies were estimated based on a 95% confidence interval or similar methods. The accuracy achieved in the second and third manuscripts demonstrates that reasonably priced, high resolution remote sensing via RPVs and UAVs is practical for agriculture and natural resource professionals.
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van, Leeuwen Daniel, and Leonel Taku Ayuk. "Security testing of the Zigbee communication protocol in consumer grade IoT devices." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40189.

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With the ever increasing number of Internet of Things devices going out on the market for consumers that are Zigbee certified there is a need for security testing. This is to make sure that security standards are upheld and improved upon in order to make sure networks are protected from unauthorized users. Even though a lot of research and testing has been done on the Zigbee key exchange mechanism, called Zigbee commissioning, improvements have still not been enough with severe vulnerabilities in consumer grade devices still existing today. The devices tested in this study use EZ-mode commissioning in order to exchange the network key between a Zigbee coordinator and a Zigbee end device in order to encrypt later communication after being paired.  By using a simple radio receiver and a packet capturing program such as Wireshark an eavesdropping attack was conducted in order to capture the network key. The experiment demonstrates that this is still a weak point as the network key was successfully captured using eavesdropping. The analysis of the results show that previous criticisms of Zigbee commissioning have still not fully been addressed and can be a potential weak point in networks that use Zigbee certified IoT products.
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Arvidsson, Karl. "Wide area motion capture using an array of consumer grade structured light sensors." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-29551.

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In this thesis we propose a solution to how a system can find and track people, as well as recognizing their gestures, in a $360^\circ$ field of view using consumer grade products. We describe a system connecting multiple depth cameras in an array and have them operate as a single camera controlled by a single computer. Using a single camera providing features such as detection, tracking and recognizing gestures of people, we specifically focus on the difficulties of preserving these features in moving forward to an array of cameras. We propose a solution based on Microsoft Kinect and Kinect SDK, using linear transformation to account for a fixed camera model to combine skeleton data from an array of Kinect sensors. Furthermore, we use positional based identification to determine whether people are being tracked by another camera in the system. The contributions of this work include insight into the challenges of building this kind of system based on Kinect hardware and software intended for use on a single computer, such as performance bottlenecks, along with possible alternative solutions. In particular, we present performance measurements for a single computer running up to four sensors and show a system that can run satisfactorily with up to at least 5 sensors on today's computers. We show what requirements on hardware can be expected for such a system, as well as where there are potential limits as the number of sensors increase.
Music in Motion
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Ryder, Kathryn. "The development of paper-based materials from low-grade apparel waste." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-development-of-paperbased-materials-from-lowgrade-apparel-waste(9aef77c7-57ac-4cf1-8d4b-0d6952dd4f19).html.

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The recycling rate of post-consumer apparel waste is low. This is compounded by our limited understanding of the fibre recovered from apparel waste and a lack of development in novel applications. Motivated by the growing rate of accumulation in unwanted clothing, this study focused on a number of integrated research themes aimed at understanding the nature of reclaimed cotton fibre, its use in paper-based materials and its utilisation in apparel related applications. Initially, the investigation characterised reclaimed cotton fibres from two different recovery machines (pinned air-layer and cutting mill). The results showed that neither process was capable of producing adequate fibre quality for fine yarn manufacture. The fibres exhibited extensive surface damage, length shortening and an increase in length distribution. After the initial characterisation, studies were undertaken to investigate the use of paper technology to increase the possibility of using reclaimed fibre in apparel. Strength is an important property in apparel related applications, therefore, the strength of reclaimed cotton-based paper was enhanced. The effects of a 4% sodium hydroxide pre-treatment on the beating performance and resultant sheet properties of reclaimed fibre pulp were investigated. At low beating levels, the results showed a significant 35% and 39% increase in tensile strength and energy absorption, respectively. With the treatment it is, therefore, possible to obtain a strong paper with high bulk, which can be further utilised to improve surface softness. Optimum dry and wet strength enhancement of the resultant paper was obtained with the combined addition of 1% carboxymethyl cellulose and 2% polyamideamine-epichlorhydrin. The development of wet strength was vital in order to facilitate uniform twist insertion in subsequent paper yarn manufacture. This study was one of the first to test the viability of using reclaimed cotton fibre in the production of paper yarns suitable for apparel manufacture. The wet-strengthened reclaimed-fibre paper was slit into 3 mm width ribbons, dampened, then twisted into yarns. The resultant yarns (46–193 tex) were uniform but lacked sufficient strength for use in weaving and knitting processes. Analysis of a commercial paper yarn, OJO+ , suggested that strength could be improved if fibre orientation was increased in the machine direction. A further application, in the form of a jacket, was trialled. The focus here was to test sewability using a variety of seam and stitch formations to sew together denim-derived cotton paper. A simple design using lap seams with straight stitching was established as the most effective construction. The final jacket satisfied industry requirements on seam strength and efficiency, however, further investigation into improving comfort and wear-ability will be essential.
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Fischer, Carolyn. "An investigation into whether young teens change their clothing consumer behaviour and brand preferences after the transition from primary school (grade seven) to high school (grade eight) in the South Western Cape." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14644.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-159).
This study focused on two segments that have emerged from an evolution within the children's market- the tween and young teen markets. However, few market researchers had investigated the transition between these two stages - leaving primary school and going to high school. Despite there being a rather small age gap between older tweens and young teens, the numerous challenges brought about due to the transition from primary school to high school could affect areas such as academic performance, friendships and so forth. It was the aim of this study to uncover any changes in relation to the consumer behaviour and brand preferences of young teens occurred due to this transitional period. The literature review looked at the international and South African older tween and young teen markets through market identification and characterization. The transition phase from primary school to high school looked at the similarities and differences of older tweens and young teens and the social and academic impact of school transitions on grade eights. Four areas were identified that were said to influence one's clothing consumer behaviour and brand preferences as a result of the school transition to high school. These were developmental changes; the influence of one's reference groups; role models and the media that one subscribes to, and the financial circumstances in which one lives. The researcher also investigated brand loyalty and the influence of peer pressure on the clothing consumer behaviour and brand preferences of young teens. Furthermore, the literature review covered branding and how fashion and brands influenced the consumer behaviour of young teens. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used in this study. The primary research tools used were the two surveys that were successfully administered to two hundred and seventy four grade sevens and eights in ten schools in the South Western Cape. Permission was obtained from the Western Cape Education Department and a time restriction was given for the surveys to be administered to the schools. The researcher also used qualitative research methods in the form of experience interviews with nine members of the academic and business community who were deemed knowledgeable on the topics of child development, branding, consumer behaviour and school transitions. Limited focus groups were conducted, although this was primarily used to construct the questionnaires. Furthermore, the researcher made use of secondary data sources such as reputable and peer reviewed journal articles, books and so forth. Out of the five school sets in this research study the De Kuilen school set showed statistically significant results between grade sevens and eights with regards to developmental, reference group, financial and brand preference changes. The Kuils River school set also showed statistically significant results with regards to developmental, role models, peer pressure and brand preference changes. However, the rest of the school sets showed minor or failed to show statistical differences between the two grades in question. On the whole no significant developmental, reference group, role model and peer pressure changes were noted between grade sevens and grade eights. On the other hand, two of the findings agreed with the initial hypotheses that were put forward. Financial changes did occur, as grade eights received more pocket money than grade sevens and parents were still involved in purchasing clothing for their young teens; and as expected, young teens failed to prove brand loyal. Consequently, although two null hypotheses (financial changes and brand loyalty) were accepted out of six proposed and two school sets out of the five showed statistical differences between the two grades on the matters investigated, the primary null hypothesis was rejected. The researcher concluded that young teens in the South Western Cape did not change their clothing consumer behaviour and brand preferences after entering high school. However, this conclusion was limited only to those schools and students who participated in the study. The researcher recommended that in general both grades could be targeted together as one clothing brand market. Especially when young teens were in the first part of grade eight, as both markets liked wearing brands such as Billabong and Roxy for very similar reasons. In addition, the lack of brand loyalty was not seen to be a hindrance, but an opportunity for marketers to attract young teens due to the fashionability and affordability of the clothing. Their purchasing power not only by themselves, but also more often than not with the help of their parents made them a lucrative market worthy of attention. On the other hand, while the researcher may have gained more knowledge from using more qualitative research, as some information from the questionnaires contradicted each other, it was also suggested that due the two age groups being so similar, it may have been more beneficial to compare two differing age groups such as grade sevens and nines.
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Books on the topic "Consumer grade"

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Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan Consumer and Commercial Affairs., ed. Consumer education for grade one [to six] social studies, 1987. [Regina, Sask.]: Saskatchewan Consumer and Commercial Affairs, 1987.

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L, Gall Timothy, and Gall Susan B, eds. Consumers' guide to product grades and terms: From grade A to VSOP--definitions of 8,000 terms describing food, housewares, and other everyday items. Detroit: Gale Research, 1993.

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Narayanan, Ramachandran, and George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., eds. A photometric technique for determining fluid concentration using consumer-grade hardware. [Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1999.

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Linda, Bain, and Grand Valley Mathematics Association, eds. Grade 11 general business math resource package: A teacher's resource for grade 11 general business and consumer mathematics. [Guelph, ON]: Grand Valley Mathematics Association, 1986.

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Bornecke, Jürgen. Verbraucherorganisationen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, eine kritische Analyse: Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel. Bonn: [s.n.], 1986.

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The economics of quality, grades, and brands. London: Routledge, 1992.

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T, Elliot A., ed. Health physics. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1996.

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McCormick, Andrew K. Health physics. Cheltenham, [Eng.]: Stanley Thornes, 1989.

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Education, Ontario Ministry of. Business studies: The Ontario curriculum, grades 11 and 12, 2000. [Toronto, Ont.]: The Ministry, 2000.

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Khalfani, Lynnette. Zero debt for college grads: From student loans to financial freedom. New York: Kaplan Publishing, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Consumer grade"

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Drouin, Marc-Antoine, and Lama Seoud. "Consumer-Grade RGB-D Cameras." In 3D Imaging, Analysis and Applications, 215–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44070-1_5.

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Rysst, Mari. "“Hello — We’re Only in the Fifth Grade!!”: Children’s Rights, Inter-generationality and Constructions of Gender in Public Discourses About Childhood." In Childhood and Consumer Culture, 228–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230281844_15.

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Luo, Zhenzhen, Zhongyi Hu, and Zuoyong Li. "Estimation of Motor Imagination Based on Consumer-Grade EEG Device." In Machine Learning for Cyber Security, 305–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62460-6_27.

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Kumar, Keshav. "Automated Defect Detection in Consumer-Grade Knives Using Active Planning." In Proceedings of Second International Conference on Advances in Computer Engineering and Communication Systems, 575–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7389-4_56.

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Milic, Nash. "Consumer Grade Brain-Computer Interfaces: An Entry Path into NeuroIS Domains." In Information Systems and Neuroscience, 185–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41402-7_23.

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Wang, Bin, Pan Pan, Qinjie Xiao, Likang Luo, Xiaofeng Ren, Rong Jin, and Xiaogang Jin. "Seamless Color Mapping for 3D Reconstruction with Consumer-Grade Scanning Devices." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 633–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11009-3_39.

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Bazzano, Federica, Paolo Montuschi, Fabrizio Lamberti, Gianluca Paravati, Silvia Casola, Gabriel Ceròn, Jaime Londoño, and Flavio Tanese. "Mental Workload Assessment for UAV Traffic Control Using Consumer-Grade BCI Equipment." In Intelligent Human Computer Interaction, 60–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72038-8_6.

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Burton, Timothy, Gennadi Saiko, and Alexandre Douplik. "Feasibility Study of Remote Contactless Perfusion Imaging with Consumer-Grade Mobile Camera." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 289–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14190-4_47.

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Wetherington, G. R. "Performance Assessment of Several Low-Cost Consumer-Grade Analog-to-Digital Conversion Devices." In Sensors and Instrumentation, Aircraft/Aerospace and Energy Harvesting , Volume 8, 15–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74642-5_2.

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Bellman, Christopher, Ruba AlOmari, Albert Fung, Miguel Vargas Martin, and Ramiro Liscano. "Challenges in the Effectiveness of Image Tagging Using Consumer-Grade Brain-Computer Interfaces." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 55–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40651-0_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Consumer grade"

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Qian, Ruohe. "Healthcare on Consumer-grade Wearable Devices." In 2020 IEEE 3rd International Conference of Safe Production and Informatization (IICSPI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iicspi51290.2020.9332400.

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Majoros, Tamas, and Stefan Oniga. "Activity recognition using consumer-grade EEG device." In 2021 13th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecai52376.2021.9515106.

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Baumann, Felix, Jochen Wellekötter, Dieter Roller, and Christian Bonten. "Geometrical Fidelity of Consumer Grade 3D Printers." In CAD'16. CAD Solutions LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14733/cadconfp.2016.127-130.

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Wilkinson, Andrew, Alok Parlikar, Sunayana Sitaram, Tim White, Alan W. Black, and Suresh Bazaj. "Open-Source Consumer-Grade Indic Text To Speech." In 9th ISCA Speech Synthesis Workshop. ISCA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/ssw.2016-31.

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Menna, Fabio, Erica Nocerino, Fabio Remondino, and Mark Shortis. "Investigation of a consumer-grade digital stereo camera." In SPIE Optical Metrology 2013, edited by Fabio Remondino, Mark R. Shortis, Jürgen Beyerer, and Fernando Puente León. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2020899.

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Marucco, Gianluca, and Davide Margaria. "Positioning integrity computation for consumer grade GNSS receivers." In CoNEXT '17: The 13th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3152896.3152900.

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Lai, Hsin-Yu, Gladynel Saavedra-Pena, Charles Sodini, Thomas Heldt, and Vivienne Sze. "Enabling Saccade Latency Measurements with Consumer-Grade Cameras." In 2018 25th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2018.8451354.

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Brachmann, Ferenc. "About performance requirements set against consumer-grade geolocation technologies." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on System Science and Engineering (ICSSE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsse.2013.6614681.

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Lin, Jung Yi, Ming Chih Tung, Chia Hui Chang, Chao Chung Liu, and Ju Fu Peng. "Position Correction on Consumer-Grade GPS Using Genetic Programming." In 2012 Sixth International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing (ICGEC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgec.2012.120.

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Mankoff, Jennifer. "Consumer-Grade Fabrication and Its Potential to Revolutionize Accessibility." In EICS '18: ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3220134.3223043.

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Reports on the topic "Consumer grade"

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Adam C. Powell, IV. Efficient One-Step Electrolytic Recycling of Low-Grade and Post-Consumer Magnesium Scrap. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1046980.

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Ibrahimi Jarchlo, Ayla, and Lucy King. Survey of consumer perceptions of alternative, or novel, sources of protein. Food Standards Agency, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ncn554.

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This report provides an executive summary of a recent consumer poll conducted on alternative proteins. In December 2021, the FSA commissioned Ipsos MORI to conduct an online survey to understand consumer awareness and perceptions of alternative proteins. The survey was conducted with 1,930 adults aged 16-75 living in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Data was collected between 9th – 11th December 2021 via Ipsos MORI’s online omnibus. The data was weighted to be representative of the adult population aged 16 – 75 living in England, Wales and Northern Ireland on key demographics: age, gender, region, working status and social grade.
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Bhatt, Parth, Curtis Edson, and Ann MacLean. Image Processing in Dense Forest Areas using Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). Michigan Technological University, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.michigantech-p/16366.

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Imagery collected via Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) platforms has become popular in recent years due to improvements in a Digital Single-Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera (centimeter and sub-centimeter), lower operation costs as compared to human piloted aircraft, and the ability to collect data over areas with limited ground access. Many different application (e.g., forestry, agriculture, geology, archaeology) are already using and utilizing the advantages of UAS data. Although, there are numerous UAS image processing workflows, for each application the approach can be different. In this study, we developed a processing workflow of UAS imagery collected in a dense forest (e.g., coniferous/deciduous forest and contiguous wetlands) area allowing users to process large datasets with acceptable mosaicking and georeferencing errors. Imagery was acquired with near-infrared (NIR) and red, green, blue (RGB) cameras with no ground control points. Image quality of two different UAS collection platforms were observed. Agisoft Metashape, a photogrammetric suite, which uses SfM (Structure from Motion) techniques, was used to process the imagery. The results showed that an UAS having a consumer grade Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) onboard had better image alignment than an UAS with lower quality GNSS.
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Or, Etti, Tai-Ping Sun, Amnon Lichter, and Avichai Perl. Characterization and Manipulation of the Primary Components in Gibberellin Signaling in the Grape Berry. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592649.bard.

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Seedless cultivars dominate the table grape industry. In these cultivars it is mandatory to apply gibberellin (GA) to stimulate berry development to a commercially acceptable size. These cultivars differ in their sensitivity to GA application, and it frequently results in adverse effects such as decreased bud fertility and increased fruit drop. Our long term goals are to (1) understand the molecular basis for the differential sensitivity and identify markers for selection of sensitive cultivars (2) to develop new strategies for targeted manipulation of the grape berry response to GA that will eliminate the need in GA application and the undesirable effects of GA on the vine, while maintaining its desirable effects on the berry. Both strategies are expected to reduce production cost and meet growing consumer demand for reduced use of chemicals. This approach relies on a comprehensive characterization of the central components in the GA signaling cascade in the berry. Several key components in the GA signaling pathway were identified in Arabidopsis and rice, including the GA receptors, GID1s, and a family of DELLA proteins that are the major negative regulators of the GA response. GA activates its response pathway by binding to GID1s, which then target DELLAs for degradation via interaction with SLY, a DELLA specific F-box protein. In grape, only one DELLA gene was characterized prior to this study, which plays a major role in inhibiting GA-promoted stem growth and GA-repressed floral induction but it does not regulate fruit growth. Therefore, we speculated that other DELLA family member(s) may control GA responses in berry, and their identification and manipulation may result in GA-independent berry growth. In the current study we isolated two additional VvDELLA family members, two VvGID1 genes and two VvSLY genes. Arabidopsis anti-AtRGA polyclonal antibodies recognized all three purified VvDELLA proteins, but its interaction with VvDELLA3 was weaker. Overexpression of the VvDELLAs, the VvGID1s, and the VvSLYs in the Arabidopsis mutants ga1-3/rga-24, gid1a-2/1c-2 and sly1-10, respectively, rescued the various mutant phenotypes. In vitro GAdependent physical interaction was shown between the VvDELLAs and the VvGID1s, and GAindependent interaction was shown between the VvDELLAs and VvSLYs. Interestingly, VvDELLA3 did not interact with VvGID1b. Together, the results indicate that the identified grape homologs serve as functional DELLA repressors, receptors and DELLA-interacting F-box proteins. Expression analyses revealed that (1) VvDELLA2 was expressed in all the analyzed tissues and was the most abundant (2) VvDELLA1 was low expressed in berries, confirming former study (3) Except in carpels and very young berries, VvDELLA3 levels were the lowest in most tissues. (4) Expression of both VvGID1s was detected in all the grape tissues, but VvGID1b transcript levels were significantly higher than VvGID1a. (5) In general, both VvDELLAs and VvGID1s transcripts levels increased as tissues aged. Unfertilized and recently fertilized carpels did not follow this trend, suggesting different regulatory mechanism of GA signaling in these stages. Characterization of the response to GA of various organs in three seedless cultivars revealed differential response of the berries and rachis. Interestingly, VvDELLA3 transcript levels in the GA-unresponsive berries of cv. Spring blush were significantly higher compared to their levels in the highly responsive berries of cv. Black finger. Assuming that VvDELLA2 and VvDELLA3 are regulating berry size, constructs carrying potential dominant mutations in each gene were created. Furthermore, constitutive silencing of these genes by mIR is underway, to reveal the effect of each gene on the berry phenotype.
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Echeverría, Carlos, Mariana Weiss, Talita Borges, Harold del Castillo, Oriol Biosca, and Michelle Carvalho Metanias Hallack. Estimando a demanda potencial de energia para veículos elétricos: um estudo de caso para o Sul do Brasil e seus possíveis desdobramentos. Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004423.

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O presente estudo propõe uma estrutura analítica para estimar a demanda potencial de energia para veículos elétricos (VE), e traz os principais resultados da sua aplicação para um estudo de caso para região sul do Brasil – composta pelos estados de Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. Os resultados do estudo de caso estimam que os VE podem alcançar até 10,9% da frota da região Sul do país em 2040, o que corresponde a uma frota até 1,7 milhões de VE em 2040 e um acréscimo de até 5,10% no consumo de energia da região. Desta forma, é possível esperar que este acréscimo na demanda pode ser acomodado pelo sistema de geração e pela rede de transmissão sem grandes dificuldades, porém exigindo alguns investimentos e reforços na rede de distribuição média tensão (MT) e de baixa tensão (BT) para atender a esse aumento de demanda provocado pelos VE. Por fim, foi discutida a possibilidade de conexão do Sul do Brasil com países vizinhos próximos, como a Argentina, Paraguai e o Uruguai – através de um corredor elétrico.
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Perl, Avichai, Bruce I. Reisch, and Ofra Lotan. Transgenic Endochitinase Producing Grapevine for the Improvement of Resistance to Powdery Mildew (Uncinula necator). United States Department of Agriculture, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568766.bard.

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The original objectives are listed below: 1. Design vectors for constitutive expression of endochitinase from Trichoderma harzianum strain P1. Design vectors with signal peptides to target gene expression. 2. Extend transformation/regeneration technology to other cultivars of importance in the U.S. and Israel. 3. Transform cultivars with the endochitinase constructs developed as part of objective 1. A. Characterize foliar powdery mildew resistance in transgenic plants. Background of the topic Conventional breeding of grapevines is a slow and imprecise process. The long generation cycle, large space requirements and poor understanding of grapevine genetics prevent rapid progress. There remains great need to improve existing important cultivars without the loss of identity that follows from hybridization. Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) is the most important fungal pathogen of grapevines, causing economic losses around the world. Genetic control of powdery mildew would reduce the requirement for chemical or cultural control of the disease. Yet, since the trait is under polygenic control, it is difficult to manipulate through hybridization and breeding. Also, because grapevines are heterozygous and vegetatively propagated cultivar identity is lost in the breeding process. Therefore, there is great need for techniques to produce transgenic versions of established cultivars with heterologous genes conferring disease resistance. Such a gene is now available for control of powdery mildew of grapevines. The protein coded by the Endochitinase gene, derived from Trichoderma harzianum, is very effective in suppressing U. necator growth. The goal of this proposal is to develop transgenic grapevines with this antifungal gene, and to test the effect of this gene on resistance to powdery mildew. Conclusions, achievements and implications Gene transfer technology for grape was developed using commercial cultivars for both wine and table grapes. It paved the way for a new tool in grapevine genetic studies enabling the alteration of specific important traits while maintaining the essential features of existing elite cultivars. Regeneration and transformation technologies were developed and are currently at an advanced stage for USA wine and Israeli seedless cultivars, representing the cutting edge of grape genetic engineering studies worldwide. Transgenic plants produced are tested for powdery mildew resistance in greenhouse and field experiments at both locations. It is our ultimate goal to develop transgenic grapes which will be more efficient and economical for growers to produce, while also providing consumers with familiar products grown with reduced chemical inputs.
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Kanner, Joseph, Mark Richards, Ron Kohen, and Reed Jess. Improvement of quality and nutritional value of muscle foods. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7591735.bard.

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Food is an essential to our existence but under certain conditions it could become the origin to the accumulative health damages. Technological processes as heating, chopping, mincing, grounding, promote the lipid oxidation process in muscle tissues and meat foodstuffs. Lipid oxidation occurred rapidly in turkey muscle, intermediate in duck, and slowest in chicken during frozen storage. Depletion of tocopherol during frozen storage was more rapid in turkey and duck compared to chicken. These processes developed from lipid peroxides produce many cytotoxic compounds including malondialdehyde (MDA). The muscle tissue is further oxidized in stomach conditions producing additional cytotoxic compounds. Oxidized lipids that are formed during digestion of a meal possess the potential to promote reactions that incur vascular diseases. A grape seed extract (1% of the meat weight) and butylated hydroxytoluene (0.2% of the lipid weight) were each effective at preventing formation of lipid oxidation products for 3 hours during co-incubation with cooked turkey meat in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Polyphenols in the human diet, as an integral part of the meal prevent the generation and absorption of cytotoxic compounds and the destruction of essential nutrients, eg. antioxidants vitamins during the meal. Polyphenols act as antioxidants in the gastrointestinal tract; they scavenge free radicals and may interact with reactive carbonyls, enzymes and proteins. These all reactions results in decreasing the absorption of reactive carbonyls and possible other cytotoxic compounds into the plasma. Consumptions of diet high in fat and red meat are contributory risk factors partly due to an increase production of cytotoxic oxidized lipid products eg. MDA. However, the simultaneously consumption of polyphenols rich foods reduce these factors. Locating the biological site of action of polyphenols in the in the gastrointestinal tract may explain the paradox between the protective effect of a highly polyphenols rich diet and the low bioavailability of these molecules in human plasma. It may also explain the "French paradox" and the beneficial effect of Mediterranean and Japanese diets, in which food products with high antioxidants content such as polyphenols are consumed during the meal.
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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
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9

Zambrano, Omar, and Hugo Hernández. La clase media en Venezuela: Definición, caracterización y evolución reciente. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003067.

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Venezuela experimenta la recesión económica más severa y prolongada de su historia económica moderna. El país ha perdido tres cuartas partes de su Producto Interno Bruto, produciendo, como consecuencia, una degradación extrema de las condiciones materiales de vida de sus habitantes. En este contexto, no existe una evaluación apropiada de los efectos que esta profunda crisis económica ha tenido sobre los indicadores socioeconómicos de las clases medias en Venezuela. Este documento técnico hace uso de las fuentes de microdatos disponibles para analizar empíricamente el tamaño y la evolución reciente de la clase media venezolana a la luz de la reciente crisis económica. En líneas generales, se corrobora una caída abrupta y sistemática tanto en el tamaño de la clase media venezolana, así como del poder de consumo de quienes todavía forman parte de ella. En 2020 se verifica que aproximadamente 9 de cada 10 familias que era considerada de clase media a principios de la década pasada, ya no lo es. Además, el análisis dinámico de los datos muestra evidencia de que una porción muy importante de familias de clase media ha perdido su estatus sobretodo en los últimos años, tendencia comprobada por la evolución indicadores no monetarios, relacionados con los niveles multidimensionales de bienestar y seguridad económica de las familias de estratos medios. Venezuela llegó a ser el hogar de la más grande, sólida y próspera clase media de la región, hoy en día, la situación ha cambiado radicalmente: una parte importante de el acervo de capacidades y capital humano de la clase media ha alimentado la ola de emigración de venezolanos de los últimos años, mientras la otra parte, la poción que permaneció en Venezuela, sufre la erosión de sus condiciones en el marco de la depresión económica y la crisis humanitaria. En general, existe amplio consenso sobre el efecto positivo que tiene la clase media sobre el bienestar, el crecimiento económico, la equidad y la estabilidad de las economías, en este sentido, la rehabilitación de la clase media venezolana deberá formar parte de cualquier programa de recuperación futura.
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10

Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Pamela Andrea Cardozo-Ortiz, Daniel Esteban Osorio-Rodríguez, Wilmar Alexander Cabrera-Rodríguez, Nathali Cardozo-Alvarado, Jorge Cely, Felipe Clavijo, et al. Reporte de Estabilidad Financiera - II semestre 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2-2020.

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El sistema financiero colombiano no ha sufrido mayores traumatismos estructurales durante estos meses de profunda contracción económica, y ha continuado prestando con normalidad sus funciones básicas, facilitando la respuesta de la economía a condiciones extremas. Ello es el resultado de la solidez de las entidades financieras al inicio de la crisis, reflejada en elevados indicadores de liquidez y solvencia, y de la oportuna respuesta de distintas entidades. El Banco de la República redujo 250 puntos sus tasas de interés de política, hasta 1,75%, el menor nivel desde la creación del nuevo Banco independiente en 1991, y otorgó amplia liquidez transitoria y permanente, tanto en pesos como en moneda extranjera. Por su parte, la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia adoptó medidas prudenciales para facilitar cambios en las condiciones de los créditos vigentes y reglas transitorias de calificación y constitución de provisiones. Finalmente, el Gobierno Nacional expandió las transferencias y los programas de créditos garantizados a la economía. El acervo de crédito real (i.e. descontando la inflación) en la economía supera hoy en 4% el de hace 12 meses, con crecimientos especialmente marcados en la cartera de vivienda (5,6%) y comercial (4,7%) (2,3% en consumo y -0,1% en microcrédito), pero ha habido cambios importantes en el tiempo. En los meses iniciales de la cuarentena las firmas elevaron fuertemente sus demandas por liquidez, y los consumidores las redujeron, mientras que en los meses recientes la dinámica del crédito a las firmas ha tendido a desacelerarse, y la del crédito a los consumidores y a la vivienda ha crecido. El sistema financiero ha respondido satisfactoriamente a la evolución de la demanda relativa de cada grupo o sector, y el crédito posiblemente crecerá a tasas altas en 2021 si el PIB crece a tasas cercanas a 4,6% como lo espera el equipo técnico del Banco, pero los pronósticos son altamente inciertos. Luego de la fuerte cuarentena implementada por las autoridades en Colombia, las turbulencias observadas en marzo y comienzos de abril, evidentes en el enrojecimiento repentino de variables macroeconómicas en el mapa de riesgos del Gráfico A , y la caída en los precios del petróleo y el carbón (nótese las altas volatilidades registradas en la región de riesgo de mercado del Gráfico A), los mercados financieros locales se estabilizaron con relativa rapidez. En esta estabilización tuvo un papel determinante la respuesta de política creíble y sostenida del Banco de la República en lo referente a la provisión de liquidez, con una fuerte expansión de operaciones repo (y variaciones en montos, plazos, contrapartes e instrumentos admisibles), la compra definitiva de deuda pública y privada, y la reducción del encaje de los bancos. En este sentido, hoy se observa abundante liquidez agregada y mejoras importantes en la posición de liquidez de los fondos de inversión colectiva. En este contexto, el principal factor de incertidumbre para la estabilidad financiera en el corto plazo continúa siendo el alto grado de incertidumbre que rodea a la calidad de la cartera. En primer lugar, es incierta la trayectoria futura del número de contagiados y fallecidos como consecuencia del virus y la eventual necesidad de medidas sanitarias adicionales. Por tal razón, también existe incertidumbre sobre la senda de recuperación de la economía en el corto y mediano plazo. En segundo lugar, es incierto el grado en que el choque actual se reflejará en la calidad de la cartera una vez se materialice el riesgo en los estados financieros. De momento, el mapa de riesgos (Gráfico B) indica que la cartera vencida y la cartera riesgosa no han mostrado mayores deterioros, pero la experiencia histórica indica que períodos de fuerte desaceleración económica tienden a coincidir eventualmente con aumentos de la cartera vencida: los cálculos incluidos en este reporte sugieren que el impacto de la recesión sobre la calidad del crédito en el corto plazo podría ser significativo. Ello es particularmente preocupante teniendo en cuenta que la rentabilidad de los establecimientos de crédito ha venido reduciéndose en meses recientes, lo cual podría afectar su capacidad para otorgar crédito al sector real de la economía. Con el fin de adoptar un enfoque prospectivo de cara a las vulnerabilidades identificadas, este reporte presenta varios ejercicios de sensibilidad (stress tests) que evalúan la resiliencia de la liquidez y la solvencia de los establecimientos de crédito y de los fondos de inversión colectiva ante escenarios hipotéticos que buscan aproximarse a una versión extrema de las condiciones económicas actuales. Los resultados sugieren que, en tales escenarios, se observarían fuertes impactos sobre el volumen de crédito y la rentabilidad de los establecimientos de crédito, aunque los indicadores agregados de solvencia total y básica permanecerían en niveles superiores a los límites regulatorios durante el horizonte de los ejercicios. Al tiempo, los ejercicios resaltan la alta capacidad que tiene la liquidez del sistema para enfrentar escenarios adversos. En cumplimiento de sus objetivos constitucionales y en coordinación con la red de seguridad del sistema financiero, el Banco de la República continuará monitoreando de cerca el panorama de estabilidad financiera en esta coyuntura y tomará aquellas decisiones que sean necesarias para garantizar el adecuado funcionamiento de la economía, facilitar los flujos de recursos suficientes de crédito y liquidez, y promover el buen funcionamiento del sistema de pagos. Juan José Echavarría Gerente General
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