Journal articles on the topic 'Consumer credit – Canada – Statistics'
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Ben-Ishai, Stephanie, and Saul Schwartz. "Credit Counselling in Canada: An Empirical Examination." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 29, no. 01 (July 22, 2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2013.33.
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Abstract When debt becomes unmanageable, two options for a consumer debtor in Canada are: (1) enlisting the services of a bankruptcy trustee, and (2) becoming a client of a not-for-profit credit counselling agency. Each of these options is regulated differently and has public and private dimensions. At first glance, these two options might seem to illustrate the potential of multiple legal orders to better serve the public. In this paper, however, we argue, based on empirical research on the credit counselling industry, that while this pluralism has potential to facilitate debt relief in Canada, it has failed to do so. The lines between public and private options have been blurred to the point where they are difficult to discern, and the consumer debtor is ultimately disadvantaged.
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Ho, Anson T. Y., Lealand Morin, Harry J. Paarsch, and Kim P. Huynh. "Consumer credit usage in Canada during the coronavirus pandemic." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 55, S1 (February 2022): 88–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/caje.12544.
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Savvopoulos, Anastasios. "Consumer Credit Models: Pricing, Profit and Portfolios." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 173, no. 2 (April 2010): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985x.2009.00634_12.x.
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Rasiah, Devinaga. "The Flexible Alternative Consumer Financing in Malaysia: Credit Cards." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 4, no. 3 (March 30, 2013): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v4i3.745.
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This study examines the changes occurring in the consumption behavior of the Malaysian consumers towards the use of credit cards as a source of consumer finance. Use of credit cards as payment had considerably multiplied in Malaysia ever since 1990s. Supported by the conceptual framework, five independent variables were employed. This was evaluated with respect to one dependent variable in this study. The dependent variable was the credit card. The questionnaire was tested using 160 questionnaires, using validity test, linear correlation, descriptive statistics and multiple regressions to test the results. The results indicated that there was a relationship between credit card debts, attitude, income, understanding/knowledge, potential impact of credit card utilization among bank customers. The study can be used by banks to be aware of the increased usage of credit cards which can give rise to increase in consumer finance in the future.
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Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi YAI, Marfiani. "JUMPA Vol.3 No.2 Juni 2016 ANALISIS HUBUNGAN KEBIJAKAN PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN DENGAN PENGGUNA KARTU KREDIT." Jurnal Manajemen dan Perbankan (JUMPA) 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.55963/jumpa.v3i2.199.
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The study aims to prove the relationship policy variable consumer protection against credit card provider that include the perception of the credit card services, credit card customer satisfaction and aspirations of consumer protection program techniques of data collection and measurement scales using two to four alternative answers are combined. The tipe of approach used in this study is correlation. The typeof statistics used are parametic, for a description using the mean standard deviation, while to look at the data analysisusing partial correlation. The study population included 30 people with the sampling technique used purposive sampling. Statistical testing using statistical package for social sciences version 16,0 widow with a significant level of p>0,5 the result that the hypothesis is accepted, it mean there is a significant relationship between policy analisys of consumer protection againt credit card provider.
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Kerr, Sougata, and Lucia Dunn. "Consumer Search Behavior in the Changing Credit Card Market." Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 26, no. 3 (July 2008): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/073500107000000133.
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Ndungo’, Jackson Mnago, Dr Olweny Tobias, and Dr Memba Florence. "EFFECT OF CONSUMER PROTECTION FUNCTION ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF SACCOS IN KENYA." International Journal of Finance and Accounting 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2016): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijfa.145.
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Purpose: The study sought to determine the effect of consumer protection function on financial performance of SACCOs in Kenya.Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population comprised of registered 181 deposit-taking SACCOs as at 31st December 2014 and the three licensed CRBs in Kenya. Stratified random sampling was used in the study, where SACCOs were grouped into five respective strata which were then randomly selected. The SACCOs were grouped into five respective strata of government based, teachers based, farmers based, private institutions based and community based. The study sampled 135 of the 181 (74.5%) licensed deposit taking SACCOs since these were the only licensed deposit-taking SACCOs by 2014. The choice of the licensed deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya was very objective since it was possible to obtain information that is representative of Kenya. In addition, SACCOs form the smaller arm in the financial sector and in most cases deals with a larger group of clients from the informal sector as opposed to other financial institutions like banks. Both primary and secondary data were analyzed using SPSS software, and statistics generated included descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The particular descriptive statistics used included frequencies and percentages while the particular inferential statistics included Pearson correlation analysis and regression. Correlation analysis was used to establish relationships between the consumer protection function and financial performances. Regression analysis was used to establish the significance of the variables and the degree of causal effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The hypotheses testing were conducted using simple regression model.Findings: From the data analysis the study concluded that there was a significant and positive relationship between consumer protection function and financial performance thus the existence of credit reference bureaus was suitable for improving financial performance of SACCOs. This implies that that Credit reference bureaus have led to consumer protection and increased customers’ rights. Similarly, credit reference bureaus have led to assumption that borrowing is a right regardless of capabilities. Credit reference bureaus have reduces undesired monopolistic actions of lenders. Lastly, credit reference bureaus have led to reduced bad “culture” on loan repayment.Recommendation: The study recommended that lenders should ensure that they have accurate information before listing the unworthy borrowers to avoid unnecessary legal battles which may affect performance as a measure for customer rights protection.
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Migiro, Stephen. "Post National Credit Act reckless lending in the South African banking industry." Public and Municipal Finance 6, no. 2 (July 27, 2017): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.06(2).2017.03.
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One of the main aims of the National Credit Act (NCA) of 2005 in South Africa is to curtail rising consumer over-indebtedness by encouraging credit providers to adopt responsible lending practices. This research study seeks to ascertain whether the NCA’s responsible lending requirements have limited reckless lending by credit providers. Data are collected by a telephonic survey amongst debt counselors and in-depth interviews amongst bank employees. Descriptive statistics are used to analyze data from the descriptive survey, while data from in-depth interviews are analyzed using the thematic approach. Credit providers have divided opinions on whether the NCA limits reckless lending practices. Debt counselors claimed that credit providers are lending irresponsibly. By contrast, insights obtained from bank employees indicate compliance. However, both agree that borrowers are not borrowing responsibly. As a result, consumer education is required to educate consumers on both the benefits and risks of borrowing. It is also recommended that lenders be audited for compliance to the Credit act.
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Pesic, Valerio, Fabrizio Santoboni, and Paolo Zenobi. "The availability of consumer credit during financial crises." International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management 19, no. 1/2 (2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijram.2016.074434.
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Ezrokh, Yurij. "Credit Cooperation in Russia: Accumulated Problems and Their Solutions." Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2018, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 82–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105201815.
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The subject of the study is the financial and economic activities of the subjects of domestic credit cooperation at the present stage. The purpose of the work is to determine the contradictions in the functioning of credit consumer cooperatives (at the micro and macro levels) and to develop practical measures to resolve them. The article singles out seven main groups of problems an unbalanced structure of the rights and obligations of the shareholders of credit cooperatives, low degree of state regulation of the credit cooperative market, instability in the subject composition of the credit cooperative market, low degree of security of the invested funds in credit cooperatives, ultra-low openness of financial statistics of credit cooperation, low transparency of the conditions for the provision of financial services by credit 83 cooperatives, insufficient attention to strategic planning and conducting scientific and practical consultations.
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Vlasova, Yuliya Ashumovna, Zhanneta Ilijasovna Gerzelieva, and Tatyana Mikhailovna Rogova. "The peculiarities of development of consumer lending in the conditions of pandemic on the example of ZENITH Bank." Финансы и управление, no. 4 (April 2021): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7802.2021.4.35693.
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The consumer segment of the credit services market is undergoing complex transformations due to systemic changes in the economic space caused by the pandemic. The subject of this research development trends in the market of consumer lending in the conditions of pandemic. The object is the credit services market in the context of digitalization. The article explores the peculiarities of development of the segment of consumer lending in depository institutions. Research methodology employs the method of statistical analysis and forecasting the development of trends in the area under study. The source information includes the official statistics on the dynamics of financial sector of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, available analytical sources and reports of ZENITH Bank. The main results lies in outlining the current trends in the development of consumer lending in the conditions of digitalization due to the pandemic. The author examines the ratio of the credit portfolio of the leading banks to the level of overdue debt, the structure of retail lending in the scope of credit portfolio, types and specificity of consumer lending products. Recommendations are formulated for stabilization of operating results of the commercial banks. Practical significance of the acquired results lies in revealing the impact of the ongoing changes upon the activity of depository institutions, attending risks, and vectors of the development of banking sector under the current conditions. The novelty consists in studying the experience of operation of medium-sized bank in crisis period, as well as in outlining the directions for improving its reliability and profitability.
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Azar, Samih Antoine. "The Determinants of Export Documentary Credit in Lebanon." Accounting and Finance Research 6, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v6n1p68.
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The empirical literature on documentary credit is notoriously lacking. The main reason is the absence of clean statistics. Lebanon is an exception. Documentary credit can be either for import or for export purposes. This paper dwells on export documentary credit. The determinants of such credit can be classified into factors that are derived from the demand for exports, and additional unique factors. The derived factors are foreign demand, and the value of the exchange rate. The unique factors are borrowing costs and business and consumer confidence. Three types of export documentary credit have available data series: opened, utilized, and outstanding. The decision to open depends on all four factors. When the credit is utilized the collateral loans are repaid. Hence borrowing costs should not matter. The other three factors remain statistically significant. Outstanding documentary credit depends solely and surprisingly on foreign demand.
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Mwangi, Christopher, and Dr Paul Katuse. "EFFECT OF CUSTOMER INFORMATION ON CONSUMER SATISFACTION: A CASE OF THE NIC BANK LIMITED." International Journal of Business Strategies 2, no. 1 (February 5, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ijbs.199.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of customer information on consumer satisfaction, a case of the NIC bank limited.Methodology: The descriptive survey research design was preferred for the study. The population of the study was over 10,000 credit card holders in NIC Bank. Snow balling sampling technique was appropriate for this study because credit card customers were not keen on cooperating because of the sensitivity of information gathered and only cooperated on referral from friends. Fishers’ formula was used for calculating the sample size of an infinite population which amounted to 384 but for the purpose of improving the response rate, the study added 16 more respondents to total up to 400. The study used primary data. The study used a questionnaire as the preferred data collection tool. Information was sorted, coded and input into the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) for production of descriptive statistics. The results were presented using tables and pie charts to give a clear picture of the research findings.Results: Based on the findings, the study conclded that the organization did not provide enough information to enable the customers use credit cards wisely. Results also led to conclusion that Consumers should take credit cards with sufficient information on the credit terms. Results also concluded that that Consumers’ should have attitudes and perceptions towards credit cards. Results concluded that the proliferation of credit cards and their ease of access had given consumers increased opportunities for making credit purchases. Results also concluded that the organization should consider leveraging information on social sites with regard to finding a customer’s most recent location..Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Based on the findings, the study recommends that banks should emphasize on leveraging information on social sites with regard to finding a customer’s most recent location. In addition the study recommends that the banks should adopt sending credit card information through twitter and facebook. In addition, banks should invest in consumer groups to sensitive customers on credit card issues.
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Kersey, Bruce. "Do Economic Statistics Leak Out Before Their Official Announcements?" Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 11, no. 3 (September 15, 2011): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v11i3.5866.
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The finding of this study is that most of the 14 economic data examined in this study appear to not leak out before the official announcement. However, it appears that three of the 14 may indeed become available to some traders. This statement is based on the facts that for each of the three number of positive observations are considerably above the halfway mark, and the net positive weighted values for each of the three are fairly high. These three variables are the Producer Price Inde3x, Consumer Credit, and the Purchasing Managers Survey.
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Robinson, Daniel J. "Polling Consumers: The Rise of Market Research Surveys in Canada, 1929-1941." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 8, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 187–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031122ar.
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Abstract Consumer sample surveys, the predecessor of opinion polling, emerged in the late 1920s as a response to the marketing problems of lacklustre demand and inefficient distribution. In conjunction with Dominion Bureau of Statistics marketing data, consumer surveys were conceived and championed as the demandside corollary of rationalised manufacturing methods. By providing quantitative measures of buyer wants and behaviours, they could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of advertising, thus boosting aggregate consumer spending. Chief among the early promoters and practitioners of consumer surveys were advertising agencies, market research firms, and newspaper and magazine publishers. While some US historians of mass marketing have characterised the phenomenon as a democratic leveller of consumption, Canadian consumers, as represented in market surveys, were not a facsimile of the general population. They were disproportionately married and female, urban and English-speaking, and, most of all, drawn from middle-to-upper-income ranks.
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Mwangi, Christopher, and Dr Paul Katuse. "INFLUENCE OF COST OF CREDIT ON CONSUMER SATISFACTION: A CASE OF THE NIC BANK LIMITED." International Journal of Business Strategies 2, no. 1 (February 5, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ijbs.198.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of cost of credit on consumer satisfaction, a case of the NIC bank limited.Methodology: The descriptive survey research design was preferred for the study. The population of the study was over 10,000 credit card holders in NIC Bank. Snow balling sampling technique was appropriate for this study because credit card customers were not keen on cooperating because of the sensitivity of information gathered and only cooperated on referral from friends. Fishers’ formula was used for calculating the sample size of an infinite population which amounted to 384 but for the purpose of improving the response rate, the study added 16 more respondents to total up to 400. The study used primary data. The study used a questionnaire as the preferred data collection tool. Information was sorted, coded and input into the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) for production of descriptive and inferential statistics. The results were presented using tables and pie charts to give a clear picture of the research findings.Results: Based on the findings, the study conclded that that credit card interest rate was competitive compared to other offerings in the market, the credit card interest rate is better than overdraft rates. It was concluded that the credit card interest rate was affordable compared to shylock interest rates. Results led to the conclusion that the penalties were lower than those of competitors. Study results show that the credit card joining fee was affordable compared to other products, the credit card joining fee was lower than that of competitors. Results also led to the conclusion that the penalties were very high. Results also led to the conclusion that credit card interest rate were affordable compared to Sacco interest.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Based on the findings, the study recommends that the Government should legalise the interest rate within the banks and make it affordable to the consumers. In addition the banks should lower the credit card joining fee as this will motivate more customers to join and therefore an additional benefit the banks.
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Hudec, Martin. "CREDIT INDEBTEDNESS AS CONVERGENCE CATALYST OF ECONOMIC REGENERATION IN THE VISEGRAD GROUP OF COUNTRIES." CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (September 21, 2016): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.758.
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Financial institutions perform an important role as financial intermediaries in the financial market of the Visegrad group of four countries. These institutions ensure the smooth transfer and redistribution of funds from the various economic players with surplus savings to those who need freely obtainable funds through loans. This transfer and redistribution essentially accelerates the convergence of the four countries economics, through creating consumer debt closer to that of the developed and competitive western economies. The purpose of this paper is to research available statistics to evaluate and compare different aspects, conditions, and development of consumer credits in these four countries in terms of their progress with economic recovery, as a part of convergence after the crisis period, in Central Europe.
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JAVED, ZAHOOR HUSSAIN, MAHMOOD UL HASAN, and IQRA AROOG. "Impact of Macroeconomic Variables on Growth of Assets in Islamic Banks: A Case of Pakistan." International Review of Management and Business Research 10, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30543/10-1(2021)-4.
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The foremost intention of this study is to investigate the influence of macroeconomic variables on the growth of assets in Islamic banks of Pakistan for 11 years from 2008-2018. Descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, and ordinary least square technique are used for data analysis. Thus, the findings indicate that the provision of domestic credit (% GDP) has positive and a significant influence on the growth of assets in Islamic banks in Pakistan. The consumer price index has a negative influence on the growth of assets in Pakistan because as the consumer’s price index has been risen up, consumers reduce their expenditures on goods and services, thus gathering assets in Islamic banks will be reduced. Thus, the consumer’s price index has negative effect on the growth of assets in Islamic banks. The outcomes of this research are consistent with the previous studies and shows same results. Keywords: Macroeconomics Variables, Growth of Assets in Islamic Banks, Domestic Credit, Consumer Price Index, Pakistan.
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Do, Minh T., Steven R. McFaull, Lauren Guttman, Lina Ghandour, and James Hardy. "Strengthening surveillance of consumer products in Canada: the vaping example." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 40, no. 10 (October 2020): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.40.10.02.
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Introduction The overall objective of this study was to demonstrate how information collected by the Consumer Product Safety Program (“the Program”) can be used to identify emerging hazards. Specifically, this study characterized and quantified trends associated with vaping reports received by the Program over the past five years. Methods Data collated by the Program were extracted for the period from 1 January, 2015 to 30 September, 2019. The data were summarized using descriptive statistics and trends were quantified for annual percent change. In order to compare characteristics of vaping reports, the proportionate injury ratios (PIRs) and corresponding 95% CIs were used to compare vaping-related injuries to all other reports received by the Program. Results A total of 71 vaping-related reports were received between 1 January, 2015 and 30 September, 2019. During this period, the annual percent change increase in the number of reports received was approximately 73% annually (p $lt; .05). Among the reported injuries, 41% were burn injuries. Proportionally, there were more vaping reports involving males (PIR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.51–2.36) and individuals between the ages of 15 and 19 years (PIR = 11.53; 95 % CI: 4.95–26.8) as compared to all other reports submitted to the Program. Conclusion While the number of reports relating to vaping products is small, the results of this analysis suggest that certain groups, including males and youth, are more likely to be the subject of a vaping-related incident.
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Sumantri, Fazhar, and Umi Latifah. "Pengaruh Ekonomi Makro Terhadap Indeks Harga Konsumen." Widya Cipta - Jurnal Sekretari dan Manajemen 3, no. 1 (February 19, 2019): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/widyacipta.v3i1.4638.
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Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an index number indicates the price level of commodity and services must be purchase by consumers inone period. The purpose of the research is to analyze macroeconomics impact to CPI on variable Interest Rate of Credit, Money Supply, USD Exchange Rate, and Inflation as variables. Data used in this research was taken from Central Statistics Agency Indonesia and The Central Bank of The Republic of Indonesia. The result from F test shows significant relationship in Interest Rate of Credit, Money Supply, USD Exchange Rate, and Inflation to CPI. Meanwhile t test shows there is no significant relationship between Money Supply and USD Exchange Rate to CPI, while significant relationship Interest Rate of Credit and Inflation to CPI. Based on Adjuted R Square; Interest Rate of Credit, Money Supply, USD Exchange Rate, and Inflation towards to CPI is 65.6% while the rest of it 34.4% was influenced by other factors.
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Perraudin, William R. M., Bent E. Sørensen, and Bent E. Sorensen. "The Credit-Constrained Consumer: An Empirical Study of Demand and Supply in the Loan Market." Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 10, no. 2 (April 1992): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1391676.
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Klachkova, O. A., and D. O. Solonina. "The impact of financial development on income inequality in the Russian regions." Journal of the New Economic Association 54, no. 2 (2022): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-54-2-5.
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This paper examines the factors of income inequality, among which financial development is under the spotlight. The degree of financial sector development determines ease of borrowing for population and their access to higher education, impacts entrepreneurial activity. Mixed empirical implications on the link between finance and inequality and lack of research conducted for the Russian regions explain the motivation of this paper. Regional financial system is characterized by financial depth indicators, a ratio of consumer credit to regional GDP and of consumer deposits to regional GDP along with the statistics on opened bank accounts. Estimations obtained using a panel dataset and models with different dependent variable provide evidence that the level of development of the financial sector has a significant impact on income inequality in the Russian regions. The empirical implications suggest that inequality tends to be positively associated with the volume of consumer loans. Nevertheless, increased placement of consumer deposits and improvement in bank infrastructure cause reduction in income inequality.
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Bochkareva, O. Yu. "Project financing of housing construction: domestic and foreign experience." Вестник гражданских инженеров 17, no. 4 (2020): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2020-17-4-219-230.
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Since July 1, 2019, the construction industry of the Russian Federation has switched to project financing of housing construction. In this regard, developers must provide financing of construction by using the owned and credit assets. According to this model, banks act as credit providers, as well as a supervisory authority for the appropriate expenditures of funds targeted to the project from special escrow accounts. The article discusses the concept of project financing, its main forms and types. A comparative analysis of domestic and foreign practice of project financing is made, and statistics data of transition of construction organizations to this model are presented. The system of interaction between the main participants of the construction project, namely, the consumer, the developer, the bank, is studied.
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Shah, Saleem, Irfan Hussain Khan, and Alamgir Khan. "Asset Price Channel of Monetary Policy in Pakistan." Global Economics Review VI, no. IV (December 30, 2021): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(vi-iv).07.
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This study has used Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR)model approach to analyze the Asset Price Channel of Monetary Transmission (APCMT) regarding Pakistan. Study use the date period of 34 years from 1980 to 2 14. Major findings of the study are; stock prices have bi-directional causality with industrial price index and money rte. Granger causality test was employed to check multi-directional causality between stock prices and industrial product index, money supply, money market rate,and consumer price index, whereas stock prices do not have significant causality with money supply and consumer price in ex.Descriptive statistics are used to check the normality of the data,and mean, median, standard deviation, Jerq-Berra, maximum and minimum values were calculated through descriptive statistics approach. For policy designing, this study has some important implications, and it gives emphasis on financial prices instead of credit to achieve the objective of the monetary policy of Pakistan.
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STEWART, LYNN, and LINDA ROBBINS. "TRENDS IN CONSUMPTION OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN CANADA." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-003.
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Statistics Canada Apparent Food Consumption data (1963–1984) and Family Food Expenditure survey data (1974, 1978 and 1982) indicate that there has been a decline in consumption of certain animal products such as red meats, eggs, whole milk and animal fats. Generally, these are the foods consumers perceive to be relatively high in saturated fat and/or cholesterol. In contrast, apparent consumption of chicken, cheeses, partly skimmed milk, yogurt and vegetable fats has been increasing. Although health concerns have had a significant influence on animal-product consumption trends in Canada, there are many other factors underlying consumer behavior. Reasons for the observed consumption trends as well as possible implications for the marketing of animal products are discussed. Key words: Meat, beef, pork, fish, poultry products, dairy products
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Shneiderman, I. M., A. V. Yarasheva, and S. V. Makar. "Financial Behavior of the Russian Population: Regional Differences." Voprosy statistiki 28, no. 6 (December 10, 2021): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2021-28-6-59-68.
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The introductory part of the article specifies the aim and objectives of the study, reflecting some of the important outcomes of the interregional differentiation in the financial behavior of the population of individual Russian territories (in more detail – regions of the Far Eastern Federal District, FEFD).The main section of the article identifies interregional differences in the financial behavior of the population of the considered regions of the country, including the FEFD territories, based on statistical methodology and using official statistics. The authors conducted a comparative interregional analysis of the structure of consumer spending, average per capita deposits, and public debt on loans granted by credit institutions for the period 2018–2020. Specific statistics show that the FEFD regions are experiencing a negative trend of accelerating the debt of the population to credit institutions.The article concludes with outcomes of an interregional comparative analysis of the considered characteristics, reflecting the emerging negative trends in the financial behavior of the population, showing that parts of the eastern part of the country lag markedly behind the general trend in social and economic development.
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Andreeva, Galina, and Anna Matuszyk. "The law of equal opportunities or unintended consequences?: The effect of unisex risk assessment in consumer credit." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 182, no. 4 (August 2019): 1287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12494.
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Yeung, ChunHo. "Research on Organization and Management in Taobao Operation." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (November 6, 2022): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2365.
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Credit swiping is a reality due to various flaws in Taobao's credit rating mechanism. As e-commerce enterprises' influence and service capabilities grow, the benefits of online shopping are further underlined. On April 21, 2003, Alibaba Cloud Computing purchased the domain name taobao.com. Today's mainland e-night shopping sector has seen C2C grow more faster than B2C recently. iResearch statistics indicate that Taobao's daily user increase is about 19,025. The Taobao business model is contradictory in and of itself. On the basis of this, Taobao.com creates a credit rating system.The primary sources of revenue for Taobao.com in 2018 are advertising and website click through fees, although this is not a sustainable business model. This article examines the C2C Taobao.com e-commerce business model without mentioning B2C mode. Additionally, Taobao is the indisputable market leader in vertical B2C and integrated B2C profit thanks to years of work developing consumer online purchasing habits. There is presently a three-way competition between Taobao, Eachnet, and Paipai on the local C2C market.
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Mwangi, Christopher, and Dr Paul Katuse. "EFFECT OF CUSTOMER SERVICE QUALITY ON CONSUMER SATISFACTION: A CASE OF THE NIC BANK LIMITED." International Journal of Business Strategies 2, no. 1 (February 5, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ijbs.200.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of customer service quality on consumer satisfaction, a case of the NIC bank limited.Methodology: The descriptive survey research design was preferred for the study. The population of the study was over 10,000 credit card holders in NIC Bank. Snow balling sampling technique was appropriate for this study because credit card customers were not keen on cooperating because of the sensitivity of information gathered and only cooperated on referral from friends. Fishers’ formula was used for calculating the sample size of an infinite population which amounted to 384 but for the purpose of improving the response rate, the study added 16 more respondents to total up to 400. The study used primary data. The study used a questionnaire as the preferred data collection tool. Information was sorted, coded and input into the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) for production of descriptive statistics. The results were presented using tables and pie charts to give a clear picture of the research findings.Results: Based on the findings, the study conclded that organizations must offer their customers quality service. It was also possible to conclude that customer service was the base for business expansion because of the stiff competition prevalent in the banking industry. Results also led to conclusion that the survival of banking business is dependent on customer service. Results also led to conclusion that the customers give firms the chance to correct a service failure.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Based on the findings, the study recommends that banks should emphasize that the credit customer service operatives are honest. In addition the study recommends that the banks should give customers a chance to suggest on noted service failure.
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Kolapo, A., AS Ogunleye, AD Kehinde, and AA Adebanke. "Determinants of farmers’ access to microcredit from cooperative societies in Ondo state, Nigeria." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 11, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v11i2.57262.
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The study examined the determinants of farmers’ access to microcredit from cooperative societies in Ondo state. A multistage sampling technique was used to obtain data from 100 respondents. Primary data was collected for the purpose of the study. We used descriptive statistics and logit regression model to analyses the data collected. Result showed that the farmers were mostly male farmers (64%) while majority of the farmers had a mean age of 44.10 ± 14.70. It was also revealed that consumer cooperative society, producer cooperative society, marketing cooperative society, cooperative farming society and credit and thrift cooperative society were the major forms of cooperative used by the farmers. The result also shows that age, marital status, farm size, farming experience, credit from another source and number of years in the cooperative significantly influenced farmers’ access to microcredit from cooperative society. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(2): 103-107, Dec 2021
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Kundid Novokmet, Ana. "Troubles with the Chf Loans in Croatia: The Story of a Case Still Waiting to Be Closed." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14020075.
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In numerous Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, the global financial crisis as well as the unpegging of the foreign exchange rate of the Swiss franc (CHF) against the euro amplified the repayment troubles of households with the outstanding CHF-linked debt. In Croatia, the CHF loans were approved mainly as mortgages to unprotected and subprime household borrowers without sufficient credit capacity for long-term euro-linked loans, which also contained a possibility of an incremental interest rate change, i.e., the so-called administrative interest rate. This article aims to disclose the reasons behind the credit boom of these loans, the unsustainable CHF debt hardship that the household sector consequently faced, and how it was/could have been resolved, with the Croatian banking sector at the center of the research. Although the CHF case of Croatia has some specificities concerning the prudential regulation and government-sponsored loan conversion, the findings about the supply and demand determinants of the CHF credit boom, as well as a critical assessment of the Croatian government and central bank interventions, might be useful for timely noticing universal threats from the exotic currency-linked loans for the systemic risk and financial stability, and for minimizing the negative externalities from probable debt relief measures. Based on the descriptive and univariate statistics conducted on Bloomberg and the Croatian National Bank (CNB) data, it was found that interest rate differentials and carry trading behavior were the main reasons for the rapid CHF credit growth in Croatia. Nevertheless, according to the financial experts’ opinions obtained via a questionnaire survey, and the court verdicts reached since, the financial consumer protection when contracting these loans was severely violated, which implies that the central bank must enhance its consumer protection role. By adopting a single-country and holistic approach, this is the first paper that deals with the socioeconomic dynamic of the CHF credit default issues in Croatia, which might be interesting as a case study or for making comparison with other CEE countries that have been coping with negative consequences of Swiss francization.
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Roestoff, Melanie, Franciscus Haupt, Mareesa Erasmus, and Hermie Coetzee. "The Debt Couselling Process-Closing the Loopholes in the National Credit Act 34 of 2005." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 12, no. 4 (June 26, 2017): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2009/v12i4a2745.
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Statistics showing that only 3.8% of consumers who have applied for debt review in terms of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 (NCA) have succeeded to have their cases adjudicated by the court, indicate that the process is not functioning effectively. In January 2009, the Law Clinic of the University of Pretoria was commissioned by the National Credit Regulator (NCR) to conduct an assessment on the reasons for the ineffectiveness of the debt counselling process. The research report indicated that credit providers not co-operating in the process and not-complying with the NCA and Regulations and the so-called work stream agreement reached between major credit providers, established debt counsellors and the National Credit Regulator, were the main reasons for the ineffectiveness of the debt counselling process. Second on the list of so-called major obstacles were the vagueness and insufficiency of the NCA and Regulations. The main purpose of this article, which is based on chapter 2 of the research report mentioned above, is to identify the loopholes in the NCA which cause the lack of legal certainty and which contribute to the ineffectiveness of the debt counselling process. Although the work stream guidelines are to be welcomed because they attempt to find a solution for the vagueness and insufficiency of the NCA and Regulations, it is submitted that the situation is still not desirable. Many credit providers and debt counsellors did not form part of the work stream processes and therefore cannot be bound by these agreements. The NCR's application to the High Court for a declaratory order in terms of section 16(1)(b)(ii) may shed some light on the problems currently experienced, however, it is submitted that the best solution is for the legislator to address these shortcomings in order to bring about a proper and effective debt counselling process. By also taking the Draft Debt Counselling Regulations into consideration, certain issues which, in our view, should be addressed by the legislator are identified and proposals for the amendment of provisions of the NCA are made. Ultimately, the effectiveness of the NCA's provisions to provide debt relief to the over-indebted consumer depends on the co-operation of the different role players and compliance with the spirit of the Act in terms of section 86(5)(b) to participate in good faith in the review and in the negotiations for debt rearrangement. It is submitted that in theses negotiations the purpose of the Act, namely to protect consumers, should constantly be kept in mind. Credit providers will have to change their attitudes and appreciate the fact that they will have to take greater responsibility for the negative consequences of credit granting. It is furthermore submitted that more should still be done to prevent over-indebtedness and to reduce the need for consumers to resort to the debt relief mechanisms of the Act. The apparent need for consumer education at both the adult and school level should therefore be addressed.
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Odhiambo, Felix Ouma, and Fredrick Ndede. "Credit Information Sharing Practices and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya." International Journal of Current Aspects 3, no. VI (November 8, 2019): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3ivi.79.
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The banking sector in Kenya suffered increased non-performing credits which prompted collapse of certain banks with an upsurge of loan defaulters. This was mainly attributed to the continued information asymmetry in the industry because of absence of a credit data sharing component. Commercial banks in Kenya have continued to encounter a number of challenges in obtaining information on customers’ payment history that helps guide on determining their ability to access and re-pay loan advancements. This has made more commercial banks to subscribe to credit reference bureaus since its establishment in 2008. As a result, commercial banks in Kenya have been experiencing high rates of Non-Performing Loans advanced to customers. The general objective of the study was to determine the effect of credit information sharing practices on financial performance of commercial bank in Kenya. The study specific objectives were to determine the effect of information accuracy, volume of lending and customer credit reports on financial performance of commercial bank in Kenya. The study was anchored by adverse selection theory, moral hazard theory and asymmetry theory. The researcher used a descriptive research design. The target population was five banks within Nairobi County including KCB, Equity Bank, Family Bank, Cooperative Bank and Barclays Bank. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and secondary data using financial statements of the commercial banks performance for the past 5 years. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The study found that information accuracy, volume of lending and customer credit reports were positively and significantly related to the financial performance of the commercial banks. The study concludes that information accuracy increases the banks ' understanding of the applicants’ features and allows a more precise forecast of their probabilities of repayment, it decreases the information rents that banks could otherwise obtain from their clients and it can function as a borrower discipline tool. Lending volume enhances business banks ' enhanced operations, which in turn leads to banks’ enhanced economic results. Sharing of credit information has made commercial banks grant more loans on the basis of their reputation to deserving clients, thereby improving their profitability. When extensive consumer credit history information are easily accessible, it considerably decreases the cost of entering loan markets for fresh lenders, enhances competition and lowers credit rates. The research recommends that for enhanced results, all financial institutions in Kenya need to protect the precision of their platforms for data sharing. Regular site visits should offer credibility to the precision of the borrowers’ data. The data supplied by CRB should be used efficiently by commercial banks to lend to prospective borrowers. Only borrowers with a strong history of credit should be permitted access to the loans. The research also proposes that Kenya's commercial banks should base credit awards on the borrowers’ reputational assets, ensuring that the loan default rate is small, thus enhancing commercial bank performance.
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Ben Rejeb, Samuel, Bruce Lauer, John Salminen, Irene Roberts, Ashwani Wadhera, Michael Abbott, David Davies, et al. "Regulatory and Compliance Activities to Protect Food-Allergic Consumers in Canada: Research in Support of Standard Setting and Consumer Protection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 87, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 1408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/87.6.1408.
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Abstract An overview is presented of the activities of Health Canada and the Canadian Food InspectionAgency (CFIA) in the area of food allergens. Since the 1990s, changes were made in the Food and Drug Regulations in order to better protect allergic consumers by imposing labeling requirements to clearly identify sources of priority food allergens in prepackaged foods. Policies of application as well as risk management strategies are discussed with some statistics on allergen-related food recalls in Canada for the years 1997–2001. Health Canada's allergen method development program is a pioneering research initiative that was developed in the early 1990s in support of the changing Canadian regulatory environment. The objectives and some of the accomplishments of this program are presented. The development of the CanadianCompendium of Allergen Methodologies under aWeb-based application to compile data on evaluated allergen detection methods will provide further support to compliance activities nationally, as well as to the international analytical community in both government and the food industry. Some emerging techniques for the confirmation of results generated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are also discussed.
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Hemels, Michiel EH, Gideon Koren, and Thomas R. Einarson. "Increased Use of Antidepressants in Canada: 1981–2000." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 36, no. 9 (September 2002): 1375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1a331.
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OBJECTIVE: To provide a descriptive analysis of Canadian utilization (prescriptions, cost, cost per prescription) of antidepressants (ATC-code: N06A). METHODS: IMS Canada provided prescription volumes and costs from 1981 to 2000. We analyzed time trends for antidepressants in general and 4 subclasses (tricyclic antidepressants [TCAs], selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs], dual action antidepressants [DAAs], and monoamine oxidase inhibitors [MAOIs]). Costs were discounted using the consumer price index, adjusting for population growth using data from Statistics Canada. RESULTS: Between 1981 and 2000, total prescriptions increased from 3.2 to 14.5 million. Market share of TCAs (23.7%) and MAOIs (2.1%) remained constant, despite the introduction of the first SSRI, fluoxetine, in 1989. SSRI prescriptions increased to 6.7 million (market share 46.3%). DAA use increased gradually after 1994 to 3.5 million prescriptions (23.9% market share) in 2000. The number of prescriptions expanded (possibly due to SSRIs) by 238%, with an increased cost of $2.7 billion. Total expenditures for antidepressants increased exponentially, from $31.4 million in 1981 to $543.4 million in 2000 (y = 4E — 130e0.1556x [R2 = 0.99]). Cost per prescription increased linearly from $9.85 in 1981 to $37.44 in 2000 (y = 1.72x + 7.92 [R2 = 0.96]). CONCLUSIONS: Utilization and costs of pharmacotherapy for depression have increased above the inflation rate and are expected to exceed $1.2 billion ($50 per prescription) in 2005. Increased costs may be due to increased availability of new products with increased safety, efficacy, and acquisition cost; increased number of users; and increasing costs.
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Miroshnichenko, T. "INCREASING FINANCIAL INCLUSION FOR SMALL AGRIBUSINESS AS THE BASIS FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS." TRANSBAIKAL STATE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 28, no. 5 (2022): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2022-28-5-93-100.
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Financial inclusion, considered as the provision of financial opportunities and access of the rural population and small forms of management (SFM) to financial and credit resources, is an important factor that allows an agricultural business to expand, create jobs and reduce inequality in the village. The subject of the study is financial and credit tools that provide financial inclusion of the SFM in agriculture. The purpose of the study is to assess the state and development problems of financial inclusion of small agricultural producers, as well as determining directions and economic measures that contribute to its increase in order to ensure sustainable development of rural areas. Research methods. The study has been carried out using such general scientific methods as: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstract-logical method. The empirical base of the study is based on the data of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, the Federal State Statistics Service, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Research results. SFM and the economy of the population are manufacturers of a significant share of agricultural products and provide employment in the village. However, such a necessary preferential lending for a number of reasons remains for them inaccessible and insufficient for the development of agricultural production. One of the alternative sources of borrowed funds for small agribusiness and the population is agricultural credit consumer cooperation (ACCC). The growth of the portfolio of loans of the ACCC indicates their demand in rural territories. However, the presence of a number of accumulated problems of the institutional, organizational and economic nature led to a reduction in the number of rural credit cooperatives. Based on the results of the study, directions and economic measures are proposed to increase the financial availability of preferential lending for the SFM and the development of ACCC
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Taujanskaitė, Kamilė, and Ieva Karklytė. "BORROWING ALTERNATIVES FOR HOUSEHOLDS IN LITHUANIA: CURRENT SITUATION, TRENDS AND CHALLENGES." Journal Business, Management and Economics Engineering 19, no. 02 (December 22, 2021): 389–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bmee.2021.13986.
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Purpose – to analyse the main borrowing alternatives available to Lithuanian households and the credit market as a whole, focusing on its peer-to-peer (P2P) segment, the forecast of its growth, and possible challenges. Research methodology – the research methods applied were scientific literature analysis, statistical data analysis, comparative analysis, correlation-regression analysis, linear trend forecasting method. Findings – the prevailing borrowing alternative for Lithuanian households still remain bank credits. Besides, borrowing from P2P market is becoming more and more popular. Although the macroeconomic environment for all the credit market segments is the same, the P2P segment is developing significantly faster. If this trend remains unchanged, the whole credit market is likely to face challenges, such as the growth of overdue loans, insolvent customers, the rising share of non-performing-loans (NPL), etc., that may affect its overall stability. Research limitations – the empirical study relies on the country’s macroeconomic indicators that influence household borrowing. Such factors as borrower’s age, income level, marital status and others were not taken into account in this study. The forecast of the P2P segment growth of the consumer credit market and comparison with its banking segment is based on the analysis of 4 years of real monthly statistics for both segments. Practical implications – the performed analysis and its results can be useful for the future research within the household borrowing trends, especially in Peer-to-Peer platforms, and specifically for the Central Bank, the Ministry of Finance and other institutions that regulate the credit market, as it provides information on modern borrowing trends and the challenges it might bring. Also, for P2P platforms themselves, planning and further developing their activities and adjusting lending conditions with the aim to attract higher-quality customers. Originality/Value – household borrowing, the credit market and the P2P platforms are widely analysed by both academics and financial institutions, such as central banks. However, it is mainly limited to the analysis of statistical data and does not pay attention to possible market development issues. This study focuses on the analysis of the growth trends of the P2P market and the potential challenges that may arise thereafter.
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Gorodnova, Olga. "The role of lending in the context of economic sanctions and criminal law protection of public relations in the credit sphere." Legal Science and Practice: Journal of Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2022, no. 3 (October 7, 2022): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36511/2078-5356-2022-3-90-95.
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The article is devoted to identifying the role of lending for the parties to loan relations and the economy as a whole in the conditions of economic sanctions and inflationary risks by analyzing the number of borrowers and the volume of overdue accounts payable in the business and consumer sectors, as well as the dynamics of lending in February and March 2022.
The author makes the conclusion about the growth of overdue debts, a decrease in the number of consumer loans issued and focuses on the real, rather than nominal, guarantee of criminal protection of creditors’ rights, traces the dependence of the development of the monetary system and the economy of the region and the country as a whole.
The article presents statistics on bringing persons to criminal responsibility and imposing punishments in 2021 for crimes in the credit sphere that violate the relationship between the creditor and the debtor, the conclusion is made about the actual non-demand of Articles 176, 177 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the application of Article 159.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. An attempt has been made to identify some problems of law enforcement of legislative norms and to give a detailed analysis of objective and subjective signs of the elements of crimes: “Illegal receipt of a loan”, “Malicious evasion of repayment of accounts payable” in comparison with “Fraud in the field of lending”.
As a result, the author makes the conclusion that the effectiveness of the criminal law prohibition and prescription does not always consist in the application of the norm, it manifests itself in achieving the goal of crime prevention.
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Mook, Laurie, and Jack Quarter. "A Review of Social Economy Research in Canada." Voluntaristics Review 3, no. 4 (January 21, 2018): 1–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24054933-12340025.
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Abstract Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy, officially bilingual (English and French), and one of the most multicultural countries in the world. Indeed, more than one-fifth of Canada’s population consists of first-generation immigrants, and a similar percentage classify themselves as visible minorities. According to the 2016 census there are more than 250 distinct ethnic origins, often with distinct languages (Statistics Canada, 2016, 2017a). A confederation of ten provinces and three territories, Canada has a current population of over 36 million people who live across an expansive geographic area that constitutes the second largest country in the world. Most of its population live in urban settings (83%), with the largest cities being Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (Statistics Canada, 2017b). Toronto is classified as the third-most cosmopolitan city in the world following Dubai and Brussels (World Atlas, 2018). In this multifaceted context, the social economy of Canada plays an important role in bridging the public and private sectors to form a strong social infrastructure (Quarter, Mook, & Armstrong, 2018). It constitutes a vast range of organizations guided by social objectives including nonprofit organizations such as charities, foundations, and social enterprises; and cooperatives both non-financial, in fields such as housing, childcare, healthcare, and farm marketing, and financial such as credit unions and caisses populaires. There are distinct traditions of the social economy in anglophone and francophone parts of Canada. There are also traditions specific to particular populations, such as the Black social economy (Hossein, 2013); and the Indigenous social economy (Restoule, Gruner, & Metatawabin, 2012; Sengupta, Vieta, & McMurtry, 2015; Wuttunee, 2010). In this review, we look at the anglophone research on the social economy, noting that there are also French-language research institutions and educational programs focusing on the social economy; however, a review of these is beyond the scope of this paper. After providing an overview of the concept of the social economy in Canada, we go on to summarize research on its scope and size in the Canadian context. Using a Venn diagram, we highlight the interactions between the different sectors in society and emphasize that the social economy is an integral part of a mixed economy that serves in many ways as its social infrastructure. We find four different types of social economy organizations: social economy businesses, community economic development organizations, public sector nonprofits, and civil society organizations. From there, we focus on voluntaristic behaviors of giving, volunteering (formal and informal), and participating. Our focus shifts to describing the infrastructure supporting research of the sector, including key academic and umbrella associations and networks, as well as formal and informal education programs. Finally, we describe key funders of social economy research including government and foundations.
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Xidonas, Panagiotis, Alexandras Flamos, Sotirios Koussouris, Dimitrios Askounis, and Ioannis Psarras. "On the appraisal of consumer credit banking products within the asset quality frame: A multiple criteria application." Operational Research 7, no. 2 (May 2007): 255–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02942390.
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Olney, Marthal L. "United States and Canada - Financing the American Dream: A Cultural History of Consumer Credit. By Lendol Calder. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. Pp. xv, 377. $29.95." Journal of Economic History 60, no. 1 (March 2000): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700024980.
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Leonov, Sergey, and Tatiana Trop. "Retail Bank Lending in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Sanctions Restrictions: Features of the Russian Far East." Regionalistica 9, no. 6 (2022): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2022.6.85.
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In the context of the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and the aggravation of the sanctions burden caused by the special military operation of the Russian Federation in the territories of Ukraine, the Donetsk People’s Republic and the Lugansk People’s Republic, household lending was at particular risk. The article examines the dynamics and structure of lending to individuals for 2015–2022 both in Russia as a whole and on the example of a large macroregion, which is the Russian Far East. To identify statistical patterns, general scientific methods based on official statistics published by the Bank of Russia were used. It is shown that in the Far East, as well as in the country as a whole, both segments of retail lending (mortgage and consumer loans) reacted negatively to the «pandemic» crisis of 2020 (April) and to the «sanctions» crisis of 2022 (March – April), but the severity of the reaction was different. The main factor in the decline in retail lending in April 2020 was the fall in consumer lending, the same factor explained the fall in retail lending by 100% in March 2022, but in April 2022, 90% of the fall in retail lending was explained by the decline in mortgage housing lending. Thanks to the reduction by the Bank of Russia of the key rate and, accordingly, the weighted average rates of bank lending, the provision of credit holidays, mass refinancing and restructuring of loans, the Russian government managed to dampen the impact of shocks on the parameters of the Far Eastern retail credit market. As a result, in 2020–2021, the volume of lending to the population of the Far East increased by 54.9% (compared to an increase of 48.5% in the Russian Federation as a whole), while the share of overdue loans in the Far Eastern subjects of the Russian Federation was not only lower than the average Russian indicator, but also decreased faster
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Alemayehu, Yidnekachew, and Mebratu Alemu. "The determinants of smallholder coffee producers’ market outlet choice decision in Debub ari district of South Omo Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 12, no. 1 (August 23, 2022): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v12i1.61048.
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This study mainly aimed at analyzing coffee market chain and the determinants of coffee market outlet choice decision of smallholder coffee producers in the Debub Ari District. The descriptive statistics and econometric models were used to analyze the data. Multivariate probit model was used to identify factors affecting market outlet choices of the smallholder coffee producers. Both primary and secondary data were collected from the study area. The multi-stage sampling techniques have been employed for this study. A total of 194 coffee producer household heads have been randomly selected and interviewed with the help of pre-tested structured questionnaire. The focus group discussion and key informants interviews were conducted to supplement the formal data. The probability of choosing collector, wholesalers, retailer, processor, consumer’s outlets is 67.1%, 66.4%, 36.9%, 71.6% and 15.3%, respectively. The joint probabilities of households to jointly choose the four market outlets was 0.031% which is greater than the likely of not choosing all market outlets which is 0.003%. Access to credit negatively influenced retailer, processor and consumer market outlet choice, distance to the nearest market negatively influenced processor market outlet choices, market information, off-farm participation positively influenced retailer and consumer market outlets choices. Therefore, the intervention is needed to improve coffee marketing chain through promoting cooperatives, infrastructural development and timely market information for efficient marketing system in the study area. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 12(1): 166-173, June 2022
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Hathaway, Andrew D., Greggory Cullen, and David Walters. "How Well Is Cannabis Legalization Curtailing the Illegal Market? A Multi-wave Analysis of Canada’s National Cannabis Survey." Journal of Canadian Studies 55, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 307–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs-2020-0056.
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In 2018, the government of Canada legalized cannabis for non-medical use. In addition to safeguarding public health, the main objective was to divert profits from the illicit market and restricting its availability to youth. This dramatic shift in policy direction introduces new challenges for the criminal justice system due to the persistence of unlawful distribution among persons who refuse to abide by the new law. Continuing unlawful distribution is foreseeable, in part, because of stringent measures to reduce availability by targeting participants in the illegal market. Recognizing that the most heavy, frequent, users account for the majority of cannabis consumed—and are the group most likely to keep purchasing from dealers because of lower costs and easy access—the illegal market will continue to provide a substantial (albeit unknown) proportion of the total volume. The recent change in policy in Canada provides new opportunities for research to assess how legalization of cannabis affects its use and distribution patterns. The National Cannabis Survey (NCS), administered at three-month intervals, allows for multi-wave comparison of prevalence statistics and point of purchase information before and after legalization. Drawing on the NCS, this article examines the extent to which the primary supply source has changed across the provinces, controlling for other factors and consumer characteristics. Findings are interpreted with reference to studies of cannabis law reform in North America informing research and policy observers in these and other jurisdictions, undergoing or considering, similar reforms.
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Wanjiru, Alexander Irungu, Stephen Makau Muathe, and Jane W. Kinyua-Njuguna. "Corporate Growth Strategies, External Operating Environment and Firm Performance: An Empirical Survey of Large Manufacturing Firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya." Journal of Management and Strategy 10, no. 4 (June 20, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jms.v10n4p21.
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Theoretical literature in strategic management describes performance as outcome of firm’s strategic objectives, which are developed and executed at the corporate level of management. Conceptual propositions also suggest that the external operating environment of a firm influences the relationship between its corporate strategies and performance. This paper examines the direct effect of corporate growth strategies on performance of large manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The strategies under study are market development, product development and diversification. The paper also examines the moderating effect of external operating environment on the relationship between corporate growth strategies and performance of the large manufacturing firms. The authors adopted indicators of competitive position, consumer behaviour and credit accessibility to measure external operating environment.Multistage probability sampling technique was used to select study sample of 189 firms. One hundred forty eight firms responded where primary data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings indicate that corporate growth strategies have a positive and significant impact on a firm’s performance. It also found out that external operating environment has a moderating effect on the relationship between corporate growth strategies and firm performance. The study has important implications for managers and policy makers of the manufacturing firms.
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Podoplekin, Andrey. "PROBLEMS OF THE ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF CANADIAN ARCTIC REGIONS." Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century: theory and practice 9, no. 4 (January 19, 2022): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2022-9-4-21-34.
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The article examines the key issues and risks of the governing and socio-economic development of the Canadian Arctic regions. The relevance of this subject is determined by scientific and practical interest in adapting in Russia the most effective approaches and practices for realizing the economic potential of circumpolar regions in foreign countries. With regard to areas of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (characterized by low population density of vast areas, the absence of large urban settlements with scientific and cultural centers, undeveloped ground transport infrastructure, extreme climatic and geological conditions, the absence of large industrial and energy facilities) special interest represents the relevant Canadian experience. The article shows that in the 2000s, Canada did not come close to turning industry into a leading factor in the economy of the Arctic territories. At the same time, a series of federal programs for the modernization of social and transport infrastructure also did not become a significant incentive for the development of the northern regions. As federal statistics shows, the largest share of their GRP is still formed in the public sector, and the degree of diversification of the regional economy remains extremely low. The modern economy of the circumpolar Canada is based on the dominance of the state in investments and stimulating consumer demand. The consequence of this is an increase in wages, provoking an increase in the cost of all goods and the cost of living in general. Small businesses are unable to compete with the public sector for labor, which constrains private entrepreneurship. For Canada, the Arctic has not yet become the driver of national economic growth, and the lack of infrastructure is a serious obstacle to large-scale investment.
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Mann, Linda L., and Ilya Blum. "Entrepreneurship of Dietetic Program Graduates." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 65, no. 4 (December 2004): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/65.4.2004.166.
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Successful dietetic program graduates must have an entrepreneurial mindset and skills to respond to environmental changes and consumer trends. The purpose of this study was to determine current or intended entrepreneurship by graduates of a Dietitians of Canada accredited university program, as influenced by self-efficacy stemming from entrepreneurial experiences in education or early career, as well as by internal and external factors. This study employed an exploratory descriptive methodology with a questionnaire mailed to a discrete sample. Ninety graduates completed and returned the questionnaire for a response rate of 55%. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, two-way table analysis, the chi-square test for independence, and Fisher's exact test. Significant relationships were found between self-efficacy scores and entrepreneurial action, specific entrepreneurial experiences and entrepreneurial intent and action, dietetic internship and intent, and belief in the importance of business skills and intent. Those with entrepreneurial intent and/or action identified creativity, dietetic education/internship, persistence, business skills, and family/friend support as helping factors. These results suggest that undergraduate, internship, and continuing education programs for dietitians should incorporate activities that develop entrepreneurial skills and contribute toward an entrepreneurial mindset.
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Steele, Brian Jacob, Paul Fairie, Kyle Kemp, and Maria-Jose Santana. "Drivers of paediatric inpatient experience: retrospective analysis of casemix factors for the Alberta Paediatric Inpatient Experience Survey in Alberta, Canada." BMJ Open 12, no. 5 (May 2022): e048207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048207.
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ObjectiveIn Alberta, the Alberta Paediatric Inpatient Experience Survey (APIES) is used as a proxy-reported measure of paediatric experience. To our knowledge, the influence of casemix factors on patient experience as measured by paediatric patient experience surveys have not been reported within Canadian paediatric samples. In this paper, we sought to determine the patient and respondent factors associated with paediatric inpatient experiences in Alberta, Canada.DesignRetrospective analysis of patient experience survey data.SettingInpatiet acute care hospitals in Alberta, Canada.Intervention and main outcome measuresRetrospective analyses were conducted using APIES surveys linked with eligible inpatient records (n=6262). Descriptive statistics were reported. χ2 tests were performed to assess distribution of casemix between general and paediatric hospitals. Logistic regression was performed with overall hospital experience as the dependent variable with casemix and hospital variables as independent variables.ResultsCasemix characteristics were unevenly distributed between general and paediatric hospitals. Compared with reference categories, older respondents, healthier patients and treatment at paediatric facilities had increased odds of providing most-positive ratings. Increased respondent education was associated with decreased odds of providing most-positive ratings. Likelihood-ratio tests showed that most casemix variables improved model fit, except for respondent relationship to the patient.ConclusionsTo improve reports of paediatric inpatient experience, administrators and providers require reliable and comparable measurement. Both the Child Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems and other measures of patient and family experience need to consider patient and respondent characteristics when interpreting results. Considered with other research from patient experience in Alberta, we discuss future directions and quality improvement implications.
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Korneev, Volodymyr, Volodymyr Antkiv, and Nataliia Kucherenko. "Comparative analysis of bank lending to non-financial corporations under the conditions of inflation targeting." EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 6 (November 30, 2022): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2022.002559.
Full textAbstract:
The influence of the interest policy of the National Bank of Ukraine on the dynamics of lending to non-financial corporations during the period of using the monetary regime of fixed exchange rate and inflation targeting is considered. It has been proven, that the use of the symmetric corridor of the interest policy of the National Bank of Ukraine has a negative effect on the volume of lending to non-financial corporations, since high rates on deposit certificates of the National Bank of Ukraine create a risk-free and highly profitable instrument for the placement of bank assets, which discourages lending to the real sector of the economy. The absence of a connection between the interest rate policy and the dynamics of the consumer price index and the money supply during the period of inflation targeting is substantiated, which made it possible to prove the low level of effectiveness of the chosen monetary regime.
The aim of the article is to study the problems of bank lending to non-financial corporations of Ukraine in the conditions of inflation targeting and to develop proposals for its stimulation, taking into account foreign experience.
Methods. The methodological basis of the work is the dialectical method of cognition, the position of the theory of monetary policy and credit. The work uses methods of economic and mathematical statistics and methods of correlation analysis to analyze the features of lending to non-financial corporations and the impact of inflation targeting on the dynamics of bank lending; generalization methods for formulating research conclusions.
Results. The monetary regime of inflation targeting is quite often recommended by the International Monetary Fund for implementation in countries with emerging markets as a basic set of central bank tools for regulating inflation and ensuring price stability. However, in conditions of import dependence of the national economies of countries with emerging markets, in addition to changes in the money supply and credit activity of banks, the dynamics of export-import operations and the volume of official reserve assets, which determine the level of the exchange rate, have a decisive influence on the dynamics of the consumer price index, and it, in turn, determines the level of prices for imported goods and services. Neglecting the non-monetary factors of supply inflation during the implementation of the interest policy leads to the limitation of bank lending to non-financial corporations, which in turn reduces the ability of enterprises to increase capital investments at the expense of bank loans, as well as to develop domestic production with high added value and to implement the policy of import substitution. Therefore, for this purpose, it is necessary to use the asymmetric corridor of the central bank's interest policy and stimulate targeted bank lending to non-financial corporations.
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Killip, Shannon C., Natalie K. R. Kwong, Joy C. MacDermid, Amber J. Fletcher, and Nicholas R. Carleton. "The Quality, Readability, Completeness, and Accuracy of PTSD Websites for Firefighters." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 7629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207629.
Full textAbstract:
Firefighters appear at an increased risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Because of PTSD-related stigma, firefighters may search for information online. The current study evaluated the quality, readability, and completeness of PTSD online resources, and to determine how the online treatment recommendations align with current evidence. Google.ca (Canada) searches were performed using four phrases: ‘firefighter PTSD’, ‘firefighter operational stress’, ‘PTSD symptoms’, and ‘PTSD treatment’. The 75 websites identified were assessed using quality criteria for consumer health information (DISCERN), readability and health literacy statistics, content analysis, and a comparison of treatments mentioned to the current best evidence. The average DISCERN score was 43.8 out of 75 (indicating ‘fair’ quality), with 9 ‘poor’ websites (16–30), 31 ‘fair’ websites (31–45), 26 “good” websites (46–60), and nine excellent websites (61–75). The average grade level required to understand the health-related content was 10.6. The most mentioned content was PTSD symptoms (48/75 websites) and PTSD treatments (60/75 websites). The most frequently mentioned treatments were medications (41/75 websites) and cognitive behavioural therapy (40/75 websites). Cognitive behavioural therapy is supported by strong evidence, but evidence for medications appears inconsistent in current systematic reviews. Online PTSD resources exist for firefighters, but the information is challenging to read and lacks evidence-based treatment recommendations.